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英文合同翻译常见词注解（中）十一. notwithstanding释义: in spite of （prep.）尽管；nevertheless （adv.）仍然用法: 法律文件常用词，比although正式。
语法: 作介词用时，放在要引导的让步状语前例1：Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 91 of these Regulations, when a business establishment in charge of consolidated tax filing fails to compute the taxable income of different business establishments appropriately on a separate basis, the local tax authorities may make reasonable apportionment of the taxable income among these business establishments, under their respective proportion of business income, costs and expenses, assets, the number of staff and workers, or the amount of wages.注释：（1）Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 91 of these Regulations：虽有本细则第九十一条的规定（2）a business establishment in charge of consolidated tax filing：负责合并申报缴纳所得税的营业机构（3）fail to compute the taxable income of different business establishments appropriately on a separate basis：不能合理地分别计算各营业机构的应纳税所得额（4）the local tax authorities may make reasonable apportionment of the taxable income among these business establishments：当地税务机关可以对应税所得在各营业机构之间合理分配（5）under their respective proportion of business income, costs and expenses, assets, the number of staff and workers, or the amount of wages：按照营业收入比例、成本和费用比例、资产比例、职工人数或者工资数额的比例参考译文：虽有本细则第九十一条的规定，负责合并申报缴纳所得税的营业机构不能合理地分别计算各营业机构的应纳税所得额时，当地税务机关可以对应税所得总额，按照营业收入比例、成本和费用比例、资产比例、职工人数或者工资数额的比例，在各营业机构之间合理分配。
AAb initio从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。
Accordaccord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。
如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
Accused被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。
acquireacquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。
在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。
如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。
Acquittal是名词。
Actact在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。
如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比同一意义正式与非正式的表达一词多义:Advise释义：advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思：①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。
该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。
②通知，相当于notify或inform，如The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,”was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rights, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。
advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。
因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。
Deposit释义：deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个：①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思，既可作名词也可作动词，如He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。
他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
People tend to deposit their idle money in the bank。
英语合同中的法律词汇英文回答：Legal Terminology in English Contracts.Introduction:Contracts, legally binding agreements, form the cornerstone of commercial and personal relationships. To ensure clarity and precision, legal terminology plays a crucial role in drafting contracts. This article explores essential legal vocabulary commonly found in English contracts, providing insights into their meaning and significance.1. Consideration:Consideration refers to the exchange of value between the parties to a contract. It can be anything of value, such as money, goods, or services. Consideration isessential for a contract to be legally enforceable.2. Offer:An offer is a proposal by one party to enter into a contract with another party. It must be clear, definite, and communicated to the other party. An offer can be accepted or rejected.3. Acceptance:Acceptance is the agreement by one party to the terms of an offer. It must be unconditional and communicated to the offeror. Acceptance creates a binding contract.4. Breach of Contract:A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill their obligations under the agreement. Breaches can be material or minor, and the consequences vary depending on the severity of the breach.5. Damages:Damages are monetary compensation awarded to a party who has suffered a loss due to a breach of contract. Damages aim to restore the non-breaching party to the position they would have been in if the contract had been performed.6. Indemnity:An indemnity clause obligates one party to protect another party from liability or loss. It is commonly usedin contracts to allocate risk and minimize financial exposure.7. Warranty:A warranty is a promise or guarantee that certain facts or conditions are true. Warranties can be express (explicitly stated) or implied (inferred from the circumstances).8. Termination:Termination is the legal process of ending a contract before its expiration date. Termination can be triggered by various events, such as breach of contract, mutual agreement, or specific contract provisions.9. Force Majeure:A force majeure clause excuses a party's performance due to unforeseen events beyond their control. Examples include natural disasters, war, or government actions.10. Governing Law:The governing law clause specifies the legaljurisdiction that will govern the interpretation and enforcement of the contract. It is crucial to choose the applicable law carefully, as it will determine the rights and obligations of the parties.Conclusion:Legal terminology in English contracts is essential for ensuring clarity and enforceability. By understanding these key terms, parties can navigate contractual relationships more effectively, minimize risks, and ensure their rights are protected.中文回答：英文合同中的法律词汇。
法律英语词汇集锦法律翻译常用词汇注释AAb initio从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。
Accordaccord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。
如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
Accused被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。
acquireacquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。
在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。
如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。
Acquittal是名词。
Actact在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。
如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。
法律英语合同法常用单词Essential Vocabulary in Contract Law for Legal English.Contract law, being a crucial aspect of legal practice, is rich in terminology and vocabulary. This article delves into some of the commonly used words and phrases in the field of contract law, particularly focusing on the aspect of requirements and essentials.1. Contract: A legally binding agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law.2. Offer: A proposal made by one party to another with the intention of creating a legal relationship.3. Acceptance: The act of agreeing to the terms of an offer, thereby concluding the contract.4. Consideration: Something of value given by one party to another in exchange for a promise or an obligation underthe contract.5. Intention to Create Legal Relations: The requirement that the parties must have had the intention to be bound by legal obligations when entering into the contract.6. Capacity to Contract: The legal ability of a person to enter into a contract, which is typically affected by factors such as age, mental capacity, and legal status.7. Legality of Object: The requirement that the object or purpose of the contract must not be illegal or contrary to public policy.8. Certainty of Terms: The requirement that the terms of the contract must be clear and precise, so that the parties can understand their obligations and rights.9. Free Consent: The principle that contracts should be formed through free and informed consent, without any undue influence or coercion.10. Breach of Contract: The failure by a party to perform its obligations under the contract, giving rise to legal remedies for the aggrieved party.11. Liquidated Damages: A pre-agreed amount of money payable by a party in case of a breach, as compensation for the loss suffered by the other party.12. Force Majeure: Events or circumstances that are beyond the control of the parties and render performance of the contract impossible or impracticable.13. Fraud: Deceitful conduct by one party that induces the other party to enter into the contract, vitiating the contract's validity.14. Misrepresentation: False statements or concealments of material facts made by one party to another, inducing the latter to enter into the contract.15. Duress: The situation where a party is forced to enter into a contract through threats or coercion.16. Unconscionability: A contract term or conditionthat is so unfair or one-sided that it is unreasonable to enforce it.17. Void Contract: A contract that is null and void from its inception, meaning it never had any legal effect.18. Voidable Contract: A contract that can be annulled or set aside by the aggrieved party within a reasonable time.19. Rescission: The termination of a contract by the court, resulting in the restoration of the parties to their pre-contractual positions.20. Performance: The act of fulfilling the obligations under a contract in accordance with its terms.Contract law is an intricate field, and the vocabulary used within it reflects its complexity. The above words and phrases provide a solid foundation for understanding thebasic terminology and concepts of contract law. However, it is important to note that contract law can varysignificantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and hence, local laws and legal practices should always be consulted when dealing with specific cases or matters.。
AAb initioAb initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。
在法律英语中，ab initio的使用频率较高，比较常见。
如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。
详细Accordaccord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。
如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
Accused被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。
acquireacquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。
在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。
如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。
Acquittal是名词。
详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。
Actact在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。
如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。
法律英语合同常见词汇法律英语合同常见词汇汇总写了这么多，无非在说一件事情：学习法律英语，就是学习法律;学习法律，就必须知道“what they are talking about”，要知道法律在说什么，就要找到那个议论的逻辑起点;要找到这个起点，就必须从法律的基础学起。
这就是宏观学习法的全部内涵。
有了基础知识，便找到了法律的逻辑起点;找到了起点，就会了解一项具体法律原则提出的.前提、意义和适用范围;这样就能学好英语国家的法律;法律通了，法律英语也就精通了。
yjbys网分享法律英语合同常见词汇汇总如下：『01』常见合同名称carriage/transportation/forwardingcontractconstruction engineering and installation contractcontract for compensation trade 补偿贸易合同contract of sale for commodity housesemployment contract for legal consultantfactoring contract 保理合同import and export contractinsurance contractjoint venture contractlabor contractlease and transfer of the right to the use of land loan contract 租赁和转让土地使用权的贷款合同mortgage contract 抵押合同property management contractpurchase contractwarehousing contract 仓储保管合同agency appointment contractbrokerage contract 居间合同carriage contractcontract for construction projectcontract for loan of moneycontract for supply of power, water, gas or heatfinancial leasing contract 融资租赁合同gift contract 赠予契约leasing contractsafe-keeping contractsales contracttechnology contracttrading trust contract 行纪合同work-for-hire contract 承揽合同『02』常见协议名称adoption agreementagency agreementagreement on assignment of equity interestsarticles of association/incorporation, memorandum of associationcomposition agreement 和解协议confidentiality agreementcontract for assignmentdivorce agreementescrow/deposit agreement 有条件转让协议financing agreementhuman agency agreementlegacy-support agreement 遗赠扶养协议letter of intent 意向书heads of agreementlicensing agreementmemorandum (of understanding)non-compete agreementoutsourcing agreementpartnership agreementpreliminary agreement 初步协议retainer agreement 聘用协议share transfer/purchase agreementservice agreementsecurity/suretyship agreement 担保协议stock option agreementsupply agreementtechnical consulting agreementtechnical development agreementtechnical service agreementtechnical transfer agreementtenancy agreementventure capital management agreement 风险投资管理协议『03』正文ArbitrationCounterpartDispute Resolution/SettlementEntirety/Entire Agreement 全部协议/完整合约HeadingsIndemnification 赔偿Intellectual Property RightLanguageLiabilities for Breach of Contract/Default Miscellaneous (Other Provisions) 其他条款NoticeRepresentation and Warranties 陈述与保证Rights and ObligationsSeverability 合同中止条款SurvivalTransfer/Assignment (No) Waiver 弃权条款。
法律英语合同条款常用词汇买方buyer卖方seller项目名称Project name地址address电话phone传真fax联系人contact person本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。
This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers，whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.1. 详细货物清单Detail supply list2. 合同价格Contract value序号item 型号model 尺寸size，dimension数量amount，unit 单价unit price 总价total price 备注remark 货物，运费freight，transportation合同总额（含安装费与税金）Contract amount incl. VAT installation3. 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms4. 交货地点delivery place5. 发货期delivery time6. 安装条款installation clause7. 验收条款inspection clause8. 保证条款guarantee clause9. 不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause10. 违约条款Breach clause11. 其他条款Miscellaneous clause12. 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比单词普通词义法律词义备注accord 符合、一致和解或和解协议reach an accord/accord andsatisfactionacquire 获得、获取对公司的购买、收购Acquisition~M&Aact/action 行为、行动作为、诉讼Act~forbear/initiate an action agent 代理人、代理商商业代理（非商业用）proxy attach 依附、粘贴扣押（财产）Attach the property/attachment order bind 包扎、粘合约束Bind sb. to sth./to do sth.call 呼唤、召集催促履行义务、催款Notice of call composition 作文、结构和解协议债务人与债权人 ~settlementagreement contribution 贡献、捐赠出资Registered capital contribution custom 风俗、惯例惯例法、 Customs 海Custom and usage(惯例、习惯关法 )customs declaration. Customs duty distress 悲痛、贫困；使扣押物Abuse the distress滥用扣押物。
悲痛、使贫困Distress sale 扣押物出售future 未来Futures 期货；期货Futures sales; futures contract; futures合同market grace 慈悲、恩惠宽限期Day of grace; grace period Honor 荣誉、信誉对票据的承兑Honor a billinfant 婴儿未成年人（ minor ）The contract made by an infant limitation 限制时效Lapse of limitation promotion 推广发起设立（公司）Incorporation by promotion realize 实现财产的变现Realize the security; unrealized profit; receivable 可接受的应收Schedule of accounts receivable; billsreceivable; amount receivable.retain 保留、保持聘请（律师、顾问等）Retain an attorneyroyalty 皇族、高贵知识产权使用费Royalty bonus; royalty interest; royaltytaxsatisfaction 满足清偿或履行Satisfaction by legacy; satisfaction ofjudgment; satisfaction of lien.survive 幸存继续有效This clause shall survive thetermination同一意义正式与非正式的表达单词相当于例句affect influence affect its rightConstrue/constructi Interpret/interpretation A waiver shall not be construed as on 法律英语中表Construction of the contractdetermine It shall be determined with reference toDecide(示判决、裁决 ) The court decided that the litigation fee Due to Because of The contract was terminated due to Exclusive of excluding All rates quoted herein are exclusive of tax. In accordance with According to 类似词组 pursuant to, in pursuance with forthwith immediately It shall forthwith notify the other party Provided that but 略Real property Real estate 范围更广些，除土地及附属建筑和房屋还有其他附属的各种权益undertake promise Undertake to do As of since This contract shall take effect as of the saiddateComply with Abide Failure to comply with the regulations canby/observe/follow resultDeem(be deemed believe shall be deemed to be the consent of to)Intend to Wish toIn the event/case ifthatinterim temporary Regular meetings and interim meetings notwithstanding Though/although一词多义 :Advise释义： advise 在法律英语中有两个常用意思： ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues 。
该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。
②通知，相当于 notify 或 inform ，如The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify, ” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rights, but it would be considered pretentious to say you ’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed 。
advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。
因 但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的既可作名词也可作He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC 。
他在工商银行有 1 万元的存款。
People tend to deposit their idle money in the bank 。
人们喜欢把不用的钱存到 银行。
②定金，保证金，相当于 earnest money 。
根据中国的合同法，缴纳定金方违约的，定金不予返还，接收定金方违约的，应当双方返还定金。
如The shop undertook to keep the goods for me provided that I paid a deposit. 商店答应 , 倘若我付定金就给我保留这批货。
Discharge释义： discharge 在法律英语中的常用含义有两个：①履行，侧重于对具体义务的履行，相当于 fulfill ，如 Hedischarged his obligations after the call of the creditors 。
他在债权人的督促下，才履行了自己的义务。
②免除，即免除他人的义务或债务。
His liability to pay the loan to the bank was discharged due to his bankruptcy 。
他对银行的借款偿还义务因其破产而免除。
从上面两个例子可以看出， discharge 的两个含义是截然相反的，因此，我们在理解和翻译它的含义时，应当放到上下文中，不能望文生义。
一般来说，如 果主语是自己（如例证 1），就理解为履行，动作由别人发出（如例证 2），则理解为免除。
draftDeposit 释义： deposit 在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个：①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思， 动词，如 此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。
释义：draft 在法律英语中通常有两个含义，一个是起草，如 draft a law 起草法律，draft a contract 起草合同等。
另一个意思是汇票，如承兑汇票也可以是 honor a draft，开具汇票可以说是 issue a draft 等。
execute释义： execute 是法律英语中常用也是比较容易出错的单词，通常理解为合同的签订等。
如 the contract shall take effect upon its execution 合同自签订之日起生效。
很多人容易把它理解为执行，这是错误的。
但 execution 的确有执行、履行的意思，如果它与表示一段的时间状语连用，那肯定是执行、履行的意思，如in the course of the execution of the contract 在合同履行过程中。
issue释义： issue 的意思是签发，如 issue an order 签发命令， issue a notice 签发通知，issue stock发行证券， issue a draft 开具汇票等。
用作名词时，意思是争点、争议点，即当事人之间关于事实或法律的争议事项，如 issue at/in law 法律上的争点， issue of fact 事实上的争点等。
representation释义：representation 在法律英语中有两个含义，一是代表，如 representation by counsel 由律师代表，一个是陈述，通常和 warranty 连用，出现在合同中，representation and warranty 为合同的“陈述与保证条款”。
underwrite释义 :underwrite 在法律英语中有两个常见含义，一是承保、给保险，如underwrite the goods in transit 为运输途中的货物承保，另外一个意思是证券承销、报销，如 underwriting agreement 证券承销协议， underwriting spread 承销差价等。
