注塑成型模具设计工具毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

外文翻译及原文(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)【原文一】CONCURRENT DESIGN OF PLASTICS INJECTION MOULDS AbstractThe plastic product manufacturing industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most popular processes for making plastic parts is injection moulding. The design of injection mould is critically important to product quality and efficient product processing.Mould-making companies, who wish to maintain the competitive edge, desire to shorten both design and manufacturing leading times of the by applying a systematic mould design process. The mould industry is an important support industry during the product development process, serving as an important link between the product designer and manufacturer. Product development has changed from the traditional serial process of design, followed by manufacture, to a more organized concurrent process where design and manufacture are considered at a very early stage of design. The concept of concurrent engineering (CE) is no longer new and yet it is still applicable and relevant in today’s manuf acturing environment. Team working spirit, management involvement, total design process and integration of IT tools are still the essence of CE. The application of The CE process to the design of an injection process involves the simultaneous consideration of plastic part design, mould design and injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling and cost as early as possible in the design stage.This paper presents the basic structure of an injection mould design. The basis of this system arises from an analysis of the injection mould design process for mould design companies. This injection mould design system covers both the mould design process and mould knowledge management. Finally the principle of concurrent engineering process is outlined and then its principle is applied to the design of a plastic injection mould.Keywords :Plastic injection mould design, Concurrent engineering, Computer aided engineering, Moulding conditions, Plastic injection moulding, Flow simulation1.IntroductionInjection moulds are always expensive to make, unfortunately without a mould it can not be possible ho have a moulded product. Every mould maker has his/her own approach to design a mould and there are many different ways of designing and building a mould. Surely one of the most critical parameters to be considered in the design stage of the mould is the number of cavities, methods of injection, types of runners, methods of gating, methods of ejection, capacity and features of the injection moulding machines. Mould cost, mould quality and cost of mould product are inseparableIn today’s completive environment, computer aided mould filling simulation packages can accurately predict the fill patterns of any part. This allows for quick simulations of gate placements and helps finding the optimal location. Engineers can perform moulding trials on the computer before the part design is completed. Process engineers can systematically predict a design and process window, and can obtain information about the cumulative effect of the process variables that influence part performance, cost, and appearance.2.Injection MouldingInjection moulding is one of the most effective ways to bring out the best in plastics. It is universally used to make complex, finished parts, often in a single step, economically, precisely and with little waste. Mass production of plastic parts mostly utilizes moulds. The manufacturing process and involving moulds must be designed after passing through the appearance evaluation and the structure optimization of the product design. Designers face a hugenumber of options when they create injection-moulded components. Concurrent engineering requires an engineer to consider the manufacturing process of the designed product in the development phase. A good design of the product is unable to go to the market if its manufacturing process is impossible or too expensive. Integration of process simulation, rapid prototyping and manufacturing can reduce the risk associated with moving from CAD to CAM and further enhance the validity of the product development.3. Importance of Computer Aided Injection Mould DesignThe injection moulding design task can be highly complex. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis tools provide enormous advantages of enabling design engineers to consider virtually and part, mould and injection parameters without the real use of any manufacturing and time. The possibility of trying alternative designs or concepts on the computer screen gives the engineers the opportunity to eliminate potential problems before beginning the real production. Moreover, in virtual environment, designers can quickly and easily asses the sensitivity of specific moulding parameters on the quality and manufacturability of the final product. All theseCAE tools enable all these analysis to be completed in a meter of days or even hours, rather than weeks or months needed for the real experimental trial and error cycles. As CAE is used in the early design of part, mould and moulding parameters, the cost savings are substantial not only because of best functioning part and time savings but also the shortens the time needed to launch the product to the market.The need to meet set tolerances of plastic part ties in to all aspects of the moulding process, including part size and shape, resin chemical structure, the fillers used, mould cavity layout, gating, mould cooling and the release mechanisms used. Given this complexity, designers often use computer design tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and mould filling analysis (MFA), to reduce development time and cost. FEA determines strain, stress and deflection in a part by dividing the structure into small elements where these parameters can be well defined. MFA evaluates gate position and size to optimize resin flow. It also defines placement of weld lines, areas of excessive stress, and how wall and rib thickness affect flow. Other finite element design tools include mould cooling analysis for temperature distribution, and cycle time and shrinkage analysis for dimensional control and prediction of frozen stress and warpage.The CAE analysis of compression moulded parts is shown in Figure 1. The analysis cycle starts with the creation of a CAD model and a finite element mesh of the mould cavity. After the injection conditions are specified, mould filling, fiber orientation, curing and thermal history, shrinkage and warpage can be simulated. The material properties calculated by the simulation can be used to model the structural behaviour of the part. If required, part design, gate location and processing conditions can be modified in the computer until an acceptable part is obtained. After the analysis is finished an optimized part can be produced with reduced weldline (known also knitline), optimized strength, controlled temperatures and curing, minimized shrinkage and warpage.Machining of the moulds was formerly done manually, with a toolmaker checking each cut. This process became more automated with the growth and widespread use of computer numerically controlled or CNC machining centres. Setup time has also been significantly reduced through the use of special software capable of generating cutter paths directly from a CAD data file. Spindle speeds as high as 100,000 rpm provide further advances in high speed machining. Cutting materials have demonstrated phenomenal performance without the use of any cutting/coolant fluid whatsoever. As a result, the process of machining complex cores and cavities has been accelerated. It is good news that the time it takes to generate a mould is constantly being reduced. The bad news, on the other hand, is that even with all these advances, designing and manufacturing of the mould can still take a long time and can be extremely expensive.Figure 1 CAE analysis of injection moulded partsMany company executives now realize how vital it is to deploy new products to market rapidly. New products are the key to corporate prosperity. They drive corporate revenues, market shares, bottom lines and share prices. A company able to launch good quality products with reasonable prices ahead of their competition not only realizes 100% of the market before rival products arrive but also tends to maintain a dominant position for a few years even after competitive products have finally been announced (Smith, 1991). For most products, these two advantages are dramatic. Rapid product development is now a key aspect of competitive success. Figure 2 shows that only 3–7% of the product mix from the average industrial or electronics company is less than 5 years old. For companies in the top quartile, the number increases to 15–25%. For world-class firms, it is 60–80% (Thompson, 1996). The best companies continuously develop new products. AtHewlett-Packard, over 80% of the profits result from products less than 2 years old! (Neel, 1997)Figure 2. Importance of new product (Jacobs, 2000)With the advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence, efforts have been directed to reduce the cost and lead time in the design and manufacture of an injection mould. Injection mould design has been the main area of interest since it is a complex process involving several sub-designs related to various components of the mould, each requiring expert knowledge and experience. Lee et. al. (1997) proposed a systematic methodology and knowledge base for injection mould design in a concurrent engineering environment.4.Concurrent Engineering in Mould DesignConcurrent Engineering (CE) is a systematic approach to integrated product development process. It represents team values of co-operation, trust and sharing in such a manner that decision making is by consensus, involving all per spectives in parallel, from the very beginning of the productlife-cycle (Evans, 1998). Essentially, CE provides a collaborative, co-operative, collective and simultaneous engineering working environment. A concurrent engineering approach is based on five key elements:1. process2. multidisciplinary team3. integrated design model4. facility5. software infrastructureFigure 3 Methodologies in plastic injection mould design, a) Serial engineering b) Concurrent engineeringIn the plastics and mould industry, CE is very important due to the high cost tooling and long lead times. Typically, CE is utilized by manufacturing prototype tooling early in the design phase to analyze and adjust the design. Production tooling is manufactured as the final step. The manufacturing process and involving moulds must be designed after passing through the appearance evaluation and the structure optimization of the product design. CE requires an engineer to consider the manufacturing process of the designed product in the development phase.A good design of the product is unable to go to the market if its manufacturing process is impossible. Integration of process simulation and rapid prototyping and manufacturing can reduce the risk associated with moving from CAD to CAM and further enhance the validity of the product development.For years, designers have been restricted in what they can produce as they generally have todesign for manufacture (DFM) – that is, adjust their design intent to enable the component (or assembly) to be manufactured using a particular process or processes. In addition, if a mould is used to produce an item, there are therefore automatically inherent restrictions to the design imposed at the very beginning. Taking injection moulding as an example, in order to process a component successfully, at a minimum, the following design elements need to be taken into account:1. . geometry;. draft angles,. Non re-entrants shapes,. near constant wall thickness,. complexity,. split line location, and. surface finish,2. material choice;3. rationalisation of components (reducing assemblies);4. cost.In injection moulding, the manufacture of the mould to produce the injection-moulded components is usually the longest part of the product development process. When utilising rapid modelling, the CAD takes the longer time and therefore becomes the bottleneck.The process design and injection moulding of plastics involves rather complicated and time consuming activities including part design, mould design, injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling, tooling and cost estimation. Traditionally all these activities are done by part designers and mould making personnel in a sequential manner after completing injection moulded plastic part design. Obviously these sequential stages could lead to long product development time. However with the implementation of concurrent engineering process in the all parameters effecting product design, mould design, machine selection, production scheduling,tooling and processing cost are considered as early as possible in the design of the plastic part. When used effectively, CAE methods provide enormous cost and time savings for the part design and manufacturing. These tools allow engineers to virtually test how the part will be processed and how it performs during its normal operating life. The material supplier, designer, moulder and manufacturer should apply these tools concurrently early in the design stage of the plastic parts in order to exploit the cost benefit of CAE. CAE makes it possible to replace traditional, sequential decision-making procedures with a concurrent design process, in which all parties can interact and share information, Figure 3. For plastic injection moulding, CAE and related design data provide an integrated environment that facilitates concurrent engineering for the design and manufacture of the part and mould, as well as material selection and simulation of optimal process control parameters.Qualitative expense comparison associated with the part design changes is shown in Figure 4 , showing the fact that when design changes are done at an early stages on the computer screen, the cost associated with is an order of 10.000 times lower than that if the part is in production. These modifications in plastic parts could arise fr om mould modifications, such as gate location, thickness changes, production delays, quality costs, machine setup times, or design change in plastic parts.Figure 4 Cost of design changes during part product development cycle (Rios et.al, 2001)At the early design stage, part designers and moulders have to finalise part design based on their experiences with similar parts. However as the parts become more complex, it gets rather difficult to predict processing and part performance without the use of CAE tools. Thus for even relatively complex parts, the use of CAE tools to prevent the late and expensive design changesand problems that can arise during and after injection. For the successful implementation of concurrent engineering, there must be buy-in from everyone involved.5.Case StudyFigure 5 shows the initial CAD design of plastics part used for the sprinkler irrigation hydrant leg. One of the essential features of the part is that the part has to remain flat after injection; any warping during the injection causes operating problems.Another important feature the plastic part has to have is a high bending stiffness. A number of feeders in different orientation were added to the part as shown in Figure 5b. These feeders should be designed in a way that it has to contribute the weight of the part as minimum aspossible.Before the design of the mould, the flow analysis of the plastic part was carried out with Moldflow software to enable the selection of the best gate location Figure 6a. The figure indicates that the best point for the gate location is the middle feeder at the centre of the part. As the distortion and warpage of the part after injection was vital from the functionality point of view and it has to be kept at a minimum level, the same software was also utilised to yiled the warpage analysis. Figure 5 b shows the results implying the fact that the warpage well after injection remains within the predefined dimensional tolerances.6. ConclusionsIn the plastic injection moulding, the CAD model of the plastic part obtained from commercial 3D programs could be used for the part performance and injection process analyses. With the aid ofCEA technology and the use of concurrent engineering methodology, not only the injection mould can be designed and manufactured in a very short of period of time with a minimised cost but also all potential problems which may arise from part design, mould design and processing parameters could be eliminated at the very beginning of the mould design. These two tools help part designers and mould makers to develop a good product with a better delivery and faster tooling with less time and money.References1. Smith P, Reinertsen D, The time-to-market race, In: Developing Products in Half the Time. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 3–13, 19912.Thompson J, The total product development organization. Proceedings of the SecondAsia–Pacific Rapid Product Development Conference, Brisbane, 19963.Neel R, Don’t stop after the prototype, Seventh International Conference on Rapid Prototyping, San Francisco, 19974.Jacobs PF, “Chapter 3: Rapid Product Development” in Rapid Tooling: Technologies and Industrial Applications , Ed. Peter D. Hilton; Paul F. Jacobs, Marcel Decker, 20005.Lee R-S, Chen, Y-M, and Lee, C-Z, “Development of a concurrent mould design system: a knowledge based approach”, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 10(4), 287-307, 19976.Evans B., “Simultaneous Engineering”, Mechanical Engi neering , V ol.110, No.2, pp.38-39, 19987.Rios A, Gramann, PJ and Davis B, “Computer Aided Engineering in Compression Molding”, Composites Fabricators Association Annual Conference , Tampa Bay, 2001【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

附录 1：外文翻译介绍如今塑料在日常生活中占据着极其重要的地位。

如果我们说，没有哪个领域的塑料没有不经过制造中直接到宇宙飞船的生产中，这一点也不夸张。

在19 世纪中叶，塑料开始在材料和生活中起主导作用。

耐腐蚀性是塑料甚至成为金属和提高制造生产率方面受到了很高的关注。

从塑料的紧缺，因此在塑料产品设计等各个方面发生巨大的变革,在制造加工领域还在测试阶段,现在,由于很多人最后通过体力劳动取得了卓越的成效,另外人工智能的帮助下,开发出了CAD / CAM 软件。

由于高强度的重量比，提高了化学稳定性和耐温性，具有耐热和耐腐蚀的特性，光泽性使其成为材料更好的选择。

塑料在形成过程中消耗的能量更少，并且可以被循环利用。

今天，塑料正在取代黄铜、铜、铸铁、钢铁等金属。

塑料可以根据制造方法分类，在加热时软化，在冷却时凝固。

这些被称为“热塑性塑料”，以及那些由于化学变化而变硬的物质。

这些被称为热固性或混合型塑料材料成为产品选择特殊材料是另一个重要因素。

这对于产品的确定是非常必要的。

它也应该能够承受压力。

每种材料都有自己的属性。

一些材料在高环境和耐磨性方面比较好。

困难的是找到一种合适材料，它将完全满足整个要求。

所以材料应该是通用的，它适合我们产品的所有考虑条件和要求。

在考虑了所有这些点的材料之后，必须选择合适的材料来满足所有这些条件。

注塑成型过程它是一种通过将熔融状态的物质注入模具来生产零件的生产工艺。

注射成型被用在很多领域进行生产，包括金属、眼镜、弹性体、糖果以及最常见的热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。

将材料的一部分送入一个加热的桶，混合，并用高压压入一个模腔，它是可以冷却和硬化地方。

在产品设计后，通常由工业设计师或工程师设计模具，模具由模具制造商(或工具制造商)制造，通常由金属或铝制成，并经过精密加工以形成所需的特性。

注塑成型广泛应用于制造各种零件，从最小的零件到汽车的整个车身。

零件的形状和特点、模具的所需材料，以及造型机的性能都必须考虑在内。

塑料注射成型外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译外文翻译原文：Injection MoldingMany different processes are used to transform plastic granules, powders, and liquids into product. The plastic material is in moldable form, and is adaptable to various forming methods. In most cases thermosetting materials require other methods of forming. This is recognized by the fact that thermoplastics are usually heated to a soft state and then reshaped before cooling. Theromosets, on the other hand have not yet been polymerized before processing, and the chemical reaction takes place during the process, usually through heat, a catalyst, or pressure. It is important to remember this concept while studying the plastics manufacturing processes and polymers used.Injection molding is by far the most widely used process of forming thermoplastic materials. It is also one of the oldest. Currently injection molding accounts for 30% of all plastics resin consumption. Since raw material can be converted by a single procedure, injection molding is suitable for mass production of plastics articles and automated one-step production of complex geometries. In most cases, finishing is not necessary. Typical products include toys, automotive parts, household articles, and consumer electronics goods.Since injection molding has a number of interdependent variables, it is a process of considerable complexity. The success of the injection molding operation is dependent not only in the proper setup of the machine hydraulics, barrel temperaturevariations, and changes in material viscosity. Increasing shot-to-shot repeatability of machine variables helps produce parts with tighter tolerance, lowers the level of rejects, and increases product quality (i.e., appearance and serviceability).The principal objective of any molding operation is the manufacture of products: to a specific quality level, in the shortest time, and using repeatable and fully automaticcycle. Molders strive to reduce or eliminate rejected parts in molding production. For injection molding of high precision optical parts, or parts with a high added value such as appliance cases, the payoff of reduced rejects is high.A typical injection molding cycle or sequence consists of five phases;1. Injection or mold filling2. Packing or compression3. Holding4. Cooling5. Part ejectionPlastic granules are fed into the hopper and through an in the injection cylinder where they are carried forward by the rotating screw. The rotation of the screw forces the granules under high pressure against the heated walls of the cylinder causing them to melt. As the pressure building up, the rotating screw is forced backward until enough plastic has accumulated to make the shot. The injection ram (or screw) forces molten plastic from the barrel, through the nozzle, sprue and runner system, and finally into the mold cavities. During injection, the mold cavity is filled volumetrically. When the plastic contacts the cold mold surfaces, it solidifies (freezes) rapidly to produce theskin layer. Since the core remains in the molten state, plastic follows through the core to complete mold filling. Typically, the cavity is filled to 95%~98% during injection. Then the molding process is switched over to the packing phase.Even as the cavity is filled, the molten plastic begins to cool. Since the cooling plastic contracts or shrinks, it gives rise to defects such as sink marks, voids, and dimensional instabilities. To compensate for shrinkage, addition plastic is forced into the cavity. Once the cavity is packed, pressure applied to the melt prevents molten plastic inside the cavity from back flowing out through the gate. The pressure must be applied until the gate solidifies. The process can be divided into two steps (packing and holding) or may be encompassed in one step(holding or second stage). During packing, melt forced into the cavity by the packing pressure compensates for shrinkage. With holding, the pressure merely prevents back flow of the polymer malt.After the holding stage is completed, the cooling phase starts. During, the part is held in the mold for specified period. The duration of the cooling phase depends primarily on the material properties and the part thickness. Typically, the part temperature must cool below the material’s ejection temperature. While cooling the part, the machine plasticates melt for the next cycle.The polymer is subjected to shearing action as well as the condition of the energy from the heater bands. Once the short is made, plastication ceases. This should occur immediately before the end of the cooling phase. Then the mold opens and the part is ejected.When polymers are fabricated into useful articles they are referred to as plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Some polymers, forexample, cotton and wool, occur naturally, but the great majority of commercial products are synthetic in origin. A list of the names of the better known materials would include Bakelite, Dacron, Nylon, Celanese, Orlon, and Styron.Previous to 1930 the use of synthetic polymers was not widespread. However, they should not be classified as new materials for many of them were known in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The failure to develop them during this period was due, in part, to a lack of understanding of their properties, in particular, the problem of the structure of polymers was the subject of much fruitless controversy.Two events of the twentieth century catapulted polymers into a position of worldwide importance. The first of these was the successful commercial production of the plastic now known as Bakelite. Its industrial usefulness was demonstrated in1912 and in the next succeeding years. T oday Bakelite is high on the list of important synthetic products. Before 1912 materials made from cellulose were available, but their manufacture never provided the incentive for new work in the polymer field such as occurred after the advent of Bakelite. The second event was concerned with fundamental studies of the nature polymers by Staudinger in Europe and by Carohers, who worked with the Du Pont company in Delaware. A greater part of the studies were made during the 1920’s. Staudinger’s work was primarily fundamental. Carother’s achievements led t o the development of our present huge plastics industry by causing an awakening of interest in polymer chemistry, an interest which is still strongly apparent today.The Nature of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is one of the most important areas ofengineering science used to explain how most things work, why some things do not the way that they were intended, and why others things just cannot possibly work at all. It is a key part of the science engineers use to design automotive engines, heat pumps, rocket motors, power stations, gas turbines, air conditioners, super-conducting transmission lines, solar heating systems, etc.Thermodynamics centers about the notions of energy, the idea that energy is conserved is the first low of thermodynamics. It is starting point for the science of thermodynamics is entropy; entropy provides a means for determining if a process is possible.This idea is the basis for the second low of thermodynamics. It also provides the basis for an engineering analysis in which one calculates the maximum amount of useful that can be obtained from a given energy source, or the minimum amount of power input required to do a certain task.A clear understanding of the ideas of entropy is essential for one who needs to use thermodynamics in engineering analysis. Scientists are interested in using thermodynamics to predict and relate the properties of matter; engineers are interested in using this data, together with the basic ideas of energy conservation and entropy production, to analyze the behavior of complex technological systems.There is an example of the sort of system of interest to engineers, a large central power stations. In this particular plant the energy source is petroleum in one of several forms, or sometimes natural gas, and the plant is to convert as much of this energy as possible to electric energy and to send this energy down the transmission line.Simply expressed, the plant does this by boiling water andusing the steam to turn a turbine which turns an electric generator.The simplest such power plants are able to convert only about 25 percent of the fuel energy to electric energy. But this particular plant converts approximately 40 percent;it has been ingeniously designed through careful application of the basic principles of thermodynamics to the hundreds of components in the system.The design engineers who made these calculations used data on the properties of steam developed by physical chemists who in turn used experimental measurements in concert with thermodynamics theory to develop the property data.Plants presently being studied could convert as much as 55 percent of the fuel energy to electric energy, if they indeed perform as predicted by thermodynamics analysis.The rule that the spontaneous flow of heat is always from hotter to cooler objects is a new physical idea. There is noting in the energy conservation principle or in any other law of nature that specifies for us the direction of heat flow. If energy were to flow spontaneously from a block of ice to a surrounding volume of water, this could occur in complete accord with energy conservation. But such a process never happens. This idea is the substance of the second law of thermodynamics.Clear, a refrigerator, which is a physical system used in kitchen refrigerators, freezers, and air-conditioning units must obey not only the first law (energy conservation) but the second law as well.To see why the second law is not violated by a refrigerator, we must be careful in our statement of law. The second law of thermodynamics says, in effect, that heat never flowsspontaneously from a cooler to a hotter object.Or, alternatively, heat can flow from a cooler to a hotter object only as a result of work done by an external agency. We now see the distinction between an everyday spontaneous process, such as the flow of heat from the inside to the outside of a refrigerator.In the water-ice system, the exchange of energy takes place spontaneously and the flow of heat always proceeds from the water to the ice. The water gives up energy and becomes cooler while the ice receives energy and melts.In a refrigerator, on the other hand, the exchange of energy is not spontaneous. Work provided by an external agency is necessary to reverse the natural flow of heat and cool the interior at the expense of further heating the warmer surroundings.译文：塑料注射成型许多不同的加工过程习惯于把塑料颗粒、粉末和液体转化成最终产品。

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献一个描述电铸镍壳在注塑模具的应用的技术研究摘要：在过去几年中快速成型技术及快速模具已被广泛开发利用. 在本文中,使用电芯作为核心程序对塑料注射模具分析. 通过差分系统快速成型制造外壳模型. 主要目的是分析电铸镍壳力学特征、研究相关金相组织,硬度,内部压力等不同方面，由这些特征参数以生产电铸设备的外壳. 最后一个核心是检验注塑模具.关键词：电镀；电铸；微观结构；镍1. 引言现代工业遇到很大的挑战，其中最重要的是怎么样提供更好的产品给消费者,更多种类和更新换代问题. 因此,现代工业必定产生更多的竞争性. 毫无疑问,结合时间变量和质量变量并不容易,因为他们经常彼此互为条件; 先进的生产系统将允许该组合以更加有效可行的方式进行，例如,如果是观测注塑系统的转变、我们得出的结论是,事实上一个新产品在市场上具有较好的质量它需要越来越少的时间快速模具制造技术是在这一领域, 中可以改善设计和制造注入部分的技术进步. 快速模具制造技术基本上是一个中小型系列的收集程序，在很短的时间内在可接受的精度水平基础上让我们获得模具的塑料部件。

其应用不仅在更加广阔而且生产也不断增多。

本文包括了很广泛的研究路线,在这些研究路线中我们可以尝试去学习，定义，分析，测试，提出在工业水平方面的可行性，从核心的注塑模具制造获取电铸镍壳，同时作为一个初始模型的原型在一个FDM设备上的快速成型。

不得不说的是,先进的电铸技术应用在无数的行业，但这一研究工作调查到什么程度,并根据这些参数,使用这种技术生产快速模具在技术上是可行的. 都产生一个准确的，系统化使用的方法以及建议的工作方法.2 制造过程的注塑模具薄镍外壳的核心是电铸,获得一个充满epoxic金属树脂的一体化的核心板块模具(图1)允许直接制造注射型多用标本，因为它们确定了新英格兰大学英文国际表卓华组织3167标准。

这样做的目的是确定力学性能的材料收集代表行业。

该阶段取得的核心[4]，根据这一方法研究了这项工作,有如下:a,用CAD系统设计的理想对象b模型制造的快速成型设备(频分多路系统). 所用材料将是一个ABS塑料c一个制造的电铸镍壳，已事先涂有导电涂料(必须有导电).d无外壳模型e核心的生产是背面外壳环氧树脂的抗高温与具有制冷的铜管管道.有两个腔的注塑模具、其中一个是电核心和其他直接加工的移动版. 因此,在同一工艺条件下，同时注入两个标准技术制造，获得相同的工作。

外文翻译：Injection moulding for Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapidly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting moldproportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic,plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies [2-4]. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposit’s exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame [5]. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 [6]) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about100︒C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thickheat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700︒C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010︒C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538︒C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 μm to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes’ principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The code's basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibriumsolidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions.Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 μm by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 μm and 139 μm, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)½ , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1.Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool stepsprays.Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), inside the nozzle and free jetregions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (〜150 μm) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming [7]. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (〜30 μm) and large (〜150 μm) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 μm Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 μm Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about ±0.2%.Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions.(a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear[8]. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated(austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010︒C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650︒C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened becauseafter electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and formcoarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix [9-11]. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging ofspray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation.注塑模具之模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

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模具外文翻译外文文献英文文献注塑模The Injection Molding1、The injection moldingInjection molding is principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts,although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials.The problem of injection a method plastic into a mold cavity from a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastic which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes.The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.After a brief cooling period,the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected.Injection-molding machine operation.The advantage of injection molding are：（ⅰ）a high molding speed adapter for mass production is possible；（ⅱ）there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of useful properties；（ⅲ）it is possible to mold threads,undercuts,side holes,and large thin section.2、The injection-molding machineSeveral methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold.The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw,as shown in Figure 2-1.The screw acts as a combination injection and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown：feed,compression,and metering.After the feed zone,the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,force theplastic to compress.The work is converted to heat by conduction from the barrel surface.As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled,it forces the screw back,tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve presents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flight.The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons.A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job.It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area.If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.Many reciprocating-screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375°C～410°C.T hermosetting parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order or remove them without distortion. Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.3、Basic Underfeed MouldA simple mould of this type is shown in Figure3-1,and the description of the design and the opening sequence follows.The mould consists of three basic parts,namely：the moving half,the floating cavity plate and the feed plate respectively.The moving half consists of The moving mould plate assembly,support block,backing plate,ejector assembly and the pin ejection system.Thus the moving half in this design is identical with the moving half of basic moulds.The floating cavity plate,which may be of the integer or insert-bolster design,is located on substantial guide pillars（not shown）fitted in the feed plate.These guide pillars must be of sufficient length to support the floating cavity plate over its full movement and still project to perform the function of alignment between the cavity and core when the mould is being closed.Guide bushes are fitted into the moving mould plate and the floating cavity plate respectively.The maximum movement of the floating cavity plate is controlled by stop or similar device.The moving mould plate is suitably bored to provide a clearance for the stop bolt assembly.The stop bolts must be long enough to provide sufficient space between the feed plate and the floating cavity plate for easy removal of the feed system.The minimum space provide for should be 65mm just sufficient for an operator to remove the feed system by hand if necessary.The desire operating sequence is for the first daylight to occur between the floating cavity plate.This ensures the sprue is pulled from the sprue bush immediately the mouldis opened.T o achieve this sequence,springs may be incorporated between the feed plate and the floating cavity plate.The springs should be strong enough to give an initial impetus to the floating cavity plate to ensure it moves away with the moving half.It is normal practice to mount the springs on the guide pillars（Figure3-2）and accommodate them in suitable pocket in the cavity plate.The major part of the feed system（runner and sprue）is accommodated in the feed plate to facilitate automatic operation,the runner should be of a trapezoidal form so that once it is pulled from the feed plate is can easily beextracted.Note that if a round runner is used,half the runner is formed in the floating cavity plate,where it would remain,and be prevented from falling or being wiped clear when the mould is opened.Now that we have considered the mould assembly in the some detail,we look at the cycle of operation for this type of mould.The impressions are filled via the feed system（Figure3-1（a））and after a suitable dwell period,the machine platens commence to open.A force is immediately exerted by the compression springs,which cause the floating cavity plate to move away with the moving half as previously discussed.The sprue is pulled from the sprue bush by the sprue puller.After the floating cavity plate has moved a predetermined distance,it is arrested by the stop bolts.The moving half continues to move back and the moldings,having shrunk on to the cores,are withdrawn from the cavities.The pin gate breaks at its junction with the runner（Figure3-1（b））.The sprue puller,being attached to the moving half,is pulled through the floating cavity plate and thereby release the feed system which is then free to fall between the floating cavity plate and the feed plate.The moving half continues to move back until the ejector system is operated and the moldings are ejected （Figure3-1（c））.When the mould is closed,the respective plates are returned to their molding position and the cycle is repeated.4、Feed SystemIt is necessary to provide a flow-way in the injection mould to connect the nozzle（of the injection machine）to each impression.This flow-way is termed the feed system.Normally thefeed system comprises a sprue,runner and gate.These terms applyequally to the flow-way itself,and to the molded material which is remove from the flow-way itself in the process of extracted the molding.A typical feed system for a four-impression,two plate-type mould is shown in Figure4-1.It is seen that the material passes through the sprue,main runner,branch runner and gate before entering the impression.As the temperature of molten plastic is lowered which going through the sprue and runner,the viscosity will rise;however,the viscosity is lowered by shear heat generated when going through the gate to fill the cavity.It is desirable to keep the distance that the material has to travel down to a minimum to reduce pressure and heat losses.It is for this reason that careful consideration must be given to the impression layout gate’s design.4.1.SprueA sprue is a channel through which to transfer molten plastic injected from the nozzle of the injector into the mold.It is a part of sprue bush,which is a separate part from the mold.4.2.RunnerA runner is a channel that guides molten plastic into the cavity of a mold.4.3.GateA gate is an entrance through which molten plastic enters the cavity.The gate has the following function：restricts the flow and the direction of molten plastic；simplifies cutting of a runner and moldings to simplify finishing of parts；quickly cools and solidifies to avoid backflow after molten plastic has filled up in the cavity.4.4.Cold slug wellThe purpose of the cold slug well,shown opposite the sprue,is theoretically to receive the material that has chilled at the front of nozzle during the cooling and ejection phase.Perhaps of greater importance is the fact that it provides position means whereby the sprue bush for ejection purposes.The sprue,the runner and the gate will be discarded after a part is complete.However,the runner and the gate are important items that affect the quality or the cost of parts.5、EjectionA molding is formed in mould by injecting a plastic melt,under pressure,into animpression via a feed system.It must therefore be removed manually.Furthermore,all thermoplastic materials contract as they solidify,which means that the molding will shrink on to the core which forms it.This shrinkage makes the molding difficult to remove. Facilities are provided on the injection machine for automatic actuation of an ejector system,and this is situated behind the moving platen.Because of this,the mould’s ejector system will be most effectively operated if placed in the moving half of the mould,i.e. the half attached to the moving platen.We have stated previously that we need to eject the molding from the core and it therefore follows that the core,too,will most satisfactorily be located in the moving half.The ejector system in a mould will be discussed under three headings,namely：（ⅰ）the ejector grid;（ⅱ）the ejector plate assembly; and（ⅲ）the method of ejection.5.1、Ejector gridThe ejector grid（Figure5-1）is that part of the mould which supports the mould plate and provides a space into which theejector plate assembly can be fitted and operated.The grid normally consists of a back plate on to which is mounted a number of conveniently shaped “support blocks”.The ejector plate assembly is that part of the mould to which the ejector element is attached.The assembly is contained in a pocket,formed by the ejector grid,directly behind the mould plate.The assembly（Figure5-2）consists of an ejector plate,a retaining plate and an ejector rod.One end of this latter member is threaded and it is screwed into the ejector plate.In this particular design the ejector rod function not only as an actuating member but also as a method of guiding the assembly.Note that the parallel portion of the ejector rod passes through an ejector rod bush fitted in the back plate of the mould.5.2、Ejection techniquesWhen a molding cools,it contracts by an amount depending on the material being processed.For a molding which has no internal form,for example,a solid rectangular block,the molding will shrink away from the cavity walls,thereby permitting a simple ejection technique to be adopted.However,when the molding has internal form,the molding,as it cools,will shrink onto the core and some positive type of ejection is necessary.The designer has several ejection techniques from which to choose，but in general,the choice will be restricted depending upon the shape of the molding.The basic ejection techniques are as follows：（ⅰ）pin ejection（ⅱ）sleeve ejection（ⅲ）stripper plate ejection and（Ⅳ）air ejection.Figure 2-1aFigure 2-1bFigure 3-1Figure 3-2Figure 4-1aFigure 4-1bFigure 5-1Figure 5-2注塑模1、注塑模尽管成型某些热固性材料的方法取得了一定的进步，但注塑模主要（还是）用来生产热塑性塑件。

Injection molding die design is a crucial aspect of the manufacturing process to produce high-quality plastic products. Various technical references have been published over the years, providing valuable insights into the design principles, strategies, and best practices related to injection molding die design. Here are some key references that can be used as a starting point for further exploration:1.Injection Mold Design Engineering (David O. Kazmer, 2011) This bookprovides a comprehensive overview of injection mold design, covering topics such as mold geometry, gating systems, cooling and heating, ejector systems, and mold materials. It also discusses the analysis and optimization of molddesigns using computer-aided engineering tools.2.Injection Molds and Molding: A Practical Manual (Jiri Karasek, 2006)This practical manual offers a step-by-step guide to injection mold design and production. It covers various aspects of mold design, including cavity and core geometry, runner systems, venting, cooling, ejection, and mold materials. The book also addresses common design challenges and troubleshootingtechniques.3.Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals(Douglas M. Bryce and Charles A. Daniels, 2014) This reference provides an in-depth understanding of the injection molding process and its fundamentals. It discusses the principles of mold design, material selection, process parameters, molding defects, and mold maintenance. The book emphasizes the importance of considering the design-for-manufacturability aspect in mold design.4.Mold Design Using SolidWorks (Edward J. Bordin, 2010) Focused onmold design using SolidWorks software, this book provides practical insights into mold design methodology, including parting line creation, runner system design, cooling strategies, and mold analysis. It also covers advanced topicssuch as hot runner systems and side actions.5.Designing Injection Molds for Thermoplastics (H.T. Rowe, 2010) Thiscomprehensive reference addresses the design considerations specific tothermoplastic injection molds. It covers mold configuration, gating design,cooling strategies, shrinkage and warpage control, and mold materials. Thebook also includes case studies and practical tips for mold design optimization.6.Mold-Making Handbook (Kurtz Ersa Corporation, 2009) Thishandbook offers practical advice on mold design, construction, andmaintenance. It covers topics like mold steel selection, surface finishing, cavity design, cooling channels, ejection systems, and high-precision molding. Thereference provides insights into the latest developments in mold-makingtechnology.These references provide a solid foundation for understanding injection mold design principles, methodologies, and considerations. Additionally, industrypublications, research papers, and case studies can offer further insights into specific design aspects, material selection, and advanced techniques. It is important to consult multiple sources and stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in injection mold design to ensure efficient and robust manufacturing processes.。

注塑模具外文翻译参考资料China's mold industry and its development trendDue to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still atlow level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Mostof our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not givenfull play.Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnelstructure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturingdifficult to raise the technical level.我国模具工业现状及发展趋势由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“大而全”的企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。

A CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic productsAbstract Mold design is a knowledge-intensive process. This paper describes a knowledge-based oriented, parametric, modular and feature-based integrated computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAE) system for mold design. Development of CAx systems for numerical simulation of plastic injection molding and mold design has opened new possibilities of product analysis during the mold design. The proposed system integrates Pro/ENGINEER system with the specially developed module for the calculation of injection molding parameters, mold design, and selection of mold elements. The system interface uses parametric and CAD/CAE feature-based database to streamline the process of design, editing, and reviewing. Also presented are general structure and part of output results from the proposed CAD/ CAE-integrated injection mold design system.Keywords Mold design . Numerical simulation . CAD . CAE1 IntroductionInjection molding process is the most common molding process for making plastic parts. Generally, plastic injection molding design includes plastic product design, mold design, and injection molding process design, all of which contribute to the quality of the molded product as well as production efficiency [1]. This is process involving many design parameters that need to be considered in a concurrent manner. Mold design for plastic injection molding aided by computers has been focused by a number of authors worldwide for a long period. Various authors have developed program systems which help engineers to design part, mold, and selection parameters of injection molding. During the last decade, many authors have developed computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAE) mold design systems for plastic injection molding. Jong et al. [2] developed a collaborative integrated design system for concurrent mold design within the CAD mold base on the web, using Pro/E. Low et al. [3] developed an application for standardization of initial design of plastic injection molds. The system enables choice and management of mold base of standard mold plates, but does not provide mold and injection molding calculations. The authors proposed a methodology of standardizing the cavity layout design system for plastic injection mold such that only standard cavity layouts are used. When standard layouts are used, their layout configurations can be easilystored in a database. Lin at al. [4, 5] describe a structural design system for 3D drawing mold based on functional features using a minimum set of initial information. In addition, it is also applicable to assign the functional features flexibly before accomplishing the design of a solid model for the main parts of a drawing mold. This design system includes modules for selection and calculation of mold components. It uses Pro/E modules Pro/Program and Pro/Toolkit, and consists of modules for mold selection, modification and design. Deng et al. [6, 7] analyzed development of the CAD/CAE integration. The authors also analyzed systems and problems of integration between CAD and CAE systems for numerical simulation of injection molding and mold design. Authors propose a feature ontology consisting of a number of CAD/CAE features. This feature represents not only the geometric information of plastic part, but also the design intent is oriented towards analysis. Part features contain the overall product information of a plastic part, wall features, development features (such as chamfer, ribs, boss, hole, etc.), treatment features which contain analysis-related design information and sub wall developed features. Wall and development features are so called “component features〞. God ec et al. [8, 9] developed a CAE system for mold design and injection molding parameters calculations. The system is based on morphology matrix and decision diagrams. The system is used for thermal, rheological and mechanical calculation, and material base management,Fig. 1 General structure of integrated injection mold design system for plastic productsbut no integration with commercial CAx software is provided. Huang et al. [10] developed a mold-base design system for injection molding. The database they used was parametric and feature-based oriented. The system used Pro/E for modeling database components. Kong et al. [11]developed a parametric 3D plastic injection mold design system integrated with solid works. Other knowledge-based systems, such as IMOLD, ESMOLD, IKMOULD, and IKBMOULD, have been developed for injection mold design. IMOLD divides mold design into four major steps; parting surface design, impression design, runner system design, and mold-base design. The software uses a knowledge-based CAD system to provide an interactive environment, assist designers in the rapid completion of mold design, and promote the standardization of the mold design process. IKB-MOULD application consists of databases and knowledge bases for mold manufacturing. Lou et al. [12] developed an integrated knowledge-based system for mold base design. The system has module for impression calculation, dimension calculation, calculation of the number of mold plates and selection of injection machine. The system uses Pro/ Mold Base library. This paper describes KBS and key technologies, such as product modeling, the frame-rule method, CBS, and the neural networks. A multilayer neural network has been trained by back propagation BP. This neural network adopts length, width, height and the number of parts in the mold as input and nine parameters (length, width, and height of up and down set-in, mold bases side thickness, bottom thickness of the core, and cavity plates) as output. Mok et al. [13, 14] developed an intelligent collaborative KBS for injection molds. Mok at el. [15] has developed an effective reuse and retrieval system that can register modeled standard parts using a simple graphical user interface even though designers may not know the rules of registration for a database. The mold design system was developed using an Open API and commercial CAD/computer aided manufacturing (CAM)/CAE solution. The system was applied to standardize mold bases and mold parts in Hyundai Heavy Industry. This system adopted the method of design editing, which implements the master model using features. The developed system provides methods whereby designers can register the master model, which is defined as a function of 3D CAD, as standard parts and effectively reuse standard parts even though they do not recognize the rules of the database.Todic et al. [16] developed a software solution for automated process planning for manufacturing of plastic injection molds. This CAD/CAPP/CAM system does not provide CAE calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design. Maican et al. [17] used CAE for mechanical, thermal, and rheological calculations. They analyzed physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of plastic materials. They defined the critical parameters of loaded part. Nardinet al. [18] tried to develop the system which would suit all the needs of the injection molding for selection of the part–mold–technology system. The simulation results consist of geometrical and manufacturing data. On the basis of the simulation results, part designers can optimize part geometry, while mold designers can optimize the running and the cooling system of the mold. The authors developed a program which helps the programmers of the injection molding machine to transfer simulation data directly to the machine. Zhou et al. [1] developed a virtual injection molding system based on numerical simulation. Ma et al. [19] developed standard component library for plastic injection mold design using an object-oriented approach. This is an objector iented, library model for defining mechanical components parametrically. They developed an object-oriented mold component library model for incorporating different geometric topologies and non-geometric information. Over the years, many researchers have attempted to automate a wholeFig. 2 Structure of module for numerical simulation of injection molding processFig. 3 Forms to define the mold geometrymold design process using various knowledge-based engineering (KBE) approaches, such as rule-based reasoning (RBR), and case base (CBR) and parametric design template (PDT). Chan at al. [20] developed a 3D CAD knowledge-based assisted injection mold design system (IKB mold). In their research, design rules and expert knowledge of mold design were obtained from experienced mold designers and handbooks through various traditional knowledge acquisition processes. The traditional KBE approaches, such as RBR, CBR, and simple PDT have been successfully applied to mold cavity and runner layout design automation of the one product mold. Ye et al. [21] proposed a feature-based and object-oriented hierarchical representation and simplified symbolic geometry approach for automation mold assembly modeling. The previously mentioned analysis of various systems shows that authors used different ways to solve the problems of mold design by reducing it to mold configureator (selector). They used CAD/CAE integration for creating precision rules for mold-base selection. Many authors used CAE system for numerical simulation of injection molding to define parameters of injection molding. Several also developed original CAE modules for mold and injection molding process calculation. However, common to all previously mentioned systems is the lack of module for calculation of mold and injection molding parameters which would allow integration with the results of numerical simulation. This leads to conclusion that there is a need to create a software system which integrates parameters of injection molding with the result obtained by numericalFig. 4 Forms to determine the distance between the cooling channels and mold cavityFig. 5 Mold-base selector formssimulation of injection molding, mold calculation, and selection. All this would be integrated into CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic products.2 Structure of integrated CAD/CAE systemAs is well known, various computational approaches for supporting mold design systems of various authors use design automation techniques such as KBE (RBR, CBR, PDT) or design optimisation techniques such as traditional (NLP,LP, BB, GBA, IR, HR) or meta heuristic search such as (TS, SA, GA) and other special techniques such as (SPA, AR, ED).The developed interactive software system makes possible to perform: 3D modeling of the parts, analysis of part design and simulation model design, numerical simulation of injection molding, and mold design with required calculations.The system consists of four basic modules:& Module for CAD modeling of the part& Module for numerical simulation of injection molding processFig. 6 Form for mechanical mold calculation& Module for calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection& Module for mold modeling (core and cavity design and design all residual mold components) The general structure of integrated injection mold design system for plastic products is shown in Fig. 1.2.1 Module for CAD modeling of the part (module I)The module for CAD modeling of the part is the first module within the integrated CAD/CAE system. This module is used for generating CAD model of the plastic product and appropriate simulation model. The result of this module is solid model of plastic part with all necessary geometrical and precision specifications. Precision specifications are: project name, number, feature ID, feature name, position of base point, code number of simulation annealing, trade material name, material grade, part tolerance, machine specification (name, clamping force, maximal pressure, dimensions of work piece), and number of cavity. If geometrical and precision specification is specified (given) with product model, the same are used as input to the nextmodule, while this module is used only to generate the simulation model.2.2 Module for numerical simulation of injection molding process (module II)Module II is used for numerical simulation of injection molding process. User implements an iterative simulation process for determining the mold ability parameters of injection molding and simulation model specification. The structure of this module is shown in Fig. 2.After a product model is imported and a polymer is selected from the plastic material database, user selects the best location for gating subsystem. The database contains rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of plastic materials. User defines parameters of injection molding and picks the location for the gating subsystem. Further analyses are carried out: the plastic flow, fill time, injection pressure, pressure drop, flow front temperature, presence of weld line, presence of air traps, cooling quality, etc.The module offers four different types of mold flow analysis. Each analysis is aimed at solving specific problems:& Part analysis—This analysis is used to test a known gate location, material, and part geometry to verify that a part will have acceptable processing conditions.& Gate analysis—This analysis tests multiple gate locations and compares the analysis outputs to determine the optimal gate location.& Sink mark analysis—This analysis detects sink mark locations and depths to resolve cosmetic problems before the mold is built eliminating quality disputes that could arise between the molder and the customer.The most important parameters are the following: [22]& Part thickness& Flow length& Radius and drafts,& Thickness transitions& Part material& Location of gates& Number of gates& Mold temperature& Melt temperature& Injection pressure& Maximal injection molding machine pressureIn addition to the previously mentioned parameters of injection molding, the module shows following simulation results: welding line position, distribution of air traps, the distribution of injection molding pressure, shear stressFig. 7 Segment of the mechanical calculation algorithmdistribution, temperature distribution on the surface of the simulation model, the quality of filling of a simulation model, the quality of a simulation model from the standpoint of cooling, and time of injection molding [22, 23]. A part of output results from this module are the input data for thenext module. These output results are: material grade and material supplier, modulus of elasticity in the flow direction, modulus of elasticity transverse direction, injection pressure, ejection temperature, mold temperature, melting temperature, highest melting temperature thermoplastic, thermoplastic density in liquid and solid state, and maximum pressure of injection molding machine. During implementation of iterative SA procedure, user defines the moldability simulation model and the parameters of injection molding. All results are represented by different colors in the regions of the simulation model.2.3 Module for calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection (module III)This module is used for analytical calculations, mold sizing, and its selection. Two of the more forms for determining the dimensions of core and cavity mold plates are shown in Fig. 3.Based on the dimensions of the simulation model and clamping force (Fig. 3) user selects the mold material and system calculates the width and length of core and cavity plates. Wall thickness between the mold cavity to the cooling channel can be calculated with the following three criteria: criterion allowable shear stress, allowable bending stress criterion, and the criterion of allowable angle isotherms are shown in Fig. 4 [22, 24]. The system adopts the maximum value of comparing the values of wall thickness calculated by previously mentioned criteria.Fig. 8 Forms for standard mold plates selectionFig. 9 Forms for mold plate model generationBased on the geometry of the simulation model, user select shape and mold type. Forms for the selection mold shape, type, and subsystems are shown in Fig. 5. Once these steps are completed, user implements the thermal, rheological, and mechanical calculation of mold specifications. An example of one of the several forms for mechanical mold calculation is shown in Fig. 6.Segment of the algorithm of mechanical calculations is shown in Fig. 7.f max maximal flexure of cavity platef dop allowed displacement of cavity plateε elastic deformationαmin minimal value of shrinkage factorE k modulus of elasticity of cavity plateG shear modulusS k wall thickness distance measuring between cavity and waterlined KT cooling channel diameterAfter the thermal, rheological, and mechanical calculations, user selects mold plates from the mold base. Form for the selection of standard mold plates is shown in Fig. 8. The system calculates the value of thickness of risers, fixed, and movable mold plates (Fig. 8). Based on the calculated dimensions, the system automatically adopts the first major standard value for the thickness of risers, movable, and fixed mold plate. Calculation of the thickness and the adoption of standard values are presented in the form as shown in Fig. 8.The interactive system recommends the required mold plates. The module loads dimensions from the database and generates a solid model of the plate. After the plate selection, the plate is automatically dimensioned, material plate isFig. 10 Structure of module IVassigned, and 3D model and 2D technical drawing are generated on demand. Dimensions of mold component (e.g., fixed plate) are shown in the form for mold plate mode generation, as shown inThe system loads the plate size required from the mold base. In this way, load up any other necessary standard mold plates that make up the mold subassembly. Subassembly mold model made up of instance plates are shown in Fig. 10Then get loaded other components of subsystems as shown in Fig. 5. Subsystem for selection other components include bolts and washers. The way of components selection are based on a production rules by authors and by company “D-M-E〞[25, 26].2.4 Module for mold modeling (core and cavity design and design all residual mold components; module IV)This module is used for CAD modeling of the mold (core and cavity design). This module uses additional software tools for automation creating core and cavity from simulation (reference) model including shrinkage factor of plastics material and automation splitting mold volumes of the fixed and movable plates. The structure of this module is shown in Fig. 11.Additional capability of this module consists of software tools for:& Applying a shrinkage that corresponds to design plastic part, geometry, and molding conditions, which are computed in module for numerical simulation& Make conceptual CAD model for nonstandard plates and mold components& Design impression, inserts, sand cores, sliders and other components that define a shape of molded part& Populate a mold assembly with standard components such as new developed mold base which consists of DME mold base and mold base of enterprises which use this system, and CAD modeling ejector pins, screws, and other components creating corresponding clearance holes& Create runners and waterlines, which dimensions was calculated in module for calculating of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection& Check interference of components during mold opening, and check the draft surfacesAfter applied dimensions and selection mold components, user loads 3D model of the fixed (core) and movable (cavity) plate. Geometry mold specifications, calculated in the previous module, are automatically integrated into this module, allowing it to generate the final mold assembly. Output from this module receives the complete mold model of the assembly as shown in Fig. 15. Thismodule allowsFig. 11 Subassembly model of moldFig. 12 CAD model of the test Productmodeling of nonstandard and standard mold components that are not contained in the mold base.3 Case studyThe complete theoretical framework of the CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic products was presented in the previous sections. In order to complete this review, the system was entirely tested on a real case study. The system was tested on few examples of similar plastic parts. Based on the general structure of the model of integrated CAD/CAE design system shown in Fig. 1, the authors tested the system on some concrete examples. One of the examples used for verification of the test model of the plastic part is shown in Fig. 12.The module for the numerical simulation of injection molding process defines the optimal location for setting gating subsystem. Dark blue regions indicate the optimal position for setting gating subsystem as shown in Fig. 13.Based on dimensions, shape, material of the case study product (Fig. 11), optimal gating subsystem location (Fig. 13), and injection molding parameters (Table 1), the simulation model shown in Fig. 14 was generated.One of the rules for defining simulation model gate for numerical simulation:IF (tunnel, plastic material, mass) THEN prediction dimension (upper tunnel, length, diameter1, diameter2, radius, angle, etc.)Part of the output results from module II, which are used in module III are shown in Table 1.Fig. 13 Optimal gating subsystem location in the partTable 1 Part of the output results from the module for the numerical simulation of injection molding processMaterial grade and material supplier Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 780(ABS 780),Kumho Chemicals Inc.Max injection pressure 100 MPaMold temperature 60°C ili 40Melt Temperature 230°CInjection Time 0,39 s 0,2 sInjection Pressure 27,93 MPaRecommended ejection temperature 79°CModulus of elasticity, flow direction for ABS 780 2,600 MPaModulus of elasticity, transverse direction for ABS 780 2,600 MPaPoision ratio in all directions for ABS 780 0.38Shear modulus for ABS 780 942 MPaDensity in liquid state 0.94032 g/cm3Density in solid state 1.047 g/cm3In module III, the system calculates clamping force F=27.9 kN (Fig. 3), cooling channel diameter d KT=6 mm, cooling channel length lKT090 mm (Fig. 4). Given the shape and dimensions of the simulation model, square shape of mold with normal performance was selected as shown in Fig. 5. Selected mold assembly standard series: 1,616, length and width of mold housing 156×156 mm as shown in Fig. 8. In the segment of calculation shown in Fig. 8, mold design system panel recommends the following mold plates:& Top clamping plate N03-1616-20& Bottom clamping plate N04-1616-20& Fixed mold plate (core plate) N10A-1616-36& Movable plate (cavity plate) N10B-1616-36& Support plate N20-1616-26& Risers N30-1616-46& Ejector retainer plate N40-1616-10& Ejector plate N50-1616-12After finishing the fixed and movable mold plates from the standpoint of CAD modeling core and cavity plates, cooling channel, followed by manual selection of other mold standard components such as sprue bush, locating ring, guide pins, guide bush, leading bushing guide, spacer plates, screws (M4×10, M10×100, M10×30, M6×16, M10×30, etc.) and modeling nonstandard mold components (if any) ejector pins, ejector holes, inserts etc. A complete model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model is shown in Fig. 15.Fig. 14 Simulation model of plastic partFig. 15 Model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model4 ConclusionThe objective of this research was to develop a CAD/CAE integrated system for mold design which is based on Pro/ ENGINEER system and uses specially designed and developed modules for mold design. This paper presents a software solution for multiple cavity mold of identical molding parts, the so-called one product mold. The system is dedicated to design of normal types of molds for products whose length and width are substantially greater than product height, i.e., the system is customized for special requirements of mold manufacturers. The proposed system allows full control over CAD/CAE feature parameters which enables convenient and rapid mold modification. The described CAD/CAE modules are feature-based, parametric, based on solid models, and object oriented. The module for numerical simulation of injection molding allows the determination selection of injection molding parameters. The module for calculation of parameters of injection molding process and mold design calculation and selection improves design Fig. 15 Model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model faster, reduces mold design errors, and provides geometric and precision information necessary for complete mold design. The knowledge base of the system can be accessed by mold designers through interactive modules so that their own intelligence and experience can also be incorporated into the total mold design. Manufacture of the part confirms that the developed CAD/CAE system provides correct results and proves to be a confident software tool.Future research will be directed towards three main goals. The first is to develop a system for automation of family mold design. Another line of research is the integration with CAPP system for plastic injection molds manufacturing developed at the Faculty of Technical Sciences. Finally, following current trends in this area, a collaborative system using web technologies and blackboard architecture shall be designed and implemented.塑料制品的CAD / CAE集成的注塑模具设计系统摘要：模具设计是一个知识密集的过程。

外文翻译：Injection moulding for Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapidly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting moldproportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic,plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies [2-4]. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposit’s exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame [5]. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 [6]) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about100︒C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thickheat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700︒C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010︒C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538︒C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 μm to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes’ principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The code's basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibriumsolidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions.Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 μm by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 μm and 139 μm, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)½ , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1.Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool stepsprays.Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), inside the nozzle and free jetregions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (〜150 μm) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming [7]. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (〜30 μm) and large (〜150 μm) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 μm Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 μm Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about ±0.2%.Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions.(a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear[8]. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated(austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010︒C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650︒C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened becauseafter electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and formcoarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix [9-11]. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging ofspray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation.注塑模具之模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：dvanced English literacy course（用外文写）附件：指导老师评语签名：年月日第一篇译文（中文）2.3注射模2.3.1注射模塑注塑主要用于热塑性制件的生产，它也是最古老的塑料成型方式之一。

目前，注塑占所有塑料树脂消费的30%。

典型的注塑产品主要有杯子器具、容器、机架、工具手柄、旋钮（球形捏手）、电器和通讯部件（如电话接收器），玩具和铅管制造装置。

聚合物熔体因其较高的分子质量而具有很高的粘性；它们不能像金属一样在重力流的作用下直接被倒入模具中，而是需要在高压的作用下强行注入模具中。

因此当一个金属铸件的机械性能主要由模壁热传递的速率决定，这决定了最终铸件的晶粒度和纤维取向，也决定了注塑时熔体注入时的高压产生强大的剪切力是物料中分子取向的主要决定力量。

由此所知，成品的机械性能主要受注射条件和在模具中的冷却条件影响。

注塑已经被应用于热塑性塑料和热固性塑料、泡沫部分，而且也已经被改良用于生产反应注塑过程，在此过程中，一个热固树脂系统的两个组成部分在模具中同时被注射填充，然后迅速聚合。

然而大多数注塑被用热塑性塑料上，接下来的讨论就集中在这样的模具上。

典型的注塑周期或流程包括五个阶段（见图2-1）：（1）注射或模具填充；（2）填充或压紧；（3）定型；（4）冷却；（5）零件顶出。

图2-1 注塑流程塑料芯块（或粉末）被装入进料斗，穿过一条在注射料筒中通过旋转螺杆的作用下塑料芯块（或粉末）被向前推进的通道。

螺杆的旋转迫使这些芯块在高压下对抗使它们受热融化的料筒加热壁。

加热温度在265至500华氏度之间。

随着压力增强，旋转螺杆被推向后压直到积累了足够的塑料能够发射。

注射活塞迫使熔融塑料从料筒，通过喷嘴、浇口和流道系统，最后进入模具型腔。

在注塑过程中，模具型腔被完全充满。

当塑料接触冰冷的模具表面，便迅速固化形成表层。

由于型芯还处于熔融状态，塑料流经型芯来完成模具的填充。

附录 1：外文翻译介绍如今塑料在日常生活中占据着极其重要的地位。

如果我们说，没有哪个领域的塑料没有不经过制造中直接到宇宙飞船的生产中，这一点也不夸张。

在19 世纪中叶，塑料开始在材料和生活中起主导作用。

耐腐蚀性是塑料甚至成为金属和提高制造生产率方面受到了很高的关注。

从塑料的紧缺，因此在塑料产品设计等各个方面发生巨大的变革,在制造加工领域还在测试阶段,现在,由于很多人最后通过体力劳动取得了卓越的成效,另外人工智能的帮助下,开发出了CAD / CAM 软件。

由于高强度的重量比，提高了化学稳定性和耐温性，具有耐热和耐腐蚀的特性，光泽性使其成为材料更好的选择。

塑料在形成过程中消耗的能量更少，并且可以被循环利用。

今天，塑料正在取代黄铜、铜、铸铁、钢铁等金属。

塑料可以根据制造方法分类，在加热时软化，在冷却时凝固。

这些被称为“热塑性塑料”，以及那些由于化学变化而变硬的物质。

这些被称为热固性或混合型塑料材料成为产品选择特殊材料是另一个重要因素。

这对于产品的确定是非常必要的。

它也应该能够承受压力。

每种材料都有自己的属性。

一些材料在高环境和耐磨性方面比较好。

困难的是找到一种合适材料，它将完全满足整个要求。

所以材料应该是通用的，它适合我们产品的所有考虑条件和要求。

在考虑了所有这些点的材料之后，必须选择合适的材料来满足所有这些条件。

注塑成型过程它是一种通过将熔融状态的物质注入模具来生产零件的生产工艺。

注射成型被用在很多领域进行生产，包括金属、眼镜、弹性体、糖果以及最常见的热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。

将材料的一部分送入一个加热的桶，混合，并用高压压入一个模腔，它是可以冷却和硬化地方。

在产品设计后，通常由工业设计师或工程师设计模具，模具由模具制造商(或工具制造商)制造，通常由金属或铝制成，并经过精密加工以形成所需的特性。

注塑成型广泛应用于制造各种零件，从最小的零件到汽车的整个车身。

零件的形状和特点、模具的所需材料，以及造型机的性能都必须考虑在内。

附录1：外文翻译微通道注塑成型模具设计大规模生产微流体装置对于其中的生物医学应用是重要的一次性设备被广泛使用。

注射成型是一种众所周知的生产方法的设备以大规模低成本。

在这项研究中，注塑过程适用于制造具有单个微通道的微流体装置。

至提高产品质量，采用高精度机械加工制造的微流体装置的模具。

常规注塑机是在这个过程中实现的。

在不同的模具温度下进行注模。

通过测量部件变形来表征注射件的翘曲。

评估了模具温度对最终装置质量的影响在零件变形和粘接质量方面。

从实验结果来看，翘曲和模制件的粘合质量之间的一致性被观察。

发现随着片的翘曲减小，粘接质量下降增加。

接合断裂压力的最大值和最小值在相同的模具温度下发现翘曲点。

这个模具温度被命名为设计的微流体装置的最佳温度。

它是观察到在45℃的模具温度下产生的微流体装置能够承受高达74巴的压力1介绍微流体装置的微尺度和纳米级制造是一种学术研究和行业的热门话题。

重复，高效，大规模生产的微流体装置是对于一次性设备的生物医学应用而言至关重要广泛使用。

当微流体装置的制造是关心，基本上有两种常见的方法：直接基板制造和基于模具的技术。

直接底物制造包括蚀刻，激光烧蚀和机械加工。

另一方面，基于模具的技术包括软光刻，热压花和注射成型。

虽然模具的制造可能是复杂的;一旦模具该模具可以很好地被使用好几次。

之后完成模具，其余的制造程序是简单且高度可重现（即，低成本复制）使基于模具的技术非常适合批量生产。

在基于模具的技术中，注塑成型是一个很好的成型宏观尺度的制造工艺（尺寸大于毫米），其中熔化的材料被注入进入模具以获得所需的形状。

使用的材料一般通过陶瓷和金属的塑料也可以用塑料模塑粘合剂。

在此过程中，材料被供应到加热桶，混合，并强制进入其中冷却的模具腔并根据腔体的形状固化[1]。

一旦已经制造了一个模具，可以有几千个零件模仿了很少或没有额外的努力。

产品好尺寸公差和过程几乎不需要完成对最终产品的操作。

考虑到这些方面，注射成型是制造零件的流行制造工艺在大规模上广泛应用于航空航天，汽车，医疗，玩具和光学[2]。

Dimensional Tolerances and Surface RoughnessThe manufacture of machine parts is founded on the engineering drawing. Everyone engaged in manufacturing has a direct or indirect interest in understanding the meaning of the drawings on which the entire production process is established.The engineer in industry is constantly fated with the fact that no two machine parts can ever be made exactly the same. He learns that the small variations that occur in repetitive production must be considered in the design so that the tolerances placed on the dimensions will restrict the variations to acceptable limits. The tolerances provide zones in which the outline of finished part must lie. Proper tolerancing practice ensures that the finished product functions in its intended manner and operates for its expected life.A designer is well aware that the cost of a finished product can increase rapidly as the tolerances on the components are made smaller. Designers are constantly admonished to use the widest tolerances possible. Situations may arise, however, in which the relationship between the various tolerances required for proper functioning has not been fully explored. Under such conditions the designer is tempted to specify part tolerances that are unduly tight in the hope that no difficulty will arise at the time of assembly. This is obviously an expensive substitute for a more thorough analysis of the tolerancing situation.The allocation of proper production tolerances is therefore a most important task if the finished product is to achieve its intended purpose and yet be economical to produce. The size of the tolerances, as specified by the designer, depends on the many conditions pertaining to the design as well as on past experience with,similar products if such experience is available.A knowledge of shop processes and machine capabilities is of great assistance in helping to determine the tolerances in the most effective manner. A revision of the design may be called for if the tolerances are too small to be maintained by the equipment available for producing the dimension.Ambiguities in engineering drawing can be cause of much confusion and expense. When specifying the tolerances, the designer must keep in mind that the drawing must contain all requisite information if the designer's intent is to be fully realized. The drawing must therefore give complete information and at the same time be as simple as possible. The detail of drawing must be capable of being universally understood. The drawing must have one and only one meaning to everyone who will use it -- the design, purchasing, tool design, production, inspection, assembly, and servicing departments.Tolerances may be placed on the drawing in a number of different ways. In the unilateral system one tolerance is zero and all the variation of the dimension is given by the other tolerance. In bilateral dimensioning a mean dimension is used with plus and minus variations extending each way from the mean dimension.Unilateral tolerancing has the advantage that a tolerance revision can be made with the least disturbance to the remaining dimensions. In the bilateral system a change in the tolerances also involves a change in at least one of the mean dimensions. Tolerances can be easily changed back and forth between unilateral and bilateral forthe purpose of making calculations.A part is said to be at the maximum material condition (MMC) when the dimensions are all at the limits that will give a part containing the maximum amount of material. For a shaft or external dimension, the fundamental dimension is the largest value permitted, and all the variation, as permitted by the tolerance, serves to reduce the dimension. For a hole or internal dimension, the fundamental dimension is the smallest value permitted, and the variation as given by the tolerance serves to make the dimension larger.A part is said to be at the least material condition (LMC) when the dimensions are all at the limits that give a part with the smallest amount of material. For LMC the fundamental value is the smallest for an external dimension and the largest for an internal dimension. The tolerances thus provide parts containing larger amounts of material.Maximum material tolerances have a production advantage. For art external dimension, should the worker aim at the fundamental or largest value but form something small, the parts may be rework to bring them within acceptable limits. A worker keeping the mean dimension in mind would have smaller margins for any errors. These terms do, however, provide convenient expressions for denoting the different methods for specifying the tolerances on drawings.Dimensional variations in manufacturing are unavoidable despite all efforts to keep production conditions as constant as possible. The reasons for the variation in a chosen dimension on parts all made by the same process are of interest. The reasons can usually be grouped into two general classes: assignable cause and chance causes.Assignable causes. A small modification in the process can cause variations in a dimension. A slight change in the properties of the raw material can cause a dimension to vary. Tools will wear and must be reset. Changes may occur in the speed, the lubricant, the temperature, the operator, and other conditions. A systematic search will generally bringsuch muses to light and steps can then be taken to have them eliminated.Chance causes. Chance causes, on the other hand, occur at random and are due to vague and unknown forces which can neither be traced nor rectified. They are inherent in the process and occur even though all conditions have been held as constant as possible.When the variations due to assignable causes have been located and removed one by one, the desired state of stability or control is attained. If the variations due to chance causes are too great, it is usually necessary to move the operation to more accurate equipment rather than spend more effort in trying to improve the process.Today's technology requires that parts be specified with increasingly exact dimensions. Many parts made by different companies at widely separated locations must be interchangeable, which requires precise size specifications and production.The technique of dimensioning parts within a required range of variation to ensure interchangeability is called tolerancing. Each dimension is allowed a certain degree of variation within a specified zone, or tolerance. For example, a part's dimension might be expressed as 20 ±0.50, which allows a tolerance (variation insize) of 1.00 mm.A tolerance should be as large as possible without interfering with the function of the part to minimize production costs. Manufacturing costs increase as tolerances become smaller.There are three methods of specifying tolerances on dimensions: Unilateral, bilateral, and limit forms. When plus-or-minus tolerancing is used, it is applied to a theoretical dimension called the basic dimension. When dimensions can vary in only one direction from the basic dimension (either larger or smaller) tolerancing is unilateral. Tolerancing that permits variation in limit directions from the basic dimension (larger and smaller) is bilateral.Tolerances may also be given in limit form, with dimensions representing the largest and smallest sizes for a feature.Some tolerancing terminology and definitions are given below.Tolerance: the difference between the limits prescribed for a single feature.Basic size: the theoretical size, form which limits or deviations are calculated.Deviation: the difference between the hole or shaft size and the basic size.Upper deviation: the difference between the maximum permissible size of a part and its basic size.Lower deviation: the difference between the minimum permissible size of a part and its basic size.Actual size: the measured size of the finished part.Fit: the tightness between two assembled parts. The three types of fit are: clearance, interference and transition.Clearance fit: the clearance between two assembled mating parts.Interference fit: results in an interference between the two assembled parts--the shaft is larger than the hole, requiring a force or press fit, an effect similar to welding the two parts.Transition fits: may result in either an interference or a clearance between the assembled parts--the shaft may be either smaller or larger than the hole and still be within the prescribed tolerances.Selective assembly: a method of selecting and assembling parts by trial and error and by hand, allowing parts to be made with greater tolerances at less cost as a compromise between a high manufacturing accuracy and ease of assembly.The basic hole system utilizes the smallest hole size as the basic diameter for calculating tolerances and allowances. The basic hole system is efficient when standard drills, reamers, and machine tools are available to give precise hole sizes. The smallest hole size is the basic diameter bemuse a hole can be enlarged by machining but not reduced in size.The basic shaft system is applicable .when shafts are available in highly precise standard sizes. The largest diameter of the shaft is the basic diameter for applying tolerances and allowances. The largest shaft size is used as the basic diameter because shafts can be machined to smaller size but not enlarged.International tolerance (IT) grade: a series of tolerances that vary with basic size to provide a uniform level of accuracy within a given grade. There are I8 ITgrades: IT01,IT0, IT1 ..... IT16.Tolerance symbols: notes giving the specifications of tolerances and fits; the basic size is a number, followed by the fundamental deviation letter and the IT number, which combined give the tolerance zone; uppercase letters indicate the fundamental deviations for holes, andlowercase letters indicate fundamental deviations for shafts.Because the surface texture (or surface finish) of a part affects its function, it must be precisely specified. Surface texture is the variation in a surface, including roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.Roughness: the finest of the irregularities in the surface caused by the manufacturing process used to smooth the surface. Roughness height is measured in micrometers (um) or microinehes(uin).Waviness: a widely spaced variation that exceeds the roughness width cutoff measured in inches or millimeters; roughness may be regarded as a surface variation superimposed on a wavy surface.Lay: the direction of the surface pattern caused by the production method used.Flaws: defects occurring infrequently or at widely varying intervals on a surface, including cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches, and the like; the effect of flaws is usually omitted in roughness height measurements.尺寸与表面粗糙度工程图样是制造机器零件的依据。

注塑模具产品开发中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)参数化建模滚珠丝杠主轴摘要产品开发过程的数值优化可以成功地应⽤于产品设计的早期阶段。

在滚珠丝杠驱动器很常见的情况下，动态现象⼤多数根据滚珠丝杠本⾝的⼏何形状⽽定。

轴向和扭转刚度相同的丝杠，最⼤速度和加速度不仅取决于伺服电机，也取决于丝杆直径，凹槽斜率和球半径。

此外联轴器的设计参数影响使优化变得更加困难。

为了捕捉这些影响，有效的数据（通常是有限元或MBS）模型是必要的。

在这项⼯作中，⼀个新的更准确和有效的计算滚珠丝杠主轴轴向和扭转刚度被提出。

我们分析得到描绘的丝杠⼏何参数对⼤多数刚度的依赖关系的参数⽅程。

此外，我们增加⼀个确定函数的分析模型，从⽽提⾼了准确性。

在许多例⼦帮助下，所提出的分析模型针对有限元模型和⽬录数据进⾏了验证。

1 绪论滚珠丝杠主轴的轴向和扭转刚度中对滚珠丝杠驱动器动态特性起着重要作⽤，因为它基本上决定了滚珠丝杠驱动器的第⼀个和第⼆个特征值。

当⽤有限元建模时，滚珠丝杠驱动器的螺纹通常被忽略并且⼀些平均直径被⽤来建⽴简化的滚珠丝杆模型。

因此，关键是得到最接近的平均直径。

在⼤多数关于前⼈建模与仿真下，滚珠丝杆传动建模集中在滚珠丝刚螺母和滚珠丝杠主轴部件。

Jarosch ⽐较了不同类型的滚珠丝杠，但考虑到主轴简化为圆柱体，直径等于主轴外径，从⽽忽视了削减主轴螺纹。

随着了解的实际轴向uz k 和单位长度的螺杆扭转刚度z k ?，平均直径可以被计算为E k d uzuz m π4,= （1） 4,32G k d zz m π??= （2）杨⽒模量和剪切模量分别为E 和G 。

平均直径总是⽐主轴外径⼩。

对于每个刚度我们得到两个不同的平均直径。

这取决于每个应⽤的平均直径的最好选择。

这两个直径也可以做到线性组合。

⼀般滚珠丝杠制造商提供轴向刚度数据，但没有扭转刚度。

基于这个原因我们使⽤有限元法（FEM ）来计算两者滚珠丝杠主轴轴向和扭转刚度。

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化*名：***学号： ********2015 年 4 月 1 日外文资料翻译译文近年来，随着塑料工业的飞速发展和通用与工程塑料在强度和精度等方面的不断提高，塑料制品的应用范围也在不断扩大，如：家用电器、仪器仪表，建筑器材，汽车工业、日用五金等众多领域，塑料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。

一个设计合理的塑料件往往能代替多个传统金属件。

工业产品和日用产品塑料化的趋势不断上升塑料工业的机械和装备的水平对该工业的发展起着关键作用。

比起传统的塑料挤出机，单螺杆塑料挤出机有他积极的优势，通常他能加工出高分子量、高粘度热塑性好的塑料。

其中有高生产率低熔点、高熔体强压力的塑料有利于化学降解，产品质量高，因此是最佳的塑料生产这使得单螺杆塑料挤出机生产经济，特别适用于稳定的挤压。

所谓注塑成型（Injection Molding）是指，受热融化的材料由高压射入模腔，经冷却固化后，得到成形品的方法。

该方法适用于形状复杂部件的批量生产，是重要的加工方法之一。

注射装置是使树脂材料受热融化后射入模具内的装置。

从料头把树脂挤入料筒中，通过螺杆的转动将熔体输送至机筒的前端。

在那个过程中，在加热器的作用下加热使机筒内的树脂材料受热，在螺杆的剪切应力作用下使树脂成为熔融状态，将相当于成型品及主流道，分流道的熔融树脂滞留于机筒的前端（称之为计量），螺杆的不断向前将材料射入模腔。

当熔融树脂在模具内流动时，须控制螺杆的移动速度（射出速度），并在树脂充满模腔后用压力（保压力）进行控制。

当螺杆位置，注射压力达到一定值时我们可以将速度控制切换成压力控制。

螺杆的回转航程和固定筒壁的相互作用是挤出机的泵出过程中必要的参数。

为了运输塑料材料，其摩擦在螺杆的表面要低，但在固定的筒壁要高。

如果达不到这个基本标准，塑料可能会随着螺杆旋转，而不是在轴向/输出方向上移动。

在输出区域，螺杆和机筒的表面通常都覆盖着的溶解物以及来自溶解物和螺杆通道之间的外力，而其除了处理有极高粘性的材料时都是无效的，如硬质PVC 材料和有超高分子量的聚乙烯。

2.3注射成型2.31注射成型注塑主要用于生产热塑性塑料零件，也是最原始的方法之一。

目前注塑占所有塑料树脂消费量的30%。

典型的注塑成型产品“塑料杯、容器、外壳、工具手柄、旋钮、电气和通信组件(如电话接收器)、玩具、和水暖配件。

聚合物熔体由于其分子量具有很高的粘度；它们不能像金属液在重力的条件下倒进模,必须在高压力下注入模具。

因此,金属铸造的力学性能是由模具壁传热的速度决定，同时也决定了在最终铸件的晶粒尺寸和晶粒取向, 高压注射成型过程中熔体的注射剪切力产生的主要原因是材料最后的分子取向。

力学性能影响成品都是因为在模具里的注塑条件很冷却条件。

注塑已应用于热塑性塑料和热固性材料,发泡部分,也已被修改过用于展现注射成型（RIM）反应过程，其中有两个部分组成，一种是热固性树脂体系，另一种是聚合物快速注射模具。

然而大多数注射成型是热塑性塑料,后面的讨论集中于这样的模型。

一个典型的注塑周期或序列由五个阶段组成(见图2 - 1):注射或模具填充;(2) 包装或压缩;(3) 保持;(4) 冷却;(5)部分排除物图2 - 1注射成型过程塑料颗粒（或粉末）被装入进料斗并通过注塑缸上的开口在那里它们被旋转螺杆结转。

螺杆的旋转使颗粒处于高压下加上受热缸壁使它们融化。

加热温度范围从265到500°F。

随着压力的增大,旋转螺丝被迫向后,直到积累了足够的塑料可以进行注射。

注射活塞(或螺钉)迫使熔融塑料从料桶通过喷嘴、浇口和流道系统,最后进入模腔。

在注射过程中,熔融塑料充满模具型腔。

当塑料接触冷模具表面,它迅速凝固(冻结)产生皮肤层。

由于核心仍在熔融状态,塑料流经核心来完成填充。

一般的，该空腔被注入期间填充到95％?98％。

然后成型工艺转向了填充的阶段。

型腔填充后，熔融塑料开始冷却。

由于冷却塑料会收缩产生缺陷，如缩孔、气泡，而且空间存在不稳定性。

所以被迫实行空穴用来补偿收缩、添加塑料。

一旦模腔被填充，压力应用熔体防止腔内熔融塑料会流进浇口。