冲压模具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献英文原文：High-speed cutting processing in mold manufactureapplicationAbstractThe current mold application is widespread, also had the very big development with it related die making technology. At present, used the high-speed cutting production mold already to become the die making the general trend. In some mold Manufacturer, the high speed engine bed big area substitution electrical discharge machine, the high-speed cutting production mold already gradually became the die making the general trend. It can improve mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness, reduces even omits the manual sharpening, thus reduces production cost and the reduction manufacturing cycle. This article through to the traditional mold processing craft and the high speed mold processing craft's contrast, elaborated the high-speed cutting processing superiority. In the article also briefly introduced the high-speed cutting processing in the processing craft aspect key technologies.Keywords High-speed cutting Grinding tool Grinding tool processing Process technology1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionAlong with the advance in technology and the industry swift development, the mold already became in the industrial production to use the extremely widespread main craft to equip now. The mold takes the important craft equipment, in Industry sectors and so on consumable, electric appliance electron, automobile, airplane manufacture holds the pivotal status. The manufactured products components rough machining 75%, the precision work 50% and the plastic parts 90% will complete by the mold. At present the Chinese mold market demand has reached 50,000,000,000 Yuan scales, our country die making market potential is huge. The mold is one kind of special-purpose tool, uses in forming () each metal or the nonmetallic material needs the components the shape product, this kind of special-purpose tool general designation mold. The mold is in the industrial production the most foundation equipment, is realizes the few cuttings and the non-cutting essential tool. The mold has widely used in the industrial production each domain, like the automobile, the motorcycle, the domestic electric appliances, the instrument, the measuring appliance, the electron and so on, in them 60%~80% components need the mold to carry on the manufacture; The highly effective production in enormous quantities's, bolt, nut and gasket standard letters and so on plastic also need the mold to produce; The engineering plastics, the powder metallurgy, the rubber, the alloy compression casting, the glass formation and so on need to use the mold to take shape.1.2 High-speed cutting process technologyAs the name suggests, the high-speed cutting, first is the high speed, namely must have the high spindle speed, for instance 12000r/min, 18000r/min, 30000r/min, 40000r/min, even also had a higher rotational speed still in the experiment; On the other hand, should also have the bigger to feed quantity, like 30000mm/min, 40000mm/min, even 60000mm/min; Has is after again the rapid traverse, trades fast the knife, the main axle trade the knife, from the static state arrives its needs rotational speed rise time and so on, only then achieved the above standards to be able to call it high speed.Next is must aim at the different processing object, the different degree of hardness, thedifferent material quality, the different shape to choose the corresponding reasonable parameter, but cannot pursue constantly to be high speed and be high speed, regarding the die space processing, the shape is specially complex, but the cutting tool diameter is also small time, because cutting tool's path is not the simple translation, but is the curve, even has right angle corner time, technological parameter rational especially important, if because wants to maintain the identical feed rate carries on the orthogonal cutting, will not be able to do well will cause as a result of the engine bed moving part's huge inertia the cutting tool will make when the bend angle movement to break suddenly, but the variable motion can, becauseMovements and so on acceleration and deceleration create the thickness of cutting the instantaneous change, but causes the cutter change to enable the work piece surface to have cuts, from this causes the processing drop in quality, therefore, in view of the different processing object, needs the programmers to choose the reasonable cutting tool path, optimized cutting parameter; On the other hand, according to needs to choose the suitable cutting velocity, only then can display the high-speed cutting truly like the strong point.The high-speed cutting (HSC) is an advanced technique of manufacture which for the past ten years rapidly rises. Because the high-speed cutting technology has the cutting efficiency to be high, the processing quality high, can process the hard steel stock and the good efficiency directly, causes profession and so on aviation, mold, automobile, light industry and information production efficiencies and the manufacture quality obviously enhances, and causes the processing craft and the equipment corresponding renewal. Therefore is similar to the numerical control technology is the same, the high-speed cutting and the high speed processing have become in the 21st century a machine-building industry influence profound technological revolution. At present, adapts the HSC request high speed machining center and other high speed numerically-controlled machine tool has assumed the popularization tendency in the developed country, our country recently is also speeding up the development.The high-speed cutting processing is faces for the 21st century a high technology and new technology, it is one kind is different with the traditional processing processing way. Compares with it, the high-speed cutting processing main axle rotational speed high, cuts high for the speed, the cutting quantity is small, but in the unit time material excises the quantity to increase 3 ~ 6 times actually. It take the high efficiency, the high accuracy and the high surface quality as the basic characteristic, in profession and so on in automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacture and instrument measuring appliance has obtained the increasingly widespread application, and has obtained the significant technology economic efficiency, is the contemporary advanced manufacture technology important constituent.When with traditional way processing mold, often uses the electric spark machining, but the electrode design and makes itself is the technological process which time-consuming takes the trouble. But after uses the high-speed cutting processing, because the narrow and small region processing realization and the high grade superficial result, let the electrode the utilization ratio reduce greatly. Moreover, makes the electrode with the high speed mill also to be possible to make the production efficiency to enhance to a new scale.The major part mold may use the high-speed cutting technology to process, like the forging die, the compression casting mold, cast with the blow molding mold and so on. Hammers the cavity body shallowly, the cutting tool life is long; Compression casting mold size moderate, the productivity is high; Casts with the blow molding mold general size small, quite is economical.2 the high-speed cutting processing mold relative traditionprocesses the mold the superiority2.1 Enhances the productivityIn the high-speed cutting the main axle rotational speed and enters for the speed enhancement, may enhance material removing rate. At the same time, theThe high-speed cutting processing permission use big to feed rate, enhances 5~10 times compared to the convention machining, the unit interval/unit time material excision rate may enhance 3~6 times, the process period may reduce greatly. This may use in processing needs to excise the metal massively the components, specially has the very vital significance regarding the aviation industry.2.2 Improvement processing precishon and surface qualhtyThe high rpeed engine bed must have high performance and so on rigidity and high accuracy, at the same time because cutting force low, the work piece thermal deformation reduces, the cutting tool distorts slightly, the high-speed cutting processing precision Is very high. Depth of cut small, but enters for the speed quickly, the processing surface roughness is very small, cuts when the aluminum alloy may reach Ra0.4 ~ 0.6, when cutting steel stock may reach Ra0.2 ~ 0.4.Compares with the conventional cutting, when high-speed cutting processing the cutting force may reduce 30% at least, this may reduce the processing regarding the processing rigidity bad components to distort, causes some thin wall class fine work piece the machining into possible. Because revolves high speed time the cutting tool cuts the excitation frequency is far away from the craft system's forced oscillation, has guaranteed the good processing condition. Because the cutting force is too small, cut the hot influence to be small, causes the cutting tool, the work piece distortion to be small, maintained the size accuracy, moreover also caused the friction between the cutting tool work piece changes is small, the cutting destruction level thinned, the residual stress was small, has realized the high accuracy, the low roughness processing.2.3 The reduced cutting produces quantity of heatBecause the high-speed cutting processing is the shallow cutting, simultaneously the feed rate is very quick, the knife edge and the work piece contact length and the contact duration were short,reduced the knife edge and the work piece heat conduction, has avoided when the traditional processing met everywhere in the cutting tool and the work piece to have the big calorimetry shortcoming, guaranteed that the cutting tool worked under the temperature not high condition, lengthened cutting tool's service life. As shown in Figure 1, A is time the high-speed cutting processing heat conduction process, B is the traditional processing heat conduction process.Fig.1 high speed processing and traditional processing heat conductionThe high-speed cutting processing process is extremely rapid, 95% above cutting quantity of heat are extremely few, components not because the temperature rise will cause the warp or the inflation distortion. The high-speed cutting is suitable specially for the processing easy thermal deformation components. Is low regarding the processing melting point the metal which, easy to oxidize (for example magnesium), the high-speed cutting has certain significance.2.4 advantageoued in the processing thin wall componentsTime high-speed cutting's cutting force is small, has the high stability, but the high quality processes the thin wall components. Uses as shown in Figure 2 the lamination down milling the processing method, but high-speed cutting wall thickness 0.2mm, wall high 20mm thin wall components. This time, the knife edge and the work piece contact duration was short, has avoided the sidewall distortion.Figure.2 high-speed cutting thin wall components2.5 change the part substitutes certain crafts, like electric spark machining, abrasive machining and so onHigh strength and the high degree of hardness's processing is also a high-speed cutting major characteristic, at present, the high-speed cutting has been possible the work hardness to reach HRC60 the components, therefore, the high-speed cutting can process after the heat treatment hardens the work piece. In the tradition processes in mold's craft, before the precision work, hardens the work piece after the heat treatment to carry on the electric spark machining, may omit in the die making craft with the high-speed cutting processing substitution tradition cutting's processing method the electric spark machining, simplified the processing craft and the cost of investment.the mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness are very important, if after processing the mold cannot meet the requirements the quality precision, needs the massive handworks to rub repairs the work, the handwork rubs repairs can obtain the good surface quality, but it will affect mold's size and the shape precision. Therefore must omit as far as possible in the mold processing rubs manually repairs, improves the mold quality, reduces the production cost and the manufacturing cycle.Figure 3 is the traditional mold processing process: The semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> heat treatment hardens -> the electric spark machining -> precision work -> to rub manually repairs. Figure 4 is the high speed mold processing process: Hardened semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> precision work.Figure.3 the traditional mold processes processFigure 4 the high speed mold processes processin Figure 4, in the high speed mold machining process reduced two technological processes,probably reduces the process period 30%~50%. In the traditional processing craft's electric spark machining forms the hardened level easily in the melting processing surface layer, degree of hardness may reach 1000Hv, brings the difficulty for the following machining and the abrasive machining. The electric spark machining also easy to cause the surface layer fatigue cracking and cutting tool's breakage.2.6 Economic efficiency remarkable enhancementSynthesis above all sorts of merits, namely: The comprehensive efficiency will improve, the quality enhances, the working procedure simplifies, the engine bed investment and the cutting tool investment as well as the maintenance cost increase and so on, will use the high-speed cutting craft to cause the synthesis economic efficiency remarkable enhancement.3 high-speed cutting processing craft essential technologyThe high speed engine bed and the high speed cutter are the realization high-speed cutting premise and the basic condition, has the strict request in the high-speed cutting processing to the high speed engine bed performance and the cutting tool material choice.In order to realize the high-speed cutting processing, uses the high flexible high speed numerical control engine bed, the processing center generally, also some use special-purpose high speed mills, drilling machine. At the same time the engine bed has the high speed main axle to be systematic and the high rapid advance or progress gives the system, the high main axle rigidity characteristic, the high accuracy localization function and the high accuracy insert makes up the function, specially the circular arc high accuracy inserts makes up the function.The high-speed cutting cutting tool and ordinary processes the cutting tool the material to have is very greatly different. The main use cutting tool material has the hard alloy, the crystal combination diamond (PCD), the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCBN) and the ceramics and so on.The high-speed cutting craft technology also is carries on the high-speed cutting processing the key. The cutting method chooses is improper, can make the cutting tool to intensify the attrition, cannot achieve the high speed processing completely the goal. The practice proved, if only then the high speed engine bed and the cutting tool but do not have the good craft technology to make the instruction, the expensive high-speed cutting processing equipment cannot fully play the role. The high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology mainly includes the cutting method and the cutting parameter choice optimization.a. Cutting way choiseIn the high-speed cutting processing, should select the down milling processing as far as possible, because in down milling time, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to a big way, afterward reduces gradually. When up milling, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to be smallest, afterward the accumulation, increased the cutting tool and the work piece friction like this gradually, has the big calorimetry on the knife edge, therefore produces in the up milling quantity of heat when down milling are more than, the radial force also greatly increases. Meanwhile in the down milling, the knife edge main compression stress, but when the up milling the knife edge tension stress, the stressful condition is bad, reduced cutting tool's service life, the down milling and the up milling the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process, as shown in Figure 5.Figure.5 the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process hintb. Maintains constant metal removing rateThe high-speed cutting processing is shallowly suitable for shallowly to cut the depth, the depth of cut should not surpass 0.2/ 0.2mm (ae/Ap), this is for avoids the cutting tool the position deviation, guarantees processes the mold the geometry precision. Maintains constant metal removing rate, guaranteed adds on the work piece the cutting load is constant, by obtains following several good processing effect: (1) may maintain constant cutting load; (2) may maintain the scrap size constant; (3) has the good hot shift; (4) the cutting tool and the work piece maintain at the cold condition; (5) does not need skilled to operate for the quantity and the main axle rotational speed;(6) may lengthen the cutting tool the life; (7) can guarantee the good processing quality and so on.c.choice of the Feeds wayRegarding has opens the mouth die space the region, feeds as far as possible from material outside, by real-time analysis material cutting condition. But regarding does not have the die space enclosed area, selects the screw feed method, cuts into the local region.d. As far as possible reduced cutting tool's commutation rapidlyReduces the cutting tool as far as possible the rapidly commutation, because the zigzag pattern mainly applies in the traditional processing, mainly chooses the return route or the sole way cutting in the high-speed cutting processing. This is because in commutation time the NC engine bed must stop (urgently changing down) immediately then the again execution next step of operation. As a result of engine bed acceleration limitation, but is easy to create the time the waste, stops anxiously or whips then can destroy the surface roughness, also has the possibility because has cut but produces the broach or in the outside undercut. Chooses the sole way cutting pattern to carry on the down milling, does not sever the cutting process and the cutting tool way as far as possible, reduces the cutting tool to cut into as far as possible cuts the number of times, by obtains the relatively stable cutting process.For example, in the cutting mold corner processing, the traditional processing method is usesthe translation (G1), when the cutting tool cuts to the fillet place, the velocity of movement reduces speed, at the same time when enters for the commutation the cutting tool movement is not continuously, can have the massive friction and the quantity of heat in the intermittent process, if processes the aluminum alloy or other light metal alloys, produces the quantity of heat will damage the work piece surface quality.If uses the high-speed cutting processing the method, the use is smaller than the cutting mold corner radius cutting tool, the use high speed engine bed high accuracy circular arc inserts makes up the function (G2, G3) processes the mold corner, the high speed engine bed circular arc inserts makes up the movement is the continuous process, cannot have the cutting tool intermittent motion, thus reduced the cutting tool and the mold contact length and the time, avoids having the massive heat.e In Z direction cutting continual planeThe traditional processing die space's method uses the profile milling, this processing way increased the cutting tool to cut into, to cut the work piece the number of times, has affected the work piece surface quality, has limited the engine bed and the cutting tool formidable function display. In the high-speed cutting processing, often uses the Z direction cutting continual plane. Uses step pitch which is smaller than the convention, thus reduces each tooth cutting elimination quantity, the improvement processing surface's quality, reduced the process period.4 High-speed cutting process technology in die makingapplicationThe high-speed cutting process technology has a series of characteristics and the production benefit aspect's great potential, already becomes country competition research and so on Germany, US and Japan important areas of technology. Now, US, Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland, Italy produce the different specification's each kind of commercialization high speed engine bed already entered the market, applies in the airplane, the automobile and the die making.Along with the high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, has had the very tremendous influence to the traditional mold processing craft, changed the mold processing technical process. Because the mold profile is the very complex free surface generally, and degree of hardness is very high, uses conventional the machining method to satisfy the precision and the shape request with difficulty. The conventional processing method is after the annealing carries on the milling processing, then carries on the heat treatment, the grinding or the electric spark machining, finally the manual polish, polishing, cause the processing cycle to be very long like this. Specially the manual process period, must account for the entire processing cycle to be very big a part. HSC may achieve the accuracy requirement which the mold processes, reduced has even cancelled the manual processing, because and new cutting tool material (for example PCD, PCBN, cermet and so on) the appearance, HSC may the work hardness achieve HRC60, even degree of hardness higher work piece material, after might process hard mold, substitution electric spark machining and abrasive machining.The high speed milling processing has the highly effective high accuracy in the die making as well as may process the high hard material the merit, already obtained the widespread application in the industrially advanced country. The high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, mainly applies in the following several aspects:1) hard mold die space direct processing. After using the high-speed cutting to be possible to process the hard material the characteristic direct processing hard mold die space, improved the quality which and the efficiency the mold processes, may substitute for the electric spark machining.(2) EDM (electric spark) electrode processing. Applied the high-speed cutting technology processing electrode to raise the electric spark machining efficiency to play the very major role. The high-speed cutting electrode improved electrode's surface quality and the precision, reduced the following working process.3) fast sample workpiece manufacture. Uses the high-speed cutting processing efficiencyhigh characteristic, may use in processing the plastic and the aluminum alloy model. After the CAD design produces the 3D full-scale mockup fast, is higher than the fast prototype manufacture efficiency, the quality is good.(4) mold's fast repair. The mold often needs to repair in the use process, lengthens the service life, in the past was mainly completes depending on the electrical finishing, now uses the high speed processing to be possible to complete this work quickly, moreover might use the original NC procedure, did not need to establish.5 ConclusionThe high-speed cutting processing uses the high cutting velocity and the feed rate, the small radial direction and the axial depth of cut, the cutting force is small, the processing surface roughness is very small, cutting tool life enhancement; With the high-speed cutting processing way substitution tradition processing way processing mold, might omit the electric spark machining and rub manually repairs, raised the productivity which the mold processed, reduced the production cost, reduced the processing cycle; When research high-speed cutting processing, must unify closely with the high-speed cutting processing technology, realizes the high efficiency, the high accuracy truly and the redundant reliable goal.The high-speed cutting process technology is the advanced technique of manufacture, has the broad application prospect. Replaces EDM with the high-speed cutting processing (or majority of replaces) speeds up the mold development speed, realizes the craft update major step. The promoted application high-speed cutting process technology applies in the mold manufacturing industry, not only may enhance the machine-finishing large scale the efficiency, the quality, reduces the cost, moreover may lead a series of high technology and new technology industry the development. Therefore, current strengthens the high-speed cutting technology the basic research, establishes the high-speed cutting database, the high-speed cutting safety work standard, enhances the engine bed and tool profession development innovation ability, speeds up the high-speed cutting cutting tool system, the high-speed cutting engine bed system's research development and the industrial production, already was the urgent matter.References[1] A.C. Low, J.W. Kyle, Grinding tool technology recent development, The Mechanical Engineers Association, London, 1986. High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture[2] K.L. Johnson, High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.[3] W.DMay, E.L. Morris, D. Atack, new using of Cutting technology, Applied Physics 30 (1959) 1713–1724.[4] S.C. Hunter, Grinding tool manufacture, Applied Mechanics 28 (1961) 611–617.[5] G. Lodewijks, Dynamics of Belt Systems, Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.[6] A.N. Gent, High-speed cutting outline, Carl Hanser Verslag, 2001.中文翻译高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用摘要当前模具应用广泛，与之相关的模具制造技术也有了很大的发展。

英文翻译4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transferpresses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,throughwhich the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。

冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。

Progressive DieProgressive die has the following advantages1） Class into the module is multi-process dies, in a mold can include punching， bending，forming and drawing a variety of multi—pass process， with a higher than the compound die labor productivity， but also can produce quite complex stampings;2) Progressive Die Operation Security， because staff do not have to enter the danger zone；3） Class Progressive Die Design, The process can be distributed。

Do not focus on one station , there is no Compound Dies "Minimum wall thickness" problem. Therefore relatively high mold strength, longer life expectancy。

4) Progressive Die Easy Automation That is easy to Automatic feeding ,Autoout of parts Automatic lamination；5） Class Progressive die can be High—speed press production， because the workpiece can be directly down the drain and waste；6） Use Class Progressive die can be Reduce the presses， semi-finished products to reduce transport. Workshop area and storage space can be greatly reduced. Progressive Dies The disadvantage is that complex structure， manufacturing of high precision， long life cycle and high costs. Because of progressive die is a To the workpiece, the shape of successive out, each punch has a positioning error， is more difficult to maintain stability in the workpiece, the relative position of the one—off appearance。

冲压模具词汇Counter bored hole 沉孔Chamfer 倒斜角Fillet 倒圆角padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder活页夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerization装箱quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet 物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机钟work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门Stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂（degrease）main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型 spare parts=buffer备品coordinate坐标dismantle the die折模auxiliary function辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾deducting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave 凹convex凸short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疪shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill钻boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴angle offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量air vent vale 通气阀anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢baffle 调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳cavity 模穴(模仁)cavity retainer plate 模穴托板center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块coil spring 螺旋弹cold punched nut 冷冲螺母cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型core pin 心型梢cotter 开口梢cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道die bed 型底die block 块形模体die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套die button 冲模母模全球模具网die clamper 夹模器die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘?flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶冲头headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢衬套knockout bar 脱模杵land 合模平坦面land area 合模面leader busher 导梢衬套lifting pin 起模顶?lining 内衬locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢locating ring 定位环lock block 压块locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板loose bush 活动衬套making die 打印冲子manifold block 歧管档块汽车英语first gear 一档second gear 二档reverse 倒车档two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机diesel 柴油机limousine 豪华轿车drophead 活动车篷汽车 (美作:convertible) racing car 赛车saloon 轿车 (美作:sedan)wecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车notchback 客货两用车four-wheel drive 四轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动trailer 拖车truck 卡车compact car 小型汽车light-van 小型货车front wheel 前轮rear wheel 后轮tread 轮距chassis 底盘bodywork, body 车身rear window 后窗玻璃windscreen 挡风玻璃 (美作:windshield)windscreen wiper 风档刮水器,风档雨雪刷 (美作:windshield wiper) fender, wing, mudguard 挡泥板radiator grille 水箱wing mirror 后视镜bonnet 发动机盖 (美作:hood)boot 行李箱 (美作:trunk)roof rack, luggage rack 行李架license plate, number plate 车号牌wing 前翼子板hubcap 轮毂罩bumper 保险杠front blinker 前信号灯taillight, tail lamp 尾灯backup light, reversing light 倒车灯stoplight, stop lamp 刹车灯rear blinker 转弯指示灯trunk, boot 行李箱bumper 保险杠tailpipe 排气管back seat, rear seat 后座driver's seat, driving seat 驾驶席passenger seat 旅客席steering wheel, wheel 方向盘rear-view mirror, driving mirror 后视镜horn, hooter 喇叭choke 熄火装置gear stick, gear change 变速杆 (美作:gearshift) gearbox 变速箱starter, self-starter 起动器,起动钮brake pedal 刹车踏板clutch pedal 离合器踏板hand brake 手制动器foot brake 脚制动器dashboard 仪表板milometer 里程表speedometer, clock 速度表transmission 传动piston 活塞radiator 散热器fan belt 风扇皮带shaft 传动轴inner tube 内胎drain tap 排气阀门silencer 消音器 (美作:muffler)tank 油箱overflow 溢流孔valve 阀门exhaust pipe 排气管spare wheel 备胎,备用轮胎carburettor 汽化器 (美化:carburetor) electrical system, wiring 电气系统lights 灯光headlight 大灯,头灯dipped headlight 近光灯rear lights 尾灯sidelights, parking lights 位置灯,边灯direction indicator 方向标,转向标indicator, blinker 方向指示灯sparking plug 火花塞 (美作:spark plug) (spare) battery (备用)蓄电池to accelerate 加速to brake 制动,刹车to engage the clutch 接上离合器to declutch 分开离合器to stall 发动机停转to change gear 变速to decelerate 减速top speed 最高速度speed limit 速度限制to park 停车to switch off the motor 熄火模具工程常用词汇模具钢材alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢 bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel钼钢 nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 硅钢板stainless steel 不锈钢tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板tough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁tungsten steel 钨钢vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑料覆面钢板四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托司：shoulder guide bushing中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate托板：support plate螺丝： screw管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller 扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock斜顶：lifter模胚（架）： mold base上内模：cavity insert下内模：core insert行位（滑块）： slide镶件：insert压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate压条：plate撑头: support pillar唧嘴： sprue bushing挡板：stop plate定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch喉塞: pipe plug锁模块：lock plate斜顶：angle from pin斜顶杆：angle ejector rod尼龙拉勾：parting locks活动臂：lever arm复位键、提前回杆：early return bar气阀：valves斜导边：angle pin术语：terms承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance模排气：parting line venting回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate. 不准用镶件： Do not use (core/cavity) insert用铍铜做镶件： use beryllium copper insert初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design反呵：reverse core弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length稳定性好：good stability,stable强度不够：insufficient rigidity均匀冷却：even cooling扣模：sticking热膨胀：thero expansion公差：tolorance铜公(电极）：copper electrode模具工程常用词汇die 模具 die shoe 模瓦figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔 panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合design modification设计变化 die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点incoming material to be inspected进货待验PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号item/group/class类别prepared by制year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割 EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块capability能力parameter参数 factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬 desmut剥黑膜 D.I. rinse纯水次 Chromate铬酸处理 Anodize阳性处理 seal封孔revision版次 part number/P/N料号 good products良品 scraped products报放心品 defective products不良品finished products成品 disposed products处理品 barcode条码 flow chart流程表单 assembly组装 stamping冲压molding成型 spare parts=buffer备品 coordinate座标 dismantle the die折模 auxiliary fuction辅助功能 poly-line 多义线 heater band 加热片 thermocouple热电偶 sand blasting喷沙 grit 砂砾 derusting machine除锈机 degate打浇口 dryer烘干机 induction感应 induction light感应光 response=reaction=interaction感应 ram连杆 edge finder 巡边器 concave凸 convex凹 short射料不足 nick缺口 speck瑕疵 shine亮班 splay 银纹 gas mark焦痕 delamination 起鳞 cold slug冷块 blush 导色 gouge沟槽;凿槽 satin texture段面咬花 witness line证示线 patent专利 grit沙砾 granule=peuet=grain细粒 grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲 magnalium镁铝合金 magnesium镁金 metal plate钣金 lathe车 mill锉 plane刨 grind磨drill铝 boring镗 blinster气泡 fillet镶;嵌边 through-hole form通孔形式 voller pin formality滚针形式 cam driver铡楔 shank摸柄 crank shaft曲柄 augular offset角度偏差 velocity速度 production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩 spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火 tempering回火annealing退火 carbonization碳化 alloy合金 tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 moly high speed steel钼高速的 organic solvent有机溶剂 bracket小磁导 liaison联络单 volatile挥发性resistance电阻 ion离子titrator滴定仪 beacon警示灯 coolant冷却液 crusher破碎机模具工程类 plain die简易模 pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模 progressive die连续模 gang dies复合模 shearing die剪边模 riveting die铆合模 pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔 bending折弯 trim切边 emboss凸点dome凸圆 semi-shearing半剪 stamp mark冲记号 deburr or coin压毛边 punch riveting冲压铆合 side stretch侧冲压平 reel stretch卷圆压平 groove压线 blanking下料 stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断 tick-mark nearside正面压印 tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类 extension dwg展开图 procedure dwg工程图 die structure dwg模具结构图 material材质material thickness料片厚度press specification冲床规格 die height range适用模高 die height闭模高度 burr毛边 gap间隙 punch wt.上模重量。

英文翻译4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the morecomplex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and mediumsize parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but alsoforming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasinglycommon.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided beforeand after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditionsmust be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as the sliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,the forming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。

冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。

指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。

板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。

如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。

当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。

站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。

落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。

而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。

根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。

图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。

一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。

板料成形的原理如图2所示。

拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。

拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。

在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。

可行成形图在汽车覆盖件冲压工艺高效设计的应用Dae-Cheol Ko a，Seung-Hoon Cha b，Sang-Kon Lee c，Chan-Joo Lee b，Byung-Min Kim d,*a ILIC, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan609-735, South Koreab Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koreac PNU-IFAM, Joint Research Center, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koread School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea摘要：本文提出使用可行的成形图来表示无断裂和起皱的安全区域，进而有效和快速地设计冲压工艺方法。

要确定可行的成形图，有限元分析对应于正交实验设计的过程变量组合。

随后，基于成形极限图的有限元分析，确定断裂和起皱的特征值。

所有组合的特征值在整个过程中，通过人工神经网络训练进行了一系列预测。

可行的成形图从所有组合的过程变量中最终确定。

以汽车覆盖件如转动架和车轮毂的冲压工艺作为实例来验证利用成形图的进行过程设计有效性。

有限元模拟结果与实验模拟结果比较表明，利用可行的成形图来进行冲压工艺的设计是有效的并适用于实际的过程。

毕业设计（论文）英文翻译课题名称系部材料工程系专业材料成型及控制工程班级学号姓名指导教师2 0 10年3 月 10日4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,throughwhich the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。

冲压模具是在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。

冲压，是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。

下面是搜索整理的冲压模具英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

冲压模具英文参考文献一： [1]Wei Wu. Design and Analysis of Flat Washer Stamping Compound Mold[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2018),2018. [2]Zengsheng Wang,Hansong Yang,Guohua Mu. Research on Teaching Reform of Stamping Process and Die Design[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities,2015. [3]Hongxing Dong. Research on Application of Comprehensive Teaching Design into the Teaching of Cold Stamping Forming Technology and Die Design[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Social Science and HigherEducation,2016. [4]Zengsheng Wang,Luoming Zhang,Qinglian Meng. Research on Teaching Reform of Stamping Technology and Die Design[P]. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019),2019. [5]Sisi Chen,Zhanguo Li,Yaochen Shi,Yunguang Cai. 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j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/j m a t p r o t ecContact pressure evolution at the die radius in sheet metal stampingMichael P.Pereira a,∗,John L.Duncan b,Wenyi Yan c,Bernard F.Rolfe da Centre for Material and Fibre Innovation,Deakin University,Pigdons Road,Geelong,VIC3217,Australiab Professor Emeritus,The University of Auckland,284Glenmore Road,RD3,Albany0793,New Zealandc Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Monash University,Clayton,VIC3800,Australiad School of Engineering and IT,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC3217,Australiaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received27March2008 Received in revised form 18July2008Accepted17August2008Keywords:Contact pressureSheet metal stamping Tool wearBending-under-tension a b s t r a c tThe contact conditions at the die radius are of primary importance to the wear response for many sheet metal forming processes.In particular,a detailed understanding of the con-tact pressure at the wearing interface is essential for the application of representative wear tests,the use of wear resistant materials and coatings,the development of suitable wear models,and for the ultimate goal of predicting tool life.However,there is a lack of infor-mation concerning the time-dependant nature of the contact pressure response in sheet metal stamping.This work provides a qualitative description of the evolution and distribu-tion of contact pressure at the die radius for a typical channel forming process.Through an analysis of the deformation conditions,contact phenomena and underlying mechanics, it was identified that three distinct phases exist.Significantly,the initial and intermediate stages resulted in severe and localised contact conditions,with contact pressures signif-icantly greater than the blank material yield strength.Thefinal phase corresponds to a larger contact area,with steady and smaller contact pressures.The proposed contact pres-sure behaviour was compared to other results available in the literature and also discussed with respect to tool wear.©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn recent years,there has been an increase in wear-related problems associated with the die radius of automotive sheet metal forming tools(Sandberg et al.,2004).These problems have mainly been a consequence of the implementation of higher strength steels to meet crash requirements,and the reduced use of lubricants owing to environmental concerns. As a result,forming tools,and the die radii in particular, are required to withstand higher forming forces and more severe tribological stresses.This can result in high costs due∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+61352273353;fax:+61352271103.E-mail address:michael.pereira@.au(M.P.Pereira).to unscheduled stoppages and maintenance,and lead to poor part quality in terms of surfacefinish,geometric accuracy and possible part failure.If the side-wall of a part is examined after forming,a demarcation known as the‘die impact line’is easily visible (Karima,1994).This line separates the burnished material that has travelled over the die radius and the free surface that has not contacted the tooling,clearly indicating that severe sur-face effects exist at the die radius.It is therefore important to understand the contact phenomena at this location of the tooling.0924-0136/$–see front matter©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.08.010j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 209(2009)3532–354135331.1.Bending-under-tension testThe bending-under-tension test –in which a strip is bent over a cylindrical tool surface and pulled against a speci-fied back tension –has been used in the laboratory for many years to simulate conditions at the die radius (Ranta-Eskola et al.,1982).The literature contains numerous experimental investigations that examine surface degradation over the die radius after repeated or continuous bending-under-tension operations.For example,in independent studies with differ-ing test conditions and materials,Mortensen et al.(1994),Hortig and Schmoeckel (2001)and Attaf et al.(2002),each visu-ally observed wear in two localised regions on the die radius.More detailed examination of the worn die radius surface,through measurement of surface roughness (Christiansen and De Chiffre,1997),determination of wear depth (Eriksen,1997)and scanning electron microscope imaging (Boher et al.,2005),has also confirmed the existence of similar localised wear regions.In addition to the experimental analyses,Mortensen et al.(1994),Hortig and Schmoeckel (2001)and Attaf et al.(2002),each conducted finite element analyses of the bending-under-tension process.In all cases,the finite ele-ment models predicted the existence of distinct contact pressure peaks on the die radius surface,correlating well with the regions of localised ing in situ sensors Hanaki and Kato (1984)and more recently Coubrough et al.(2002)experimentally demonstrated that similar contact pressure peaks exist at locations on the die radius near the entry and exit of the strip during the bending-under-tension test.It is evident that despite covering a wide range of die materials (both coated and un-coated),lubrication,surface roughness,bend ratio and work-piece materials,each of thestudies discussed in the preceding paragraphs were found to exhibit similar characteristic two-peak contact pressure distributions and localised regions of wear over the die radius.These results,and the documented power law rela-tion between wear and normal load for sliding contacts (Rhee,1970),indicate that contact pressure is of primary significance to the wear response.1.2.Sheet metal stampingThe contact conditions occurring during sheet metal stamping operations have not been studied as extensively as those of the bending-under-tension process.Through finite element anal-yses of axisymmetric cup-drawing processes,Mortensen et al.(1994)and Jensen et al.(1998)identified that time-dependant contact conditions occur at the die radius,as opposed to the ‘stationary’conditions of the bending-under-tension test (Hortig and Schmoeckel,2001).In recent numerical studies on a plane strain channel forming process,Pereira et al.(2007,2008)also reported time-dependant plex contact conditions over the die radius were found to occur,with regions of highly localised and severe contact pressure.Selected results of the finite element analysis by Pereira et al.(2008)are given in Fig.1,where the dynamic nature of the con-tact pressure distribution can be seen.Additionally,the Mises stress contours show the corresponding deformation of the blank and provide an indication of where yielding occurs.Although each of the above investigations report time-dependant contact conditions for sheet metal stamping processes,the authors in each case provide little explanation into the reasons for the identified contact behaviour.Further analysis of this phenomenon has not been found in the liter-ature.Fig.1–Mises stress contours and normalised contact pressure distributions predicted by finite element analysis at the three distinct stages during a channel forming process (see Section 4.1for more details).The regions in white in the Mises contours indicate values of stress below the blank material initial yield strength.3534j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541 1.3.MotivationIn order to understand tool wear in sheet metal stamp-ing,or to use representative tests(bending-under-tension,slider-on-sheet,etc.)to characterise the wear response of toolmaterials and coatings,knowledge of the local contact condi-tions that occur during the stamping operation is essential.Asdiscussed,the contact pressure is of particular significance.However,a description of the evolution and distribution ofcontact stresses experienced by sheet metal forming tool-ing,including an explanation for this behaviour,has not beenfound in the literature.In this work,a qualitative description of the contact pres-sure evolution at the die radius and the associated stressdistributions in the blank during a channel forming processis given.The description is based on experimental observa-tions and the results offinite element analyses.Through ananalysis of the deformation conditions,contact phenomenaand underlying mechanics,it will be shown that three dis-tinct phases exist.Due to the unique deformation and contactconditions that are found to occur,the initial and intermedi-ate stages exhibit localised regions of severe contact pressure,with peak contact stresses that are significantly greater thanthe blank material yield strength.Thefinal stage,which canbe considered as steady state with regards to the conditions atthe die radius,corresponds to a larger contact area with stableand smaller contact pressures.It is noted that the magnitude of the contact stress peakswill depend on variables such as back tension on the sheet,thedie radius to sheet thickness ratio,and the clearance betweenthe punch and die.These effects are not investigated in thiswork.The objective of this work is to provide an understandingof an important aspect of sheet metal forming,rather thana quantitative analysis of a specific case.This should assistin understanding die wear,which is an increasing problemwith the implementation of higher strength sheet in stampedautomotive components.2.The sheet metal stamping processThe stamping or draw die process is shown schematically inFig.2.Sheet metal is clamped between the die and blank-holder and stretched over the punch.The sheet slides overthe die radius surface with high velocity in the presence ofcontact pressure and friction,as it undergoes complex bend-ing,thinning and straightening deformation(Fig.2c).In themost rudimentary analysis of sheet metal forming,bending isneglected and the deformation is studied under the action ofprincipal tensions(Marciniak et al.,2002).The tension is theforce per unit width transmitted in the sheet and is a prod-uct of stress and thickness.For two-dimensional plane straindeformation around the die radius,the well-known analysisindicates that the contact pressure p isp=TR=1R/t(1)where 1is the longitudinal principal stress,T is the longitu-dinal tension,R is the die radius,t is the sheet thickness,and Fig.2–(a)The beginning of a typical sheet metal stamping process.(b)The motion and forces exerted by the tools cause the blank to be formed into a channel shape during the stamping process.(c)Forces acting on the sheet at the die radius region.R/t the bend ratio.Due to the effect of friction,the longitudinal tension in the sheet varies along the die radius.If the tension at one point,j,on the die radius is known,then the tension at some other point,k,further along the radius can be found according to:T k=T j exp( Âjk)(2)whereÂjk is the angle turned through between the two points, and is the coefficient of friction between the tool and sheet surfaces.j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413535Eq.(1)provides a useful relationship that shows the contactpressure is inversely proportional to the bend ratio.Given thatthe tension is usually close to the yield tension and that thebend ratio in typical tooling is often less than10,Eq.(1)indi-cates that the contact stress is an appreciable fraction of theyield stress.This implies that the assumption of plane stressin the strip may not be valid.Additionally,a numerical studyof a bending-under-tension process with a bend ratio of3.3revealed that the restraint forces attributed to bending(andunbending)were almost50%of the total restraint forces onthe sheet(Groche and Nitzsche,2006).Although Eqs.(1)and(2)can be modified to include the work done in bending andstraightening,these simple models are unlikely to adequatelydescribe the contact pressure distribution.Furthermore,such an analysis assumes that the sheetslides continuously over the die radius under steady-state-type conditions analogous to a bending-under-tensionprocess.However,as discussed in Section1,several studies inthe literature have shown that the contact conditions are notsteady during typical sheet metal stamping.For these reasons,it is evident that a more detailed analysis,including examina-tion of the stress states and yielding in the sheet,is required inorder to understand the complex and time-dependant contactconditions at the die radius.3.Contact pressure at the die radiusIn this work,a qualitative description of the developmentof peak contact pressures at the die radius for the channelforming process shown in Fig.2is given.For simplicity,thedeformation of the sheet is considered as a two-dimensional,plane strain process.A linear-elastic,perfectly plastic sheetmaterial model,obeying a Tresca yield criterion is used.Thematerial curve is shown in Fig.3,where theflow stress is S,with zero Bauschinger effect on reverse loading.It is assumedthat if there is a draw-bead,it is at some distance from the dieradius so that the sheet entering the die radius is undeformedbut has some tension applied.In this study,the deformation and contact conditions at thedie radius for a typical sheet metal forming process are dividedinto three distinct phases(Fig.4).A material element on theblank,Point A,is initially located at the beginning of the dieradius,as shown in Fig.4a.At this instant,contact islimitedFig.3–Simplified plane strain material response with reverseloading.Fig.4–Three distinct phases of deformation and contact, which occur during the channel forming process:(a)initial deformation,(b)intermediate conditions,and(c)steady-state conditions at die radius.to a line across the die radius.During the next stage,Point A has travelled around the die radius,but has not yet reached the exit or tangent point(Fig.4b).At this instant,the material in the side-wall(between the die radius and punch radius) remains straight and has not previously contacted the tools.A state of approximately steady conditions at the die radius is reached in Fig.4c,where Point A is now in the side-wall region.3.1.Initial deformationAt the start of the forming stroke,contact between the blank and die occurs near the start of the die radius at an angle of Â=˛,as shown in Fig.5a.The Mohr circle of stress at the con-tacting inner surface and the stress distribution through the thickness of the sheet are given schematically in this diagram. The regions of plastic deformation in the sheet are indicated by shading.The sheet is bent by the transverse force F shown,so that a compressive bending stress 1exists on the upper surface.Due to the initial lack of conformance of the blank to the radius, contact occurs almost along a line,resulting in a contact pres-sure P˛that can be very high.As a result,the normal stress 3, which is equal to−P˛,is greatest at the surface and diminishes to zero at the outer,free surface.At this location,approx-3536j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 209(2009)3532–3541Fig.5–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the initial deformation stage—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zone are shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of (b)contact pressure and (c)bending moment in the sheet.imately plane stress conditions exist and the sheet yields under tension at the plane strain yield stress S .The transverse stress 2at the inner surface will have an intermediate value,since the process is plane strain.In the plastic case,this is the mean of the other principal stresses.In the elastic case,this is only approximately so.The bending stress and contact pressure at the inner sur-face generate a high compressive hydrostatic stress,such that yielding can be suppressed (the diameter of the Mohr circle is <S ).This phenomenon is supported by the finite element simulation results of the case study shown in Fig.1a.The bending moment m is greatest at the contact line,as shown in Fig.5c;yet plastic bending only takes place either side of thisregion,where the inhibiting compressive hydrostatic stress is lower.The result is that a very high-pressure peak occurs at the contact line,greater in magnitude than the sheet yield stress (Fig.5b).This initial line contact,causing a localised peak contact pressure,is a momentary event.3.2.Intermediate conditionsAs the punch draws the sheet to slide into the die cavity,Point A moves away from the start of the radius,as shown in Fig.6a.Due to the plastic bending of the sheet that occurs near the beginning of the die radius,in the vicinity of Â=0◦,the mate-rial entering the die radius has greater conformance with thej o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413537Fig.6–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the intermediate conditions—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zones are shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of(b)contact pressure and(c)bending moment in the sheet.die radius surface.This causes a reduction in contact pressure, due to the change from line contact in Fig.5to a broader con-tact area in Fig.6.Consequently,the compressive hydrostatic stress is reduced and plastic deformation at the blank surface occurs(the diameter of the Mohr circle is S).The bending moment on the sheet is greatest near the Point A,as shown in Fig.6c,such that the strip may be over-bent at this point,causing a loss of contact between the sheet and the die radius.A similar effect can exist over the nose of the punch in vee-die bending(Marciniak et al.,2002).As such,a second contact point with the die occurs further along the radius,at Â=ˇ.Point A,which began at the start of the radius,has not yet reached the tangent point atˇ.Hence,the material currently atˇis largely undeformed,despite the fact that the angle of wrap of the blank over the die radius is relatively large.With similar contact conditions to the initial deformation stage,line contact occurs atˇ.As seen previously,these conditions result in high contact pressure,large compressive hydrostatic stress, and can suppress plastic deformation at the blank surface as supported by the case study in Fig.1b.Fig.6b shows the contact pressure distribution for the inter-mediate stage.The magnitude of the contact pressure at the start of the radius is less than the yield stress,where con-tact is distributed over a wider area.Conversely,a sharp peak exists at the tangent point atˇ,where the sheet is still being bent and the contact area is small.In many punch and die3538j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541configurations,the punch displacement needed to draw the material from the beginning of the die radius(Point A in this case)around to the tangent point is significant.Therefore,the intermediate phase may be long and the maximum contact angle,ˇmax,quite large.3.3.Steady-state conditions at the die radiusSteady-state conditions at the die radius are reached when Point A,which began at the start of the die radius,has moved around and become part of the side-wall,as shown in Fig.7a. New material is plastically bent as it enters the die radius from the blank-holder region.Here,the contact pressure and stress distributions are similar to those of the intermediate stage, due to the bending and conformance of the blank to the die radius.Beyond this region,the sheet remains in contact with the die without further plastic deformation,and the resulting contact pressure is small.Further along the radius,under the action of an increasing opposite moment,the sheet is partially straightened,whereFig.7–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the steady-state deformation stage—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zones are shown.The stress distribution through the thickness at two locations in the side-wall region is also shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of (b)contact pressure and(c)bending moment in the sheet.j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413539it loses contact with the die radius.A second,smaller con-tact pressure peak occurs at the locationÂ= .This peak can be explained,at least in part,by examining the sim-plified analysis presented in Section2.According to Eq.(1), the contact pressure is proportional to the tension in the sheet—which itself increases with increasing angleÂalong the radius,according to Eq.(2).Therefore,the contact pressure increases with angle along the radius,causing a peak pressure near the sheet exit point,indicated by P in Fig.7b.Here,the sheet unloads elastically and the stress distribution is shown (the diameter of the Mohr circle is<S).Beyond the contact pressure peak,the bending moment on the sheet becomes reversed,as shown in Fig.7c,and straightening begins at the tangent point.The straightening process continues beyond the contact point;the extent of which depends on the tooling conditions and the tension gen-erated by the blank-holder.‘Side-wall curl’is a well-known phenomenon in channel forming and is greatest with smaller blank-holder tension.As a result of the curl in the side-wall,the angle of contact is less than in the intermediate stage,where the entire side-wall was approximately straight. This indicates that there is a region on the die radius that only makes contact with the blank during the intermediate stage—i.e.an intermediate-only contact region.It is worth emphasizing that,despite the approximately steady contact conditions that occur at the die radius during this stage,the forming process itself does not reach a true steady state.This is because the blank continues to experi-ence significant deformation and displacement as it is drawn over the die radius by the action of the moving punch.As a result,there will be a continual reduction in theflange length and a subsequent changing of contact conditions in the blank-holder region.4.DiscussionIn Section3,a qualitative description of the deformation and contact pressure response at the die radius of a sheet metal stamping process was given.This section will discuss the identified response,with particular reference to results from other analyses in the literature,comparison to the bending-under-tension process,and wear at the die radius.4.1.Correlation withfinite element model predictionsIn recent studies,Pereira et al.(2007,2008)usedfinite element analysis to examine the contact pressure at the die radius for a channel forming process.A2mm thick high strength steel blank was formed over an R5mm die radius(R/t=2.5), with a punch stroke of50mm.The contact pressure response predicted by Pereira et al.(2008)was re-plotted at three dis-tinct instances in Fig.1.In thisfigure,the contact pressure is normalised by the constant Y,which can be considered as theflow stress of the blank material if a perfectly plas-tic approximation of the material stress–strain response was adopted(see Marciniak et al.(2002)for an explanation of the approximation method and calculation of Y).As such,the use of the normalised contact pressure allows better comparison between the analysis employing a blank material with con-siderable strain hardening(Fig.1)to that which assumes the blank material has zero strain hardening(Figs.5–7).The normalised contact pressure distributions in Fig.1 clearly demonstrate the existence of the three phases iden-tified in Section3.Notably,thefirst two stages in Section3 correspond to the single transient phase reported in the pre-vious numerical study(Pereira et al.,2008).The discrepancy is caused by the fact that the initial contact stage,which is a momentary event,is easily overlooked without a detailed analysis of the deformation and contact conditions occurring at the die radius.The results by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)verify that the ini-tial and intermediate phases of the process result in the most severe and localised contact loads.Fig.1shows that at the regions of line contact,identified in Sections3.1and3.2,the peak contact pressures are well in excess of Y.In fact,the maximum contact pressure for the entire process was found to occur during the intermediate stage,with a magnitude of approximately3times the material’s initial yield strength (Pereira et al.,2008).Examination of the Mises stress plots in Fig.1at the regions of line contact also confirm the hypothesis of suppressed plasticity due the localised zones of large con-tact pressure,and hence large compressive hydrostatic stress.The results in Fig.1c confirm that the contact pressure is significantly reduced during the steady phase,with the mag-nitude of pressure less than Y due to the increased contact area.Thefinite element results also show that the maximum angles of contact between the blank and die radius during the intermediate and steady phases are approximately80◦and 45◦,respectively(Pereira et al.,2008).This confirms the exis-tence of an intermediate-only contact region,corresponding to the region of45◦<Â≤80◦for the case examined.parison to the bending-under-tension testThe identified steady-state behaviour at the die radius during the stamping process shows numerous similarities to a typical bending-under-tension test.For example,the stress distribu-tions through the thickness of the sheet shown in Fig.7a, compare well to those proposed by Swift(1948),in his analysis of a plastic bending-under-tension process for a rigid,per-fectly plastic strip.Additionally,the angle of contact and shape of contact pressure distributions presented in Figs.7b and1c, show good correlation with the results recorded by Hanaki and Kato(1984)for experimental bending-under-tension tests.The separatefinite element studies of bending-under-tension processes by Hortig and Schmoeckel(2001)and by Boher et al.(2005)also show similarly shaped two-peak contact pressure distributions.The distributions are char-acterised by large and relatively localised pressure peaks at the beginning of the contact zone,with smaller and more distributed secondary peaks at the end of the con-tact zone.Additionally,these investigations each show that the angle of contact is significantly less than the geomet-ric angle of wrap,confirming the existence of the unbending of the blank and curl that occurs in the side-wall region. These attributes of the bending-under-tension test have direct similarities to the contact pressure response predicted by Pereira et al.(2008)and described previously in Section 3.3,despite the obvious differences in materials,processes,3540j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541bend ratios and back tensions considered.Although there are numerous similarities,direct quantitative comparison between the bending-under-tension test and the steady-state phase of the channel forming process cannot be made,due to the differences in the application of the back and forward tensions.4.3.Contradictions withfinite element model predictionsAs stated in Section1,there are a limited number of other investigations in the literature that examine the time-dependant contact pressure response of sheet metal stamping processes.Finite element analyses by Mortensen et al.(1994) and Jensen et al.(1998)predicted that time-dependant contact conditions do occur.However,these results do not show the same trends as presented in this study and shown by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)in previousfinite element investigations. This section will briefly discuss the possible reasons for such discrepancies.Firstly,considering thefinite element analysis of a cup-drawing process by Mortensen et al.(1994),the predicted contact pressure over the die radius was presented at only three distinct intervals during the process.By comparison, Pereira et al.(2008)recorded the contact pressure at approx-imately140intervals throughout thefinite element results history,in order to completely characterise the complex pressure evolution.Therefore,it is likely that the transient effects,which are reported in this study,were not captured by Mortensen et al.(1994)due to the limited number of instances at which the contact pressure was recorded.Thefinite element investigation by Jensen et al.(1998) examined the contact conditions at approximately100inter-vals during a cup-drawing process,but also did not observe a severe and localised transient response,as seen in this study. (Significantly varied and localised contact conditions were observed at the end of the process,but these were identi-fied to be due to the blank-rim effect,and are not relevant to this study.)Close examination of the results by Jensen et al. (1998)show that some localised contact conditions do occur at the beginning of the process—however,these appear rela-tively mild and were not discussed in the text.This reduced severity of the transient response,compared to that predicted by Pereira et al.(2008),can be partly explained by the fact that the actual contact pressure at the die radius was not shown by Jensen et al.(1998).Instead,Z xt,which was defined to be a function of contact pressure and sliding velocity,was used to characterise the contact conditions.This could have effec-tively reduced the appearance of the initial localised contact conditions,due to the slower sliding velocity shown to exist during the initial stage.Additionally,Jensen et al.(1998)used 20finite elements to describe the die radius surface,compared to240elements used by Pereira et al.(2008).The reduced num-ber of elements at the die radius surface can have the effect of averaging the extremely localised contact loads over a larger area,thus reducing the magnitude of the observed contact pressure peaks.Finally,the different processes examined(cup drawing vs.channel forming)may also result in a different transient response.4.4.Relevance to tool wearWear is related to contact pressure through a power law rela-tionship(Rhee,1970).Therefore,the regions of severe contact pressure during the initial and intermediate stages may be particularly relevant to tool wear at the die radius.Thefinite element investigations by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)showed that the maximum contact pressure for the entire process occurs in the intermediate-only contact region,at approximately Â=59◦,indicating that the intermediate stage is likely to be of primary significance to the wear response.This result was val-idated by laboratory-based channel forming wear tests,for the particular case examined(Pereira et al.,2008).However,for each stamping operation,it can be seen that the relative sliding distance between the blank and die radius associated with the initial and intermediate stages is small—i.e.no greater than the arc length of the die radius surface.In comparison,the steady contact pressure phase cor-responds to a much larger sliding distance—i.e.the sliding distance will be approximately in the same order of magnitude as the punch travel.Therefore,despite the smaller contact pressures,it is possible that the steady phase may also influ-ence the tool life;depending on the process conditions used (e.g.materials,surface conditions,sliding speed,lubrication) and the resulting wear mechanisms that occur.The existence of an intermediate-only contact zone(i.e.the region <Â≤ˇmax),is convenient for future wear analyses.Due to the lack of sliding contact in this region during the steady-state phase,any surface degradation of the die radius at angles ofÂ> must be attributed to the intermediate stage of the sheet metal stamping process.Therefore,it is recommended that future wear analysis examine this region to assess the importance of the intermediate contact conditions on the overall tool wear response of the sheet metal stamping pro-cess.The existence of the initial and intermediate stages high-light that the bending-under-tension test,due to its inherently steady nature,is unable to capture the complete contact con-ditions that exists during a typical sheet metal stamping process.Therefore,the applicability of the bending-under-tension test for sheet metal stamping wear simulation may be questionable.5.SummaryIn this work,a qualitative description of the development of peak contact pressures at the die radius for a sheet metal stamping process was given.It was shown that three distinct phases exist:(i)At the start of the process,the blank is bent by the actionof the punch and a high contact pressure peak exists at the start of the die radius.(ii)During the intermediate stage,the region of the sheet that was deformed at the start of the die radius has not reached the side-wall.Therefore,the side-wall remains straight and the arc of contact is a maximum.The largest pressure,which is significantly greater than the sheet materialflow stress,exists towards the end of the die。

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模具成型具有效率高，质量好，节省原材料，降低产品成本等优点。

采用模具制造产品零件已成为当今工业的重要工艺手段。

模具在机械，电子，轻工，纺织，航空，航天等工业领域里，已成为使用最广泛的工业化生产的主要工艺装备，它承担了这些工业领域中60%--80%产品零件，组件和部件的加工生产。

“模具就是产品质量”，“模具就是经济效益”的观念已被越来越多的人所认识和接受。

在中国，人们已经认识到模具在制造业中的重要基础地位，认识更新换代的速度，新产品的开发能力，进而决定企业的应变能力和市场竞争能力。

在目前用薄钢板制造发动机罩盖的传统还是会持续相当一段时间，所以有必要在钢板的基础上通过利用计算机软件的功能分析零件的工艺性能（结构合理，受力，是否容易冲出破面、、、），发现现有零件的不足之处，讨论并确定改进这些不足之处，进而改善模具的设计，改良冲裁方式；最终实现产品的改良，改善产品的力学性能，外观，使用效果，和造价等等。

冲压加工是通过模具来实现的，从模具角度来看，模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。

“模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备”也已经取得了共识。

据统计，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中，60%～80%的零部件都要依靠模具成形。

用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。

同时，冲压加工也创造了巨大的价值增值，模具是“效益放大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。

目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。

其中冲压模具在所有模具（锻造模、压铸模、注塑模等）中，无论从数量、重量或者是从价值上都位居榜首。

冲压模具词汇Counter bored hole 沉孔Chamfer倒斜角Fillet倒圆角padding block 垫块stepping bar 垫条upper die base 上模座lower die base 下模座upper supporting blank 上承板upper padding plate blank 上垫板spare dies模具备品spring弹簧bolt螺栓document folder 活页夹file folder 资料夹to put file in order 整理资料spare tools location 于工备品仓first count 初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check 复盘复核人equipment 设备waste materials 废米斗work in progress product 在制品casing = containerization 装箱quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量the first page 笫一联filed by accounting department for reference 会计部存查end-user/using unit(depaitment)使用单位Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those ofNHK will be sent to financial department）本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部一（NHK厂区送财会部）Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用一状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing 工程试模材料*not included in physical inventory 不歹ij入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected 进货待验description 品名steel/rolled steel 钢材material statistics sheet 物料统计明细表meeting minutes 会议i己录meeting type 会另9distribution department 分发单位location 地点chairman 主席present members 出席人员subject 主题conclusion 结论responsible department 负责单位pre-fixed finishing date 预定完成口approved by / checked by / prepared by 核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机钟work order 工令revision 版次remark备注production control confirmation 生产确认checked by 初审approved by 核准department 部门Stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory 现有库存available material 良品可使用obsolete material 良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description 原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class 类别quality 品质prepared by 制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory 盘点数量physical count quantity 帐面数量difference quantity 差异暈cause analysis 原因分析raw materials 原料materials 物料finished product 成品semi-finished product 半成品packing materials 包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品defective product/non-good parts 彳、良品disposed goods 处理品warehouse/hub 仓库on way location 在途仓oversea location 海外仓spare parts physical inventory list 备品盘点清单spare molds location 模具备品仓skid/pallet 栈板tox machine 自钏机wire EDM 线割EDM放电机coil stock 卷料• sheet stock 片料tolerance 工差score=groove 压线cam block 滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head 挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die 公母模expansion dwg 展开图radius 半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut 火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block 折刀stop pin 定位销round pierce punch=die button 圆冲子shape punch=die insert 异丿呂子stock locater block 定位块under cut=scrap chopper 清角active plate 活动板baffle plate 挡块cover plate 盖板male die 公模female die 母模groove punch 压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套insert入块club car高尔夫球车capability 能力parameter 参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping 脱脂(degrease) main manifold 主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization 去磁;消磁high-speed transmission 高速传递heat dissipation 热传rack上料degrease 脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch 龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate洛酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision 版次part number/P/N 料号good products 良品scraped products扌艮放心品defective products 不良品finished products 成品disposed products 处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly 组装stamping 冲压molding 成型 spare parts二buffer 备品coordinate 坐标dismantle the die 折模auxiliary function 辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple 热电偶sand blasting 喷沙grit砂砾deducting machine 除锈机degate 打浇口dryer烘干机induction 感应induction light 感应光response=reaction=interaction 感应ram连杆edge finder 巡边器concave 凹convex 凸short射料不足nick 缺口speck瑕疵shine亮班splay银纹gas mark 焦痕delamination 起鳞cold slug 冷块blush导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line 证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain 细米立grit maker抽粒机cushion 缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium 镁金metal plate 饭金lathe 车mill 锂plane 创grind 磨drill 钻boring 镇blinster 气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form 通孔形式voller pin formality 滚针形式cam driver 测楔shank摸柄crank shaft 曲柄轴angle offset角度偏差velocity 速度production tempo牛•产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys 花键quenching 淬火tempering 回火annealing 退火carbonization 碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel 铸高速的moly high speed steel 钮高速的organic solvent 有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance 电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die 成型模progressive die 连续模gang dies复合模shearing die 剪边模riveting die 钏合模pierce 冲孑Lforming成型（抽凸，冲凸）draw hole 抽孑L bending 折弯trim切边emboss I"I点dome凸圆semi-shearing 半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin 压毛边punch riveting 冲压钏合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking 下料stamp letter 冲字（料号）shearing 剪断tick-mark nearside 正面压印lick-mark farside 反面压印extension dwg 展开图procedure dwg 工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material 材质material thickness 料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward 向下press specification 冲床规格die height range 适用模高die height 闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt•上模重量inner guiding post 内导柱inner hexagon screw 内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring 弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool 等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring 圆线弹簧outer guiding post 夕卜导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin 定位销outer bush外导套top plate上托板（顶板）top block 上犁!脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder 上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper 上脱料板male die公模（凸模）feature die 公母模female die母模（凹模）upper plate 上模板lower plate 下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block 卜垫脚bottomplate下托板（底板）stripping plate内外打（脱料板）outer stripper 外脱料板inner stripper 内脱料板lower stripper 下脱料板punch冲头insert入块（嵌入件）deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch 圆冲子special shape punch 异形冲子bending block 折刀roller滚轴baffle plate 挡块located block 定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate 气垫板air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆trimming punch 切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch 压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate 泄位板plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die 成型模progressive die 连续模gang dies复合模shearing die 剪边模riveting die 钏合模pierce冲孔forming成型（抽凸，冲凸）draw hole 抽孔bending 折弯trim 切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing 半剪stamp mark 冲记号deburr or coin 压毛边punch riveting 冲压钏合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking 下料shearing 剪断tick-mark nearside 正面压印tick-mark farside 反面压印extension dwg 展开图procedure dwg 工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material 材质material thickness 料片厚度factor系数upward 向上downward 向下press specification 冲床规格die height range 适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight 重量total wl.总重量punch wt•上模重量air vent vale 通气阀anchorpin 锚梢angular pin 角梢baffle调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢baffle plate折流档板ball button 球塞套ball plunger定位球塞ball slider球塞滑块binder plate 压板blank holder防皱压板blanking die落料冲头bolster 上下模板bottom board浇注底板bolster 垫板bottom plate下固定板bracket 托架bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳cavity模穴（模仁）cavity retainer plate 模穴托板center pin中心梢coil spring 螺旋弹cold punched nut 冷冲螺母cooling spiral螺旋冷却栓core心型core pin心型梢cotter 开口梢cross十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢diaphragm gate 盘形浇I Idie approach模头料道die bed型底die block块形模体die body铸模座die bush合模衬套die button冲模母模全球模具网die clamper 夹模器die fastener模具固定用零件die holder母模固定板die lip模唇die plate冲模板die set冲压模座direct gate ft接浇口dog chuck爪牙夹头dowel定位梢dowel hole导套孔dowel pin合模梢dozzle辅助浇口dowel pin定位梢draft拔模锥度draw bead张力调整杆drive bearing传动轴承ejection pad顶出衬垫ejector脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶11!垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt环首螺栓film gate薄膜形浇口finger pin指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘? flash gate毛边形浇口flask上箱floating punch浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib凹形拉紧goose neck鹅颈管guide bushing引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch顶冲头headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒impact damper 缓冲器injection ram圧射柱塞inlay busher嵌入衬套inn er plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert嵌件insert pin嵌件梢king pin转向梢king pin bush主梢衬套knockout bar 脱模杵land合模平坦面land area合模面leader busher导梢衬套lifting pin 起模顶?lining内衬locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢locating ring定彳立环lock block压块locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板loose bush活动衬套manifold block 歧管档块汽车英语。

Die design for stamping a notebook case with magnesium alloy sheetsContent SummaryIn the present study，the stamping processfor manufacturing anotebook top cover case with LZ91 magnesium–lithium alloy sheet at roomtemperature was examined using both the experimental approach and the finite element analysis. A four-operation stamping process was developed to eliminate both the fracture and wrinkle defects occurred in the stamping process of the top cover case. In order to validate the finite element analysis，an actua four-operation stamping process was conducted with the use of 0.6mm thick LZ91 sheetas the blank. A good agreement in the thickness distribution at various locations between the experimental data and the finite element results confirmed confirmed the accuracy and efficiency of the ementanalysis.The super or for mability of LZ91 sheet at room temperature was also demonstrated in the present study by successful manufacturing of the notebook topcover case. The proposed four operation process lend sit selftoan efficient approach to form the hinge in the notebook with less number of operational procedures than that required in the current practice. It also confirms that the notebook cover cases can be produced with LZ91 magnesium alloy sheet by the stamping process. It provides an alternative to the electronics industry in the application of magnesium alloys. Keywords: Notebook case；LZ91 magnesium–lithium alloy sheet；stamping；Multi-operation；Formability1. IntroductionDue to It slight weight and good performance in EMI resistance, magnesium alloy has been widely used for structural components in the electronics industry, such as cellular phones and notebook cases. Although the prevailing manufacturing process of magnesium alloy products has been die casting，the st- amping of magnesium all sheet has drawn interests from industry because of its competitive productivity and performance in the effective production of thin-walled structural components.As for stamping process，AZ31 magne siumalloy (aluminum 3%, zinc 1%) sheet has been commonly used for the for ming process at the present time,even though it needs to be formed at elevated temperature due to its hexagonal closed packed (HCP) crystal structureRecently,the magnesium–lithium(LZ)alloy has also been successfully deve- loped to improve the formability of magnesium alloy at room temperature. The ductility of magnesium alloy can be improved with the addition of lit hium that develops the formation of body centered-cubic (BCC) crystal structure (Takuda et al., 1999a,b; Drozd et al,2004).In the present study, the stamping process of a notebook top cover case with the use of LZ sheet was examined. The forming of the two hinges in the top cover of a notebook, as shown in Fig.1(a and b),is the most difficult operation in the stamping process due to the small distance between the flanges and the small corner radii at the flanges, as displayed in Fig. 1(c). This geometri complexity was caused by a dramatic change in the corner radius when the flange of get stooclo set the notebook,which would easily cause fracture defect around the flange of hinge and requirea multi-operation stamping process to overcome this problem.In the present study, the formability of LZ magnesium alloy sheets was invest- igated and an optimum multi-operation stamping process was developed to reduce the number of operation all proced using both the experiment approach and the finite element analysis.Fig.1–Flange of hinges at notebook top cover case.(a) Hinge, (b) top cover case and (c) flanges of hinge.2. Mechanical properties of magnesiumcontent of lithium increases. It is also observ from Fig. 2(a) that the curves of LZ91 sheet at room temperature and AZ31 sheet at 200,C are close to each other. LZ101 sheet at room temperature exhibit seven better ductility than LZ91 and AZ31 do at 200,C. Since the cost of lithium is very expensive, LZ91 sheet, instead of LZ101 sheet, can be considered as a suitable LZ magnesium alloy sheet to render favorable formability at room temperature. For this reason ,the present study adopted LZ91 sheet as the blank for the notebook top cover case and attempted to examine the formability of LZ91 at room temperature. In order to determine if the fracture would occur in the finite element analysis, the forming limit diagram for the 0.6mm thick LZ91 sheet was also established as shown in Fig. 2(b).alloy sheets The tensile test swereper formed for magnesium–lithiumalloy sheets of LZ61 (lithium 6%, zinc 1%), LZ91, and LZ101 at room temperature to compare their mechanical properties to those of AZ31 sheets at elevated temperatures. Fig. 2(a) shows the stress–strain relations of LZ sheets at room temperature and those of AZ31 sheets at both room temperature and 200?C. It is noted that the stress–strain curve tends to be lower.Fig. 2 – Mechanical properties of magnesium alloy.(a) The stress–strain relations of magnesium alloy; (b) forming limit diagram (FLD) of LZ91 sheet.3. The finite element modelThe tooling geometries were constructed by a CAD software, PRO/E, and were converted into the finite element mesh ,as shown in Fig. 3(a), using the software DELTAMESH. The tooling was treated as rigid bodies, and the four-node shell element was adopted to construct the mesh for blank. The material lproper ties and forming limitd iagram sobtained from the experiments were used in the finite element simulations. The other simulation parameters used in the initial run were: punch velocity of 5mm/s, blank-holder force of 3kN, and Coulomb friction coefficient of 0.1. The finite element software PAM STAMP was employed to perform the analysis, and the simulations were performed on a desktop PC.A finite element model was first constructed to examine the oneoperation forming process of the hinge. Due to symmetry, only one half of the top covercase was simulated, as showninFig.3(a).The simulation result, as show ninFig.3(b),indicates that fracture occurs at the corners of flanges, and the minimum thickness is less than 0.35mm. It implies that the fracture problem is very serious and may not be solved just by enlarging the corner radii at the flanges. The finite element simulation swere performed to study the parameters .That affect the occurrence off racture. Several approaches were proposed to avoid the fracture as well.Fig. 3 – The finite element simulations. (a) Finite element mesh and (b) fracture at the corners.4. Multi-operation stamping process designIn order to avoid the occurrence of fracture, a multi-operation stamping process is required. In the current industrial practice, itusually take satle ast tenoperational procedures to form the top cover case using the magnesium alloy sheet. In thepresent study, attempts were made to reduce the number of operational procedures. Several approaches were proposed to avoid the fracture, and the four-operation stamping process had demonstrated itself as a feasible solution to the fracture problem. To limit the length of this paper, only the two operation and the four-operation stamping processes were depicted in the following.4.1 Two-operation stamping processThe first operation in the two-operation stamp in process was side wall forming as shown in Fig.4(a),and the second one was the forming off lange ofhing epresented in Fig.4(b),the height of the flange of hinge being 5mm .Fig.4(c)shows the thickness distribution obtained from the finite element simulation. The minimum thickness of the deformed sheet was 0.41mm and the strains were all above the forming limit diagram. It means the fractured effect could be avoided. Inaddition, the height of the flange conformed to the target goal to be achieved. How- ever, this process produced a critical defect of wrinkling, as shown in Fig. 4(d), on the flange of hinge, which induces a problem in the subsequent trimming operation. Hence, even though the two-operation stamping process solved the fracture problem at the corner of the bottom and the flange of hinge, a better forming process is still expected to solve the wrinkling of flange of hinge.Fig. 4 – Two-operation stamping process.(a) Formation of sidewalls, (b) formation of hinges, (c) thickness distribution and (d) wrinkle.4.2. Four-operation stamping processThe four-operation forming process proposed in the present study starts with the forming of three side wall sand the flange of the hinge with a generous corner radius, as shown in Fig.5(a).Since the side wall close to the flange was open and the corner radius was larger than the desired ones, theflange was successfully formed without fracture. Such process success-fully avoided the difficulty of forming two geometric features simultaneously, but increased the material flow of the blank sheet. The next step was to trim the blank outside the side walls, and to calibrate the corner radius of 4mm to the desired value of 2.5mm. The hinge was thus formed, as shown in Fig. 5(b). The third step was to fold the open side, so that the sidewall could be completed around its periphery, as shown in Fig. 5(c). The effect of trimming the extra sheet outside the sidewalls in the second step on the third step was studied. When the extra sheet was not trimmed, the thickness at the corner was 0.381mm, as shown in Fig. 5(d). The thickness of Table Comparison of thickness measured ABCD Experiment 0.42mm 0.44mm 0.49mm 0.53mm Simulation 0.423mm 0.448mm 0.508mm 0.532mm Error 0.71% 1.79% 3.54% 0.38% the corner increased to 0.473mm, as shown in Fig. 5(e), if the trimming was implemented in the second step. The excessive material producedby the folding process in the third step was then trimmed off according to the parts design. The last step was the striking process that is applied to calibrate all the corner radii to the designed values. The minimum thickness at the corner of the final product was 0.42mm,and all the strains were above the forming limit diagram. It is to be noted that Fig. 5(a–c) only shows the formation of one hinge. The same design concept was then extended to the stamping process of the complete top cover case.5. Experimental validationIn order to validate the finiteel ement analysis,an actualfour operation stamping process was conducted with the use of 0.6mm thick LZ91 sheet as the blank. The blank dimension and the tooling geometries were designed according to the finite element simulation results. A sound product without fracture and wrinkle was then manufactured, as shown in Fig. 6(a). To further validate the finite element analysis quantitatively, the thickness at the corners around the hinge of the sound product, as shown in Fig. 6(b), were measured and compared with those obtained from the finite element simulations, as listed in Table 1. It is seen in Table 1 that the experimental data and the finiteelement results were consistent. The four-operation process design based on the finite element analysis was then confirmed by the experimental data.Fig. 6 – The sound product. (a) Without fracture and wrinkle and (b) locations of thickness measured.Concluding remarksThe press forming of magnesium alloy sheets was studied in the present study using the experimental approach and the finite element analysis. The formability of both AZ31 and LZ sheets was examined first. The research results in dicated th a the LZ91 sheet has favorable formability at room temperature, which is similar to that of AZ31 sheet at the forming temper- ature of 200C.The superior formability of LZ91 sheet at room tempera Ture was also demonstrated in the present study by successful manufacturing of the notebook top cover case. The proposed four-operation process lends itself to an efficient approach to form the hinge in the notebook with fewer operational procedures than that required in the current practice. It also confirms that the notebook cover cases can be produced with LZ91 magne siumalloy LZ91sheet by the stamping process. It provides an alternative to the electronics industry in the application of magnesium alloys. Acknowledg ments The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China for financially supporting this research under the Project No. NSC-95-2622-E-002-019-CC3, which made this research possible. They would also like to thank ESI, France for the help in running the PAM STAMP program.References[1] Chen. F.K.Huang.T.B.Chang. C.K.2003. Deep drawing of square cups with magnesium alloy AZ31sheets. Int. J. Mach. Tools[2] Manuf. 43.1553–1559.Drozd.Z..Trojanova′ .Z, Ku′ dela.S.2004. Deformation of behavior ofMg–Li–Al alloy. J. Mater. Compd. 378. 192–195.[3]Takuda.H.Yoshii.T. Hatta, N.1999a. Finite-element analysis of the formability of a based alloy AZ31sheet. J.[4] Mater. Process. Technol. 89/90. 135–140.Takuda.H. Kikuchi.S.[5]Tsukada.T.Kubota.K.Hatta.N.1999b.Effect of strain rate on deformation behavior of a Mg–8.5Li–1Zn alloy sheet at room temperature. Mater. Sci. Eng. 271, 251–256.笔记本上盖外壳的镁合金薄板冲压模具设计内容提要在本研究中，在室温下分别用实验方法和有限元分析对笔记本上盖的lz91镁合金薄板冲压工艺制造情况进行检查。

冲压模具-冲压名称类英汉对照plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量各式模具分类用语英汉对照landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具yoke type die 轭型模模具英语解释一、入水：gate进入位：gate location水口形式：gate type大水口：edge gate细水口：pin-point gate水口大小：gate size转水口：switching runner/gate唧嘴口径：sprue diameter二、流道: runner热流道：hot runner,hot manifold热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate圆形流道：round (full/half runner)流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis流道平衡:runner balance热嘴：hot sprue热流道板：hot manifold发热管：cartridge heater探针: thermocouples插头：connector plug插座：connector socket密封/封料：seal三、运水：water line喉塞：line lpug喉管：tube塑胶管：plastic tube快速接头：jiffy quick connector plug/socker 四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托司：shoulder guide bushing中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate托板：support plate螺丝：screw管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock斜顶：lifter模胚（架）：mold base上模：cavity insert下模：core insert行位（滑块）：slide镶件：insert压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate压条：plate撑头: support pillar唧嘴：sprue bushing挡板：stop plate定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch喉塞: pipe plug锁模块：lock plate斜顶：angle from pin斜顶杆：angle ejector rod尼龙拉勾：parting locks活动臂：lever arm复位键、提前回杆：early return bar气阀：valves斜导边：angle pin术语：terms承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance 模排气：parting line venting回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate. 不准用镶件：Do not use (core/cavity) insert用铍铜做镶件：use beryllium copper insert初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design反呵：reverse core弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length稳定性好：good stability,stable强度不够：insufficient rigidity均匀冷却：even cooling扣模：sticking热膨胀：thero expansion公差：tolorance铜公(电极）：copper electrode模具相关英语1padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder活页夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机钟work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板模具相关英语2 baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate坐标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave 凹convex凸short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疪shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill钻boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边模具相关英语3 emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post导柱inner hexagon screw六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板)stripping plate外打(脱料板)outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块模具工程常用词汇die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post导柱inner hexagon screw六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块塑件&模具相关英文compre sion molding压缩成型flash mold溢流式模具plsitive mold挤压式模具split mold分割式模具cavity型控母模core模心公模taper锥拔leather cloak仿皮革shiver饰纹flow mark流痕welding mark溶合痕post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值self tapping screw自攻螺丝striper plate脱料板piston活塞cylinder汽缸套chip细碎物handle mold手持式模具常用塑料英语缩略语英文简称英文全称中文全称ABA Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate 丙烯腈/丁二烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 丙烯腈/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物AES Acrylonitrile-ethylene-styrene 丙烯腈/乙烯/苯乙烯共聚物AMMA Acrylonitrile/methyl Methacrylate 丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物ARP Aromatic polyester 聚芳香酯AS Acrylonitrile-styrene resin 丙烯腈-苯乙烯树脂ASA Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate 丙烯腈/苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物CA Cellulose acetate 醋酸纤维塑料CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate 醋酸-丁酸纤维素塑料CAP Cellulose acetate propionate 醋酸-丙酸纤维素CE Cellulose plastics, general 通用纤维素塑料CF Cresol-formaldehyde 甲酚-甲醛树脂CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose 羧甲基纤维素CN Cellulose nitrate 硝酸纤维素CP Cellulose propionate 丙酸纤维素CPE Chlorinated polyethylene 氯化聚乙烯CPVC Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) 氯化聚氯乙烯CS Casein 酪蛋白CTA Cellulose triacetate 三醋酸纤维素EC Ethyl cellulose 乙烷纤维素EMA Ethylene/methacrylic acid 乙烯/甲基丙烯酸共聚物EP Epoxy, epoxide 环氧树脂EPD Ethylene-propylene-diene 乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物EPM Ethylene-propylene polymer 乙烯-丙烯共聚物EPS Expanded polystyrene 发泡聚苯乙烯ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene 乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物EVA Ethylene/vinyl acetate 乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVAL Ethylene-vinyl alcohol 乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物FEP Perfluoro(ethylene-propylene) 全氟（乙烯-丙烯）塑料FF Furan formaldehyde 呋喃甲醛HDPE High-density polyethylene plastics高密度聚乙烯塑料HIPS High impact polystyrene 高冲聚苯乙烯IPS Impact-resistant polystyrene 耐冲击聚苯乙烯LCP Liquid crystal polymer 液晶聚合物LDPE Low-density polyethylene plastics 低密度聚乙烯塑料LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene 线性低密聚乙烯LMDPE Linear medium-density polyethylene 线性中密聚乙烯MBS Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene 甲基丙烯酸-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物MDPE Medium-density polyethylene 中密聚乙烯MF Melamine-formaldehyde resin 密胺-甲醛树脂。

冲压模具词汇Counter bored hole 沉孔Chamfer 倒斜角Fillet 倒圆角padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder活页夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerization装箱quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet 物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机钟work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门Stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂（degrease）main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型 spare parts=buffer备品coordinate坐标dismantle the die折模auxiliary function辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾deducting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应edge finder巡边器concave 凹convex凸short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疪shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车plane刨grind磨drill钻boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴angle offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板)stripping plate内外打(脱料板)outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量air vent vale 通气阀anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢baffle 调节阻板baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳cavity 模穴(模仁)cavity retainer plate 模穴托板center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块coil spring 螺旋弹cold punched nut 冷冲螺母cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型cotter 开口梢cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道die bed 型底die block 块形模体die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套die button 冲模母模全球模具网die clamper 夹模器die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘?flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶冲头headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢衬套knockout bar 脱模杵land 合模平坦面land area 合模面leader busher 导梢衬套lifting pin 起模顶?lining 内衬locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢locating ring 定位环lock block 压块locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板loose bush 活动衬套making die 打印冲子manifold block 歧管档块汽车英语first gear 一档second gear 二档reverse 倒车档two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机diesel 柴油机limousine 豪华轿车drophead 活动车篷汽车(美作:convertible) racing car 赛车saloon 轿车(美作:sedan)wecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车notchback 客货两用车four-wheel drive 四轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动trailer 拖车truck 卡车compact car 小型汽车light-van 小型货车front wheel 前轮rear wheel 后轮tread 轮距chassis 底盘bodywork, body 车身rear window 后窗玻璃windscreen 挡风玻璃(美作:windshield)windscreen wiper 风档刮水器,风档雨雪刷(美作:windshield wiper) fender, wing, mudguard 挡泥板radiator grille 水箱wing mirror 后视镜bonnet 发动机盖(美作:hood)boot 行李箱(美作:trunk)roof rack, luggage rack 行李架license plate, number plate 车号牌wing 前翼子板hubcap 轮毂罩bumper 保险杠front blinker 前信号灯taillight, tail lamp 尾灯backup light, reversing light 倒车灯stoplight, stop lamp 刹车灯rear blinker 转弯指示灯trunk, boot 行李箱bumper 保险杠tailpipe 排气管back seat, rear seat 后座driver's seat, driving seat 驾驶席passenger seat 旅客席steering wheel, wheel 方向盘rear-view mirror, driving mirror 后视镜horn, hooter 喇叭choke 熄火装置gear stick, gear change 变速杆(美作:gearshift) gearbox 变速箱starter, self-starter 起动器,起动钮brake pedal 刹车踏板clutch pedal 离合器踏板hand brake 手制动器foot brake 脚制动器dashboard 仪表板milometer 里程表speedometer, clock 速度表transmission 传动piston 活塞radiator 散热器fan belt 风扇皮带shaft 传动轴inner tube 内胎drain tap 排气阀门silencer 消音器(美作:muffler)tank 油箱overflow 溢流孔valve 阀门exhaust pipe 排气管spare wheel 备胎,备用轮胎carburettor 汽化器(美化:carburetor) electrical system, wiring 电气系统lights 灯光headlight 大灯,头灯dipped headlight 近光灯rear lights 尾灯sidelights, parking lights 位置灯,边灯direction indicator 方向标,转向标indicator, blinker 方向指示灯sparking plug 火花塞(美作:spark plug) (spare) battery (备用)蓄电池to accelerate 加速to brake 制动,刹车to engage the clutch 接上离合器to declutch 分开离合器to stall 发动机停转to change gear 变速to decelerate 减速top speed 最高速度speed limit 速度限制to park 停车to switch off the motor 熄火模具工程常用词汇模具钢材alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢 bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel钼钢 nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 硅钢板stainless steel 不锈钢tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板tough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁tungsten steel 钨钢vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑料覆面钢板四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate托板：support plate螺丝： screw管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller 扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock斜顶：lifter模胚（架）： mold base上内模：cavity insert下内模：core insert行位（滑块）： slide镶件：insert压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate压条：plate撑头: support pillar唧嘴： sprue bushing挡板：stop plate定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch喉塞: pipe plug锁模块：lock plate斜顶：angle from pin斜顶杆：angle ejector rod尼龙拉勾：parting locks活动臂：lever arm气阀：valves斜导边：angle pin术语：terms承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance模排气：parting line venting回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate. 不准用镶件：Do not use (core/cavity) insert用铍铜做镶件：use beryllium copper insert初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design反呵：reverse core弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length稳定性好：good stability,stable强度不够：insufficient rigidity均匀冷却：even cooling扣模：sticking热膨胀：thero expansion公差：tolorance铜公(电极）：copper electrode模具工程常用词汇die 模具die shoe 模瓦figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spring 弹簧bolt螺栓plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点incoming material to be inspected进货待验PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号item/group/class类别prepared by制year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表 physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单 spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疵shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft 曲柄augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant 冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang diesemboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙punch wt.上模重量。

序言在目前剧烈旳市场竞争中，产品投入市场旳迟早往往是成败旳关键。

模具是高质量、高效率旳产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期旳重要部分。

因此客户对模具开发周期规定越来越短，不少客户把模具旳交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。

因此，怎样在保证质量、控制成本旳前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑旳问题。

模具加工工艺是一项先进旳制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛旳应用。

模具加工技术，可以提高制造业旳综合效益和竞争力。

研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要旳高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要旳意义。

本文旳重要目旳就是构建一种冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身旳实际状况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不仅可以节省大量旳人力、物力、财力，并且可以指导高速加工生产实践，到达提高加工效率，减少刀具费用，获得更高旳经济效益。

1.冲压旳概念、特点及应用冲压是运用安装在冲压设备（重要是压力机）上旳模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）旳一种压力加工措施。

冲压一般是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且重要采用板料来加工成所需零件，因此也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。

冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工旳重要措施之一，从属于材料成型工程术。

冲压所使用旳模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。

冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件旳专用工具。

冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合规定旳冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进旳冲模，先进旳冲压工艺就无法实现。

冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工旳三要素，只有它们互相结合才能得出冲压件。

与机械加工及塑性加工旳其他措施相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特旳长处，重要体现如下；(1) 冲压加工旳生产效率高，且操作以便，易于实现机械化与自动化。