新编大学英语(浙大版)第二单元2-2 课文

二、课文精解Part1.Preparation1.The second student is supposed to translate it back into English and whisper it to the third student.短语be supposed to，其中to是动词不定式符号，不是介词，其后要跟动词原形。

当be supposed to的主语是“人”时，意为“应该，被期望”，它可以用来表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等，相当于情态动词should。

例：You were supposed to be here an hour ago.你应该在一小时之前赶到这里。

当be supposed to...的主语是“物”时，它表示“本应；本该”，用于表示“某事本应该发生而没有发生”。

例：This meeting,and the entire arrangement,are supposed to be confidential.这次会议，以及整个的安排应该都是保密的。

be supposed to后面接“have+过去分词”时，表示“本应该做某事而没做”。

例：Last summer,he was supposed to have been best man at his brother’s wedding.去年夏天他本该（本来应该）在他哥哥的婚礼上当伴郎.2.A city man had a new car and decided to try it out by driving in the country.try out试验，试用，尝试。

例：I wanted to try the boat out next weekend.我想下个周末去试一下这艘船。

Part2.Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class Reading1.Everyone knew that people from Mars and people from Venus spoke different languages…此句中的people from Mars和people from Venus分别表示男人和女人。

目　录Unit 1一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 2一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 3一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 4一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 5一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 6一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 7一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 8一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 9一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 10一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 1一、词汇短语Part 1. Preparationby its very nature就其本质而言unconditional [5QnkEn5diFEnEl] adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的【例句】The victorious army demanded unconditional surrender. 胜方要求敌人无条件投降。

【搭配】unconditional surrender 无条件投降live up to不辜负；做到；实践【例句】In some ways, we failed to live up to one another’s expectations. 在某些方面，我们互相的期望都落了空。

do one’s duty尽职责Part 2. Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class Readingseverely [si5viEli] adv.严格地，激烈地【例句】Those responsible for this crime will be severely punished. 犯下这宗罪行的人将受到严厉惩罚。

severe [si5viE] adj.严厉的，严格的；剧烈的；严重的，严峻的【例句】He’s suffering from severe mental disorder. 他患有严重的精神病。

新编大学英语2第二册课文翻译Unit 1 善良之心，久久相依当时我没有意识到，是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯 J 布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大，当别人看见我和爸爸在一起，我会觉得很尴尬。

他身材矮小，走起路来跛得很厉害。

我们一起走时，他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡，人们就会盯着我们看。

对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。

他也许曾注意到，或着觉得烦恼，但他从来没有流露出来。

2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易，他(的步子)一瘸一拐的，我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。

因此，我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。

但出发时，他总是说：“你定步伐，我会尽量跟上。

”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往，这是他上班的必由之路。

不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班，几乎没有旷过一天工。

即使别人无法上班，他也要去办公室。

对他来说这是一种自豪。

4 当地上有冰或雪的时候，即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。

这时，我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他，穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道，直到地铁的入口处。

一到那儿，他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和，下面的楼梯不结冰。

曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室，因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止，他都不用再出去。

5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力，我现在想来惊讶不已。

他从没有痛苦或抱怨，他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。

6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象，也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。

他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。

如果他找到了一颗善心，那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。

7 由于年龄的增长，我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准，尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。

但是，当我自己没有的时候，我是知道的。

8 尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加，但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。

当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候，他使它维持下去。

他是一个很懂行的棒球迷，经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。

第一单元善良之心，久久相依当时我没有意识到，是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯• J •布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大，当别人看见我和爸爸在一起，我会觉得很尴尬。

他身材矮小，走起路来跛得很厉害。

我们一起走时，他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡，人们就会盯着我们看。

对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。

他也许曾注意到，或着觉得烦恼，但他从来没有流露出来。

2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易，他(的步子)一瘸一拐的，我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。

因此，我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。

但出发时，他总是说：“你定步伐，我会尽量跟上。

”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往，这是他上班的必由之路。

不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班，几乎没有旷过一天工。

即使别人无法上班，他也要去办公室。

对他来说这是一种自豪。

4 当地上有冰或雪的时候，即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。

这时，我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他，穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道，直到地铁的入口处。

一到那儿，他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和，下面的楼梯不结冰。

曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室，因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止，他都不用再出去。

5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力，我现在想来惊讶不已。

他从没有痛苦或抱怨，他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。

6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象，也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。

他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。

如果他找到了一颗善心，那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。

7 由于年龄的增长，我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准，尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。

但是，当我自己没有的时候，我是知道的。

8 尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加，但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。

当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候，他使它维持下去。

他是一个很懂行的棒球迷，经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。

他喜欢参加舞会和聚会，就是坐在一旁观看，也很开心。

Unit 2 Psychology in Our Daily LifeIn-Class ReadingIs There a Doctor in the Body?I. Word ListDirections: Memorize the words and phrases before class. You will benefit from your effort when you get the passage from your teacher and read it in class.Proper NamesRomanian. 罗马尼亚(欧洲巴尔干半岛东北部国家)New Wordsbleed*v. lose blood 出血e.g. He'd been wounded in the arm and he was bleeding heavily.bleedingadj. 出血的，流血的capsule *n. 胶囊harmless *adj. not having any bad effects, especially on people's healthe.g. The experiment was harmless to the animals.heal *v. make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injurye.g. It took three months for my arm to heal properly.likely *adj. expected to happen; probable 可能的e.g. I ) It's quite likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year.II) Once people have seen that something actually works, they are much more likely to accept change.placebon. (复-bos或-boes) 安慰剂prescribe *v. (of a doctor) say what (medical treatment) someone should have 为......开药方，嘱咐(疗法) e.g. What treatment did the doctor prescribe?prescription *n. 药方e.g. A doctor writes the prescription and a chemist (药剂师) makes it up for you.rate *n. a level of speed with which something happens or changes, or the number of times it happens or changes, within a particular period 率，比率e.g. birth rate, success rate, growth ratereact *v. behave differently or change as a result of something; respond 反应e.g. The judge reacted angrily to the suggestion that it hadn't been a fair trial.reaction *n. 反应e.g. What was her reaction when you told her the news?reality *n. 现实e.g. The reality is that they are poor.reassurance *n. help or advice that makes you feel less worried or frightened about a problem 安慰，保证e.g. Despite her father's reassurance she was still frightened of the dark.relationship *n. 关系e.g. This relationship between them seemed strange to him.relief *n. a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has not happened or has ended (痛苦等)减轻，解除e.g. To our great relief, the children all arrived home safely.role *n. the way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it 角色，作用e.g. Until now scientists had very little clear evidence about the drug's role in preventing more serious effects of infection.seasickness *n. 晕船swear *v. (swore, sworn) say or promise very seriously or definitely 发誓，诅咒e.g. I don't know anything about what happened, I swear.treatment*n. a method that is intended to cure an injury or illness 治疗方法e.g. Heat treatment certainly helped my knee.tribal *adj. of a tribe or tribes 部落的e.g. tribal dress, tribal leadersulcern. 溃疡Is There a Doctor in the Body?1 When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo.2 A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen?3 The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The "doctor" will heal the body for us if we let it.4 But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better.5 Other people say this is not so. They say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality. The placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. This shows that the body is not fooled by it. It seems that if patients think they have been given medicine, they will have hope. They feel that they are getting some help. This gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them.6 Placebos do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all.7 An example of the doctor's role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study. Some patients with bleeding ulcers were put in two groups. The first group were told by a doctor thatthey had been given a new drug which, it was hoped, would give them some relief. The second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a new drug but that not much was known about how it would work. As a result, 70 percent of the people in the first group got much better. Only 25 percent of the people in the second group got better. And both groups had in fact been given the same thing-a placebo.8 The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases. It helps such things as seasickness, coughs, colds, and even pain after an operation. And there was an experiment done to see if a placebo could help old people stay healthy and live longer.9 The test was done in Romania with 150 people over the age of 60. They were put in three groups with 50 people in each group. The first group were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. The third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age. (In fact, it was not a drug for old age at all.) The three groups were studied for many years. The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been. The second group (with the placebo) had much better health and a lower death rate. The third group (with the real drug) showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.10 A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it.11 And yet, the use of the placebo has been well known for hundreds of years in other countries. Tribal doctors in some African countries have known for a long time that patients will get better if they think they are going to. Many of the "treatments" they use do not seem able to make a sick person better, and yet such treatments work.12 The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo. (839 words)Time taken: ____ minutesPhrases and Expressionsas a resultbecause of something that has happenede.g. He slipped and broke his leg. As a result, he will have to be away from school for two or three weeks.fool somebody into doing somethingtrick somebody into doing somethinge.g. Tim was fooled into believing that he'd won a lot of money.in a waypartly, to some degree 就某种意义来说，在某种程度上e.g. In a way, her health is much improved, but she is still not really well.open updevelop or make something available 展示，揭示e.g. This research opens up the possibility of being able to find a cure for the disease.react torespond to 对......做出反应e.g. Do children react to kind treatment by becoming more self-confident?rest withlie with 取决于，得靠e.g. Whether the talks are successful or not rests with a small number of men.。

新编大学英语2【浙大版】课文阅读b2u9_inclass_textConsumer Behavior of the YouthDavid London and Albert D. Bitta[1]Marketers are interested in understanding what products will sell well in the youth market. It is also important to appreciate the influence that young people have on the purchases of others, such as parents. In fact, sometimes marketers are more interested in young people's influence on other buyers than in their role as the main purchasers of certain items.[2]How do youths spend their incomes? Both female and male teenagers spend most of their money on clothes, CDs, stereo equipment, entertainment, and travel. Young women spend most on cosmetics, followed by clothes and jewelry. Young men spend the most on sporting goods, cameras, CDs, stereo equipment, bicycles, shoes, jeans, musical instruments, and electronic games.[3]As a member of a highly consumption-oriented society, teenagers have become increasingly aware of new products and brands. They are natural “triers” and spend hours shopping for themselves.[4]In addition to their direct impact on the marketplace, youths have a secondary influence on many of the products and brands their parents choose. For example, research reveals that three out of four teens influence their parents' purchasingdecisions. For major purchases, teens' highest influence occurs in the first stage of the decision-making process and is strongest for aesthetic considerations such as style, color, and make of the product but weakest for decisions such as where and when to purchase and how much money to spend.[5] Apple computer's research showed that teens are influencing family decisions about buying computers. As a result, one of its recent model introductions used contemporary hit radio and computer magazines popular with young people to encourage teens to convince their parents to buy the new product.[6]With the large growth in the number of families of two working parents, youths are doing more of the food shopping and other shopping for parents. For example, one study found that 80 percent of teenagers were “heavily involved” in family food shopping.[7]Kraft recognized the importance of teenage grocery shopping and is advertising on MTV, in network agencies, in teen magazines, and on contemporary hit radio, emphasizing recipes containing Kraft products. Along with the ad campaign , Kraft also produced an educational kit on “Food Buymanship ” which is given to home-economics teachers to distribute to teenagers in school.[8]Thus, it is clear that this market also occupies an important position in terms of its secondary influence on parents' buying decisions.[9]Another factor emphasizing the market importance of the youth is that this is the time when brand loyalties may be formed that could last well into adulthood. For example, a brand-loyalty study done by Seventeen magazine found that at least 30 percent of adult women were using the same brands they first chose as teenagers. Translated into total market figures, the findings would mean, for instance, that 6,760,000 women still are using the same brand of cosmetics and 8,900,000 still are eating the same kind of packaged cheese that they first bought.[10]During the process of making their buying decision, to what extent are teens influenced by parents, friends, sales clerks, media, or other sources? For many product decisions, friends are the most significant influence. Nevertheless, parents are still an important factor affecting many buying decisions. The important point is that although peer pressure is quite strong, family influences are also significant. Thus, the marketer should know which group, parents or peers, has the most influence at any given time so they can plan their marketing strategies properly.[11]Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends. The fact that they are doing more shopping may result in their spending more money in stores they go to. In addition, youths often have a great deal of authority in store-selection decisions, which means that stores must attract them with an effective appeal. Although the popular belief is that young people buy products impulsively and are less rational than the market as a whole, surveys indicate that most respondents aged 14 to 25 compare prices and brands before buying. Research onadolescent shopping behavior has produced the following tentative conclusions:[12] Adolescents tend to rely more on personal sources for information on sophisticated [N] products such as computers, and most on media for information on more ordinary products such as clothing or cosmetics.[13]At the product-evaluation stage of the decision process, price and brand name are perceived as the most important criteria, with a relatively low influence coming from parents and peers.[14]As teenagers mature, they use more sources of consumer information prior to decision making, rely more on friends and less on parents for information and advice in buying, and prefer to purchase products without parental supervision.。

目　录Unit 1一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 2一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 3一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 4一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 5一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 6一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 7一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 8一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 9一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 10一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 1一、词汇短语Part 1. Preparationby its very nature就其本质而言unconditional [5QnkEn5diFEnEl] adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的【例句】The victorious army demanded unconditional surrender. 胜方要求敌人无条件投降。

【搭配】unconditional surrender 无条件投降live up to不辜负；做到；实践【例句】In some ways, we failed to live up to one another’s expectations. 在某些方面，我们互相的期望都落了空。

do one’s duty尽职责Part 2. Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class Readingseverely [si5viEli] adv.严格地，激烈地【例句】Those responsible for this crime will be severely punished. 犯下这宗罪行的人将受到严厉惩罚。

severe [si5viE] adj.严厉的，严格的；剧烈的；严重的，严峻的【例句】He’s suffering from severe mental disorder. 他患有严重的精神病。

Unit 2 Communication ProblemsSpeaking Different LanguagesJohn Gray[1] When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. Because they recognized that they were different, they were able to solve these problems. One of the secrets of their success was good communication.[2] Ironically, they communicated well because they spoke different languages. When they had problems, they would just go to a translator for assistance. Everyone knew that people from Mars and people from Venus spoke different languages, so when there was a conflict they didn't start judging or fighting but instead pulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully. If that didn't work they went to a translator for help.[3] You see, the Martian and Venusian languages had the same words but different meanings depending on the way they were used. Their expressions were similar, but they had different connotations or emotional emphasis. Misinterpreting each other was very easy. So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. They experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today.[4] Even today we still need translators. Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. For example, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen,” she does not expect the word “never” to be tak en literally. Using the word “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.[5] To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the factsa little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.Men mistakenly take these expressions literally. Because they misunderstand the intended meaning, they commonly react in an unsupportive manner. In the following chart ten complaints easily misinterpreted are listed, as well as how a man might respond unsupportively.Ten Common Complaints That Are Easily MisinterpretedWomen say things like this: Men respond like this:“We never go out.” “That's not true. We went out last week.”“Everyone ignores me.” “I'm sure some people notice you.”“I am so tired, I can't do anything.” “If you don't like your job, then quit.”“I want to forget everything.” “I don't think there's anything to forget.”“The house is always a mess.” “It's not always a mess.”“No one listens to me anymore.” “But I'm listening to you right now.”“Nothing is working.” “Are you saying it is my fault”“You don't love me anymore.” “Of course I do. That's why I'm here.”“We are always in a hurry.” “We are not. Friday we were relaxed.”“I want more romance.” “Are you saying I am not romantic”[6] You can see how a “literal” translation of a woman's words could easily mislead a man who is used to using speech as a means of conveying only facts and information. You can also see how a man's responses might lead to an argument. Unclear and unloving communication is the biggest problem in relationships. The number one complaint women have in relationships is: “I don't feel heard.”[7] Even this complaint is misunderstood and misinterpreted![8] A man's literal translation of “I don't feel heard” leads him to take the woman's complaint lightly. He thinks he has heard her if he can repeat what she has said. A correct translation of a woman saying “I don't feel heard” is:“I feel as though you don't fully understand what I really mean to say or care about how I feel. Would you show me that you are interested in what I have to say”[9] If a man really understood her complaint, then he would argue less and be able to respond more positively. When men and women are on the verge of arguing, they generally misunderstand each other. At such times, it is important to rethink or translate what they have heard.说着不同的语言1 当火星人和金星人最初相聚时，也遇到了我们目前存在的许多人际关系问题。

Unit 2 Myths and LegendsIn-Class Reading Why the Tortoise’s Shell Is Not Smooth为什么乌龟的背壳凹凸不平1 从远处他妻子们的那些小木屋里传来的低声细语，时不时地被歌声打断，但是奥康瓦还是听到了，这是妻子们同各自的孩子在讲民间故事。

爱克蔚菲和她的女儿爱金玛坐在一块小地毯上。

现在，轮到爱克蔚菲讲故事了。

霎时，低声细语静了下来，所有的眼睛都转向她们最喜欢的故事能手。

2 “很久以前”，她开始讲道，“所有的鸟儿都被邀请到天上赴宴。

它们非常高兴，开始为这盛大的日子做准备。

它们用颜料把自己的身体涂成深红色并画上漂亮的图案。

3 “乌龟看到了所有这些准备活动，并很快了解了事情的来龙去脉。

动物界里发生的任何事都逃不过他的眼睛，（因为）他狡黠无比，诡计多端。

他一听说这一天上的盛宴，不禁垂涎三尺。

那些日子正在闹饥荒，乌龟已经有两个月没好好吃一顿饭了。

他的身体就像一段枯柴棍在空荡荡的躯壳里咔咔作响。

于是他稳扎稳打地开始计划如何能到天上去。

”4 “但是他没有翅膀呀，”爱金玛说。

5 “别性急，”她母亲回答道，“故事（的关键）就在这里。

乌龟没有翅膀，但他去找鸟儿们，请求能跟他们一起去。

”6 “‘我们太了解你了，’鸟儿们听了他的请求后说道。

‘你诡计多端并且忘恩负义。

如果我们答应你，你马上就会施展诡计。

我们老早就把你看透了。

’7 “‘你们不了解我，’乌龟说。

‘我已经脱胎换骨了，不再是你们以前所知道的那个捣蛋鬼了。

相反，我现在既体贴又善良。

我已经认识到，给别人制造麻烦的人就是在给自己制造麻烦。

放心吧，我保证不给你们增添任何麻烦。

’8 “乌龟巧舌如簧，没过多久，所有的鸟儿都一致认为，他确实已经脱胎换骨了，于是每只鸟儿都给了他一根羽毛，用这些羽毛，乌龟做了两只色彩绚丽的翅膀。

9 “最后，这盛大的日子终于来到了，乌龟第一个到达了集合地点。

等所有的鸟儿都来齐了，他们就一块儿动身。

【1-A】 A Good Heart to Lean Onore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance. Augustus J. Bullock[1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.[2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient—and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ”[3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It wasa matter of pride for him.[4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y. , on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.[5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.[6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity,nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.[7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.[8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could havea good time just sitting and watching.[9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! ” [10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began.[11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those words were never said aloud. [12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to beseen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”.[13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.” ( 703 words)【1-B-a】 A Kiss for KatePhyllis Volkens[1] Every afternoon when I came on duty as the evening nurse, I would walk the halls of the nursing home, pausing at each door to chat and observe. Often, Kate and Chris, their big scrapbooks in their laps, would be reminiscing over the photos. Proudly, Kate showed me pictures of bygone years: Chris —tall, blond, handsome; Kate pretty, dark-haired, laughing. Two young lovers smiling through the passing seasons. How lovely they looked now, sitting there, the light shining on their white heads, their time-wrinkled faces smiling at the memories of the years, caught and held forever in the scrapbooks.[2] How little the young know of loving, I'd think. How foolish to think they have a monopoly on such a precious commodity. The old know what loving truly means; the young can only guess.[3] Kate and Chris were always together—in the dining room, the lounge, strolling around the big porches and lawns, always holding hands. As we staff members ate our evening meal, sometimes Kate and Chris would walk slowly by the dining-room doors. Then conversation would turn to a discussion of the couple's love and devotion, and what would happen when one of them died.We knew Chris was the strong one, and Kate was dependent upon him.[4] How would Kate function if Chris were to die first? We often wondered.[5] Bedtime followed a ritual. When I brought the evening medication, Kate would be sitting in her chair, in nightgown and slippers, awaiting my arrival. Under the watchful eyes of Chris and myself, Kate would take her pill, then carefully Chris would help her from the chair to the bed and tuck the covers in around her frail body.[6] Observing this act of love, I would think for the thousandth time, good heavens, why don't nursing homes have double beds for married couples? All their lives they have slept together, but in a nursing home, they're expected to sleep in single beds. Overnight they're deprived of a comfort of a lifetime.[7] How very foolish such policies are, I would think as I watched Chris reach up and turn off the light above Kate's bed. Then tenderly he would bend, and they would kiss gently. Chris would pat her cheek, and both would smile. He would pull up the side rail on her bed, and only then would he turn and accept his own medication. As I walked into the hall, I could hear Chris say, “Good night, Kate,”and her returning voice, “Good night, Chris,” while the space of an entire room separated their two beds.[8] I had been off duty two days and when I returned, the f irst news I heard was, “Chris died yesterday morning.”[9] “How?”[10] “A heart attack. It happened quickly.”[11] “How's Kate?”[12] “Bad.”[13] I went into Kate's room. She sat in her chair, motionless, hands in her lap, staring. Taking her hands in mine, I said, “Kate, it's Phyllis.”[14] Her eyes never shifted; she only stared. I placed my hand under her chin and slowly turned her head so she had to look at me.[15] “Kate, I just found out about Chris. I'm so sorry.”[16] At the word “Chris”, her eyes c ame back to life. She looked at me, puzzled, as though wondering how I had suddenly appear ed. “ Kate, it's me, Phyllis. I'm so sorry about Chris.”[17] Recognition and sadness flooded her face. Tears welled up and slid down her cheeks. “Chris is gone,” she whispered.[18] “I know,” I said. “I know.”[19] We pampered Kate for a while, letting her eat in her room, surrounding her with special attention. Then gradually the staff worked her back into the old schedule. Often, as I went past her room, I would observe Kate sitting in her chair, scrapbooks on her lap, gazing sadly at pictures of Chris.[20] Bedtime was the worst part of the day for Kate. Although she was allowed to move from her bed to Chris's bed, and although the staff chatted and laughed with her as they tucked her in for the night, still Kate remained silent and sadly withdrawn. Passing her room an hour after she had been tucked in, I'd find her wide awake, staring at the ceiling.[21] The weeks passed, and bedtime wasn't any better. She seemed so restless, so insecure. Why? I wondered. Why this time of day more than the other hours?[22] Then one night as I walked into her room, only to find the same wide-awake Kate, I said impulsively, “Kate, could it be you miss your good-night kiss?” Bending down, I kissed her wrinkled cheek.[23] It was as though I had opened the floodgates. Tears ran down her face; her hands gripped mine. “Chris always kissed me good-night,” she cried.[24] “I know,” I whispered.[25] “ I miss him so, all those years he kisse d me good-night.” She paused while I wiped the tears. “ I just can't seem to go to sleep w ithout his kiss.”[26] She looked up at me, her eyes full of tears. “Oh, thank you for giving me a kiss.”[27] A small smile turned up the corners of her mouth. “You know,” she said confidentially, “Chris used to sing me a song.”[28] “He did?”[29] “Yes,”—her white head nodded—“and I lie here at night and think about it.”[30] “How did it go?”[31] Kate smiled, held my hand and cleared her throat. Then her voice, small with age but still melodious, lifted softly in song: So kiss me, my sweet, and so let us part.And when I grow too old to dream,That kiss will live in my heart.( 921 words)【1-B-b】Benefits from Pets Maxine Huffman [1] Recently, a number of U.S. newspapers carried a very small article entitled “Things You Can Learn from Yo ur Dog”. The article listed seven things done regularly by pet dogs which could be helpful to pet owners if they themselves did them. These things are: 1) When your loved one comes home, run to greet him. 2) Eat with pleasure. 3) When it's hot, drink lots of water. 4) Take naps. 5) Don't bite, just growl. 6) When you want something badly, dig for it. 7) Give unconditional love.[2] There are many people who would like to insist that only human beings are capable of feeling the emotion of love. However, there are many more people, usually pet owners, who feel that they not only love their pets, but that their pets love them in return. This is only one, but a very important, benefit of owning a pet. All of us want to enjoy good health. Thousands of articles are written in newspapers and magazines giving advice of all types as to what people should be doing if they wish to improve their chances of having good health. Most often this advice includes suggestions that we should eat right, exercise, take vitamins and get a pet. Why get a pet? Because more and more studies are showingthat people who have pets are healthier, both physically and mentally, than those who don't. Right now more than half of the households in the United States have a companion animal. That includes 51 million dogs, 56 million cats, 45 million birds, and other small animals.[3] Besides the obvious things, like being cute, interesting to watch [N], and a lot of fun, pets do more for us than we often realize. If you now have or have ever had a pet, you know how wonderful it is to have someone there for you [N], no matter how you look, how you are dressed, or what you are doing. Pets love you unconditionally and don't require brilliant conversation. A simple “good boy” and a pat on the head or scratch under the chin is enough for them [N]. They will find ways to let you know their appreciation of your praise, whether it is by wagging their tails, rubbing against you, purring, or simply looking at you with adoring eyes.[4] People who own pets often remark on what good company they are and what fun they have together [N]. Pet experts and researchers identify many other additional benefits that come with pet ownership or interaction. In addition to those mentioned thus far [N], pets ease stress and anxiety, aid relaxation, provide a sense of security, and are a great diversion from troubles. One medical study showed that people's blood pressure would fall when they stroked their pets.[5] Pets are increasingly being used in therapy for the elderly and those who have Alzheimer's disease or physical disabilities. One lady in Tucson [N], Arizona [N], shares her lovely little dog with many elderly nursing home residents. She takes her dog there at leastonce or twice a week and allows the elderly people to hold and pat her little dog. They eagerly await its arrival and always ask when she and her dog will be back. She is just one of hundreds of people who share their pets with the old and lonely. And then, of course, there are countless stories of dogs trained to aid blind, deaf, or wheel-chair bound individuals, often allowing them to live independently when otherwise this would not be possible. The love between these people and their four-footed friends is touching. Even brushing or patting a dog is great physical therapy, and we all know the benefits of walking, which is something a dog needs too.[6] James Herriot, a country veterinarian in England , has been a very popular writer in the English-speaking world. He has written a number of books and stories about pet owners and their pets. Many of his stories tell of the love between them as well as the benefits that owners and pets derive from each other. Part of his great popularity as a writer comes from the fact that people who love pets like to read about and identify with other pet lovers. ( 706 words)【2-A】Speaking Different Languages John Gray [1] When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. Because they recognized that they were different, they were able to solve these problems. One of the secrets of their success was good communication.[2] Ironically, they communicated well because they spoke different languages. When they had problems, theywould just go to a translator for assistance. Everyone knew that people from Mars and people from Venus spoke different languages, so when there was a conflict they didn't start judging or fighting but instead pulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully. If that didn't work they went to a translator for help.[3] You see, the Martian and Venusian languages had the same words but different meanings depending on the way they were used. Their expressions were similar, but they had different connotations or emotional emphasis. Misinterpreting each other was very easy. So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. They experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today.[4] Even today we still need translators. Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. For example, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen,” she does not expect the word “never” to be taken literally. Using the word “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.[5] To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations. Men mistakenly take these expressions literally. Because they misunderstand the intended meaning, they commonly react in an unsupportive manner. In the following chart ten complaints easily misinterpreted are listed, as well as how a man might respondunsupportively.Ten Common Complaints That Are Easily Misinterpreted Women say things like this: Men respond like this: “We never go out.” “That's n ot true. We went out last week.”“Everyone ignores me.” “I'm sure some people notice you.”“I am so tired, I can't do anything.” “If you don't like your job, then quit.” “I want to forget everything.” “I don't think there's anything to forget.” “The house is always a mess.” “It's not always a mess.”“No one listens to me anymore.” “But I'm listening to you right now.” “Nothing is working.” “Are you saying it is my fault?”“You don't love me anymore.” “Of course I do. That's why I'm here.” “We are always in a hurry.” “We are not. Friday we were relaxed.” “I want more romance.” “Are you saying I am not romantic?”[6] You can see how a “literal” translation of a woman's words could easily mislead a man who is used to using speech as a means of conveying only facts and information. You can also see how a man's responses might lead to an argument. Unclear and unloving communication is the biggest problem in relationships. The number one complaint women have in relationships is: “I don't feel heard.”[7] Even this complaint is misunderstood and misinterpreted![8] A man's literal translation of “I don't feel heard” leads him to take the woman's complaint lightly. He thinks he has heard her if he can repeat what she has said. A correct translation of a wo man saying “I don't feel heard” is: “I feel as though you don't fully understand what I really mean to say or care about how I feel. Would you show me that you are interested in what I have to say?”[9] If a man really understood her complaint, then he would argue less and be able to respond more positively. When men and women are on the verge of arguing, they generally misunderstand each other. At such times, it is important to rethink or translate what they have heard. ( 660 words)【2-B-1】 Five New Words at a TimeYulan Ying[1] My family came to America in 1985. No one spoke a word of English. In school, I was in an English as a Second Language class with other foreign-born children. My class was so over-crowded that it was impossible for the teacher to teach English properly. I dreaded going to school each morning for fear of not understanding what people were saying and for fear of being laughed at.[2] At the time, my mother, Taiqi, worked part time ina Chinese restaurant from late afternoon until late inthe night. It was her unfamiliarity with the English language that forced her to work in a Chinese-speaking environment. Although her job exhausted her, my mother still woke up early in the morning to cook breakfast for my brother and me. Like a hen guarding her chicks, she never neglected us because of her fatigue. [3] So it was not surprising that very soon my mother noticed something was troubling me. When I said nothing was wrong, my mother answered, “ You are my daughter. When something is bo thering you, I feel it too. ” The pain and care I saw in her moon-shaped eyes made me burst into tears I had held back for so long. I explained to her the fear I had of going to school. “ Learning English is not impossible, ” my mother said. She cheerfully suggested that the two of us work together to learn the language at home with books. The confidence and determination my mother had were admirable because English was as new to her as it was to me.[4] That afternoon, I saw my mother in a different light as she waited for me by the school fence. Although she was the shortest of all the mothers there, her face with her welcoming smile and big, black eyes was the mostpromising. The afternoon sun shone brightly on her long, black hair, creating an aura that distinguished her from others.[5] My mother and I immediately began reading together and memorizing five new words a day. My mother, with her encouraging attitude, made the routine fun and interesting. The fact that she was sacrificing her resting time before going to work so that I could learn English made me see the strength she possessed. It made me admire my mother even more.[6] Very soon, I began to comprehend what everyone was saying and people could understand me. The person solely responsible for my accomplishment and happiness was my mother. The reading also helped my mother learn English so that she was able to pass the postal entrance exam .[7] It has been seven years since that reading experience with my mother. She is now 43 and in her second year at college. My brother and I have a strong sense of who we are because of the strong values my mother established for herself and her children. My admiration and gratitude for her are endless. That iswhy my mother is truly the guiding light of my life. ( 510 words)【2-B-b】Misunderstandings [1] He had uncombed hair, dirty clothes, and only 35 cents in his pocket. In Baltimore , Maryland , he got on a bus and headed straight for the restroom. He thought that if he hid in the restroom, he could ride to New York without paying. But a passenger at the back of the bus saw him. She tapped the person in front of her on the shoulder and said, “ There's a bum in the restroom. Tell the bus driver. ” That passenger tapped the person sitting in front of h im. “ Tell the bus driver there's a bum in the restroom ” he said.[2] The message was passed from person to person until it reached the front of the bus. But somewhere along the way, the message changed. By the time it reached the bus driver, it was not “ there's a bum in the restroom ” but “ there's a bomb in the restroom ” . The driver immediately pulled over to the side of the highway and radioed the police. When the police arrived, they told the passengers to get off the bus and move far away from it. Then they closed the highway. That soon caused a 15-mile-long traffic jam. With the help of a dog, the police searched the bus for two hours. Of course, they found no bomb.[3] Two similar-sounding English words also caused trouble for a man who wanted to fly from Los Angeles to Oakland , California . His problem began at the airport in Los Angeles . He thought he heard his flight announced, so he walked to the gate, showed his ticket, and got on the plane. Twenty minutes after takeoff, theman began to worry. Oakland was north of Los Angeles , but the plane seemed to be heading west, and when he looked out his window all he could see was ocean. “ Is this plane going to Oakland? ” he asked the flight attendant. The flight attendant gas ped. “ No, ” she said. “ We're going to Auckland —Auckland, New Zealand. ”[4] Because so many English words sound similar, misunderstandings among English-speaking people are not uncommon. Not all misunderstandings result in highways being closed or passengers flying to the wrong continent. Most misunderstandings are much less serious. Every day people speaking English ask one another questions like these: “ Did you say seventy or seventeen? ” , “ Did you say that you can come or that you can't? ” Simila r-sounding words can be especially confusing for people who speak English asa second language.[5] When a Korean woman who lives in the United States arrived at work one morning, her boss asked her, “ Did you get a plate? ” “ No..., ” she answered, wonde ring what in the world he meant. She worked in an office. Why did the boss ask her about a plate? All day she wondered about her boss' strange question, but she was too embarrassed to ask him about it. At five o'clock, when she was getting ready to go home, her boss said, “ Pl ease be on time tomorrow. You were 15 minutes late this morning. ” “ Sorry, ” she said. “ My car wouldn't start, and... ” Suddenly she stopped talking and began to smile. Now she understood. Her boss hadn't asked her, “ Did you get a plate? ” He had asked her, “ Did you get up late? ”[6] English is not the only language withsimilar-sounding words. Other languages, too, have words that can cause misunderstandings, especially for foreigners.[7] Auckland and Oakland . “ A plate ” and “ up late ” . When si milar-sounding words cause a misunderstanding, probably the best thing to do is just laugh and learn from the mistake. Of course, sometimes it's hard to laugh. The man who traveled to Auckland instead of Oakland didn't feel like laughing. But even that misunderstanding turned out all right in the end. The airline paid for the man's hotel room and meals in New Zealand and for his flight back to California . “ Oh well, ” the man later said, “ I always wanted to see New Zealand. ” ( 650 wo rds)【3-A】Born to Win You cannot teach a man anything. You can only help him discover it within himself. —Galileo [1] Each human being is born as something unique , something that never existed before. Each person is born with what he needs to win at life. A normal person can see, hear, touch, taste, and think for himself. Each has his own unique potentials —his capabilities and limitations. Each can be an important, thinking, aware, and creatively productive person in his own right —a winner.[2] The words “winner” and “loser” have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who defeats the other person by dominatingand making him lose. Instead a winner is one who responds genuinely by being trustworthy and responsive , both as an individual and as a member of a society. A loser is one who fails to respond genuinely.[3] Few people are winners or losers all the time. It'sa matter of degree . However, once a person has the capacity to be a winner, his chances are greater for becoming even more so..[4] Achievement is not the most important thing for winners; genuineness is. The genuine person realizes his own uniqueness and appreciates the uniqueness of others.[5] A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesn't pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions.[6] A winner is flexible . He does not have to respond in known, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a love for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, and the world of nature. Without guilt he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others.[7] A winner cares about the world and its people. He is not separated from the general problems of society. He tries to improve the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international difficulty, he does not see himself as helpless . He does what he can to make the world a better place.[8] Although people are born to win, they are also born totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the change from dependence toindependence . Losers do not. Somewhere along the line losers begin to avoid becoming independent . This usually begins in childhood. Poor nutrition , cruelty , unhappy relationships, disease, continuing disappointments, and inadequate physical care are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers.[9] A loser is held back by his low capacity to appropriately express himself through a full range of possible behavior. He may be unaware of other choices for his life if the path he chooses goes nowhere. Heis afraid to try new things. He repeats not only his own mistakes and often repeats those of his family and culture.[10] A loser has difficulty giving and receiving love. He does not enter into close, honest, direct relationships with others. Instead, he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations and channels his energies into living up to their expectations. ( 511 words)Better Late than Never[1] He was lying there in the grass, hiding and thinking.[2] He had studied the little girl's habits. He knew she would come outside her grandfather's house mid-afternoon to play. [3] He hated himself for this.[4] In his whole miserable life he'd never considered anything so callous as kidnapping.[5] Yet here he was, lying in the grass, hidden by trees from the house, waiting for an innocent , red-haired, two-year-old girl to come within reach.[6] It was a long wait; there was time to think.[7] Maybe all his life Harlan had been in too much ofa hurry .[8] He was five when his Hoosier farmer father had died.[9] At fourteen he dropped out of Greenwood School and hit the road .[10] He tried odd jobs as a farmhand, hated it.[11] Tried being a bus conductor and hated that.12] At sixteen he lied about his age and joined the Army—and hated that, too. When his one-year enlistment was up he headed for Alabama [N], tried blacksmithing and failed.[13] He became a railroad locomotive fireman with the Southern Railroad. He liked that. Figured maybe he had found himself.[14] At eighteen he got married, and within months, wouldn't you know she announced she was pregnant the day he announced he'd been fired again?[15] Then, one day, while he was out job hunting , his young wife gave away all their possessions and went home to her parents.[16] Then came the depression . [17] Harlan couldn't win for losing, as they said.[18] He really tried. [19] Once, while working at a succession of railroad jobs, he tried studying law by correspondence .[20] But he dropped out of that, too. [21] He tried selling insurance , selling tires.[22] He tried running a ferryboat , running a filling station. No use. [23] Face it—Harlan was a loser.[24] And now here he was hiding in the weeds outside Roanoke , Virginia , planning a kidnapping .[25] As I say, he'd watched the little girl's habits,。

Unit 2Part twoListening 1Mrs. Black was having a lot of trouble with her skin, so she went to her doctor. However he could not find anything wrong with her. So he sent her to the local hospital for some tests. The hospital, of course, sent the results of the tests directly to Mrs. Black's doctor. The next morning, he telephoned her to give her a list of the things that he thought she should not eat, as any of them might be the cause of her skin trouble.Mrs. Black carefully wrote all the things down on a piece of paper, which she then left beside the telephone while she went out to a meeting.When she got back home two hours later, she found her husband waiting for her. He had a big basket full of packages beside him, and when he saw her, he said, “Hell o, dear. I have done all your shopping for you.”“Done all my shopping?” she asked in surprise. “But how did you know what I wanted?” “Well, when I got home, I found your shopping list beside the telephone,” answered her husband, “so I went down to the shops and bought everything you had written down.”Of course, Mrs. Black had to tell him that he had bought all the things the doctor did not allow her to eat!Listening 2Do you speak British or American EnglishAmerican and British people both speak English, of course, but sometimes it does not seem like the same language. In fact, there are some important differences between British and American English.First of all, they sound very different. Often, Americans don't say all the letters in each word. For example, Americans may say “I dunno” instead of “I don't know”, or they may say “Whaddya say?” instead of “What do you say?”Sound is not the only difference between British and American English. The two languages have different words and expressions for some things. For example, some words for clothing are different. Americans use the word “sweater”, but the British say “jumper”. Americans wear “vests” over their shirts, but British people wear “vests” under their shirts. Americans talk about “pants”or “slacks”, but the British talk about “trousers”. The British chips are American French fries. A British chemist is an American drugstore. In Britain, if you are going to telephone friends, you “ring them up”. In America, you “give them a call”.There are also some differences in grammar. For example, Americans almost always use the helping verb “do” with the verb “have”. They might say, “Do you have an extra pen?” The British often ask the question a different way. They might say, “Have you got an extr a pen?”These differences can be confusing when you are learning English. But when the same language is used in different places, it is understandable that it changes in each place.Lestening3(Mr. and Mrs. Jones are having a conversation one evening while Mrs. Jones happens to be looking at some of the textbooks her daughter, who is in the fifth grade, is using.) Mrs. Jones: Listen to what this book says. It really makes me angry! When talking about the settling of the western part of the U.S., it say s, “MEN by the thousands headed west.” Then on the very same page it says, “The average citizen in the United States is proud of HIS heritage.”Mr. Jones: What's wrong with that? It's true. I don't understand why you are angry. Mrs. Jones: Why? Because women are left out!Mr. Jones: Everyone knows when the author says “men” or “his” in those sentences that the author means to include women.Mrs. Jones: I think you are wrong. When young people read these sentences, they simply do not form a mental image which includes females.Mr. Jones: Mm. Do you have other examples?Mrs. Jones: Yes I do! This book mentions “MAN-made improvements that have raised America's standard of living”. A child will not think that females as well as males have made contributions when reading this.Mr. Jones: I still don't think it's very important.Mrs. Jones: Of course you don't! You're a man. But don't you want our daughter and other little girls to have the idea that they can be important citizens in their country, just as other women have been in the past?Mr. Jones: Well, I guess you're right. I hope not all textbooks are like that.Part threePractice oneAn Equal-Opportunity EmployerWalking down the street, a dog saw an ad in an office window. “Help wanted. Must typ e 70 words a minute. Must be computer literate. Must be bilingual. An equal-opportunity employer.”The dog applied for the position, but he was quickly refused. “I can't hire a dog for this job,” the office manager said. But when the dog pointed to the line that read “Anequal-opportunity employer”, the office manager sighed and asked, “Can you type?” Silently, the dog walked over to a typewriter and typed a letter without a mistake. “Can you operate a computer?” the manager inquired. The dog then sat down at a computer, wrote a program and ran it perfectly.“Look, I still can't hire a dog for this position,” said the office manager. “You have fine skills, but I need someone who's bilingual. It says so right in the ad.”The dog looked up at the manager an d said, “Meow.”Practice twoSome Statistics About LanguagesThere are about 5,000 languages in the world, and the one with the most number of speakers is Mandarin, with about 650,000,000 native speakers. English has around 350,000,000 native speakers.One of the most common surnames in the world is Zhang: There are about 350,000,000. Smith is the most common English surname: There are around 80,000 in England and Wales and an estimated 2,382,509 in the United States.The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, which has 20 volumes, 21,728 pages, 290,500 main entries, and around 59,000,000 words. It lists the definitions of around 615,000 words. The Webster's International Dictionary lists about 450,000 words.The chemical name for a protein that has 1,913 letters is considered to be the longest word in English.Practice threeWeather or notRamon Romero is a seventeen-year-old boy from Bolivia. He speaks Spanish and a little bit of English.Ramon lives in the United States now, in Little Rock, Arkansas, with the Hutchinsons. They are not his real family. His real family is back in Bolivia. They cannot come to America because they have jobs and duties in their country and aren't able to leave. However, they do want their son to have an American education and be fluent in English. He misses his family and wishes to see them. It seems that no one understands his true feelings. It is difficult to listen to English all the time and then to express his thoughts in English. His American family is very nice to him and helps him in every way. In return, Ramon does little things to help the family. For instance, he takes the dog for a walk every morning and every evening.When he comes back from the morning walk, he tells Mrs. Hutchinson about the weather. This tells her how to dress her four-year-old son. On Tuesday, Mrs. Hutchinson asks, “How is the weather today?”Ramon answers, “It rain.”“No, Ramon, in English we say, 'It's raining.'”On Wednesday, it rains again.“It's raining today,” reports Ramon.On Thursday, it snows. On Friday, the sun finally shines. Ramon is very happy that he doesn't have to wear boots or carry an umbrella. He comes into the house with a big smile on his face.“How's the weather today?” asks Mrs. Hu tchinson.“Oh, today I am very happy,” replies Ramon. “There is no weather.”Practice fourNick: Hi, Dieter. OK?Dieter: Oh, hi, Nick. Yes, I'm fine, except that I had a big problem ordering my drink. I didn't think my English was so bad!Nick: Your English is very good! What kind of problem?Dieter: Well, look at this beer I've got here—this warm, brown, English beer—it wasn't what I wanted!Nick: Why, what did you ask for?Dieter: Well, I just asked for a small beer. Then the barman asked what type of beer and said lots of names that I didn't understand—and something about a pie or a pine. I didn't understand anything!Nick: Oh, no! He probably said a pint! In English you don't ask for a big or a small beer. You ask for either a pint or a half. A pint's the big one.Dieter: So this one I've got here is a half?Nick: Yes, that's a half of bitter. Bitter's the name for that type of beer.Dieter: Ah, that's what he said—bitter! Well, it's very different from the beer we drink in Germany, I must say.Nick: Yes, I know. They call the German type of beer lager. So you have to ask for a half of lager, or a pint of lager.Dieter: OK. I understand that now. My another problem was chips. I asked for a packet of chips, and the barman said something strange—that they don't have chips in the evening, only at lunchtime. What did he mean?Nick: Yes, they have fish and chips, but I think you meant crisps. In England, chips are fried potatoes, you know, French fries. The ones you buy in a packet are crisps.Dieter: Well, in the end I didn't get anything to eat. So you see, I did everything wrong!Part fourSection oneLearning to Communicate in Another LanguageLearning to communicate in another language may be very difficult and frustrating at times, but it can also be one of the most rewarding experiences in your life. Being able to communicate in another language will open doors for you to experience a world of new people, places, and ideas. It will offer you a look at cultures from every part of the earth. And if you have the opportunity to live in another culture, the experience will show you many things—above all, about your own culture. It will reveal cultural similarities and differences that you have never noticed in the past. In addition, the experience can also show you a great deal about your own personal beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions. Within a short time in another culture, you will find that you begin to learn a great deal about yourself and your own country and culture.Section twoMen and Women Have Different Styles in ConversationMy wife and I visited her family in Mexico ten months after we were married. I had been working on my Spanish and was looking forward to practicing it. On our first evening there,the entire family held a party for us. I spent a lot of time entertaining the children, one of whom enjoyed explaining to me in great detail.Later I said to my wife, “I really thought my Spanish had improved, but when I was talking with Rolando, no matter how hard I concentrated, I couldn't understand a thing he was saying.”“No one can,” she replied, “he's still learning how to talk.”Section threeMen and Women Have Different Styles in ConversationAt an early age, little girls' conversation is less definite and expresses more doubts, while little boys use conversation to establish status with their listeners.These differences continue into adult life. In public conversations, men talk more and interrupt other speakers more. In private conversations, men and women speak in equal amounts, although they say things in a different style. For women, private talking is a way to establish and test intimacy. For men, private talking is a way to explore the power structure of a relationship.Teaching is one job which shows the differences between men's and women's ways of talking. When a man teaches a woman, he wants to show that he has more knowledge, and hence more power in conversation. He uses his language to show this. When a woman teaches another woman, however, she is more likely to take a sharing approach and to encourage her student to join in.But it doesn't suggest that women are naturally more helpful. Actually, women feel they achieve power by being able to help others.。

新编大学英语第二版Book2 Unit1-4课文原文加翻译Unit 1 A Good Heart to Lean OnMore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.[1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance , people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.[2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient —and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ”[3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him.[4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y., on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free.In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home..[5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.[6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able . What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.[7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people , even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.[8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager , he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.[9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving .He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! ”[10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began.[11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those wordswere never said aloud.[12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of anoth er's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”.[13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.” ( 703 words)【译文】善良之心，久久相依1 随着我渐渐长大，当别人看见我和爸爸在一起，我会觉得很尴尬。

BOOK IUnit Two Psychology in Our Daily LifeTeaching Aims:教学目标:In this unit students are required to :1)get to know some useful information concerning the topic of the reading passages in this unit and to know more about English culture;了解有关本单元阅读内容的一些有用信息，了解更多关于英语文化的知识;2)do some preparation activities such as discussion, group work, etc. to practice their spoken skill and communicative skills;做一些准备活动，如讨论、小组工作等，练习他们的口语技巧和交流技巧3)grasp some new words and try to use these words which help them to enrich their vocabulary;掌握一些新单词，试着用这些单词来丰富他们的词汇;4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the in-class reading passage to improve their reading comprehension;在有限的时间内阅读课堂上的阅读文章，掌握课堂阅读中的一些表达和语法点，提高阅读理解能力;5)do some post-reading exercises and some after-class reading to practice what they have got to know in class to improve their English comprehensive skills.;做一些课后阅读练习和课后阅读练习，以提高他们在课堂上的知识，提高他们的英语综合技能。

Unit 2 Communication ProblemsSpeaking Different LanguagesJohn Gray[1] When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. Because they recognized that they were different, they were able to solve these problems. One of the secrets of their success was good communication.[2] Ironically, they communicated well because they spoke different languages. When they had problems, they would just go to a translator for assistance. Everyone knew that people from Mars and people from Venus spoke different languages, so when there was a conflict they didn't start judging or fighting but instead pulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully. If that didn't work they went to a translator for help.[3] You see, the Martian and Venusian languages had the same words but different meanings depending on the way they were used. Their expressions were similar, but they had different connotations or emotional emphasis. Misinterpreting each other was very easy. So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. They experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today.[4] Even today we still need translators. Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. For example, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen,” she does not expect the word “never” to be tak en literally. Using the word “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.[5] To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations. Men mistakenly take these expressions literally. Because they misunderstand the intended meaning, they commonly react in an unsupportive manner. In the following chart ten complaints easily misinterpreted are listed, as well as how a man might respond unsupportively.Ten Common Complaints That Are Easily MisinterpretedWomen say things like this: Men respond like this:“We never go out.” “That's not true. We went out last week.”“Everyone ignores me.” “I'm sure some people notice you.”“I am so tired, I can't do anything.” “If you don't like your job, then quit.”“I want to forget everything.” “I don't think there's anything to forget.”“The house is always a mess.” “It's not always a mess.”“No one listens to me anymore.” “But I'm listening to you right now.”“Nothing is working.” “Are you saying it is my fault?”“You don't love me anymore.” “Of course I do. That's why I'm here.”“We are always in a hurry.” “We are not. Friday we were relaxed.”“I want more romance.” “Are you saying I am not romantic?”[6] You can see how a “literal” translation of a woman's words could easily mislead a man who is used to using speech as a means of conveying only facts and information. You can also see how a man's responses might lead to an argument. Unclear and unloving communication is the biggest problem in relationships. The number one complaint women have in relationships is: “I don't feel heard.”[7] Even this complaint is misunderstood and misinterpreted![8] A man's literal translation of “I don't feel heard” leads him to take the woman's complaint lightly. He thinks he has heard her if he can repeat what she has said. A correct translation of a woman saying “I don't feel heard” is: “I feel as though you don't fully understand what I really mean to say or care about how I feel. Would you show me that you are interested in what I have to say?”[9] If a man really understood her complaint, then he would argue less and be able to respond more positively. When men and women are on the verge of arguing, they generally misunderstand each other. At such times, it is important to rethink or translate what they have heard.说着不同的语言1 当火星人和金星人最初相聚时，也遇到了我们目前存在的许多人际关系问题。

Unit2 为什么乌龟的背壳凹凸不平1. 从远处他妻子们的那些小木屋传来的低声细语，时不时地被歌声打断，但是奥康瓦还是听到了。

这是妻子们同各自的孩子在讲民间故事。

爱克蔚菲和她的女儿,爱金玛坐在一块小地毯上。

现在,轮到爱克蔚菲讲故事了。

霎时，低声细语静了下来，所有人的目光都转向了他们最喜欢故事能手。

2. “很久很久以前,”她开始讲道,“所有的鸟儿都被邀请去天上参加一个宴会。

他们都非常高兴,开始为这盛大的日子做准备。

他们把自己的身体涂成深红色,用颜料在身上画出漂亮的图案。

”3. “乌龟见到了这些准备活动。

并很快了解了事情的来龙去脉。

任何发生在动物界里的风吹草动都难逃他的法眼;因为他狡黠无比，诡计多端。

一听说天上将举行盛大的宴会,不禁垂涎三尺。

当时正在闹饥荒,乌龟已经有两个月没吃到过一顿好饭了。

他的身子就像一个干柴棍一样,在空荡荡的躯壳里咔咔作响。

于是他开始稳扎稳打地计划怎样上天去了。

”4. “可是他没有翅膀呀。

”爱金玛说。

5.“耐心点,”妈妈回答到,“故事的关键就在这里。

乌龟没有翅膀,但是他去找鸟类,恳请能被允许跟他们一块儿去。

”6. “‘我们太了解你了,’听到他的请求后众鸟儿说。

‘你不但狡猾无比,而且还忘恩负义。

如果允许你跟我们一块儿去,你不久就会故伎重演。

我们老早就把你看透了。

”7.“‘你们还是不了解我,’乌龟说。

‘我已经脱胎换骨了。

我已不再是你们过去所知的那个热衷于调皮捣蛋的人了。

相反,我现在既体贴又善良。

我已认识到，给别人制造麻烦就是在给自己制造麻烦。

请放心,我发誓我不会再给你们制造任何麻烦了。

”8.“乌龟巧舌如簧,不一会儿,所有的鸟儿一致认为他确实已经脱胎换骨了;于是,每个鸟儿都给他一根羽毛,用这些羽毛，乌龟做了一对绚丽多彩的翅膀。

”9. “最后，这盛大的日子终于来临,乌龟第一个到达集合地点。

所有的鸟儿都到齐后,他们就一块儿动身。

飞在鸟儿中间，乌龟非常高兴;而且由于他擅长演说,他不久就被推选为大伙儿的发言人。

以生命相赠1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。

在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。

2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。

3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。

救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。

他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。

如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。

4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。

快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。

5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。

孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。

医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。

接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。

6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。

此时小病人生命垂危。

然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。

过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。

7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。

“你叫什么名字？”8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。

9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。

在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。

10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。

11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。

12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。

医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。

13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。

他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。

14 现在医疗小组非常担忧，因为针不该使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。

Unit11. 他走得慢是因为他腿有毛病。

2. 他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。

3. 他确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。

4. 现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。

5. 此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。

6. 在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。

Unit27. 昨天我去牙科医生那儿将我的一颗蛀牙拔掉了。

8. 事物的发展从根本上讲是由内因决定了。

9. 条条道路通罗马。

10. 我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘记把书带来了。

11. 我差点儿接受他的建议。

12. 离婚可不是儿戏/离婚这档子事可不能等闲视之。

Unit313. 缺乏信心导致了他的失败。

14. 面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。

15. 我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。

16. 他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。

17. 学习语言不仅仅是记单词的问题。

18. 她一旦决定了什么事，没有人能阻止她。

19. 要符合我们船长定的标准将会很困难。

20. 这位科学家称这一发现为这个领域中最令人高兴的新发展。

Unit421. 我所能说的是我们十分抱歉。

22. 在很多情况下，只有规定还不行。

23. 由于他的聪明和勤奋，他极有可能成功。

24. 她瞪着我似乎不熟悉我似的。

25. 据报道，昨天的车祸有三人受伤。

26. 他这样对待我使我很气愤。

27. 病人今天早晨的情况同昨天差不多。

28. 今晚我想呆在家里不出去。

Unit529. 你会看到我现在说的会成为现实。

30. 这个讲座那么无趣，以致有一半的学生都睡着了。

31. 失业问题与新技术的发展密切相关。

32. 他的外貌变化那么大，你很可能认不出他了。

33. 这个城堡的历史可以追溯到14世纪。

34. 她从来没有给他们做过任何事，而他们为她做了所有能做的事情。

35. 我们认为他事本场比赛表现最精彩的球员之一。

36. 那位科学家捡起那些小石块，并小心翼翼地把它们放在一个盒子里。

37. 中国的人口几乎是美国人口的五倍。