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20.1复习笔记Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)（田纳西·威廉斯）1.Life（生平）Tennessee Williams was one of the greatest American dramatists.He was born Thomas Lanier Williams but he changed“Thomas”to“Tennessee”in1939.He was born in Columbus,Mississippi,in1911.Several years later,the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St.Louis,Missouri.In1929attended the University of Missouri,and dropped out in1932because of poverty.He finally earned a degree in1938from the University of Iowa.His first play,Battle of Angels, proved to be such a fiasco that he did not surface again,until1945when The Glass Menagerie won him international recognition.After that he kept writing at the rate of every two years and enjoyed popularity all along.He was also a novelist and a poet.He wrote a novel,two volumes of poetry,and six volumes of prose,including three collections of short stories.田纳西·威廉斯是美国最伟大的剧作家之一。
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1. Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Key: Because that when he was young, he has “never had a pleasure in obtaining any anecdotes” of his ancestors, and he held that it was a great pity because he was curious about them. So, he thought that his son would also want to know the story of him and he himself also had responsibility to share it with his son. In addition, he thought that his experiences and success would give some useful advice to his son. With such consideration in mind, Franklin wrote his autobiography.2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?Key: The altercation between Franklin and his brother made him decide to leave. His brother considered himself as Franklin’s master and treated him harshly and tyrannically. This kind of treatment annoyed Franklin, so he decided to leave.3. How did he arrive in Philadelphia?Key: He arrived in Philadelphia with great difficulties. At the very start, he set out in a boat for Amboy, and in crossing the bay he, along with his companions, met with a squall that tore the rotten sails to pieces and drove him upon Long Island.On approaching the island, they had to drop anchor and swim out their cable towards the shore, etc. In a word, he went through many hardships on the way to Philadelphia.4. What features do you find in the style of the above selection?Key: This selection is written in the form of letters to his son. By this way, it can show the author’s honesty and frankness, which will make the reader stand close to him and actually feel and understand his emotions and experiences. Another feature is that this biography has a good narrative and reads like a story, which can arouse the readers’ reading interest and curiosity.。
4.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。
1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。
他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学选读第1单元自传The autobiography Benjamin Franklin我儿：我一向爱好搜集有关祖上的一切珍闻轶事。
你也许还记得当你跟我同住在英国的时候我曾经为了那个缘故跋涉旅途，遍访家族中的老人。
目前我正在乡间休假，预料有整整一个星期的空闲，我想你也许同样地喜欢知道我一生的事迹(其中有许多你还没有听过)，因此我就坐了下来替你把这些事迹写出来。
除此以外，我还有一些别的动机。
我出身贫寒，幼年生长在穷苦卑贱的家庭中，后来居然生活优裕，在世界上稍有声誉，迄今为止我一生一帆风顺，遇事顺利，我的立身之道，得蒙上帝的祝福，获得巨大的成就，我的子孙或许愿意知道这些处世之道，其中一部分或许与他们的情况适合，因此他们可以仿效。
当我回顾我一生中幸运的时候，我有时候不禁这样说：如果有人提议我重新做人的话，我倒乐意把我的一生再从头重演一遍，我仅仅要求像作家那样，在再版时有改正初版某些缺陷的机会。
如若可能，除了改正错误以外，我也同样地要把某些不幸的遭遇变得更顺利些。
但是即使无法避免这些不幸的厄运，我还是愿意接受原议，重演生平。
但是由于这种重演是不可能的，那么最接近重演的似乎就是回忆了。
为了使回忆尽可能地保持久远，似乎就需要把它记下来。
因此我将顺从一种老人中常有的癖好来谈论自己和自己过去的作为。
但是我这样做，将不使听者感到厌倦，他们或是因为敬老，觉得非听我的话不可，但是一经写下来，听与不听就可以悉听自便了。
最后(我还是自己承认了好，因为即使我否认，别人也不会相信)，写自传，或许还会大大地满足我的自负心。
说句老实话，我时常听见或在书上读到别人在刚说完了像“我可以毫不自夸地说……”这种开场白以后，接着就是一大篇自吹自擂的话。
大多数人不喜欢别人的虚夸，不管他们自己是多么自负。
但是无论在什么地方，我对这种自负心总是宽宥的。
因为我相信这种心理对自己和他四周的人都有好处。
所以，在许多情况下，一个人如果把自负心当作生命的慰藉而感谢上帝，这也不能算是怪诞悖理的。
8.2课后习题详解1.Why do you think Mr.Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?Key:Because Mr.Wheeler regards these stories as really important matters,and he admires the two heroes of these stories very much.He is really eager to share his stories with others.2.Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?Key:No,his audience does not share his enthusiasm nor has any interest in his stories.Although the narrator tells his stories in a very earnest and sincere way,his audience shows no interest,because that it has nothing to do with his preoccupation.As an educated man,the audience cannot understand the way of laborers for joy,and he will not bother himself to understand it.So,in the end, when the audience gets a chance,he flees away.3.Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why?How do you interpret their interactions?Key:No,I don’t think that the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor.Because both the narrator and the listener show no special response andemotion to these stories,that is,the narrator tells his stories for the story-telling sake,and the listener listening to it for the listening sake.There is no communication between them,which causes the failure of interaction.。
6.1复习笔记
I.Introduction to author（作者简介）
Henry David Thoreau(1917-1862)is a renowned New England Transcendentalist,essayist,philosopher and poet.
亨利·大卫·梭罗（1917-1862）是著名的新英格兰超验主义者、散文家、哲学家，诗人。
1.Life（生平）
Thoreau was a friend of Emerson and his junior by some fourteen years. Thoreau was born in Concord,Massachusetts.He went to Harvard at17.After graduation,he made friends with Emerson and embraced his ideas.In1845he moved in a cabin on Walden Pond and lived there in a very simple manner for a little over two years.During his stay in Walden,he went back occasionally to his village,and on one visit he was detained for a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll-tax he thought unjust.This inspired him to write his famous essay,“Civil Disobedience”.He wrote about his experience in the famous book,Walden,after he moved back to Concord.
He became a major voice for nineteenth-century America,now better heard perhaps than Emerson’s.His influence goes beyond America.His status was placed in the Hall of Fame in New York in1969.
梭罗是爱默生的好友，比爱默生小14岁。
他出生于马萨诸塞州的康科德镇。
17岁时
进入哈佛大学学习。
大学毕业后跟爱默生成为好友并开始接受了爱默生的思想。
1845年他搬进瓦尔登湖畔的一座小木屋，过了两年多简朴的隐居生活。
这期间他不时去附近的村子，一次他因拒绝交税而被拘留了一夜。
这激发他写成了著名的政论文《非暴力反抗》。
回到康科德后，梭罗根据两年多在瓦尔登湖的生活经历写成了著名的《瓦尔登湖》。
现在梭罗被认为是19世纪重要的作家。
文学评论家认为他的文学成就高于爱默生。
1969年，梭罗的塑像被放进了纽约的“名人馆”。
2.Major Works（主要作品）
Walden《瓦尔登湖》
A Week On the Concord and Merrimack Rivers《在康科德和梅里马克河上的一周》
II.Selected works（作品选读）
◆Walden《瓦尔登湖》
1.Main content（主要内容）
Thoreau’s masterpiece,Walden,is a great Transcendentalist work.It is a faithful record of Thoreau’s reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature,an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature.Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level.
It consist of18passages,recording the nature he observed and the living condition,including building the log,plowing the field and receiving friends.
梭罗的代表作《瓦尔登湖》是一部超验主义巨作。
他忠实地记录了梭罗独自与自然界交流时的反思。
它表明梭罗不仅接受了爱默生的超然主义哲学，而且进一步亲身实践阐明自然界的泛神特性。
《瓦尔登湖》包罗万象，可以从多种角度去解读。
《瓦尔登湖》由18篇文章组成，记录了他所观察到的自然以及他建造木屋、耕种土地、招待朋友等生活情况。
2.Analysis of the work（作品分析）
(1)It is a book about man,what he is,what he should be and must be.Thoreau holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection.Thoreau has been regarded as a prophet of individualism in American literature.
(2)In this book,Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.Modern civilized life has dehumanized man and placed him in a spiritual quandary.
(3)Furthermore,the book is full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency.He records how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden Pond.He holds that spiritual richness is real wealth.One’s soul might not help one to get up in the world,but it will help make real progress in self-improvement.
(4)Thoreau went to the woods to experiment a new way of life for himself and for his fellowmen.And he felt that he came out of it a better man,reborn and reinvigorated.Thus,regeneration became a major thematic concern of Walden and it also decided its structural framework.
(1)它是一本关于人的书，阐述人应该而且必须成为什么样的人。
梭罗认为生活中最重要的事情是自给自足，努力实现精神上的完美。
梭罗被誉为美国文学史上个人主义的先导。
(2)该书中梭罗猛烈抨击了现代文明。
他认为现代文明生活使人失去了人性，将人置于精神上的困境。
(3)此外，该书表明梭罗希望国人摆脱自鸣得意、沾沾自喜的情绪。
他记录了自己在瓦尔登湖上尽量将个人需求降到最低的情况。
他认为精神上的富有才是真正的富有。
人的精神或许不能帮助人飞黄腾达，却有助于人在自我完善的过程中取得真正的进步。
(4)梭罗去森林居住目的是为自己和同胞们实验一种新的生活方式。
他从林中出来时获得了重生，整个人面貌焕然一新。
重生成为《瓦尔登湖》中重要的主题之一，并且决定了该书的结构框架。
