哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing

哈佛注释法（Harvard Referencing System）是一种常见的文献引用格式，被广泛应用于学术写作中。

该方法规定了文献引用的方式和顺序，使得读者可以准确地找到被引用的信息来源。

下面是关于哈佛注释法中中文文献和英文文献顺序的详细介绍：
1.中文文献的引用顺序：
在哈佛注释法中，中文文献的引用顺序是按照作者姓氏的首字母进行排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏首字母相同，那么就按照作者名字的拼音进行排序。

中文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

1.英文文献的引用顺序：
英文文献的引用顺序是按照作者的姓氏进行字母顺序排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏相同，那么就按照作者名字的首字母进行排序。

英文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

需要注意的是，在哈佛注释法中，无论中文文献还是英文文献，都应该在文献列表中按照引用顺序进行排序，并且每个文献都需要在正文中进行相应的引用和标注。

同时，不
同的学科和出版社可能会有不同的文献引用格式要求，因此在实际应用中应该根据具体情况进行调整。

References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。

哈佛reference 格式
在学术研究中，参考文献是一种合理、系统地表明文献整合活动的重要书写形式。

全世界学术界普遍认可哈佛参考文献格式（Harvard Reference Style），它是在国际学术出版行业19世纪80年代由哈佛大学出版社首次推出的参考文献格式，目前已被广泛用于出版物的整理格式，特别是英语国家的学术出版物。

首先，哈佛参考文献格式中的参考文献要求内容完整、准确、系统，因此会有较为详细的标题、著者、出版者、出版发行、出版日期等要求。

另外，它还有一个独特的标记功能，即在文中内容引用外部文献时，可以在括号内写上对应文献的标号，从而实现对文中引用外部文献的直接索引。

在哈佛参考文献格式中，文献分类又分为三类：书籍、期刊文献和网络文献。

其中，书籍参考文献要求给出书籍的作者、书名、出版日期以及出版信息等；期刊文献要求给出文章的发表者、文章的题目、期刊名称及出版日期、页码等；而网络文献要求给出网页地址、发布者、发布日期、出版日期、可用性等。

同时，哈佛参考文献格式还规定了文献书写格式：引用文献所有信息的排列方式以及之间的空格和括号的使用。

书籍中，必须提及作者、书名、出版商；期刊文献中，必须提及作者、文献标题、期刊名称等；网络文献中，必须提及发布者、文献题目、网址等。

以上就是哈佛参考文献格式的基本内容，这是一种完善的学术参考文献书写形式，它结构完整、内容丰富，不仅可以反映文献整
合活动，还可以更好地反映书写人对文献的研究角度，使文献更具著作价值和学术价值。

哈佛参考文献格式将使学术书写更加完善，为研究者提供更加方便的参考依据。

哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格（Harvard referencing style）是一种常用的学术引用格式，主要用于文献引用和参考文献列表的编写。

以下是哈佛风格引用格式的示例：
1. 引用书籍：
单一作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名。

(出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。

例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Handbook of Research Methods. London: Academic Press.
多位作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名., 姓，名., & 姓，名. (出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。

例如：Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Anderson, L. (2018). Statistics for Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. 引用期刊文章：
单一作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页面范围。

例如：Jones, M. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Nature, 523(7560), 418-421.
多位作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名., 作者姓，名., &。

Harvard referencing - Library quick guideUpdated: 19 October 2012In-text references- examplesSingle authorTwo or three authorsFour or more authorsEdited bookMore than one citation is provided in your sentenceList all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them.Secondary citationThis is when you refer to the work of one author cited by another.In the Reference List, refer to the author of the book, not the cited work. For instance, in the example below, Hosany & Martin 2012 would be in the Reference List.Encyclopedia or dictionaryThese are only cited in the text, and are NOT included in the Reference List.Website documentsMany electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or paraphrasing from a website that is NOT a PDF, then the in-text reference is either: ∙ a section heading (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, Body image problems in Australian men section)∙ a paragraph number (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, para. 5).Reference List - examplesBook – single authorCarroll, AB 2012, Business & society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management, 8th edn, South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.Book – more than one authorNote: List all authors, in order of appearance on the title page of the book, and use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.Chalkley, T, Brown, A, Goodman, M, Cinque, T, Warren, B, Hobbs, M & Finn, M 2012, Communication, new media and everyday life, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.Book – no authorStyle manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.Edited bookLubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.E-book from a databaseBenavides, EM 2012, Advanced engineering design: an integrated approach, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, viewed 1 October 2012, Knovel database.Journal articleTaylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, …Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries‟, Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.E-journal article from a databaseHosany, S & Martin, D 2012, …Self-image congruence in consumer behavior‟, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection. Newspaper article from a databaseCarney, S 2012, …Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers‟, The Age, 26 May, viewed 29 May 2012, Factiva database.Website documentsBetter Health Channel 2012, Body image and diets, Better Health Channel, viewed 16 July 2012,<.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Body_image_and_diets?open>.。

A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes t he author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….只写一个作者，其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultur al traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。

哈佛参考文献注明方式Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要常常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、归纳某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。

你必需通过列出参考信息的方式来讲明你所参考的这些作品的出处。

应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。

重要的一点是，不能够陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。

假设有如此的行为，即是剽窃，一旦发觉，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。

出于以下的缘故，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。

●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采纳的资料的出处，和你的观点是由此进展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是他人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。

哈佛参考文献注明方式的要紧方面哈佛参考文献注明方式（即“名称和日期”法）受到普遍应用。

这一体系有两个方面。

第一，在文章主体中借用他人作品的地方，用括号标出引用标记。

其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为题目按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情形。

本方式的目的在于确保你的文章正文可不能因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。

引用标记含有最大体的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。

请注意：请列位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可利用不同的参考文献注明体系。

若是有这种情形，教员将告知学生。

若是有疑问，请询问教员。

在文中标注参考标记参考标记一般是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。

例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已受到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。

◆若是作者的名字随着行文显现了，那么在括号中只添加年份。

例如：最初结论已受到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。

Coventry UniversityHarvard ReferenceStyle GuideThis Guide shows you how to write in-text citations and aList of References in the CU Harvard Reference StyleFor more information and the latest version of this Guide:/cawThis Guide is updated annually. Version 3.0.1 Sept2009.© Deane, M. (2006) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide.Unpublished booklet. Coventry:Coventry University.Produced in collaboration with Ray Summers (Illustrations),Lisa Ganobcsik-Williams (editorial assistance), and Catalina Neculai,Erik Borg (Editors), with input from the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Working Party.Table of contentsForeword to the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide (3)Introduction (4)I Can’t Find an Example of My Source! (4)Part One: In-text citations (8)I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions (8)1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site? (8)2. How should I cite an author’s name? (8)3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source? (8)4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations? (9)5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? (9)6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? (9)7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? (9)8. When should I use italics? (9)9. When should I give page numbers? (10)10. When should I omit page numbers? (10)II. In-text Citations: Numerical Data (10)III. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources (10)1. A whole book (10)2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (11)3. Multiple authors (11)4. A corporate author (11)5. A journal article (11)6. Personal communication (11)7. A book in the Bible or the Koran (11)8. A Government Bill (11)9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (12)IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written Sources (12)1. Electronic texts (12)2. A website (12)3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (12)4. A blog (12)V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio Sources (12)1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (13)2. A broadcast or a podcast (13)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (13)4. A recorded radio broadcast (13)VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (13)1. An image or an art figure in a book, magazine or catalogue (14)2. An advertisement (14)3. An exhibition stand or an item in an exhibition (14)4. A map (14)VII. In-text Citations: Spoken Sources (15)1. A Lecture (15)2. An interview you have conducted (15)VIII. In-text Citations: Secondary Sources (15)Part Two: The List of References (16)I. List of References: Frequently Asked Questions (16)1. What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author? (16)2. How do I find the date in a book? (16)3. How should I reference a first, second, etc. or revised edition? (17)4. How do I find the place of publication in a book? (17)5. Where should I put an editor or the editors? (17)6. What do I do if I have both an editor and an author? (17)7. Where should I put a translator? (17)8. What should I do if I cannot find an author in a printed source? (17)9. How should I reference a book written in a foreign language? (17)II. List of References: Numerical Data (18)III. List of References: Printed Written Sources (18)1. A whole book (18)2. A book produced by an organisation (a corporate author) (18)3. A book with multiple authors (18)4. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (18)5. A printed journal article (18)6. A report (19)7. An unpublished booklet or departmental handbook (19)8. A leaflet (19)9. A newspaper article (19)10. A conference paper within conference proceedings (19)11. Conference proceedings (19)12. A thesis or dissertation (20)13. A UK patent (20)14. An international patent (20)15. A standard (20)16. A Statutory Instrument (20)17. A technical paper (20)18. A personal communication or letter (20)19. An encyclopaedia entry (21)20. A dictionary (21)21. The Bible or other sacred text (21)22. A House of Commons / Lords Report (21)23. A Government Bill (21)24. An Act of Parliament (21)25. A Government Green or White Paper (22)26. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (22)27. An official report of a Parliamentary debate in a Standing Committee (22)28. A music score (22)IV. List of References: Electronic Written Sources (22)1. An electronic journal article (22)2. A web site (or other online media) (23)3. An electronic book (23)4. Electronic Newspaper Article (23)5. Electronic lecture notes or transcript (24)6. Personal communication: an email (24)7. Online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (24)8. A report accessed electronically (24)9. A thesis or a dissertation online (24)10. A blog (25)11. Computer Software (25)V. List of References: Electronic Visual and Audio Sources (25)1. An image, a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (25)2. A broadcast or a podcast (25)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (26)4. A Lecture: audio recording (26)5. An advertisement in a magazine or newspaper accessed (26)electronically (26)6. An artwork or image in a magazine accessed electronically (26)VI. List of References: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (27)1. An image or an art figure in a magazine (27)2. A work of art, photograph, illustration or item in an exhibition or exhibition stand (27)3. An exhibition catalogue or an art book (27)4. An advertisement in a printed magazine or newspaper (27)5. A map (28)6. An Ordnance Survey map (28)7. An exhibition stand (28)VII. List of References: Spoken Sources (28)1. A Lecture: students’ written notes (28)2. An interview you have conducted (28)3. An interview in an edited book or collection (28)VIII. List of References: Secondary Sources (29)1. A secondary reference in a book (29)2. A secondary reference in a journal (29)List of FiguresFigure 1. The two elements in a sample paper (5)Figure 2. In-text citations (6)Figure 3. The List of References (7)Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical data (10)Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically (13)Figure 6. In-text citation of a printed image (14)Foreword to the Coventry University HarvardReference Style GuideThe Coventry University Harvard Reference Style is a customisation of an author-date or Harvard referencing system. Our version, created by the Centre for Academic Writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. By providing a common version, Coventry University’s academic community will have a shared system that will allow readers to exchange new ideas and access the sources that form the basis for these ideas in a simple and consistent manner.Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic writing in Britain and in many other countries, but not all. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic writing from other types of writing, including newspapers, novels, and much workplace writing. Academic writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through referencing systems, such as Coventry University’s Harvard Reference Style (CU Harvard). They do this for a number of reasons:•To respect intellectual property;•To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas;•To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing;•To establish your own voice in your academic writing;•To meet marking criteria;•To avoid accusations of plagiarism.By using the CU Harvard Reference Style, you will join an academic conversation maintained through our written texts.The CU Harvard Reference Style Guide is organised into two parts. Part One deals with in-text citations, the indication in your text that you are referring to a source. Part Two deals with the List of References, which is where you provide all the information a reader needs to find the source. Any written assignment that refers to sources must contain both in-text references as they occur in the body of the text and an alphabetic list of the sources you have used at the end. Each part of the guide has a group of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, followed by source types: printed or electronic, written, spoken/audio, and visual. The Guide is accompanied by a Glossary that defines the most useful terms used in referencing.A brief word about referencing software tools:Software tools can simplify the process of accurately referring to sources and including appropriate references in your List of References. Coventry University supports RefWorks, a referencing software programme that allows a writer to enter the information needed for a full reference only once, and then simply and easily add citations to that source. The programme will format and alphabetise the list of references in CU Harvard Reference Style. Microsoft Word 2007 includes a referencing facility that will format references in APA style, another author-date style. References formatted this way will need a limited amount of manual change to conform to CU Harvard Reference Style. At an even simpler level, the “sort” function in Microsoft Word can be used to alphabetise the List of References after it has been manually entered.IntroductionWhenever you borrow information, ideas, images, or numerical data from other sources you must document the source in two ways:• Provide an in-text citation of the source in the main body of your writing: give the author’s surname or the corporate author, the year of publication, and page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of thesource.•Enter the source in the List of References at the end of your document: give all the publication or internet details in the correct format (see the Contents Page of thisGuide for details).It is important that there is a link between these two elements, as illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the author and date given in your in-text citation must correspond to the author and date given at the start of your List of References entry.I Can’t Find an Example of My Source!The purpose of this Guide is to help you become a confident and independent writer and researcher, so do not be afraid to use your own judgement if you encounter an unusual source. In this Guide a balance has been struck between listing every possible type of source and keeping the guidelines concise and reader friendly. Therefore, on rare occasions you may need to cite and reference an unusual type of source that is not included in this Guide (a jam jar label for instance). Do not panic if you cannot find precise guidelines in such a case, but consider these tips:In-text citations are easy because you just give the author or corporate author and the date (plus page numbers if relevant). See the Introduction to Part One of this Guidefor a list of all the pieces of information you should include in an in-text citation inwhich order, and adapt these principles if necessary.•The List of References entry is also simple when you know how! See the Introduction to Part Two of this Guide for a list of all the pieces of information youshould include in a List of References entry, in which order, and adapt theseprinciples if necessary.• Follow the ARC of Successful Citing and Referencing:How do I integrate research sources into my writing?For guidance on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarise, see the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style website and Glossary at: /caw.The relationship between in-text citations and the List of ReferencesAn in-text citation gives formal recognition of a source you have used. To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper. An ‘academic paper’ is the scholarly term for an essay, assignment or other document. The List of References provides sufficient information for readers to locate each source you have cited. To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Figure 1 shows a sample page from an academic paper with the List of References page superimposed. This figure shows that these two elements are linked, and that they each start with the same author or corporate author and date. A source should only appear once in the List of References even if there are many in-text citations for that source in your paper.Figure 1. The two elements in a sample paperAn example of in-text citationsFigure 2 shows in-text citations in the main body of an academic paper. This sample paper is about Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England during the second half of the sixteenth century. You must give in-text citations each time you borrow ideas, information, images, or numerical data from a source in order to display intellectual honesty about the sources you have used.Figure 2. In-text citationsThis writer has undertaken independent research and learnt how to cite and reference with skill. By marshalling evidence from other sources, you can advance your own original argument in a convincing way to become a scholarly and authoritative writer. Make sure you credit the intellectual property of other scholars.An example of the List of ReferencesFigure 3 shows a sample List of References. It demonstrates that sources are referenced differently depending on the type, and there is a special format for books, journal articles, online journal articles, web sites, etc. See the Contents Page of this Guide for a list of different types.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Make just one list and do not divide the entries into separate categories. There is no full stop at the end of each entry. Put the List of References on a separate page at the end of your paper, but, if you include an Appendix, this goes after the List of References.Figure 3. The List of ReferencesPart One: In-text citationsThis section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date), plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of the source.•Example of citing a quote or paraphrase: Higgins argues that land fill sites are ‘not cost efficient’ (2005: 68).• Example of summarising an entire book or article: A recent study reveals new information about child health (Wikes 2006).• Example of summarising a point made on two consecutive pages of a book or article: The book provides examples of how the eating habits of parents directlyinfluence children (Wikes 2006: 19-20).I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site?For the purpose of accuracy, if you can’t find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Example:Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).2. How should I cite an author’s name?You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. Option 1If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most important industrial city.Option 2If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example:Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95).3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source?If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author. Example:At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism (Anon. 1900).4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations?You can either place in-text citations near the start of your sentences, or near the end. Be aware that writers in different disciplines follow different practices in this regard.5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?Readers need to know exactly who made each point you have borrowed as you advance your own argument, so only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. Example:Shaw (2001: 15) argues that therapists are losing their skills. Similarly, Higgins (2004: 72) maintains that there has been a decrease in skills development.If you cannot avoid citing more than one source because various authors all argue the same point, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3, Lee 2006: 44 and Padda 2005: 14).6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’ meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Example:Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).8. When should I use italics?•Put the title of a print publication in italics (do not use bold or underline). The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles ofjournals, titles of websites etc. so that readers can see at a glance which physicalsources you have cited. Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times(Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting from a philosophical perspective.•Put all foreign words in italics, including et al.•Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead use single quotation marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a maindocument, such as the article or chapter that sits within a publication, must sit withinsingle quotation marks. Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a real contribution to cancer research.•Do not use italics when quoting. Instead, use either double or single quotation marks, and whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.Example: Although there are many approaches to disaster planning, the Smartsonmodel ensures both ‘effectiveness and efficiency’ (Smartson 2004: 65).9. When should I give page numbers?Give a page number in your in-text citation when you QUOTE or PARAPHRASE a source because this enables readers to locate the exact passage you have cited for their own use, or to check that you have quoted or re-phrased the source accurately. Also give page numbers when you SUMMARISE a point that appears on a specific page or pages of a source. Example of a quote: Crude oil price rises have been ‘alarming’ (Brown 2006: 5).10. When should I omit page numbers?If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to give page numbers. Example: McArthurs has undertaken new research into alternative therapies (McArthurs 2006).II. In-text Citations: Numerical DataEvery time you borrow a date, statistic or other numerical data from a source, give an in-text citation. Example: The number of heart attacks has risen dramatically in recent years and there has been an increase of 10% since 1992 (Department of Health 2005: 65).If you present numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table and include a List of Figures or Tables in your Contents Page. If the figure is from a paginated source, you must give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the data in full.Example of how to cite a Figure in your paper:Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical dataIII. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources1. A whole bookGive the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets. Example:Applied research has boosted pedagogical practice (Anderson 2006).2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essaysIf your source is just one chapter within a collection of essays by various different authors, give an in-text citation for the author of the chapter you want to cite, and the date of the edited book. Example:Recent developments in the field of pedagogical research have revolutionised teaching practice (Taylor 2006: 47).3. Multiple authorsFor up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.4. A corporate authorSometimes sources are produced by an organisation, not individuals. This is known as a corporate author. Give an in-text citation as usual but cite the organisation as the author. Example:It is essential to plan for emergencies (Disaster Agency 2006).5. A journal articleGive the surname of the author of the article and the year the journal was published in brackets. Example:Evidence-based practice has many positive effects (Smithson 2006).6. Personal communicationGive the surname of the person you are citing and the date in brackets. In your own writing give the full name of the person you are citing. Example:In a personal communication, Androulla Athanasiou explained that she is ‘completely against’ recent moves to erect a new football stadium in Coventry (Athanasiou 2006).7. A book in the Bible or the KoranWithin brackets give the title of the chapter in place of the author, then give the chapter number (for the Bible), add a colon, then give the verse number. Example:David was a mighty warrior (2 Kings 10:3).As the chapter, ‘The Star’ shows, the cosmic universe has a powerful symbolism for Arabic people. (The Star: 1)8. A Government BillIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Bill’ or ‘HL Bill’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then give the Bill serial number in square brackets. Note that every time a Bill passes through Parliament, it is re-numbered. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:It was revealed today in the House of Commons (HC Bill (2000-1) [30]) that housing tax is likely to be revised (HC 2001: 56).9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debateIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Deb.’ or ‘HL Deb.’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then outside these brackets give the volume number, add a comma, then write ‘col.’ for the column number, and state the column number. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:Pattern hounded the Prime Minister (HC Deb. (2000-1) 203, col. 346) over international debt (HC 2001: 42).IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written SourcesFollow the same practice as when you cite printed sources by giving the author and date, but no page number is required for online sources.1. Electronic textsFor any source accessed online including an electronic journal article, electronic book, electronic lecture notes, etc. give the author’s surname or the corporate author and the date in brackets. Example:White noise has been under-researched (Wallace 2006).2. A websiteGive the corporate author and the date in brackets. DO NOT give the full web address (called the URL) in your in-text citation because this goes in the List of References. Example:There are many software packages for detecting plagiarism (Referencing 2006).If you cannot find the date, for the purpose of accuracy, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).Note: If the website has both a copyright and a ‘last updated’ date, then give the ‘last updated’ date in brackets!3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) Give the surname of the author of the email you wish to cite and the date of the email in brackets. Example:Neurological rehabilitation has been under-funded for years (Lango 2005).4. A blogGive the surname of the author of the blog and the date it was written. Example:Chaos theory has impacted seriously on literature as well as science (Richards 2006). V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio SourcesEvery time you borrow a picture, painting, photograph, diagram, or other image from a source, give an in-text citation. Label it as a figure and include a List of Figures in your Contents Page. If the figure is originally from a printed source you can give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who the artist is, because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the figure in full.Example of how to cite a Figure when the source is accessed online:Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets. Example:Dance is an effective form of therapy (Anderson 2006).2. A broadcast or a podcastGive the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).3. A programme video recording (from TV)Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Farming Today 2005).4. A recorded radio broadcastGive the title of the programme as the author in italics and the date in brackets. Example: Political life has changed since the election of New Labour (Radio4 News 2005).VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources。