beam–beam interactions

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LPHENoteNo2005-18(version1.0)

Requestforcomputationtimeonparallelmachinesforthestudyof

beam–beaminteractions

T.Pieloni1(EPFLandCERN),A.Bay(EPFL),F.Jones(TRIUMF),

andW.Herr(CERN).A.Wrulich(EPFL/PSI).

Summary

ThecontrolofBeam-BeamInteractions(BBI)inparticlecollidersisfundamentaltopre-

servebeamstabilityandtoachievethecollidermaximalluminosity.TheLargeHadron

Collider(LHC)underconstructionatCERNhashighintensitybeamscomposedof5616

particlebunches,eachcontaining1011protons.Thisrepresentsaconsiderablecomputa-

tionalchallenge,requiringtheoptimizationandparallelizationofthealgorithms.Inthe

contextofthePhDworkatEPFLofT.Pieloni,wearenowdevelopinganewalgorithm

forthestudyofBBIeffects.Theprogram,calledCOherentMultiBunchInteraction

(COMBI),isthefirstattemptofamulti-bunchesapproachandbyitsnatureshouldeffi-

cientlyrunonparallelmachines.HencewerequesttohaveaccesstoMizarforaninitial

phaseof6monthstooptimizeandtestthescalabilityofthecodewithfewbunchesper

beam.Aftertheassessmentwewishtohave6monthsofproductionontheBlueGene

machineforrunswiththousandsofbunchesperbeamandmultipleinteractions.

1Introduction:thebeam-beaminteractions

BBIhasbeenthesubjectofmanystudiessincetheintroductionofthefirstparticle

collidersforhighenergyphysicsresearch.Aparticlebeamisacollectionofalargenumber

ofchargesandrepresentsanelectromagneticpotentialforothercharges,thereforeexerting

forcesonitselfandotherbeams.InthecaseofparticlecollidersliketheLHCtheseforces

areexperiencedaslocalizedperiodicdistortionswhenthetwobeamscrosseachotherin

theexperimentalareas(atLHCthiscorrespondstothelocationoftheALICE,ATLAS,

CMSandLHCbdetectors).Theforcesaremostimportantforhighdensitybeams,i.e.

highintensityandsmallbeamsizes.TheLHCcurrentwillbeofabout0.5Aperbeam,

withanenergystorageof720MJ.Thetransversesizewillbeofabout17µm.These

extremeparametersarethekeytoobtainhigh“luminosity”,i.e.thenumberofcollisions

persecondneededtostudyrarephenomena.TheBBIisthereforeoftenthelimiting

factorfortheluminosityofcolliders,asalreadyobservedattheTevatron(FERMILAB),

atRHIC(BNL),atHERA(DESY),andattheSPS(CERN).

2TheBBIsimulationcode

Althoughwehaveagoodqualitativeunderstandingofthevariousphenomenaassociated

toBBI,acompletetheorydoesnotexistandexactpredictionsarestilldifficult.Numericaltechniquessuchascomputersimulationshavebeenusedwithgreatsuccesstoimprove

thepictureonsomeaspectsoftheBBIwhileforotherproblemstheavailablemodelshave

poorpredictability.

SomeexamplesofsimulationcodesdevelopedatCERNfortheunderstandingofBBI

effectscanbefoundatURL:http://lhc-beam-beam.web.cern.ch/lhc-beam-beam/,which

istheofficialLHCbeam-beameffectsteamwebpage.Onecanfindinformationsonthe

differenteffectsstudiedaswellasapartiallistofthesimulationprogramsdevelopedat

CERNinthiscontext.

2.1TheBEAMXcode

BEAMX,isanexampleofaparallelcodedevelopedforstudyingtheBBIinthepresence

ofacrossingangleconfigurationatcollision(BEAMX)[1].TheBBIeffectswereevaluated

forbeamscollidingwithfinitecrossingangles.Toaccuratelycalculatethefieldsproduced

byparticlesinabunchwhilecrossingtheopposingbunchtheHybridFastMultiple

Method(HFMM)[2]isused,forselfconsistentfieldcalculations.Moreover,theHFMM

algorithmhasgoodperformancesintermsofCPUtime.Theauthorswereinterestedin

singlebunchcollisions(onebunchagainstone)includinga3DtreatmentoftheBBI.In

BEAMXeachbunchwasslicedintoNpiecesandeachslicewastreatedindependently.

Toextendthesimulationsfrom2Dto3Daparallelalgorithmwasimplementedforthe

slicestreatment.ThealgorithmwasdevelopedusingtheMPIprotocolandwasused

onaLinuxclusteratTRIUMF,fordevelopingandtestingthecodeandattheTHOR

clusterattheUniversityofAlbertaPhysicsDept.Ashortdescriptionoftheprogram,

fewexamplesandtwopapersontheHFMMfieldsolverandontheparallelcomputation

areavailableonthewebpage.

2.2TheCOMBIcode

TheprogramwearenowdevelopingiscalledCOherentMultiBunchInteraction(COMBI)

andisthefirstattempttohaveamulti-bunchesapproachoftheproblem[3,4].Inour

caseweareinterestedondifferentBBIeffects:thesocalled“coherenteffects”duetothe

multi-bunchesbeamcoupledbythenon-linearbeam-beamforce.TosimulatetheLHC

beamsweneedtosimulatethesituationin5616bunches,eachbunchrepresentedbyat

least10000“macro-particles”,toapproximatetheeffectof1011protons/bunch.Inour

casethetimeconsumingpartcomesfromthelargenumberofbunchesprocessed.The

fieldcalculationsandtrackingtimemustbedoneforabout1000interactionsperturn

andtheevolutionmustbefollowedbyatleast216turns.Forthefieldcalculationswe

willusetheHFMMmethodforacorrectquantitativetreatmentaswellasasimplified

butfastGaussianapproximation.Itisfoundthatthecputimeneededisproportional

tothenumberofbunchesandinthecaseofHFMMgetsverysoontoolargefornormal

computers.Forthisreasonourprogramstructurewasdevelopedtoallowthetreatment

ofeachbunchindependentlyinsuchawaytobeefficientlyportedtoparallelmachines.