上海海事大学德语2014年—2017年考研真题

2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：德语I. Ergänzen Sie die Personalpronomen im Dativ. 填写第三格人称代词。

(10％)i A: Du, gehört __1__ die Kamera?B: Ja, die gehört __2__.A: Gefällt sie __3__?B: Ja, sie gefällt __4__ gut.A: Leihst du sie __5__?B: Ja, ich leihe sie __6__ gern.ii A: Bitte, helfen Sie __7__!B: Wenn ich __8__ helfen kann, gern.A: Das is sehr freundlich von __9__. Ich danke __10__ sehr.II. Ergänzen Sie. 选词填空，注意变位。

(15％)kaufen finden besuchen machen haben(x2) wissen wollen tuntrinken verstehen begleiten gefallen gehen bekommen1 Kurt _____ zwar viele Hausaufgaben, aber er _____ mit seiner Freundin im Café.2 Er _____ zwar nichts von Musik, aber er _____ oft seine Freundin ins Konzert.3 Der Film _____ ihm zwar gar nicht, aber er _____ gerne mit seiner Freundin ins Kino.4 Er _____ zwar nicht viel Geld von den Eltern, aber er _____ seiner Freundin oft Geschenk.5 Er _____ zwar Englisch langweilig, aber er _____ mit seiner Freundin einen Englischkurs.6 Morgen _____ er zwar eine Prüfung, aber er _____ mit seiner Freundin einen langen Spaziergang.7 Er _____ zwar nicht, was seine Freundin _____, aber er will für sie alles _____.III. Ergänzen Sie. 选择合适的介词填空。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码810 考试科目名称管理学一、简答题（30分，每题5分）1．管理人员的选拔适合从哪些方面去考虑？2．简述德尔菲法的概念和步骤。

3．影响管理幅度的因素主要有哪些？4．简述前馈控制的优点和难点。

5．明茨伯格的研究显示管理者会扮演哪些角色？6．管理人员应如何进行信息的评估？二、选择题（40分，每题2分）1．霍桑实验表明（）A．非正式组织对组织目标的达成是有害的B．正式组织对组织目标的达成是有益的C．企业应采取一切措施来取缔非正式组织D．企业应该正视非正式组织的存在2．预测既是计划工作的前提条件，又是计划工作的（）A．组成部分B．基础C．结果D．保证3．授权时应依被授权者的才能和知识水平高低而定，这是授权原则的（）A．扬长避短B．因人设职，视能授权C．任人唯贤D．因事设人，视能授权4．因领导者的特殊品格、个性或个人魅力而形成的权力是（）A．法定权B．奖励权C．强制权D．统御权5．下列方法中属于风险型决策的方法是（）A．决策树法B．线性规划法C．小中取大法D．量本利分析法6．下列各项不属于双因素理论所指的激励因素的是（）A．工作本身B．同事关系C．承认D．晋升7．管理控制工作的一般程序是（）A．建立控制标准、分析差异产生原因、采取矫正措施B．采取矫正措施、分析差异产生原因、建立控制标准C．建立控制标准、采取矫正措施、分析差异产生原因D．分析差异产生原因、采取矫正措施、建立控制标准8．管理创新的基准和出发点是（）A．创新条件B．创新内容C．创新原则D．创新方法9．企业把客户、销售代理商、供应商、协助单位纳入生产体系，同他们建立起利益共享的合作伙伴关系，进而组成一个企业的供应链，这是（）A．精益生产B．同步工程C．敏捷制造D．企业流程再造10．一家产品单一的跨国公司在世界许多地区拥有客户和分支机构，该公司的组织结构应该考虑按照什么因素来划分（）A．职能B．产品C．地区D．矩阵结构11．采取工作轮换的方式来培养管理人员的最大优点是有助于（）A．提供受训者的业务专精能力B．减轻上级领导的工作压力C．增强受训者的综合管理能力D．考察受训者的高层管理能力12．作为公司经理，当你发现公司内部存在许多小团体时，你应该（）A．立即宣布这些小团体非法并予以取缔B．深入调查，找出小团体的领导人，向他们发出警告，不要再搞小团体C．只要小团体不影响企业正常运行，可以不闻不问、听之任之D．正视小团体存在的客观性，允许乃至鼓励小团体的存在，对其加以积极引导13．关于组织文化的特征，下列说法中不正确的是（）A．组织文化的中心是人本文化B．组织文化的管理方式以柔性管理为主C．组织文化的核心是组织精神D．组织文化的重要任务是增强群体凝聚力14．权变理论的提出者是（）A．布莱克B．菲德勒C．勒温D．施米特15．某企业对生产车间的工作条件进行了改善，这是为了更好地满足职工的（）A．生理需求B．安全需求C．感情需求D．尊重需求16．向新来的员工支付比最低工资高一些的工资，由此推断该管理者接受的是（）A．功利观B．权利观C．公平理论观D．综合社会理论观17．所谓的“跳一跳，摘桃子”指的是目标的（）A．可考核性B．可接受性C．挑战性D．层次性18．若较低层次做出的决策比较重要、影响面较大，则该组织的权力划分特征为（）A．分权程度较高B．集权程度较高C．集权分权程度相当D．分权程度较弱19．双向网络沟通中，倾向于集权化的沟通方式是（）A．圆型B．轮型C．星型D．风车型20．罚款属于管理方法中的（）A．法律方法B．经济方法C．教育方法D．行政方法三、论述题（40分，每题10分）1．管理的基本职能有哪些？试述这些基本职能间的关系。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码252 考试科目名称法语Ⅰ.根据需要在空格中填入du, de la, des ou de。

（每空格1分，共7分）Patricia : Cet après-midi, on sort faire ____1____courses ?Luc : Il y a_____2____tennis à la télé, un match ____3_____tennis important, la finale dames. Patricia : Oui, mais il y a aussi une émission ____4_____variétés, avec ___5_____artistes connus. Luc : Ecoute, ce genre_____6_____ programme, on peut le voir toute l’année.Patricia : Bon, regarde ton match. Moi, je vais écouter_____7_____musique.Ⅱ.将括弧内动词不定式改为合适形式。

（每空格1.5分，共15分）1.Il voit son amie (rentrer)_________chez lui.2.Samedi dernier, nous (faire) ___________ une excursion en auto.3.Quand on a fermél’usine oùtravaillait son mari, elle (venir d’être hospitalisé)_________.4.J'ai entendu dire que les délégués de Shanghai (partir) _________ pour Beijing demain.5.Ces machines (réparer)__________ par un jeune ouvrier il y a trois jours.6.Si vous ne prenez pas ce chemin, vous (s'écarter)__________ beaucoup.7.Après (finir) _________ leurs devoirs, les étudiants sont allés au terrain de sport.8.Ne partez pas sans que je le (savoir)__________.9.Chaque fois qu'ils (remplir) __________ une tâche, ils en faisaient le bilan.10. Il ferme les yeux comme s’il （dormir）_________.Ⅲ.根据需要在空格中填入适当的形容词。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：行政法一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、行政信息公开2、比例原则3、行政合同4、行政征收二、简答题（每题20分，共40分）1、请简要评析“行政主体是行政机关、授权组织和公务员”。

2、简述行政诉讼法所规定的中“行政复议改变原具体行政行为”的情形。

三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1、试述行政行政的成立要件与合法要件。

2、论行政自由裁量权及其法律控制。

四、案例分析（本题30分）朱本与朱玲系兄妹，住H市A县B乡。

2001年8月，朱玲申请宅基地，恐村委不批准，就和哥哥商量，以朱本名义申请宅基地。

9月，A县政府为朱本颁发了“AB第7号集体土地使用证”（下称7号证）。

朱本持有7号证，土地由妹妹使用。

2001年12月份，朱玲在该土地上种了梧桐树。

2013年8月，朱本以侵权为由，自行砍伐掉梧桐树并将朱玲告至A县法院，请求法院判令被告停止侵权。

朱玲以刚知道A县政府颁发给朱本7号证为由，在接到民事诉状次日向法院提起行政诉讼，要求法院撤销A县政府于2001年9月向朱本颁发的7号证。

A县法院裁定中止朱本诉朱玲侵权一案的审理，待朱玲诉A县政府、第三人朱本行政案件审结之后，再行恢复审理。

2013年10月，A法院经审理后认为，原告朱玲与集体土地使用证有事实和法律上的利害关系，有权对A县政府的行政行为提起行政诉讼，原告朱玲的起诉并没有超过诉讼时效，被告A县政府仅根据《土地登记规则》、《土地管理法》就给朱本颁发7号证，属于事实不清、程序错误，遂判决撤销A县政府于2001年9月为朱本颁发的7号证。

2013年10月26号，A县政府向H市中院提出上诉。

问题：1. A县法院裁定中止行政案件的审理是否正确？为什么？2. A县法院认为朱玲与7号证有事实和法律上的利害关系，该看法是否正确？为什么？3. A县法院认为朱玲有权提起行政诉讼，该看法是否正确？为什么？4. A县法院认为朱玲的起诉并没有超过诉讼时效，该看法是否正确？为什么？5. A县法院撤销A县政府于2001年9月为朱本颁发的7号证，该判决是否正确？为什么？撤销判决的适用情形是什么？6. A县政府为朱本颁发的7号证是否合法？为什么？。

2014年上海海事大学外国语学院255二外俄语考研真题及详解一、词组中俄互译。

（15分）1. 文化古迹【答案】памятник культуры2. 去上海出差【答案】ехать в командировку в Шанхай3. 参加比赛【答案】принимать участие в конкурсе4. 医治病人【答案】лечить больного5. 为主人的健康干杯【答案】выпить за здоровье хозяина6. выставкалёгкойпромышленности【答案】轻工业展览会7. представлятьнашкласснаконкурсе【答案】在比赛中介绍我们的班级8. отдатьмобильниквпочинку【答案】把手机送去修理9. обеденныйперерыв【答案】午休10. загоратьнапляже【答案】在海滨浴场晒太阳二、从А, Б, В, Г四个选项中选择正确的答案填空。

（20分）1. Фестиваль _____ много иностранных туристов.А. приведётБ.привлекаетВ. проводитГ.приезжает【答案】Б【解析】句意：汇演吸引了很多外国游客。

привлекать表示“吸引，引起兴趣”。

привести表示“带到，领到；导致”。

проводить表示“度过，送别”。

приезжать表示“到达，来到”。

2. Вы не знаете, как _____ чувствует Анна Петровна？А. тебяБ.у себяВ. себяГ.себе【答案】В【解析】句意：您知道安娜·彼得罗夫娜感觉怎么样吗？чувствоватьсебякак为固定搭配，“感觉自己怎么样”。

3. К друзьям не могу поехать, _____ у меня сломалась машина.А. чтобыБ.чтоВ. поэтомуГ.потому что【答案】Г【解析】句意：我不能去朋友们那儿了，因为我的车坏了。

20171Nous avons visité tout le quartier, ce_________(1)était très intéressant.2Nous irons certainement un jour dans ce pays__________(2) nous n avons jamais visité.3ai un problème. Voici ce________(3) il s agit.4Nous avons retrouvé des photos sur__________(4) on voit comment était la maison du temps de nos grands-parents.5Les enfants ne sont pas rentrés, __________(5) m inquiète.6est une occasion___________(6) vous devriez profiter.7Mon livre est sur le bureau.__________(7)qui est sur la table, c est le ________(8).II.1,5151.Il est possible que Paul__________(1) (finir) ces travaux demain.2.Elle lisait un livre qu elle__________(2) (acheter) le matin même.3.espère que nous__________(3) (terminer) avant 18 heures. pluie __________(4) très fort, nous avons dû rentrer.5.Les élections qui_________(5) (avoir lieu) en ce moment à Toulon_________(6)(se dérouler) calmement. On _________(7) (se souvenir) des incidents de l année dernière. Mais, pour le moment, tout_________(8) (se passer) normalement. Les bureaux__________(9) (fermer) à 20 heures et on __________(10) (avoir) les résultats ce soir vers 22 heures.III.17Courrier échangé entre Yuan, un étudiant chinois immigrà Montréal, et Sassa, sa copine restée en Chine.Bonjour Sassa ,ai déménagé dans un appartement non loin de chez tante Louise. C est un appartement de deux chambres, l une d elles étant réservée pour_______(1). Tante Louise propose de________(2) faire venir avec un visa détudes. Alors, si tout va bien, tu seras ici avant Noël. Es-tu d accord ? Dis oui, chérie, je _______(3) ________(4) prie. Nous serons enfin ensemble. Penses-_________(5). Rien n importe de plus pour_________(6) que dêtre ensemble, n est-ce pas ? Je ________(7) attends. Yuan。

小（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码211 考试科目名称翻译硕士英语Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.1.It is customary for the bride and groom to __________ their wedding ceremony the evening before theoccasion.A) rehearse B) reciteC) relieve D) reiterate2.The students dormitory is __________ to the school campus.A) adjunct B) absentC) adolescent D) adjacent3.The whole house was in a dilapidated condition; the door __________ on its hinges and the floorboardswere nearly rotten.A) screeched B) squealedC) squeaked C) sledged4.After Obama announced that he planned to run for president, the telephone at campaign headquarters rang__________.A) incisively B) incessantlyC) impartially D) impatiently5.Because she was a few minutes late, she __________ into class and sat in the back of the room.A) crawled B) tiptoedC) rambled D) stumbled6.During the long __________ last year, the farmers had to irrigate their crops.A) drought B) questC) threat D) sleet7.Almost every manager needs an assistant whom he can __________ to take care of problems that mayoccur in his absence.A) count to B) count onC) count for D) count of8.Tom doesn’t even know that angles of less than 90 degrees are called __________ angles.A) obtuse B) focalC) acute D) converging9.One of the __________at the post office is for local mail and the other one is for out-of-town mail.A) slides B) slatsC) slots D) slips10. It is important to boost the morale of the soldiers as low morale can render an army __________.A) sterile B) barrenC) dissolute D) impotent11.Schools should not __________ poor children of the opportunity for learning.A) deprive B) impressC) improvise D) derive12. As there were no other choices, we decided to pay for the furniture on the __________ plan.A) deposit B) debitC) installment D) creditrry was so __________ in his reading that he forgot about his meat cooking in the oven.A) enlivened B) engrossedC) engraved D) enlightened14.Finally, the powerful ruler __________ a rebellion and punished the instigators.A) supported B) reinstatedC) resigned D) suppressed15.The spy used a __________ name while dealing with his counterpart.A) fictitious B) fictileC) fidgety D) fiery16.Nothing is better than a cup of tea to __________ my thirst after playing tennis for two hours.A) quash B) quenchC) quit D) quell17.Christopher Columbus was the first person to __________ under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain.A) wander B) navigateC) circumvent D) explore18.After receiving the insulting letter, Ian became __________.A) fugitive B) revengefulC) resentful D) furious19.To some people in the west, marriage is an ___________ institution.A) obsolete B) ancientC) archaic D) extant20.The government is engaged in a project to __________ the hostile element of society.A) dignify B) pacifyC) satisfy D) certify21.The swimmer __________ from the water and climbed onto the boat.A) emerged B) submergedC) merged D) entered22.The city maintains very many Chinese traditions which are among the highest achievements of those whocreated the __________ we now enjoy.A) inheritance B) geneticsC) estate D) heritage23.She worked __________ from a desire to live a full life either in favorable or unfavorable conditions.A) assertively B) persistentlyC) resiliently D) insistently24.We have heard that his face was badly __________ in the crash last night.A) browsed B) breachedC) bruised D) brooded25.The very idea of your taking part in the beauty competition is __________.A) alphabetic B) absurdC) abnormal D) abrupt26.The clerk in the patent office said to his boss, “Look, I am not drunk. I’m as __________ as a judge.”A) sober B) steadyC) somber D) clear27.My continual __________ kept the other workmen awake at night during the past weeks when we werestaying together.A) snarling B) snoringC) sneering D) snoozing28.It is very convenient for you to replace any part of the machine, for they are all __________.A) mechanized B) normalizedC) standardized D) modernized29.She wants to set up a school to __________ her skills and knowledge to the young generation.A) impede B) inheritC) impart D) intervene30.He is considered one of the geniuses in our school, but I think his paintings are quite __________.A) meager B) mediumC) moderate D) mediocrePart II Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decideon the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Items 31 to 34 are based on the following passage:Perhaps the most challenging is the set of skills required to produce a written assignment, the most common means by which student learning is evaluated. This demands a critical evaluation of a potentially large amount of required reading.The reading required to perform writing tasks requires a set of effective strategies with which many students may be unfamiliar. The texts themselves may vary greatly in both content and style from subject to subject but all require the same critical analysis of conceptually complicated material.Similarly, the experience of speaking before an audience will almost certainly be a new experience for most undergraduates. Again, students are expected to critically evaluate issues and to contribute to the discussion or analysis. Participation in these discussions often forms part of a student’s course assessment and those who fail to express themselves may gain lower grades.Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing and frustrating experience. The lecturer speaks for one or two hours perhaps illustrating the talk with slides, writing up important information on the blackboard, distributing reading material and giving out assignments. The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks and wonders what to write. Very often the student leaves the lecture with notes which do not catch the main points and which become hard even for the student himself to understand.Most institutions provide courses which assist new students to develop the skill they need to be effectivelisteners and notetakers. If these are unavailable there are many useful study-skill guides which enable learners to practice these skills independently. In all cases it is important to tackle the problem before actually starting your studies. If you leave it until after your course begins, you may find that you are not able to study and to learn how to study at the same time.It is important to acknowledge that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skill required in college study. One way of overcoming these difficulties is to attend the language and study-skill classes which most institutions provide throughout the academic year. Another basic strategy is to find a study partner with whom it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.The acquisition of effective language and study skills is a process which continues throughout undergraduate life and is itself a fundamental component of a university education.31. The passage is mainly about ________.A) the necessity of getting much knowledgeB) the training of writing at collegeC) the importance of acquiring a set of effective study skillsD) the training of reading ability32.When a student has difficulties acquiring language skills, it is advisable for him orher to __________.A) turn to the teacher immediately B) exchange ideas with a partnerC) seek advice from books D) memorize more words33. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A) Most students are confused by traditional teaching.B) Most teachers fail to teach students how to learn.C) Taking notes in class is not so important.C)Learning how to learn is just as important as what to learn.34. When speaking before an audience, it is important for a student to ________.A) give his own comments B) speak clearly enoughC) show his knowledge from books D) notice others’ reactionPassage 2Items 35 to 38 are based on the following passage:Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978—87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improvingquality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —“the worst sort of ambulance-chasing”.35. According to the author, the American economic situation is___________.A) not as good as it seems B) at its turning pointC) much better that it seems D) near to complete recovery36. The official statistics on productivity growth ____________.A) exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB) fall short of businessmen’s anticipationC) meet the expectation of business peopleD) fail to reflect the true state of economy37. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain” because _______.A) he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B) he does not think the productivity revolution worksC) he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD) he has conclusive evidence for the revival of business38. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A) Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B) New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C) The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D) The consultants are a bunch of go-for-nothings.Passage 3Items 39 to 42 are based on the following passage:The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivation, abilities, ideas, and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly—perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with those who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person—questions, self-disclosures and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are oftenimprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still known very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).39. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C) One should not judge people by their appearance.D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people’s personality.40. It can be inferred from Berger’s suggestions that __________.A) people do not reveal their true self on every occasionB) in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directlyC) the best way to know a person is by making comparisonsD) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover41.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author’sopinion, are __________.A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB) barriers that should be done away withC) as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD) things people should guard against42. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is _________.A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB) to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC) to call the reader’s attention to the negative side of people’s charactersD) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know peoplePassage 4Items 43 to 46 are based on the following passage:Dr. Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world’s first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients didn’t liv e long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado Medical School. They devised techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to prevent the recipient’s immune system from rejecting the organ — an ever-present risk. Now, thanks to further refinements, about two thirds of all liver-transplant patients are living more than a year.But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created yet another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. “As the results get better, more people go on the waiting list and there’s wider disparity between supply and need,” says one doctor. The American Council on Transplan tation estimated that on any given day 15,000 Americans are waiting for organs. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 25,000 healthy people die unexpectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20 percent become donors.This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal UniformAnatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto these posthumous gifts, but surveys indicate that 70 to 80 percent of the public would not interfere with a family member’s decision. The bigger roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians don’t ask for donations, either because they fear offend ing grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.When there aren’t enough organs to go round, distributing the available ones becomes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recipients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Beyond the seriousness of the patient’s condition, doctors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time th e patient has been waiting, how long it will take to obtain an organ and whether the transplant team can gear up in time.43. One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ___________.A) heavy bleeding during surgeryB) destruction of patients’ immune systemC) objection from patients to taking organs of othersD) doctors’ lack of confidence44. In the U.S. there is a long waiting list for organs because __________.A) there is a shortage of actual organsB) only a few people become organ donorsC) doctors have set a limit to the number of organ recipientsD) transplant surgery is still experimental45. There would be many more organ donors if ____________.A) laws are designed to encourage organ recyclingB) people can’t legally prevent a family member from donating his organC) doctors are more willing to ask for donationsD) transplant surgery is more successful46. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A) Dr. Starzl and Transplant SurgeryB) Transplant Surgery in the U.S.C) The Future of Transplant SurgeryD) Success in Transplant Surgery and Shortage of OrgansPassage 5Items 47 to 50 are based on the following passage:The beginnings of marine biology can be traced back to the renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle of the 3rd century B.C. In certain respects, he was a greater marine biologist than any who followed him, for he made many notable observations with no books to guide him and no microscope with which to see fine details. He studied chiefly the seashore animals of the Greek Coast. In the words of Charles Singer, an English historian of science, Aris totle has left an “imperishable account of some of the things he has seen with his own eyes”. There was no study of seashore life comparable with that of Aristotle until almost the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the first part of that century, biologists of England and Norway made many striking contributions to man’s knowledge of life in the sea. The leader in these discoveri es was Edward Forbes, who classified ocean life according to the depths in which it was found. In Forbes’, methods of dredging the greatdeeps had not been invented. Generalizing from studies he made in shallow depth, Forbes was convinced that there was no life on the bottom below 50 meters. This was an error, to be sure, but a very stimulating one, for scientists set to work to put Forbes’ theory to the test. Within twenty years after his death, they had proved that such types of animals as sea stars, worms, and mollusks lived on the ocean bottom at depths of more than one and one-half kilometers. From later explorations by the Danish ship Galathea and Russian ship Vitiazmen they came to know that such creatures occur on the bottom in the deepest parts of the ocean —The Philippine trench and the Kurile Kamchatka trench, more than ten kilometers beneath the surface of the sea.The Challenger expedition was organized by men who were students of Forbes and were carrying out the work that he started. The resul ts of the expedition, which added immeasurably to man’s knowledge of the ocean and of the creatures that dwell there, were published in fifty huge volumes. They are still a model for contributors to the sciences of oceanography and marine biology.47. As a marine biologist, Aristotle’s greatness lies in his __________.A) study of the Greek coastB) long-lived account of his studyC) being a famous philosopherD) study of the Greek coast by making observations with no books to guide him48. Edward Forbes is so important to be mentioned here for __________.A) he is Aristotle’s followerB)the error he made in his discovery stimulated other scientists to find out the truthC) he made a great errorD) he was the leader of the English and Norwegian biologists in the 19th century49. At last men found out that __________.A) there was no life on the bottom below 550 metersB)there were some animals living on the ocean bottom at depths of more thanone and one-half kilometersC)sea stars and some other animals lived on the bottom in the deepest parts of the oceanD) worms could not live on the bottom of the ocean50. Which of the following is not true?A) Marine biology can be traced back to the beginning of human history.B)Before the 19th century, Ari stotle’s study of seashore life was beyond compare.C) “Challenger” was the name of an expeditionary ship.C)Man’s knowledge of the ocean owes a lot to Forbes’ students who made the “Challenger” expedition.Part III Writing (30%)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic Job Problems for University Graduates.Please base your composition on the topic and the outlines given and yourcomposition is required to contain about 600 words.1.To state that many graduates cannot find a job related to their specialty or of their interest.2.To give possible reasons for the status quo.3.To suggest some solutions to the problems.2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：汉语写作一、根据下面的提供的材料，撰写一份600字左右的请示。

上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分)考试科目：德语一、将下列汉语翻译为德语：(每题1分，共计10分)1. 医生 2 . 西方的 3 . 小时 4 . 火车 5.钱 6.忘记7 . 轻的8.词典9.香肠10.物美价廉的二、填入适当的词：(每空1分，共计10分)1.Seit gestern ich Husten und Schnupfen.2. Frau und Herr Mayer m it dem Auto unterwegs nach suden.3. Gibt N eues in der Zeitung?4. Sport eine gute Medizin in jedem Alter.5. Vor Essen liest er immer Zeitungen.6. Nach U ntersuchung schreibt der Arzt ihm ein Rezept.7 d arfst jetzt kein Bier trinken.8. Was e ine Kuche ist das?9.Man muB viel horen,lessen, sprechen schreiben.10.Die Kinder sollen sofort ins Bett三、用人称代词、反身代词或其它代词填空：(每空2分，共计10分)1. Das kind ist mude. hat nur wenig gaschlaffen.2.Wie geht es Dir und Familie?3. Hier sehen Sie das Studio. ist in München.4.Haben Sie(Herr und Frau Müller) den Film angesehen?5. Wir haben viel Zeit genommen.四、用所给形容词或副词的原级、比较级或最高级填空：(每空2分，共计10分)1. Das Buch ist ,als ich geglaubt habe.(interessant)2. Schreibe bitte so wie moglich.(schnell)3. Der Fernsehturm ist das G ebaude der Stadt.(hoch)1。

2014I. Choose from the following four choices marked A, B, C and D in each sentence the one that best suits the sentence, and write the corresponding capital letters in the numbered groups in the ANSWER SHEET (see the following model). There are 70 sentences in all, each of which is worth one point.(70 points)MODEL: 01-05: AAABC, 06-10: AAABC11-15: AAABC, 16-20: AAABC1. Traditionally, Samoan parents left speaking to children ______ their older siblings.A. forB. toC. ofD. at2. My beliefs about the varieties of language from which I may choose, based on my perceptions of their use and users, ______ account for my management decisions:A. helpB. helpsC. helpedD. helping3. The foes were ambushed on the way of withdrawal, namely, they ______.A. got beatB. got beatenC. get beatenD. get beathere are ______ chairs in the room.A. bothB. a large amount ofC. plenty ofD. a great deal of(2006) found that some children appear to be more susceptible to internal influence and others to external: the one family in which she found strong Russian maintenance hadunderlined.A. KopeliovichB. maintenanceC. RussianD. family6. In the garden near the river, tourists are attracted by the hives surrounded by a ______ of bees.A. swarmB. shoalC. herdD. flock7. She must have worked all night, for, you see, she is with ______ eyes.A. sinkingB. sunkenC. sunkD. sink8. Literacy of course permitted scattered Jewish traders to keep contact with their partners and families. Which of the following is the predicate of the sentence?A. permitted scatteredB. scatteredC. permittedD. keep9. The exploration of the religious domain has shown the existence of pressure for language policy and ______ specific management policies applied by major religions.A. inB. for1。

2017I.Choose from the following four choices marked A, B, C, and D in each sentence the one that best suits the sentence, and write the corresponding capital letters in the numbered group of five in the answer sheet (see the following model ).There are 50 sentences in all, each of which is worth one point. (50 points)Model: 15: ABCDA, 610: ABCDA1115ACBCA1620BDBAC1. The early linear teaching mathe student responded.A.isB. wasC. haveD. had2. No one knows quite what it was, the first encyclopedia. Still less what was, or ought to have been, in .A.itB. thatC. suchD. all3. For instance, the sound p requires complete closure of the lips, that air coming from the lungs builds up pressure in the mouth, giving rise to the characteristic popping sound when the lip closure is released.A.suchB. nowC. soD. but4. chosen as the most outstanding student on her campus made her parents excited.A.Marta beingB. Marta had beenC. Marta has been5. He has made another wonderful discovery, of great importance to science.A. which I think it isB. I think which isC. which I think isD. of which I think it is6. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical value by the timethey were finished.A. could loseB. would have lostC. might loseD. ought to have lose7. Most electronic devices of this kind, manufactured for such purpose, are tightly packed.A.that areB. it isC. which isD. as are8. The man had been drinking too much; , not age ,explained his unsteady walk.A.thatB. thisC. itD. which9. The widest benefits of the electronic revolution will accrue the young.A.toB. forC. withD./10. Have you ever been in a situation you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree withhim?A. by whichB. thatC. in thatD. where11. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from whichthe other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that12. was chosen made a tremendous stir in the town.A.It is she not heB. Being she not he15。