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1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
●1．As the mass of a body is constant．the effect of the increase in applied forceis to increase the velocity．●2．The best way to improve urban air may be to curb the use of cars eventhough modern cars are far cleaner than earlier ones．●3．The free electrons usually do not move in a regular way．●4．Far from increasing the reaction rate，high temperatures decrease it．●5．These pumps are featured by their simple operation，easy maintenance anddurable service．●6．Only when a rocket attains a speed of 18，000 odd miles per hour can itput a manmade satellite in orbit．●7．From just the entrance，in the southern part of the bay，up to a secondslack water area，about midway up the bay，tidal currents are ebbing．●8．But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited，and it iseven possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”．the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials．●9．The dataset consists of twice daily 500-hPa height analyses from the U.S.National Meteorological Center for the 20 winters 1962/1963 through 1981/1982．●10．The chain reaction must be carefully controlled．This is done byabsorbing excess neutrons in boron control rods．The heat is transferred by circulating carbon dioxide gas．The hot gas is used to produce steam．The whole assembly is called a nuclear reactor．。
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规范，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
第二单元能源课文A替代能源的前景美国能源部(DOE)预测，美国居民所使用的能源将在2025年前增加25%。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源(如风、阳光、水、地热)，而且这部分还会不断增大。
美国能源部称，去年全国能源供应总量中有6%来自于替代能源。
“未来属于再生能源，”美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说。
该协会是一个非赢利性质的组织，总部设在科罗拉多州的博尔德。
柯林斯还说：“虽然科学家和行业专家对于世界石油和天然气究竟还能供应多久这一问题仍有争议，但可以确定的是这些能源的供应终究要枯竭的。
”较之传统方法生产的能源，再生能源虽然普遍昂贵一些，但是，这些替代能源有利于减少污染，节省矿物燃料。
位于科罗拉多戈尔登市的美国能源部国家再生能源实验室(NREL)的高级工程师保罗·托斯理尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题。
但它也是一个价值观的问题和我们应当把钱花在哪的问题。
”下面让我们看看再生能源技术的最新开发成果。
太阳能光电（或太阳能发电）系统的原理是将从太阳辐射中获得的光能转变成电力。
现在，小到家用电器，大到办公楼的电气设备，都可以利用太阳能发电。
科技的进步降低了太阳能发电设备的成本。
美国太阳能协会执行主席柯林斯说，20世纪80年代，通过光电器件获取的能源其平均价格为每千瓦时95美分，而现在这个价格已降低到约20美分。
据美国能源部《能源年刊》报道，既使是这一比较低廉的价格仍然大大高于全国平均电价，2003年的电价平均仅为每千瓦时8美分多一点。
其他的先进技术还包括“薄膜”光电技术，这是一种高科技涂层，它可以将任何表层贴有这种薄膜的物体转变太阳能电源。
使用这种薄膜的船只和娱乐用车现在已经上市。
工程师还将这种可以发电的薄膜覆盖在屋顶材料上。
托斯理尼说：“人们在安装屋顶的同时也安装了太阳能板。
”这种材料能抵抗恶劣天气，在晴天吸收太阳光发电。
同时，国家再生能源实验室正在研制开发更加廉价高效的太阳能发电系统。
替代能源的前景据美国能源部预测，至2025年美国的家用耗电将增加百分之二十五，增加的电量中将有一小部分来源于再生能源（如风、阳光、水、地热），而且这部分还会不断增大。
据美国能源部统计，去年替代能源的供电比例占百分之六。
美国太阳能协会（该协会是一个位于科罗拉多州博德市的非盈利性组织）的主管布拉德•柯林斯说：“未来属于可再生能源。
尽管就世界石油和天然气可以持续多久，科学家和工业专家可能有不同观点，但是油气资源终将耗尽。
”尽管可再生能源通常比传统能源更昂贵，但是替代能源有助于减少污染、保护矿物燃料。
美国能源部国家再生能源实验室（位于科罗拉多州戈尔登市）的一位高级工程师保罗•陶塞列尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题，但是这可能是一个价值观念的问题，一个我们把钱用于何处的问题。
”接下来我们一起了解关于可再生能源技术的新发展太阳能光电系统获取太阳光线的光能并将其转化成电。
现在这些太阳能设备可以为各种建筑供电，小到家庭大到办公楼。
技术进步使得光电设备更加划算。
20世纪80年代，光电系统供电的平均价格为每千瓦时95美分；而根据美国太阳能协会的统计，如今这一价格已降至每千瓦时20美分左右。
即使略微便宜的光电价格仍然高于全国电价的平均价格，据美国能源部发行的《能源周刊》统计，2003年每千瓦时的电价均价略高于8美分。
其他最新的发展包括薄膜光电技术，这种高科技的涂层能够将任何覆盖此类薄膜的表面转化成一种光电电源。
使用这种薄膜技术的轮船和娱乐用车目前已上市销售。
工程师们也研究出一种涂有发电薄膜的屋顶材料，这种屋顶材料耐严寒，而且在阳光明媚的时候可以利用太阳光发电。
与此同时，美国可再生能源实验室的研究人员正在研发更为高效、价格更低的光电系统。
目前市场上大多数传统光电设备可以将百分之十一至百分之十三的太阳光转化成能量，工程师们认为可以提高这一比例。
华盛顿地区的一位光电工程师杰夫•梅泽说现在的多数薄膜光电系统的效能等级为百分之七至百分之十一。
