2017高一英语上学期必修1语法总结
直接英语和间接英语
一、句型的变化
（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。
“I like to listen to rock music,” said Peter.
Peter said that he liked to listen to rock music.
【注意】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如：
The teacher said, “The text is very important. You should learn it by heart.”
The teacher said (that) the text is important and that we should learn it by heart.
(二) 如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语常变为由whether/if 引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如：
The boy aske d his mother, “Can I go to play football with my friends on Saturday?”
The boy asked his mother whether/if he could go to play football with his friends on Saturday.
(三) 如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：
? “How much time do you spend on the homework?” he asked me.
? He asked me how much time I spent on the homework.
（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如：
? “Why don’t you come and play football with me?” He asked.
? He advised me to play football with him.
【注意】表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等+ 宾语+ 动词不定式”结构。
(五) 如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等) sb. (not) to do sth. 如：
? “Listen to me carefully, please.” the teacher said to us.
? The teacher told us to listen to him carefully.
【注意】如果祈使句中出现了please, 在间接引语中必须省略。
(六) 如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用what, how或that来引述。如：? “What a beautiful house it is!” he said to me.
? He told me what a beautiful house it was.
? He told me that it was a beautiful house.
二、时态的变化
（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；? He says, “I’m too tired.”
? He says (that) he is too tired.
（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下：
一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时
现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时
过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时
1) The old man said, “Great changes have taken place in China.”
The old man said that great changes had taken place in China.
2) “Wang Lin is waiting for you outside of the school gate.” Li Fang said to me.
Li Fang told me that Wang Lin was waiting for me outside of the school gate.
【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：.
? “Failure is the mother of success.” The teacher said to us.
? The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.
【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must , need, ought to, had better 等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如：
? He said, “You had better ask for help when you are in trouble.”
? He said that I had better ask for help when I was in trouble.
三、人称代词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：
（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：
? “Can I use your bike for a moment?” the boy said to me.
? The boy asked me whether he could use my bike for moment.
(二) 直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如：
? The teach er asked Joan, “Why are you late again?”
? The teacher asked Joan why he was late again.
（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：
? He asked me, “How long has Teddy stayed in China?”
? He asked me how long Teddy has stayed in China.
四、主句谓语动词的变化
(一) 直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是said to sb.常变为told sb.如：
? He said to his friend, “I am glad to see you.”
? He told his friend that he was glad to see him.
(二) 直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，said 变为asked; said to sb. 变为asked sb.如：
? “How can you do that?” Mary said to Betty.
? Mary asked Betty how she could do that.
(三) 直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg, advise, ask, tell, order, warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号to前加not.如：
? I said to her, “Please pass me a glass of water.”
? I asked her to pass me a glass of water.
(四) 直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用tell, exclaim或say等。
