【计算机专业文献翻译】计算机系统

Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS （Management Information System ），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。

计算机专业外文文献及翻译微软Visual Studio 微软 Visual Studio1 微软 Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio 可以用来创建 Windows 平台下的Windows 应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和 Office 插件。

Visual Studio 是一个来自微软的集成开发环境 IDE(inteqrated development environment)，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET 框架、.NET 精简框架和微软的 Silverlight 支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及 Windows 窗体应用程序，网站，Web 应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。

Visual Studio 包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。

集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。

其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的 GUI 应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。

它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如 Subversion 和 Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如 Team Foundation Server 的客户端:团队资源管理器)。

Visual Studio 支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。

内置的语言中包括 C/C 中(通过Visual C)(通过 Visual )，C,中(通过 Visual C,)和 F,(作为Visual Studio2010)，为支持其他语言，如 MPython和 Ruby 等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。

9．4 翻译The Java I/O SystemCreating a good input/output (I/O) system is one of the more difficult tasks for the language designer.This is evidenced by the number of different approaches. The challenge seems to be in covering all eventualities. Not only are there different sources and sinks of I/O that you want to communicate with (files, the console, network connections, etc.), but you need to talk to them in a wide variety of ways (sequential, random-SQLServer2000, buffered, binary, character, by lines, by words, etc.).The Java library designers attacked this problem by creating lots of classes. In fact, there are so many classes for Java’s I/O system that it can be intimidating at first (ironically, the Java I/O design actually prevents an explosion of classes). There was also a significant change in the I/O library after Java 1.0, when the original byte-oriented library was supplemented with char-oriented, Unicode-based I/O classes. In JDK 1.4, the nio classes (for “new I/O,” a name we’ll still be usi ng years from now) were added for improved performance and functionality. As a result, there are a fair number of classes to learn before you understand enough of Java’s I/O picture that you can use it properly. In addition, it’s rather important to unders tand the evolution history of the I/O library, even if your first reaction is “don’t bother me with history, just show me how to use it!” The problem is that without the historical perspective, you will rapidly become confused with some of the classes and when you should and shouldn’t use them.This chapter will give you an introduction to the variety of I/O classes in the standard Java library and how to use them.The File classBefore getting into the classes that actually read and write data to streams, we’ll look at a utility provided with the library to assist you in handling file directory issues.The File class has a deceiving name; you might think it refers to a file, but it doesn’t. It can represent either the name of a particular file or the names of a set of files in a directory. If it’s a set of files, you can ask for that set using the list( ) method, which returns an array of String. It makessense to return an array rather than one of the flexible container classes, because the number of elements is fixed, and if you want a different directory listing, you just create a different File object. In fact, “FilePath” would have been a better name for the class. This section shows an example of the use of this class, including the associated FilenameFilter interface.A directory listerSuppose you’d like to see a directory listing. The File object can be listed in two ways. If you call list( ) with no arguments, you’ll get the full list that the File object contains. However, if you want a restricted list—for example, if you want all of the files with an extension of .java—then you use a “directory filter,” which is a class that tells how to select the File objects for display.The DirFilter class “implements” the interface FilenameFilter. It’s useful t o see how simple the FilenameFilter interface is:public interface FilenameFilter {boolean accept(File dir, String name);}It says all that this type of object does is provide a method called accept( ). The whole reason behind the creation of this class is to provide the accept( ) method to the list( ) method so that list( ) can “call back” accept( ) to determine which file names should be included in the list. Thus, this structure is often referred to as a callback. More specifically, this is an example of the Strategy Pattern, because list( ) implements basic functionality, and you provide the Strategy in the form of a FilenameFilter in order to complete the algorithm necessary for list( ) to provide its service. Because list( ) takes a FilenameFilter object as its argument, it means that you can pass an object of any class that implements FilenameFilter to choose (even at run time) how the list( ) method will behave. The purpose of a callback is to provide flexibility in the behavior of code.DirFilte r shows that just because an interface contains only a set of methods, you’re not restricted to writing only those methods. (You must at least provide definitions for all the methods in an interface, however.) In this case, the DirFilter constructor is also created.The accept( ) method must accept a File object representing the directory that a particular file is found in, and a String containing the name of that file. You might choose to use or ignore either of these arguments, but you will probably at least use the file name. Remember that the list( ) method is calling accept( ) for each of the file names in the directory object to see which one should be included; this is indicated by the boolean result returned by accept( ).To make sure the element you’re working with is only the file name and contains no path information, all you have to do is take the String object and create a File object out of it, then call getName( ), which strips away all the path information (in a platform-independent way). Then accept( ) uses a regular expression matcher object to see if the regular expression regex matches the name of the file. Using accept( ), the list( ) method returns an array.Input and outputI/O libraries often use the abstraction of a stream, which represents any data source or sink as an object capable of producing or receiving pieces of data. The stream hides the details of what happens to the data inside the actual I/O device.The Java library classes for I/O are divided by input and output, as you can see by looking at the class hierarchy in the JDK documentation. By inheritance, everything derived from the InputStream or Reader classes have basic methods called read( ) for reading a single byte or array of bytes. Likewise, everything derived from OutputStream or Writer classes have basic methods called write( ) for writing a single byte or array of bytes. However, you won’t generally use these methods; they exist so that other classes can use them—these other classes provide a more useful interface. Thus, you’ll rarely create your stream object by using a single class, but instead will layer multiple objects together to provide your desired functionality. The fact that you create more than one object to create a single resulting stream is the primary re ason that Java’s stream library is confusing.It’s helpful to categorize the classes by their functionality. In Java 1.0, the library designers started by deciding that all classes that had anything to do with input would be inherited from InputStream, and all classes that were associated with output would be inherited from OutputStream.Types of InputStreamInputStream’s job is to represent classes that produce input from different sources. These sources can be:1.An array of bytes.2. A String object.3. A file.4. A “pipe,” which works like a physical pipe: You put things in at one end and they come outthe other.5. A sequence of other streams, so you can collect them together into a single stream.6.Other sources, such as an Internet connection. (This is covered in Thinking in EnterpriseJava.)Each of these has an associated subclass of InputStream. In addition, the FilterInputStream is also a type of InputStream, to provide a base class for "decorator" classes that attach attributes or useful interfaces to input streams. This is discussed later.Types of OutputStreamThis category includes the classes that decide where your output will go: an array of bytes (no String, however; presumably, you can create one using the array of bytes), a file, or a “pipe.”In addition, the FilterOutputStream provides a base class for "decorator" classes that attach attributes or useful interfaces to output streams.Adding attributes and useful interfacesThe use of layered objects to dynamically and transparently add responsibilities to individual objects is referred to as the Decorator pattern. (Patterns are the subject of Thinking in Patterns (with Java) at .) The decorator pattern specifies that all objects that wrap around your initial object have the same interface. This makes the basic use of the decorators transparent—you send the same message to an object whether it has been decorated or not. This is the reason for the existence of the “filter” classes in the Java I/O library: The abstract “filter” class is the base class for all thedecorators. (A decorator must have the same interface as the object it decorates, but the decorator can also extend the interface, which occurs in several of the “filter” classes).Decorators are often used when simple subclassing results in a large number of classes in order to satisfy every possible combination that is needed—so many classes that it becomes impractical. The Java I/O library requires many different combinations of features, and this is the justification for using the decorator pattern.There is a drawback to the decorator pattern, however. Decorators give you much more flexibility while you’re writing a program (since you can easily mix and match attributes), but they add complexity to your code. The reason that the Java I/O library is awkward to use is that you must create many classes—the “core” I/O type plus all the decorators—in order to get the single I/O object that you want.The classes that provide the decorator interface to control a particular InputStream or OutputStream are the FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream, which don’t have very intuitive names. FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream are derived from the base classes of the I/O library, InputStream and OutputStream, which is the key requirement of the decorator (so that it provides the common interface to all the objects that are being decorated).Reading from an InputStream with FilterInputStreamThe FilterInputStream classes accomplish two significantly different things. DataInputStream allows you to read different types of primitive data as well as String objects. (All the methods start with “read,” such as readByte( ), readFloat( ), etc.) This, along with its companion DataOutputStream, allows you to move primitive data from one place t o another via a stream. These “places” are determined by the classes in TableThe remaining classes modify the way an InputStream behaves internally: whether it’s buffered or unbuffered, if it keeps track of the lines it’s reading (allowing you to ask for line numbers or set the line number), and whether you can push back a single character. The last two classes look a lot like support for building a compiler (that is, they were probably added to support the construction of the Java compiler), so you proba bly won’t use them in general programming.You’ll need to buffer your input almost every time, regardless of the I/O device you’re connecting to, so it would have made more sense for the I/O library to make a special case (or simply a method call) for unbuffered input rather than buffered input.Writing to an OutputStream with FilterOutputStreamThe complement to DataInputStream is DataOutputStream, which formats each of the primitive types and String objects onto a stream in such a way that any DataInputStream, on any machine, can read them. All the methods start with “write,” such as writeByte( ), writeFloat( ), etc.The original intent of PrintStream was to print all of the primitive data types and String objects in a viewable format. This is different from DataOutputStream, whose goal is to put data elements on a stream in a way that DataInputStream can portably reconstruct them.The two important methods in PrintStream are print( ) and println( ), which are overloaded to print all the various types. The difference between print( ) and println( ) is that the latter adds a newline when it’s done.PrintStream can be problematic because it traps all IOExceptions (You must explicitly test the error status with checkError( ), which returns true if an error has occurred). Also, PrintStream doesn’t internationalize properly and doesn’t handle line breaks in a platform-independent way.Readers & WritersJava 1.1 made some significant modifications to the fundamental I/O stream library. When you see the Reader and Writer classes, your first thought (like mine) might be that these were meant to replace the InputStream and OutputStream classes. But that’s not the case. Although some aspectsof the original streams library are deprecated (if you use them you will receive a warning from the compiler), the InputStream and OutputStream classes still provide valuable functionality in the form of byte-oriented I/O, whereas the Reader and Writer classes provide Unicode-compliant,character-based I/O. In addition:1.Java 1.1 added new classes into the InputStream and OutputStream hierarchy, so it’s obviousthose hierarchies weren’t being replaced.2.There are times when you must use classes from the “byte” hierarchy in combination withclasses in the “character” hierarchy. To accomplish this, there are “adapter” classes:InputStreamReader converts an InputStream to a Reader and OutputStreamWriter converts an OutputStream to a Writer.The most important reason for the Reader and Writer hierarchies is for internationalization. The old I/O stream hierarchy supports only 8-bit byte streams and doesn’t handle the 16-bit Unicode characters well. Since Unicode is used for internationalization (and Java’s native char is 16-bit Unicode), the Reader and Writer hierarchies were added to support Unicode in all I/O operations. In addition, the new libraries are designed for faster operations than the old.As is the practice in this book, I will attempt to provide an overview of the classes, but assume that you will use the JDK documentation to determine all the details, such as the exhaustive list of methods.Sources and sinks of dataAlmost all of the original Java I/O stream classes have corresponding Reader and Writer classes to provide native Unicode manipulation. However, there are some places where the byte-oriented InputStreams and OutputStreams are the correct solution;in particular, the java.util.zip libraries are byte-oriented rather than char-oriented. So the most sensible approach to take is to try to use the Reader and Writer c lasses whenever you can, and you’ll discover the situations when you have to use the byte-oriented libraries, because your code won’t compile.Off by itself: RandomSQLServer2000FileRandomSQLServer2000File is used for files containing records of known size so that you can move from one record to another using seek( ), then read or change the records. The records don’t have to be the same size; you just have to be able to determine how big they are and where they are placed in the file.At first it’s a litt le bit hard to believe that RandomSQLServer2000File is not part of the InputStream or OutputStream hierarchy. However, it has no association with those hierarchies other than that ithappens to implement the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces (which are also implemented by DataInputStream and DataOutputStream). It doesn’t even use any of the functionality of the existing InputStream or OutputStream classes; it’s a completely separate class, written from scratch, with all of its own (mostly native) methods. The reason for this may be that RandomSQLServer2000File has essentially different behavior than the other I/O types, since you can move forward and backward within a file. In any event, it stands alone, as a direct descendant of Object.Essentially, a RandomSQLServer2000File works like a DataInputStream pasted together with a DataOutputStream, along with the methods getFilePointer( ) to find out where you are in the file, seek( ) to move to a new point in the file, and length( ) to determine the maximum size of the file. In addition, the constructors require a second argument (identical to fopen( ) in C) indicating whether you are just randomly reading (“r”) or reading and writing (“rw”). There’s no support for write-only files, which could suggest that RandomSQLServer2000File might have worked well if it were inherited from DataInputStream.The seeking methods are available only in RandomSQLServer2000File, which works for files only. BufferedInputStream does allow you to mark( ) a position (whose value is held in a single internal variable) and reset( ) to that position, but this is limited and not very useful.Most, if not all, of the RandomSQLServer2000File functionality is superceded in JDK 1.4 with the nio memory-mapped files.Input streams1. Buffered input fileTo open a file for character input, you use a FileInputReader with a String or a File object as the file name. For speed, you’ll want that file to be buffered so you give the resulting reference to the constructor for a BufferedReader. Since BufferedReader also provides the readLine( ) method, thisis your final object and the interface you read from. When you reach the end of the file, readLine( ) returns null so that is used to break out of the while loop.The String s2 is used to accumulate the entire contents of the file (including newlines that must be added since readLine( ) strips them off). s2 is then used in the later portions of this program. Finally, close( ) is called to close the file. Technically, close( ) will be called when finalize( ) runs, and this is supposed to happen (whether or not garbage collection occurs) as the program exits. However, this has been inconsistently implemented, so the only safe approach is to explicitly call close( ) for files.Section 1b shows how you can wrap System.in for reading console input. System.in is an InputStream, and BufferedReader needs a Reader argument, so InputStreamReader is brought in to perform the adaptation.2. Input from memoryThis section takes the String s2 that now contains the entire contents of the file and uses it to create a StringReader. Then read( ) is used to read each character one at a time and send it out to the console. Note that read( ) returns the next byte as an int and thus it must be cast to a char to print properly.3. Formatted memory inputTo read “formatted” data, you use a DataInputStream, which is a byte-oriented I/O class (rather than char-oriented). Thus you must use all InputStream classes rather than Reader classes. Of course, you can read anything (such as a file) as bytes using InputStream classes, but here a String is used. To convert the String to an array of bytes, which is what is appropriate for a ByteArrayInputStream, String has a getBytes( ) method to do the job. At that point, you have an appropriate InputStream to hand to DataInputStream.If you read the characters from a DataInputStream one byte at a time using readByte( ), any byte value is a legitimate result, so the return value cannot be used to detect the end of input. Instead, you can use the available( ) method to find out how many more characters are available. Here’s an example that shows how to read a file one byte at a time://: c12:TestEOF.java// Testing for end of file while reading a byte at a time.import java.io.*;public class TestEOF {// Throw exceptions to console:public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException {DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("TestEOF.java")));while(in.available() != 0)System.out.print((char)in.readByte());}} ///:~Note that available( ) works differently depending on what sort of medium you’re reading from; it’s literally “the number of bytes that can be read without blocking.” With a file, this means the whole file, but with a different kind of stream this might not be true, so use it thoughtfully.You could also detect the end of input in cases like these by catching an exception. However, the use of exceptions for control flow is considered a misuse of that feature.4. File outputThis example also shows how to write data to a file. First, a FileWriter is created to connect to the file. You’ll virtually always want to buffer the output by wrapping it in a BufferedWriter (try removing this wrapping to see the impact on the performance—buffering tends to dramatically increase performance of I/O operations). Then for the formatting it’s turned into a PrintWriter. The data file created this way is readable as an ordinary text file.As the lines are written to the file, line numbers are added. Note that LineNumberInputStream is not used, because it’s a silly class and you don’t need it. As shown here, it’s trivial to keep track of your own line numbers.When the input stream is exhausted, readLine( ) re turns null. You’ll see an explicit close( ) for out1, because if you don’t call close() for all your output files, you might discover that the buffers don’t get flushed, so they’re incomplete.Output streamsThe two primary kinds of output streams are separated by the way they write data; one writes it for human consumption, and the other writes it to be reacquired by a DataInputStream. The RandomSQLServer2000File stands alone, although its data format is compatible with the DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.5. Storing and recovering dataA PrintWriter formats data so that it’s readable by a human. However, to output data for recovery by another stream, you use a DataOutputStream to write the data and a DataInputStream to recover the data. Of course, these streams could be anything, but here a file is used, buffered for both reading and writing. DataOutputStream and DataInputStream are byte-oriented and thus require the InputStreams and OutputStreams.If you use a DataOutputStream to write the data, then Java guarantees that you can accurately recover the data using a DataInputStream—regardless of what different platforms write and read the data. This is incredibly valuable, as anyone knows who has spent time worrying aboutplatform-specific data issues. That problem vanishes if you have Java on both platforms.When using a DataOutputStream, the only reliable way to write a String so that it can be recovered by a DataInputStream is to use UTF-8 encoding, accomplished in section 5 of the example using writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ). UTF-8 is a variation on Unicode, which stores all characters in two bytes. If you’re working with ASCII or mostly ASCII characters (which occupy only seven bits), this is a tremendous waste of space and/or bandwidth, so UTF-8 encodes ASCII characters in a single byte, and non-ASCII characters in two or three bytes. In addition, the length of the string is stored in the first two bytes. However, writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ) use a special variation of UTF-8 for Java (which is completely described in the JDK documentation for those methods) , so if youread a string written with writeUTF( ) using a non-Java program, you must write special code in order to read the string properly.With writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ), you can intermingle Strings and other types of data using a DataOutputStream with the knowledge that the Strings will be properly stored as Unicode, and will be easily recoverable with a DataInputStream.The writeDouble( ) stores the double number to the stream and the complementary readDouble( ) recovers it (there are similar methods for reading and writing the other types). But for any of the reading methods to work correctly, you must know the exact placement of the data item in the stream, since it would be equally possible to read the stored double as a simple sequence of bytes, or as a char, etc. So you must either have a fixed format for the data in the file, or extra information must be stored in the file that you parse to determine where the data is located. Note that object serialization (described later in this chapter) may be an easier way to store and retrieve complex data structures.6. Reading and writing random SQLServer2000 filesAs previously noted, the RandomSQLServer2000File is almost totally isolated from the rest of the I/O hierarchy, save for the fact that it implements the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces. So you cannot combine it with any of the aspects of the InputStream and OutputStream subclasses. Even though it might make sense to treat a ByteArrayInputStream as a random-SQLServer2000 element, you can use RandomSQLServer2000File only to open a file. You must assume a RandomSQLServer2000File is properly buffered since you cannot add that.The one option you have is in the second constructor argument: you can open a RandomSQLServer2000File to read (“r”) or read and write (“rw”).Using a RandomSQLServer2000File is like using a combined DataInputStream and DataOutputStream (because it implements the equivalent interfaces). In addition, you can see that seek( ) is used to move about in the file and change one of the values.With the advent of new I/O in JDK 1.4, you may want to consider using memory-mapped files instead of RandomSQLServer2000File.Piped streamsThe PipedInputStream, PipedOutputStream, PipedReader and PipedWriter have been mentioned only briefly in this chapter. This is not to suggest that they aren’t useful, but their value is not apparent until you begin to understand multithreading, since the piped streams are used to communicate between threads.Standard I/OThe term standard I/O refers to the Unix concept (which is reproduced in some form in Windows and many other operating systems) of a single stream of information that is used by a program. All the program’s input can come from stan dard input, all its output can go to standard output, and all of its error messages can be sent to standard error. The value of standard I/O is that programs can easily be chained together, and one program’s standard output can become the standard input fo r another program. This is a powerful tool.Reading from standard inputFollowing the standard I/O model, Java has System.in, System.out, and System.err. Throughout this book, you’ve seen how to write to standard output using System.out, which is already prewrapped as a PrintStream object. System.err is likewise a PrintStream, but System.in is a raw InputStream with no wrapping. This means that although you can use System.out and System.err right away, System.in must be wrapped before you can read from it.译文：Java I/O 系统对编程语言的设计者来说，创建一套好的输入输出(I/O)系统，是一项难度极高的任务。

NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer WisdomABSTRACTIn net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities.A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure.Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system.KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System1 IntroductionAlong with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens ofemployees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure.The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and making decisions about how to carry out a design project. Its functioning paradigm varies in different projects depending on the project’s scale and purpose. As a result of this structure, TMS can separate its data model from its logic mode1.It could bring about structure optimization and efficiency improvement, especially in a large scale project.2 Task Management in Net-Based Collaborative Design Environment 2.1 Evolution of the Design EnvironmentDuring a net-based collaborative design process, designers transform their working environment from a single PC desktop to LAN, and even extend to WAN. Each design partner can be a single expert or a combination of many teams of several subjects, even if they are far away from each other geographically. In the net-based collaborative design environment, people from every terminal of the net can exchange their information interactively with each other and send data to authorized roles via their design tools. The Co Design Space is such an environment which provides a set of these tools to help design partners communicate and obtaindesign information. Code sign Space aims at improving the efficiency of collaborative work, making enterprises increase its sensitivity to markets and optimize the configuration of resource.2.2 Management of Resources and Activities in Net-Based Collaborative EnvironmentThe expansion of design environment also caused a new problem of how to organize the resources and design activities in that environment. As the number of design partners increases, resources also increase in direct proportion. But relations between resources increase in square ratio. To organize these resources and their relations needs an integrated management system which can recognize them and provide to designers in case of they are needed.One solution is to use special information management system (IMS).An IMS can provide database, file systems and in/out interfaces to manage a given resource. For example there are several IMS tools in Co Design Space such as Product Data Management System, Document Management System and so on. These systems can provide its special information which design users want.But the structure of design activities is much more complicated than these IM S could manage, because even a simple design project may involve different design resources such as documents, drafts and equipments. Not only product data or documents, design activities also need the support of organizations in design processes. This article puts forward a new design system which attempts to integrate different resources into the related design activities. That is task management system (TMS).3 Task Breakdown Model3.1 Basis of Task BreakdownWhen people set out to accomplish a project, they usually separate it into a sequence of tasks and finish them one by one. Each design project can be regarded as an aggregate of activities, roles and data. Here we define a task as a set of activities and resources and also having at least one objective. Because large tasks can be separated into small ones, if we separate a project target into several lower—level objectives, we define that the project is broken down into subtasks and each objective maps to a subtask. Obviously if each subtask is accomplished, the project is surely finished. So TMS integrates design activities and resources through planning these tasks.Net-based collaborative design mostly aims at products development. Project managers (PM) assign subtasks to designers or design teams who may locate in other cities. The designers and teams execute their own tasks under the constraints which are defined by the PM and negotiated with each other via the collaborative design environment. So the designers and teams are independent collaborative partners and have incompact coupling relationships. They are driven together only by theft design tasks. After the PM have finished decomposing the project, each designer or team leader who has been assigned with a subtask become a 1ow-class PM of his own task. And he can do the same thing as his PM done to him, re-breaking down and re-assigning tasks.So we put forward two rules for Task Breakdown in a net-based environment, incompact coupling and object-driven. Incompact coupling means the less relationship between two tasks. When two subtasks were coupled too tightly, therequirement for communication between their designers will increase a lot. Too much communication wil1 not only waste time and reduce efficiency, but also bring errors. It will become much more difficult to manage project process than usually in this situation. On the other hand every task has its own objective. From the view point of PM of a superior task each subtask could be a black box and how to execute these subtasks is unknown. The PM concerns only the results and constraints of these subtasks, and may never concern what will happen inside it.3.2 Task Breakdown MethodAccording to the above basis, a project can be separated into several subtasks. And when this separating continues, it will finally be decomposed into a task tree. Except the root of the tree is a project, all eaves and branches are subtasks. Since a design project can be separated into a task tree, all its resources can be added to it depending on their relationship. For example, a Small-Sized-Satellite.Design (3SD) project can be broken down into two design objectives as Satellite Hardware. Design (SHD) and Satellite-Software-Exploit (SSE). And it also has two teams. Design team A and design team B which we regard as design resources. When A is assigned to SSE and B to SHD. We break down the project as shown in Fig 1.It is alike to manage other resources in a project in this way. So when we define a collaborative design project’s task model, we should first claim the project’s targets. These targets include functional goals, performance goals, and quality goals and so on. Then we could confirm how to execute this project. Next we can go on to break down it. The project can be separated into two or more subtasks since there are at 1east two partners in a collaborative project. Either wecould separate the project into stepwise tasks, which have time sequence relationships in case of some more complex projects and then break down the stepwise tasks according to their phase-to-phase goals.There is also another trouble in executing a task breakdown. When a task is broken into severa1 subtasks; it is not merely “a simple sum motion”of other tasks. In most cases their subtasks could have more complex relations.To solve this problem we use constraints. There are time sequence constraint (TSC) and logic constraint (LC). The time sequence constraint defines the time relationships among subtasks. The TSC has four different types, FF, FS, SF and SS. F means finish and S presents start. If we say Tabb is FS and lag four days, it means Tb should start no later than four days after Ta is finished.The logic constraint is much more complicated. It defines logic relationship among multiple tasks.Here is given an example:“Task TA is separated into three subtasks, Ta, T b and Tc. But there are two more rules.Tb and Tc can not be executed until Ta is finished.Tb and Tc can not be executed both，that means if Tb was executed, Tc should not be executed, and vice versa. This depends on the result of Ta.”So we say Tb and Tc have a logic constraint. After finishing breaking down the tasks, we can get a task tree as Fig, 2 illustrates.4 TMS Realization4.1 TMS StructureAccording to our discussion about task tree model and task breakdown basis, we can develop a Task Management System (TMS)based on Co Design Space using Java language, JSP technology and Microsoft SQL 2000. The task management system’s structure is shown in Fig. 3.TMS has four main modules namely Task Breakdown, Role Management, Statistics and Query and Data Integration. The Task Breakdown module helps users to work out task tree. Role Management module performs authentication and authorization of access control. Statistics and Query module is an extra tool for users to find more information about their task. The last Data Integration Module provides in/out interface for TMS with its peripheral environment.4.2 Key Points in System Realization4.2.1 Integration with Co Design SpaceCo Design Space is an integrated information management system which stores, shares and processes design data and provides a series of tools to support users. These tools can share all information in the database because they have a universal Data Mode1. Which is defined in an XML (extensible Markup Language) file, and has a hierarchical structure. Based on this XML structure the TMS h data mode1 definition is organized as following.<?xml version= 1.0 encoding= UTF-8’?><!--comment：Common Resource Definitions Above．The Followingare Task Design--><!ELEMENT ProductProcessResource (Prcses?, History?，AsBuiltProduct*，ItemsObj?, Changes?, ManufacturerParts?，SupplierParts?，AttachmentsObj? ， Contacts?， PartLibrary?，AdditionalAttributes*)><!ELEMENT Prcses (Prcs+) ><!ELEMENT Prcs (Prcses，PrcsNotes?，PrcsArc*，Contacts?，AdditionalAttributes*，Attachments?)><!ELEM ENT PrcsArc EMPTY><!ELEMENT PrcsNotes(PrcsNote*)><!ELEMENT PrcsNote EMPTY>Notes: Element “Pros” is a task node object, and “Process” is a task set object which contains subtask objects and is belongs to a higher class task object. One task object can have no more than one “Presses” objects. According to this definition, “Prcs”objects are organized in a tree-formation process. The other objects are resources, such as task link object (“Presage”), task notes (“Pros Notes”), and task documents (“Attachments”) .These resources are shared in Co Design database.文章出处：计算机智能研究[J],47卷，2007：647-703基于网络的任务管理系统摘要在网络与设计协同化的环境下，设计资源变得越来越多样化和复杂化。

外文资料原文Database Systems1.Introduction to Database SystemToday, more than at any previous time, the success of an organization depends on its ability to acquire accurate and timely data about its operation，to manage this data effectively，and to use it to analyze and guide its activities. Phrases such as the information superhighway have become ubiquitous，and information processing is a rapidly growing multibillion dollar industry 。

The amount of information available to us is literally exploding, and the value of data as an organizational asset is being widely recognized。

This paradox drives the need for increasingly powerful and flexible data management systems 。

A database is a collection of data , typically describing the activities of one or more related organizations . For example , a university database might contain information about the following .●Entities such as students ，faculty , courses ，and classrooms 。

第一章（计算机系统概论）digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制数字binary 二进制bit 位ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理器memory 存储器application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器floating point data浮点数据Boolean布尔值character data字符数据EBCDIC扩充的二十一进制交换代码punched cards穿孔卡片magnetic tape磁带main memory主存vacuum tubes电子管magnetic drum磁鼓transistors晶体管solid-state devices固体器件magnetic cores磁芯integrated circuit（IC）集成电路silicon chip硅芯片multiprogramming多道程序设计timessharing分时分时技术minicomputers小型计算机mainframe大型计算机large-scaleintegrated(LSI)大规模集成very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)超大规模集成word processing文字处理eletronic spreedsheets电子表格database management programs数据库管理程序desktop publishing桌面印刷personalcomputer(PC)个人计算机microcomputer微型计算机storage capacities存储容量stand-alone computer独立计算机local area network(LAN)局域网peripheral devices外部设备assembly line流水线supercomputer巨型计算机第二章（计算机系统结构）memmory subsystem存储子系统I/O subsystem输入输出子系统bus总线system bus系统总线chip 芯片address bus地址总线instructions指令memory location存储单元data bus数据总线control bus控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor微处理器register set寄存器组arithmetic logic unit(ALU)运算器clock cycle时钟周期control unit控制器computer architecture计算机体系结构introduction format指令格式addressing modes寻址方式introduction set指令集internal memory内存main memory主存Random Access Memory(RAM)随机存取存储器Read Only Memory (ROM)只读存储器secondary storage副主存储器vitual memory虚拟存储器Dynamic RAM(DRAM)动态存储器refresh circuitry刷新电路Static RAM(SRAM)静态RAMcache memory高速缓冲存储器masked ROM掩膜ROMPROM可编程RAMEPROM可擦写PROMultraviolet light紫外线EEPROM or EEPROM电擦写PROMbasic input/output system(BIOS)基本输入输出系统flash EEPROM 快闪存储器memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage memory 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screen触屏infrared ray红外线monitor 监视器display screen显示屏laser printer激光打印机ink-jet printer喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer点针式打印机modem调制解调器input-output interface(I/O interface)输入输出接口peripheral外部设备，外设interrupt中断program counter程序计数器vectored interrupt向量中断nonvectored interrupt非向量中断interrupt vector中断向量Direct Memory Acess(DMA)直接存储器存取timeout超时第三单元（计算机体系结构）parallel processing 并行操作serial operations 串行操作instructions stream 指令流data dream 数据流SISD 单指令单数据流SIMD 单指令多数据流MISD 多指令单数据流MIMD 多指令多数据流pipeline processing 流水线处理combinational circuit 组合电路multiplier 乘法器adder 加法器clock pulse 时钟脉冲vector processing 向量处理one-dimensional array 一维数组scalar processer 标量处理器vector instructions 向量指令CISC 复杂指令集计算机decoder 译码器RISC 精简指令集计算机backward compatibility 向下兼容第四单元（算法与数据结构）algorithm 算法parallel algotithm 并行算法primitive 原语syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divide-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划bottom-up 自上而下top-down 自下而上array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组pointer 指针program counter 程序计数器instruction pointer 指令指针list 列表linked list 链表singly-linked list 单向链表double-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表FIFO 先进先出LIFO 后进先出stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 结点的度depth of a tree树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M向搜索树第五章（编程语言）Program 程序Program language 程序设计语言Software engineering 软件工程Pseudocode 伪码Flowchart 流程图Coding 编码Program testing 程序测试Desk-checking 手工检查Documentation 文档User documentation 用户文档Operator documentation 操作员文档Programmer documentation 程序员文档Machine language 机器语言Assembly languages 汇编语言High-level languages 高级语言RAD(rapid application development) 快速应用开发Natural language 自然语言Artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能Compile 编译Assemble 汇编Source code 源代码Object code 目标代码Linker 连接器Executable file 可执行文件Object-oriented programming 面向对象的程序设计Object 对象Class 类ADT（abstract data type）抽象数据类型Member variable 成员变量Class variable 类变量Member function 成员函数Inheritance 继承Derived class 派生类Overload 超载Message 消息Static binding 静态绑定Dynamic binding 动态绑定Polymorphism 多态性Visual programming 可视化编程Markup language 标记语言HTML（hyper text markup language）超文本标记语言Hyperlink 超链接XML(extensible markup language) 可扩展标记语言Java virtual machine java虚拟机第六章（操作系统）Application software 应用软件System software 系统软件Utility software 实用软件Operating system（OS）操作系统Shell 操作系统的外壳程序Graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Kernel 内核Serial processing 串行处理Job 作业Batch processing 批处理Simple batch systems 简单批处理系统Multiprogrammed batch systems 多道程序批处理系统Monitor 监控程序Scheduler 调度程序Multiprogramming 多道程序Multitasking 多任务Time-sharing systems 分时系统Uniprogramming 单道进程Process 进程Process management 进程管理Process control block 进程控制块Mutual exclusion 互斥Multiprocessing 多处理，多进程Distributed processing 分布式管理Concurrent processes 并发处理Deadlock 死锁Synchronize process同步处理Semaphore 信号量Reusable resource 可复用性资源I/O buffers 输入/输出缓冲区I/O channel 输入/输出通道Deadlock prevention 死锁预防Deadlock detection 死锁检测Deadlock avoidance 死锁避免Virtual memory 虚拟内存Logical reference 逻辑引用Real addresse 实地址Paging 分页Segmentation 分段Virtual address 虚拟地址Physical addresses 物理地址Real-time process 实时处理File management 文件管理Plug and play(PnP) 即插即用第七单元(应用软件)application software 应用软件word processing 字处理软件spreadsheet 电子表格personal finance 个人理财presentation graphic 演示图形database manager 数据库管理软件groupware 群件desktop accessory 桌面辅助工具browsers 浏览区desktop publishing 桌面印刷project management 项目管理CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造multimedia authoring 多媒体发布animation 动画MIDI 乐器数字化接口speech synthesis 语音合成insertion point 插入点scroll bar 滚动条window 窗口menu bar 菜单栏pull-down menu 下拉式菜单Button 按钮toolbar 工具条dialog box 对话框default value 缺省值（默认值）macro 宏OLE 对象链接和嵌入clipboard 剪切板column 列row 行cell 单元格cell address 单元格地址cell pointer 单元格指针formula 公式function 函数bar chart 柱形图line chart 线图pie chart 圆饼图workflow software 工作流软件PIM 个人信息管理软件Web browser 浏览器World Wide Web 万维网home page 主页第八单元（数据库）DBMS 数据库管理系统instance 实例schema 模式physical schema 物理模式存储模式内模式logical schema 逻辑模式概念模式模式subschema 子模式外模式data independence 数据独立性physical data independence 物理数据独立性logical data independence 逻辑数据独立性data model 数据模型entity-relationship model 实体联系模型object-oriented model 面向对象模型semantic data model 语义数据类型functional data model 功能数据模型entity 实体entity set 实体集mapping cardinality 映射基数abstract data type 抽象数据类型attribute 属性relation 关系tuple 元组primary key 主键super key 超健candidate key 候选键foreign key 外键DDL 数据定义语言data dictionary 数据字典DML 数据操纵语言procedure DML 过程化DML nonprocedure DML 非过程化DMLSQL 结构化查询语言view 视图the relational algebra 关系代数the tuple relational calculus 元组关系演算atomicity 原子性consistency 一致性duration 持久性transaction 事物DBA 数据库管理员。

Introduction to the operating system of the new technology Abstract:the Operating System (Operating System, referred to as OS) is an important part of a computer System is an important part of the System software, it is responsible for managing the hardware and software resources of the computer System and the working process of the entire computer coordination between System components, systems and between users and the relationship between the user and the user. With the appearance of new technology of the operating system functions on the rise. Operating system as a standard suite must satisfy the needs of users as much as possible, so the system is expanding, function of increasing, and gradually formed from the development tools to system tools and applications of a platform environment. To meet the needs of users. In this paper, in view of the operating system in the core position in the development of computer and technological change has made an analysis of the function of computer operating system, development and classification of simple analysis and elaborationKey words: computer operating system, development,new technology Operating system is to manage all the computer system hardware resources include software and data resources; Control program is running; Improve the man-machine interface; Provide support for other application software, etc., all the computer system resourcesto maximize the role, to provide users with convenient, efficient, friendly service interface.The operating system is a management computer hardware and software resources program, is also the kernel of the computer system and the cornerstone. Operating system have such as management and configuration memory, decided to system resources supply and demand of priorities, control input and output devices, file system and other basic network operation and management affairs. Operating system is to manage all the computer system hardware resources include software and data resources; Control program is running; Improve the man-machine interface; Provide support for other application software, etc., all the computer system resources to maximize the role, to provide users with convenient, efficient, friendly service interface. Operating system is a huge management control procedures, including roughly five aspects of management functions, processes and processor management, operation management, storage management, equipment management, file management. At present the common operating system on microcomputer DOS, OS / 2, UNIX, XENIX, LINUX, Windows, Netware, etc. But all of the operating system with concurrency, sharing, four basic characteristics of virtual property and uncertainty. At present there are many different kinds of operating system, it is difficultto use a single standard unified classification. Divided according to the application field, can be divided into the desktop operating system, server operating system, the host operating system, embedded operating system.1．The basic introduction of the operating system（1）The features of the operating systemManagement of computer system hardware, software, data and other resources, as far as possible to reduce the work of the artificial allocation of resources and people to the machine's intervention, the computer automatically work efficiency into full play.Coordinate the relationship between and in the process of using various resources, make the computer's resources use reasonable scheduling, both low and high speed devices running with each other.To provide users with use of a computer system environment, easy to use parts of a computer system or function. Operating system, through its own procedures to by all the resources of the computer system provides the function of the abstract, the function of the formation and the equivalent of the operating system, and image, provide users with convenient to use the computer.（2）The development of the operating systemOperating system originally intended to provide a simple sorting ability to work, after updating for auxiliary more complex hardwarefacilities and gradual evolution.Starting from the first batch mode, also come time sharing mechanism, in the era of multiprocessor comes, the operating system also will add a multiprocessor coordination function, even the coordination function of distributed systems. The evolution of the other aspects also like this.On the other hand, on a personal computer, personal computer operating system of the road, following the growth of the big computer is becoming more and more complex in hardware, powerful, and practice in the past only large computer functions that it step by step.Manual operation stage. At this stage of the computer, the main components is tube, speed slow, no software, no operating system. User directly using a machine language program, hands-on completely manual operation, the first will be prepared machine program tape into the input, and then start the machine input the program and data into a computer, and then through the switch to start the program running and computing, after the completion of the printer output. The user must be very professional and technical personnel to achieve control of the computer.Batch processing stage. Due to the mid - 1950 - s, the main components replaced by the transistor computer, running speed hadthe very big enhancement, the software also began to develop rapidly, appeared in the early of the operating system, it is the early users to submit the application software for management and monitoring program of the batch.Multiprogramming system phase. As the medium and small-scale integrated circuit widely application in computer systems, the CPU speed is greatly increased, in order to improve the utilization rate of CPU and multiprogramming technology is introduced, and the special support multiprogramming hardware organization, during this period, in order to further improve the efficiency of CPU utilization, a multichannel batch system, time-sharing system, etc., to produce more powerful regulatory process, and quickly developed into an important branch of computer science, is the operating system. Collectively known as the traditional operating system.Modern operating systems. Large-scale, the rapid development of vlsi rapidly, a microprocessor, optimization of computer architecture, computer speed further improved, and the volume is greatly reduced, for personal computers and portable computer appeared and spread. Its the biggest advantage is clear structure, comprehensive functions, and can meet the needs of the many USES and operation aspects.2. New technology of the operating systemFrom the standpoint of the operating system of the new technology, it mainly includes the operating system structure design of the micro kernel technology and operating system software design of the object-oriented technology.(1) The microkernel operating system technologyA prominent thought in the design of modern operating systems is the operating system of the composition and function of more on a higher level to run (i.e., user mode), and leave a small kernel as far as possible, use it to complete the core of the operating system is the most basic function, according to the technology for micro kernel (Microkernel) technology.The microkernel structure(1) Those most basic, the most essential function of the operatingsystem reserved in the kernel(2)Move most of the functionality of the operating system intothe kernel, and each operating system functions exist in theform of a separate server process, and provide services.(3)In user space outside of the kernel including all operatingsystem, service process also includes the user's applicationprocess. Between these processes is the client/server mode.Micro kernel contains the main ingredient(1) Interrupt and the exception handling mechanism(2)Interprocess communication mechanisms(3)The processor scheduling mechanism(4)The basic mechanism of the service functionThe realization of the microkernelMicro kernel implementation "micro" is a major problem and performance requirements of comprehensive consideration. To do "micro" is the key to implementation mechanism and strategy, the concept of separation. Due to the micro kernel is the most important of news communication between processes and the interrupt processing mechanism, the following briefly describes the realization of both.Interprocess communication mechanismsCommunication service for the client and the server is one of the main functions of the micro kernel, is also the foundation of the kernel implement other services. Whether to send the request and the server reply messages are going through the kernel. Process of news communication is generally through the port (port). A process can have one or more ports, each port is actually a message queue or message buffer, they all have a unique port ID (port) and port authority table, the table is pointed out that this process can be interactive communications and which process. Ports ID and kernel power table maintenance.Interrupt processing mechanismMicro-kernel structure separation mechanism will interrupt and the interrupt processing, namely the interrupt mechanism on micro kernel, and put the interrupt handling in user space corresponding service process. Micro kernel interruption mechanism, is mainly responsible for the following work:(1) When an interrupt occurs to identify interrupt;(2) Put the interrupt signal interrupt data structure mapping tothe relevant process;(3) The interrupt is transformed into a message;(4) Send a message to the user space in the process of port, butthe kernel has nothing to do with any interrupt handling.(5) Interrupt handling is to use threads in a system.The advantages of the microkernel structure(1) Safe and reliableThe microkernel to reduce the complexity of the kernel, reduce the probability of failure, and increases the security of the system.(2) The consistency of the interfaceWhen required by the user process services, all based on message communication mode through the kernel to the server process. Therefore, process faces is a unified consistent processescommunication interface.(3) Scalability of the systemSystem scalability is strong, with the emergence of new hardware and software technology, only a few change to the kernel.(4) FlexibilityOperating system has a good modular structure, can independently modify module and can also be free to add and delete function, so the operating system can be tailored according to user's need.(5) CompatibilityMany systems all hope to be able to run on a variety of different processor platform, the micro kernel structure is relatively easy to implement.(6) Provides support for distributed systemsOperating under the microkernel structure system must adopt client/server mode. This model is suitable for distributed systems, can provide support for distributed systems.The main drawback of microkernelUnder the micro-kernel structure, a system service process need more patterns (between user mode and kernel mode conversion) and process address space of the switch, this increases costs, affected the speed of execution.3 .Object-oriented operating system technologyObject-oriented operating system refers to the operating system based on object model. At present, there have been many operating system used the object-oriented technology, such as Windows NT, etc. Object-oriented has become a new generation of an important symbol of the operating system.The core of object-oriented conceptsIs the basic idea of object-oriented to construct the system as a series of collections of objects. The object refers to a set of data and the data of some basic operation encapsulated together formed by an entity. The core of object-oriented concept includes the following aspects:(1) EncapsulationIn object-oriented encapsulation is the meaning of a data set and the data about the operation of the packaging together, form a dynamic entity, namely object. Encapsulated within the request object code and data to be protected.(2) InheritanceInheritance refers to some object can be inherited some features and characteristics of the object.(3) PolymorphismPolymorphism refers to a name a variety of semantics, or the same interface multiple implementations. Polymorphism inobject-oriented languages is implemented by overloading and virtual functions.(4) The messageNews is the way of mutual requests and mutual cooperation between objects. An object through the message to activate another object. The message typically contains a request object identification and information necessary to complete the work.Object-oriented operating systemIn object-oriented operating system, the object as a concurrent units, all system resources, including documents, process and memory blocks are considered to be an object, such as the operating system resources are all accomplished through the use of object services.The advantages of object-oriented operating system:(1)Can reduce operating system throughout its life period whena change is done to the influence of the system itself.For example, if the hardware has changed, will force the operating system also changes, in this case, as long as change the object representing the hardware resources and the operation of the object of service, and those who use only do not need to change the object code.(2)Operating system access to its resources and manipulation are consistent .Operating system to produce an event object, delete, and reference, and it produces reference, delete, and a process object using the same method, which is implemented by using a handle to the object. Handle to the object, refers to the process to a particular object table in the table.(3)Security measures to simplify the operating system.Because all the objects are the same way, so when someone tries to access an object, security operating system will step in and approved, regardless of what the object is.(4)Sharing resources between object for the process provides a convenient and consistent approach.Object handle is used to handle all types of objects. The operating system can by tracking an object, how many handle is opened to determine whether the object is still in use. When it is no longer used, the operating system can delete the object.ConclusionIn the past few decades of revolutionary changes have taken place in the operating system: technological innovation, the expansionof the user experience on the upgrade, application field and the improvement of function. As in the past few decades, over the next 20 years there will be huge changes in operating system. See we now use the operating system is very perfect. Believe that after the technology of the operating system will still continue to improve, will let you use the more convenient. Believe that the operating system in the future will make our life and work more colorful.。

英文参考文献及翻译Linux - Operating system of cybertimesThough for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece what glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufacturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Netscape , Dell ,etc. , OK?1.The background of Linux and characteristicLinux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free,mean users can obtain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following:(1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operatingsystem of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible.(2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in networksupports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and assess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , Ex t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .(3) Can operate it in many kinds of hardwares platform , including such processors as Alpha , SunSparc , PowerPC , MIPS ,etc., to various kinds of new-type peripheral hardwares, can from distribute on global numerous programmer there getting support rapidly too.(4) To that the hardware requires lower, can obtain very good performance on more low-grade machine , what deserves particular mention is Linux outstanding stability , permitted " year " count often its running times.2.Main application of Linux At present,Now, the application of Linux mainly includes:(1) Internet/Intranet: This is one that Linux was used most at present, it can offer and include Web server , all such Inter net services as Ftp server , Gopher server , SMTP/POP3 mail server , Proxy/Cache server , DNS server ,etc.. Linux kernel supports IPalias , PPP and IPtunneling, these functions can be used for setting up fictitious host computer , fictitious service , VPN (fictitious special-purpose network ) ,etc.. Operating Apache Web server on Linux mainly, the occupation rate of market in 1998 is 49%, far exceeds the sum of such several big companies as Microsoft , Netscape ,etc..(2) Because Linux has outstanding networking ability , it can be usedin calculating distributedly large-scaly, for instance cartoon making , scientific caculation , database and file server ,etc..(3) As realization that is can under low platform fullness of Unix that operate , apply at all levels teaching and research work of universities and colleges extensively, if Mexico government announce middle and primary schools in the whole country dispose Linux and offer Internet service for student already.(4) Tabletop and handling official business appliedly. Application number of people of in this respect at present not so good as Windows of Microsoft far also, reason its lie in Lin ux quantity , desk-top of application software not so good as Windows application far not merely,because the characteristic of the freedom software makes it not almost have advertisement that support (though the function of Star Office is not second to MS Office at the same time, but there are actually few people knowing).3.Can Linux become a kind of major operating system?In the face of the pressure of coming from users that is strengthened day by day, more and more commercial companies transplant its application to Linux platform, comparatively important incident was as follows, in 1998 ①Compaq and HP determine to put forward user of requirement truss up Linux at their servers , IBM and Dell promise to offer customized Linux system to user too. ②Lotus announce, Notes the next edition include one special-purpose edition in Linux. ③Corel Company transplants its famous WordPerfect to on Linux, and free issue. Corel also plans to move the other figure pattern process products to Linux platform completely.④Main database producer: Sybase , Informix , Oracle , CA , IBM have already been transplanted one's own database products to on Linux, or has finished Beta edition, among them Oracle and Informix also offer technical support to their products.4.The gratifying one is, some farsighted domestic corporations have begun to try hard to change this kind of current situation already. Stone Co. not long ago is it invest a huge sum of money to claim , regard Linux as platform develop a Internet/Intranet solution, regard this as the core and launch Stone's system integration business , plan to set up nationwide Linux technical support organization at the same time , take the lead to promote the freedom software application and development in China. In addition domestic computer Company , person who win of China , devoted to Linux relevant software and hardware application of system popularize too. Is it to intensification that Linux know , will have more and more enterprises accede to the ranks that Linux will be used with domestic every enterprise to believe, more software will be planted in Linux platform. Meanwhile, the domestic university should regard Linux as the original version and upgrade already existing Unix content of courses , start with analysing the source code and revising the kernel and train a large number of senior Linux talents, improve our country's own operating system. Having only really grasped the operating system, the software industry of our country could be got rid of and aped sedulously at present, the passive state led by the nose byothers, create conditions for revitalizing the software industry of our country fundamentally.中文翻译Linux—网络时代的操作系统虽然对许多人来说，以Linux作为主要的操作系统组成庞大的工作站群，完成了《泰坦尼克号》的特技制作，已经算是出尽了风头。

单位代码学号分类号密级_________ 文献翻译一切都是对象院（系）名称专业名称学生姓名指导教师2008年4月15日英语译文一切都是对象王瑞“尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。

无论C++还是Java都属于杂合语言。

但在Java中，设计者觉得这种杂合并不像在C++里那么重要。

杂合语言允许采用多种编程风格；之所以说C++是一种杂合语言，是因为它支持与C语言的向后兼容能力。

由于C++是C的一个超集，所以包含的许多特性都是后者不具备的，这些特性使C++在某些地方显得过于复杂。

Java语言首先便假定了我们只希望进行面向对象的程序设计。

也就是说，正式用它设计之前，必须先将自己的思想转入一个面向对象的世界（除非早已习惯了这个世界的思维方式）。

只有做好这个准备工作，与其他OOP语言相比，才能体会到Java的易学易用。

下面，我们将探讨Java程序的基本组件，并体会为什么说Java乃至Java程序内的一切都是对象。

(1)用句柄操纵对象。

每种编程语言都有自己的数据处理方式。

有些时候，程序员必须时刻留意准备处理的是什么类型。

您曾利用一些特殊语法直接操作过对象，或处理过一些间接表示的对象吗（C或C++里的指针）？所有这些在Java里都得到了简化，任何东西都可看作对象。

因此，我们可采用一种统一的语法，任何地方均可照搬不误。

但要注意，尽管将一切都“看作”对象，但操纵的标识符实际是指向一个对象的“句柄”（Handle）。

在其他Java参考书里，还可看到有的人将其称作一个“引用”，甚至一个“指针”。

可将这一情形想象成用遥控板（句柄）操纵电视机（对象）。

只要握住这个遥控板，就相当于掌握了与电视机连接的通道。

但一旦需要“换频道”或者“关小声音”，我们实际操纵的是遥控板（句柄），再由遥控板自己操纵电视机（对象）。

如果要在房间里四处走走，并想保持对电视机的控制，那么手上拿着的是遥控板，而非电视机。

此外，即使没有电视机，遥控板亦可独立存在。

第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。

(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。

与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。

不像其前一操作系统vista，windows7 引入了大量的新特性，更集中于增量升级的windows线，目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。

微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持，以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏，并将其称之为Superbar，还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统，注重性能改进。

之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序，包括windows日历，windows邮件，windows movie maker，和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来，而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。

2. 发展最初，微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。

微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强，查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。

然而，一个临时的，更小的，代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。

微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb，但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。

在2003年，相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞，微软改变了其的发展重点，搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作，主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。

附录二Information Systems Analysis and DesignThis class reconstructs the classical computer science topics of "systems analysis and design" -- mapping information flows and data modeling -- within a framework derived from industrial design. Compared with the traditional approach, our focus of attention will shift from systems to services, mainframes to networks, the desktop to the street, organizational workplaces to institutionally organized relationships, cognition to physical activity, and individual users to communities of practice. The class will be organized around presentations by interdisciplinary teams, with minimal lecturing and written work. We will attend closely to the design process, and the teams' own experiences will become raw material for their projects.Two books are required: David G. Messerschmitt, Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufman, 1999. This is an outstanding plain-language introduction to the structure of modern information systems.Donald A. Norman, The Invisible Computer, MIT Press, 1999. This is a polemic against the personal computer and in favor of a new generation of diverse and specialized computing devices.Another book is recommended:Jeffrey L. Whitten and Lonnie D. Bentley, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, fourth edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. This is a thorough introduction to the conventional practice of systems analysis and design. If you are going to work with people who have the conventional training then it will be useful reference book. But as I say, I regard this material as out-of-date.Here are summaries of the group projects from week to week: Assignment for week 2: Team-Building Exercise.Everyone writes down their skill set and gets copies of everyone else's. Class members then form themselves into teams. Each team's members discuss their past and future, and how they complement one another. They draw a diagram that gives clear form to the conclusions they have reached, and they design a presentation around it.Assignment for week 3: Seeing information happen. Each team gets a distinct assignment, all of which involve going out in the world and watching information happen. Bring back what you've observed and show us. If you use what you've learned in other classes about information seeking then that's great. But we really want you to be observant and name things, and learn how to show what you've seen in a way that changes how other people see the world.Assignment for week 4: Growth of the technology.Each team again gets a distinct assignment, this time involving library work on the state of information technology ten years from now. Because of Moore's Law and related phenomena, we can predict reasonably well the quantitative properties of computing. Processors, for example, will be 100 times faster. What about mass storage, memory chips, wireline and wireless bandwidths, penetration rates of the technologies both domestically and globally, and so on? What important standards will be widely deployed by then? Show us what you've found.Assignment for week 5: Layering.Building on last week, we will do an exercise about the concept of a platform: a service upon which a diversity of other services can be built. The hard part is figuring out what belongs in the generic service, and what the interface should look like between the platform and the services that are built on it. This is going to be a central concept for design in the future. By this time we will have discussed several examples of platforms.Assignment for week 6: Show us your collaboration patterns.All the while you've been documenting your team's work process. This might mean keeping notes,taking pictures, drawing diagrams, videotaping, saving your work, etc. You have probably also settled into something of a routine. Show us how you work together. Along the way we will offer several ideas about what to look for. For example, where is the borderline between "routine" and "improvised"? This will be important in the coming weeks as we mess with the traditional concepts of systems analysis. This is the first week of a six-week iterative design exercise.Assignment for week 7: Ontology of collaborative work. Data modeling is the only idea from traditional systems analysis that is intellectually hard, so we will spend some extra time in class working an example of it. Then your assignment will be to model the data that will be required to implement one or more of your prospective services. Whereas earlier assignments have called on you to invent your own representation schemes, for this assignment we'll have you use a conventional notation scheme for data models. Having done so, sketch an information service that you might like to design to support collaborative work activities.Assignment for week 8: Service design. Now it is time to spell out the details of a potential information service for collaborative work. To prepare for this, think about your service from several angles. What institutional roles are people playing as they use the service? Where are they located? What actions do they need to take? Who gets access to what information? Who creates the data that goes in the databases? Which parts of the data should be structured, and what should the structure be? What existing services does your service exchange data with? And so on. Having explored all of these questions, draw a dataflow diagram for the service you are designing, decomposing the design into enough component processes and databases to get a clear idea of its properties.Assignment for week 9: Information ing cardboard, crayons, glue, and other materials found in kindergarten classrooms, build a mockup of one or more of your services. Show what your service will look like in practice, and tell us how it is comprehensible. We will have discussed some examples of information design, including several that have nothing to do with computers. We wantcomputers to be more like the diagrams in Edward Tufte's books. We also want them to be more like the information appliances that Norman argues for.Assignment for week 10: Service architecture. Having sketched first the insides and then the outsides of your service, it will be time to return to the inside, applying serious architectural concepts this time. How are the processes and databases that comprise your service divided among the various networked devices that they run on? You will have been reading Messerschmidt throughout the quarter, and this is where you will apply everything in that book.Assignment for finals week.We don't imagine that anyone will be around during finals week to see your work, and so instead we will have each group videotape a final presentation that we can put on the Web. This will include your service mockup, its information design and internal architecture, how it works cognitively, how the information flows, and generally how it works as a service in the full sense.MIS Application Server: Easy back-end adminstrationAccurate information is the first step to better planning, reporting and analysis. In many companies, however, this information is stored in several formats across multiple locations. MIS Application Server brings this information together in a single analytic platform.Test thousands of scenariosHow much revenue will our new product generate? Should we split our sales cost center into direct and indirect sales? What if I only invested, 10% of my marketing budget into advertising?Managers test these and thousands of other scenarios during each and every budget planning. Let MIS Application Server support you throughout the process. Its unique “splashing” technology automatically allocates your budget into different projects –down to any desired level of detail. Once you are satisfied with your results, just write back your finalized budget into the database, where you can later access it for comparing budget-actual variances.When changes arise in your budget structure, you can update these quickly from a familiar Excel environment. This unparalleled planning flexibility is powered by the multidimensional real-time OLAP database, MIS Alea.信息系统分析和设计这种重建“系统分析和设计”的古典计算机科学题目 -- 绘图资料流动和数据模型 -- 从工业设计图得到的一种框架。

1In the past decade the business environment has changed dramatically. The world has become a small and very dynamic marketplace. Organizations today confront new markets, new competition and increasing customer expectations. This has put a tremendous demand on manufacturers to; 1) Lower total costs in the complete supply chain 2) Shorten throughput times 3) Reduce stock to a minimum 4) Enlarge product assortment 5) Improve product quality 6) Provide more reliable delivery dates and higher service to the customer 7) Efficiently coordinate global demand, supply and production. Thus today's organization have to constantly re-engineer their business practices and procedures to be more and more responsive to customers and competition. In the 1990's information technology and business process re-engineering, used in conjunction with each other, have emerged as important tools which give organizations the leading edge.ERP Systems EvolutionThe focus of manufacturing systems in the 1960's was on inventory control. Most of the software packages then (usually customized) were designed to handle inventory based on traditional inventory concepts. In the 1970's the focus shifted to MRP (Material Requirement Planning) systems which translatedthe Master Schedule built for the end items into time-phased net requirements for the sub-assemblies, components and raw materials planning and procurement,In the 1980's the concept of MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) evolved which was an extension of MRP to shop floor and distribution management activities. In the early 1990's, MRP-II was further extended to cover areas like Engineering, Finance, Human Resources, Projects Management etc i.e. the complete gamut of activities within any business enterprise. Hence, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was coined.In addition to system requirements, ERP addresses technology aspects like client/server distributedarchitecture, RDBMS, object oriented programming etc. ERP Systems-Bandwidth ERP solutions address broad areas within any business like Manufacturing, Distribution, Finance, Project Management, Service and Maintenance, Transportation etc. A seamless integration is essential to provide visibility and consistency across the enterprise.An ERP system should be sufficiently versatile to support different manufacturing environments like make-to-stock, assemble-to-order and engineer-to-order. The customer order decoupling point (CODP) should be flexible enough to allow the co-existence of these manufacturing environments within the same system. It is also very likely that the same product may migrate from one manufacturing environment to another during its produce life cycle.The system should be complete enough to support both Discrete as well as Process manufacturing scenario's. The efficiency of an enterprise depends on the quick flow of information across the complete supply chain i.e. from the customer to manufacturers to supplier. This places demands on the ERP system to have rich functionality across all areas like sales, accounts receivable, engineering, planning, inventory management, production, purchase, accounts payable, quality management, distribution planning and external transportation. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an important tool in speeding up communications with trading partners.More and more companies are becoming global and focusing on down-sizing and decentralizing their business. ABB and Northern Telecom are examples of companies which have business spread around the globe. For these companies to manage their business efficiently, ERP systems need to have extensive multi-site management capabilities. The complete financial accounting and management accounting requirementsof the organization should be addressed. It is necessary to have centralized or de-centralized accounting functions with complete flexibility to consolidate corporate information.After-sales service should be streamlined and managed efficiently. A strong EIS (Enterprise Information System) with extensive drill down capabilities should be available for the top management to get a birds eye view of the health of their organization and help them to analyze performance in key areas.Evaluation CriteriaSome important points to be kept in mind while evaluating an ERP software include: 1) Functional fit with the Company's business processes 2) Degree of integration between the various components of the ERP system 3) Flexibility and scalability 4) Complexity; user friendliness 5) Quick implementation; shortened ROI period 6) Ability to support multi-site planning and control 7) Technology; client/server capabilities, database independence, security 8)Availability of regular upgrades 9) Amount of customization required 10) Local support infrastructure II) Availability of reference sites 12) Total costs,including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance, customization and hardware requirements.ERP Systems-ImplementationThe success of an ERP solution depends on how quick the benefits can be reaped from it. This necessitates rapid implementations which lead to shortened ROI periods. Traditional approach to implementation has been to carry out a Business Process Re-engineering exercise and define a "TO BE"model before the ERP system implementation. This led to mismatches between the proposed model and the ERP functionality, the consequence of which was customizations, extended implementation time frames, higher costs and loss of user confidence.ERP Systems-The FutureThe Internet represents the next major technology enabler which allows rapid supply chain management between multiple operations and trading partners. Most ERP systems are enhancing their products to become "Internet Enabled" so that customers worldwide can have direct to the supplier's ERP system. ERP systems are building in the Workflow Management functionally which provides a mechanism to manage and controlthe flow of work by monitoring logistic aspects like workload, capacity, throughout times, work queue lengths and processing times.译文1在过去十年中，商业环境发生了巨大的变化。

英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)The increasing complexity of design resources in a net-based collaborative XXX common systems。

design resources can be organized in n with design activities。

A task is formed by a set of activities and resources linked by logical ns。

XXX managementof all design resources and activities via a Task Management System (TMS)。

which is designed to break down tasks and assign resources to task nodes。

This XXX。

2 Task Management System (TMS)TMS is a system designed to manage the tasks and resources involved in a design project。

It poses tasks into smaller subtasks。

XXX management of all design resources and activities。

TMS assigns resources to task nodes。

XXX。

3 Collaborative DesignCollaborative design is a process that XXX a common goal。

In a net-based collaborative design environment。

n XXX n for all design resources and activities。

计算机英文文献翻译INDUSTTRY PERSPECTIVEUSING A DSS TO KEEP THE COST OF GAS DOWNThink you spend a lot on gas for you car every yer?J.B.Hunt Transportation Inc.spends a lot more..J.B.Hunt moves freight around the country on its 10,000trucks and 48,000 trailers.The company spent$250 million in 2004 on fuel.That figure was up by 40 percent over the previous year.Diesel fuel is the company''s second-largest expense(drivers''wages is the largest),and the freight hauler wanted to find a way to reduce that.part of the answer lay,as it often does,in IT.In2000,J.B.Hunt installed a decision support system that provides drivers with help in deciding which gas station to stop at for ing statellite communications,the system beams diesel-fuel prices from all over the country straight into the cabs of the tricks.The software accesses a database with local taxes for each area of the country and then calculates for the drivers how much refueling will actually cost.J.B.Hunt doesn''t require drivers to use this system,but provides incentives for those who do.The company estimates that the system saves about $1 million annually.Decision Support SystemIn Chapter 3,you saw how data mining can help you make business decisions by giving you the ability to slice and dice your way through massive amounts of information.Actually,a data warehouse with data-mining tools is a form of decision support.The term decision support system ,used broadly ,means any computerized system that helps you make decisions.Medicine can mean the whole health care industy or in can mean cough syrup,depending on the context.Narrowly definrd,a decision support system(DSS) si a highly flexible and interantive IT system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured.A DSS is an alliance between you,the decision maker,and specialized support provided by IT(see figure4.4).IT brings speed,vast amounts information,and sophisticated processing capabilities to help you create information useful in making a decision.You bring know-how in the form of your experience,intuition,judgment,and knowledge of the relevant factors.IT provides great power ,but you-as the decision maker-must know what kinds of questions to ask of the information and how to process the information to get those questions answered.In fact,theprimary objective of a DSS is to improve your effectiveness as a decision maker by providing you with assistance that will complement your insights.This union of your know-how and IT power helps you generate business intelligence so that you can quickly respond to changes in the marketplace and manage resources in themost effective and efficient ways possible.Following are some example of the varid applicatins of DSSs:.。

管理信息系统MIS管理信息系统设计的宗旨是向管理者提供智力支持，以优化管理过程。

逐渐地，MIS在设计过程中开始使用各种现代工具（例如电子数据处理，数据通信，缩微，数字处理等）和现代技术（例如运筹学，系统分析学）。

理解MIS定义的关键是，信息既是管理的催化剂又是实现计划，决策，控制等各种管理功能的主要因素。

信息是现实世界的符号表示（例如金钱，劳动力，原材料，机器，市场等）。

由于决策者依靠信息系统提供智力支持，而这种智力支持将会影响到对特定方式及所产生的结果的选择，因此信息系统的作为现实世界的反映这一点是至关重要的。

这对信息系统的严谨性和可靠性提出了起码的要求，不然，管理者完全可以以错误的，不真实的信息为基础进行决策。

社会的日益复杂，众多组织机构规模不断扩大，信息需求的增加，特殊技能的短缺及其它因素是得人们怀着越来越浓厚的兴趣去进行信息的收集，存储，加工，筛选和传播。

在MIS的设计和开发过程中，考虑的基本点是判断哪些信息在系统以预期的稳定和速度发展中最重要。

从能够得到的所有信息中选择出所需要的关键信息以防止信息过载或不足。

因此在MIS的综合计划书中要求设计人员必须深入参与管理过程。

MIS应该是动态的，能够自动检查和更新的。

这种观点要求系统避免信息系统与环境及当前管理者的需求不协调的情况。

MIS不应该受法律和政府法令变更的束缚，相反它经常是一种开放的能够不断综合组织内部和外部信息的灵活的工具。

MIS的一种明显倾向是它具有结构性的数据库。

这种数据库是由一个经过仔仔细细设计的基本数据元素的结构组成。

这些数据通常是存放于某一存储器中，它可以与一台容许使用各种数据组合的计算机相联络，而且用通讯线路将许多数据终端（显示器，打字机）与计算机联接，利用它们数据库可以受到远距离终端的访问。

数据库对MIS来说有几个重要的意义。

首先它说明哪些对组织来说极为重要的基本数据元素是经过严格选取的；其次数据文件之所以如此定义和构成是用以保证所有数据元素的可靠性和整体性；再次各种数据元素的可获得性使得整个系统对多次查询和需求的灵活性和响应性增加。

信息系统的发展信息系统的未来发展是不可估量的。

这里主要谈谈其中两项主要发展，即知识管理系统和企业集成型信息系统。

近年来随着企业信息管理的发展，知识管理作为一门新的学问诞生了。

知识管理指的是企业有能力收集知识，或从信息中归纳产生知识，利用知识，并在此基础上有效地开展企业活动。

企业信息管理已发展多年，许多企业已有相对较全面的信息系统。

但针对企业内外运作和决策知识以知识系统形式的收集，整理和利用才刚刚开始，与此有关的新方法新手段也正在开发之中。

在当前来说如何开发和利用企业知识成为企业竞争性的一个标志，这方面的工作需要信息技术和其它学科的协作攻关。

目前的一个趋势是在现有信息系统的基础上使其逐步转变为知识系统。

这些系统的设计与前有所不同，主要区别在于注重在知识管理的框架下设计系统。

知识是为解决问题或作决策而被加以整理和转换的信息。

知识可分为两类。

一类称为显式知识(Explicit Knowledge)。

显式知识可用形式语言编码表示。

这种知识易于表示，储存和使用。

另一类知识称为隐式知识(Tacit Knowledge)。

隐式知识一般难以表示和交流。

在知识管理中，隐式知识可通过对案例，经验，解决实际问题时的知识产生进行分析而获取。

企业知识的产生可有多种形式，如获取新知识，知识的聚变，知识的更新，知识网络等。

知识管理涉及到许多方法问题。

知识管理不仅仅涉及技术问题，还包括系统的环境，如何表示显式和隐式知识。

知识管理的目的之一是从企业的无形资产中创造价值。

在具体实施时，知识管理都有一具体目标和对象。

比如说知识管理用于企业规划制定。

知识管理可促生创新思路，促成企业策略的实施，改进企业过程并加强在企业范围内的知识传播。

目前信息系统的设计正在朝如何有利于集成和分享知识的方向发展。

集成型信息系统是当前企业信息系统的主要发展方向之一。

在当今激烈竞争的国际市场中，电子商务正在成为一种新的商务手段。

电子商务的全面实现需要信息基础设施的支持。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译（本科学生用）题目：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学生姓名：_ ___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06自动化（1）班_指导教师： ___职称或学位：助教__20 年月日外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。

提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】英文节选原文：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中文翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。

操作系统姓名：任松学号：09714029 班级专业：09医药软件开发（2）班中文摘要：操作系统（Operating System，简称OS）是一管理电脑硬件与软件资源的程序，同时也是计算机系统的内核与基石。

操作系统是一个庞大的管理控制程序，大致包括5个方面的管理功能:进程与处理机管理、作业管理、存储管理、设备管理、文件管理。

目前微机上常见的操作系统有DOS、OS/2、UNIX、LINUX、Windows等功能。

关键字：功能分类前景Operating SystemEnglish abstract: OS (Operating System and called OS) is a program for managing computer hardware and software resources, kernel is also computer systems and cornerstone. OS is a large management control program, generally, it includes 5 management functions: processes and processor management, job managing, storage management device and file management. Current computer operating systems include DOS, OS/2, UNIX, LINUX, Windows and other features.Keywords: functional classification future操作系统的主要功能是资源管理，程序控制和人机交互等。

计算机系统的资源可分为设备资源和信息资源两大类。

设备资源指的是组成计算机的硬件设备，如中央处理器，主存储器，磁盘存储器，显示器，键盘输入设备和鼠标等。