beam–beam interactions
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LPHENoteNo2005-18(version1.0)
Requestforcomputationtimeonparallelmachinesforthestudyof
beam–beaminteractions
T.Pieloni1(EPFLandCERN),A.Bay(EPFL),F.Jones(TRIUMF),
andW.Herr(CERN).A.Wrulich(EPFL/PSI).
Summary
ThecontrolofBeam-BeamInteractions(BBI)inparticlecollidersisfundamentaltopre-
servebeamstabilityandtoachievethecollidermaximalluminosity.TheLargeHadron
Collider(LHC)underconstructionatCERNhashighintensitybeamscomposedof5616
particlebunches,eachcontaining1011protons.Thisrepresentsaconsiderablecomputa-
tionalchallenge,requiringtheoptimizationandparallelizationofthealgorithms.Inthe
contextofthePhDworkatEPFLofT.Pieloni,wearenowdevelopinganewalgorithm
forthestudyofBBIeffects.Theprogram,calledCOherentMultiBunchInteraction
(COMBI),isthefirstattemptofamulti-bunchesapproachandbyitsnatureshouldeffi-
cientlyrunonparallelmachines.HencewerequesttohaveaccesstoMizarforaninitial
phaseof6monthstooptimizeandtestthescalabilityofthecodewithfewbunchesper
beam.Aftertheassessmentwewishtohave6monthsofproductionontheBlueGene
machineforrunswiththousandsofbunchesperbeamandmultipleinteractions.
1Introduction:thebeam-beaminteractions
BBIhasbeenthesubjectofmanystudiessincetheintroductionofthefirstparticle
collidersforhighenergyphysicsresearch.Aparticlebeamisacollectionofalargenumber
ofchargesandrepresentsanelectromagneticpotentialforothercharges,thereforeexerting
forcesonitselfandotherbeams.InthecaseofparticlecollidersliketheLHCtheseforces
areexperiencedaslocalizedperiodicdistortionswhenthetwobeamscrosseachotherin
theexperimentalareas(atLHCthiscorrespondstothelocationoftheALICE,ATLAS,
CMSandLHCbdetectors).Theforcesaremostimportantforhighdensitybeams,i.e.
highintensityandsmallbeamsizes.TheLHCcurrentwillbeofabout0.5Aperbeam,
withanenergystorageof720MJ.Thetransversesizewillbeofabout17µm.These
extremeparametersarethekeytoobtainhigh“luminosity”,i.e.thenumberofcollisions
persecondneededtostudyrarephenomena.TheBBIisthereforeoftenthelimiting
factorfortheluminosityofcolliders,asalreadyobservedattheTevatron(FERMILAB),
atRHIC(BNL),atHERA(DESY),andattheSPS(CERN).
2TheBBIsimulationcode
Althoughwehaveagoodqualitativeunderstandingofthevariousphenomenaassociated
toBBI,acompletetheorydoesnotexistandexactpredictionsarestilldifficult.Numericaltechniquessuchascomputersimulationshavebeenusedwithgreatsuccesstoimprove
thepictureonsomeaspectsoftheBBIwhileforotherproblemstheavailablemodelshave
poorpredictability.
SomeexamplesofsimulationcodesdevelopedatCERNfortheunderstandingofBBI
effectscanbefoundatURL:http://lhc-beam-beam.web.cern.ch/lhc-beam-beam/,which
istheofficialLHCbeam-beameffectsteamwebpage.Onecanfindinformationsonthe
differenteffectsstudiedaswellasapartiallistofthesimulationprogramsdevelopedat
CERNinthiscontext.
2.1TheBEAMXcode
BEAMX,isanexampleofaparallelcodedevelopedforstudyingtheBBIinthepresence
ofacrossingangleconfigurationatcollision(BEAMX)[1].TheBBIeffectswereevaluated
forbeamscollidingwithfinitecrossingangles.Toaccuratelycalculatethefieldsproduced
byparticlesinabunchwhilecrossingtheopposingbunchtheHybridFastMultiple
Method(HFMM)[2]isused,forselfconsistentfieldcalculations.Moreover,theHFMM
algorithmhasgoodperformancesintermsofCPUtime.Theauthorswereinterestedin
singlebunchcollisions(onebunchagainstone)includinga3DtreatmentoftheBBI.In
BEAMXeachbunchwasslicedintoNpiecesandeachslicewastreatedindependently.
Toextendthesimulationsfrom2Dto3Daparallelalgorithmwasimplementedforthe
slicestreatment.ThealgorithmwasdevelopedusingtheMPIprotocolandwasused
onaLinuxclusteratTRIUMF,fordevelopingandtestingthecodeandattheTHOR
clusterattheUniversityofAlbertaPhysicsDept.Ashortdescriptionoftheprogram,
fewexamplesandtwopapersontheHFMMfieldsolverandontheparallelcomputation
areavailableonthewebpage.
2.2TheCOMBIcode
TheprogramwearenowdevelopingiscalledCOherentMultiBunchInteraction(COMBI)
andisthefirstattempttohaveamulti-bunchesapproachoftheproblem[3,4].Inour
caseweareinterestedondifferentBBIeffects:thesocalled“coherenteffects”duetothe
multi-bunchesbeamcoupledbythenon-linearbeam-beamforce.TosimulatetheLHC
beamsweneedtosimulatethesituationin5616bunches,eachbunchrepresentedbyat
least10000“macro-particles”,toapproximatetheeffectof1011protons/bunch.Inour
casethetimeconsumingpartcomesfromthelargenumberofbunchesprocessed.The
fieldcalculationsandtrackingtimemustbedoneforabout1000interactionsperturn
andtheevolutionmustbefollowedbyatleast216turns.Forthefieldcalculationswe
willusetheHFMMmethodforacorrectquantitativetreatmentaswellasasimplified
butfastGaussianapproximation.Itisfoundthatthecputimeneededisproportional
tothenumberofbunchesandinthecaseofHFMMgetsverysoontoolargefornormal
computers.Forthisreasonourprogramstructurewasdevelopedtoallowthetreatment
ofeachbunchindependentlyinsuchawaytobeefficientlyportedtoparallelmachines.