Determination of plutonium isotopes

中药鉴定学专业英语品质评价原植物鉴定原动物鉴定性状鉴定显微鉴定理化鉴定微量升华对照生药杂质杂质检查形状大小色泽表面特征质地折断面断面特征菊花心朱砂点头身quality evaluationidentification of original plant identification of original animal macroscopical identification microscopical identification physical and chemical identifica- tionmicrosublimationauthentic crude drugforeign matterdetermination of foreign matter shape, formsizecolorsurface charactertexturefracturecut surface characterradial striationsspot of oil cavityupper part of root or rhizome main part of root and short尾须[根]连珠状气味灰分总灰分酸不溶性灰分灰分测定水分测定烘干法挥发油测定浸出物测定总浸出物水溶性浸出物醇溶性浸出物醚溶性浸出物根根茎皮木叶rhizomelower part of rootfibrous root, rootlet beadedodourtasteashtotal ashacid-insoluble ash determination of ash determination of water oven drying method determination of volatile oil determination of extractives total extractiveswater-soluble extractives ethanol-soluble extractives ether-soluble extractives rootrhizomebarkwood花果实种子全草组织构造横切片纵切片解离组织显微化学反应淀粉粒脐点层纹复粒淀粉半复粒淀粉目镜显微量尺载台显微量尺初生构造次生构造木栓木栓素木栓细胞栓内层leafflowerfruitseedherbhistological structure transverse section longitudinal section disintegrated tissue microchemical reaction starch granulehilumannular striation compound starch granule half compound starch granule ocular micrometerstage micrometerprimary structure secondary structurecork, phellemsuberincork cell表皮周皮皮层后生皮层初生皮层韧皮部木质部形成层导管管胞木纤维木薄壁细胞髓次生木质部中柱初生木质部异常构造三生构造维管束内函韧皮部木间韧皮部根被phelloderm epidermis peridermcortexmetadermprimary cortex phloemxylemcambiumvesseltracheidwood fiberxylem parenchyma pithsecondary xylem steleprimary xylem anomalous structure tertiary structure vascular bundle included phloem interxylary phloem外皮层内皮层凯氏带凯氏点糊粉粒分泌组织黏液细胞乳汁管树脂道油室油管油细胞结晶囊簇晶方晶柱晶砂晶针晶纤维晶纤维石细胞穿孔velamenexodermis endodermis Casparian strip Casparian dots aleurone grain secretory tissue mucilage cell laticiferous tuberesin canaloil cavityvittae, oil ductoil cellcrystal saccluster crystalprism, solitary crystal styloidsandy crystal raphide, acicular crystal fibercrystal fiberstone cell, scleroid纹孔孔沟胞腔胞间隙下皮薄壁组织中柱鞘原生中柱管状中柱双韧管状中柱网状中柱木栓石细胞外韧维管束周韧维管束周木维管束双韧维管束根迹维管束无限外韧维管束有限外韧维管束角质层气孔下皮纤维perforationpitpit canalcell lumenintercellular space hypodermisparenchymapericycleprotostelesiphonosteleamphiphloic siphonostele dictyostelecork stone cellcollateral vascular bundle amphicribral vascular bundle amphivasal vascular bundle bicollateral vascular bundle root trace bundleunclosed collateral bundle closed collateral bundle cuticlestoma厚角组织厚壁组织叶绿体束中形成层落皮层射线韧皮射线木射线筛管筛板筛域具缘纹孔韧型纤维纤维管胞叶脉上表皮下表皮钟乳体栅栏组织海绵组织垂周壁平周壁hypodermal fiber collenchyma sclerenchyma chloroplast fascicular cambium rhytidomerayphloem rayxylem raysieve tubesieve platesieve area bordered pit libriform fiber fiber tracheidveinupper epidermis lower epidermis cystolithpalisade tissue spongy tissue anticlinal wall副卫细胞非腺毛星状毛盾状毛腺毛胞间腺毛腺鳞栅表细胞比气孔数气孔指数脉岛数显微描绘器果皮外果皮中果皮内果皮橙皮苷结晶纹理网纹细胞镶嵌细胞层光辉带色素细胞periclinal wall subsidiary cell nonglandular hair stellate hairpeltate hairglandular hair interspace glandular hair glandular scale palisade ratiostomatal number stomatal indexvein islet number camera lucidapericarpexocarpmesocarpendocarphesperidin crystal striationreticulated cell parquetry layerlight line支持细胞外胚乳胚乳子叶细胞菌丝pigment cell supporting cell perisperm endosperm cotyledon cell hypha。

化工设计通讯Chemical Engineering Design Communications研究与开发Research and Development第45卷第7期2019年7月基于高效液相色谱法的桑奁芦丁含量测定刘昕（大连理工大学化工与环境生命学部，辽宁大连116024）摘要：针对桑甚中的芦丁成分测定进行了相关研究，利用反相高效液相色谱法测走桑菩中芦丁成分的含量。

结果显示芦丁标准溶液在0.464~2.32pg时的线性回归方程为Y=21200X+13697,平均回收率为99.4%。

实验表明该方法快捷且准确度高。

为芦丁提取，条件优化和其他过程的选择提供了理论依据，为提取芦丁原料提供了实验依据，为桑树的质量评价和桑檯的药用价值研究提供了参考。

关键词：反相高效液相色谱法；桑套；芦丁；含量测定中图分类号：R284文献标志码：A文章编号：1003-6490(2019)07-0143-02Determination of Mulberry Rutin Based on HighPerformance Liquid ChromatographyLiu Xin-yuanAbstract:The main research on the determination of rutin in mulberry was carried out.The content of rutin in mulberry was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.The results showed that the linear regression equation of the rutin standard solution in the range of0.464-2.32u g was Y=21200X+13697>and the average recovery was99.4%.Experiments show that the method is fast and accurate.This study provides a theoretical basis for n.iin extraction,condition optimization and other process selection,and provides experimental basis for people to extract rutin raw materials,which provides a reference for the quality evaluation of mulberry and the medicinal value of mulberry.Key words:reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography；mulberry；rutin；determination高效液相色谱是色谱的重要分支。

2023-2024学年安徽省合肥市第一中学高三上学期第一次教学质量检测英语试题Generations of creators have improved our lives with everything that touches off our imagination. Here are some of the brilliant inventors.Ellen Swallow Richards (1842 — 1911)After earning a bachelor’s degree from Vassar College in 1870, Richards was accepted as a “special student”at all-male MIT, becoming the first woman in the United States to attend a science school. She conducted a huge survey of water quality in Massachusetts, an effort that led to the first state water-quality standards in US.Gregor Mendel (1822 — 1884)In the mid-1800s, he experimented with pea plants to determine how physical features pass from one generation to the next. The experiments established the basic rules needed to cross-breed (杂交繁殖) plants to create a new variety with desired characteristics.Ray Kroc (1902—1984)As the founder of McDonald’s restaurants, Kroc changed the way Americans eat. In 1954, Kroc w as selling industrial mixers and visited the California restaurant of two of his best customers, Maurice and Richard McDonald. Kroc was impressed by the methods the brothers used to make their hamburgers, cheeseburgers, French fries, and milkshakes.Kroc, an Illinois native, talked the McDonalds into allowing him to create a group of drive-in hamburger restaurants using their methods and name. The first of his restaurants opened in Des Plaines, Illinois, on April 15, 1955.Jane Jacobs (1916—2006)Jacobs w as not a formally trained urban planner and didn’t have a college degree, but her intelligent views on community planning changed the way Americans thought about cities. In her 1961 book, Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jacobs advocated human-friendly neighborhoods featuring short city blocks and mixed-use buildings that encouraged resident interaction. She also strongly opposed high-rise developments and expressways that cut through neighborhoods.1. What did Gregor Mendel do?A．He found a new fast food making method.B．He discovered the basic cross-breeding laws.C．He established the water-quality standards in US.D．He helped to plan human-friendly neighborhoods.2. Who is the founder of McDonald’s restaurants?A．Ray Kroc. B．Jane Jacobs.C．Richard McDonald. D．Maurice McDonald.3. When did Jane Jacobs publish Death and Life of Great American Cities?A．In 2006. B．In 1984. C．In 1961. D．In 1916.On July 11, 2023, scientists selected Crawford Lake in Canada to represent the start of the Anthropocene, a new geological (地质的) time period dominated by human beings instead of the force of nature. The scientists said that sediments (沉积物) at the bottom of the lake clearly show the impact of industrialized humanity on Earth from the 1950s onwards.The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) was set up in 2009. In 2016, it concluded that human-caused changes to Earth were so great that a new geological time unit was necessary. The AWG then assessed twelve sites across the world as candidates for what geol ogists call a “golden spike”, the place where the sudden and global changes marking the start of the new geological time period are best recorded in Earth. After three rounds of voting, the AWG selected Crawford Lake.“The lake is 24 meters deep but covers only 6 acres,” said Francine McCarthy, a member of the AWG. “It is so special that the bottom waters and surface waters do not mix, except for what gently sinks to the bottom and settles down in sediments. As a result, they allow us to see the changes in Earth history.”The AWG has chosen the plutonium isotopes (钚同位素) from H-bomb tests as the key marker for the Anthropocene, as they were spread globally from 1952 but declined rapidly after the nuclear test ban in the mid-1960s, creating a spike in sediments. There are other important markers in the lake sediments, including CO2 fingerprints produced by the burning of fossil fuels in power plants.“The 1950s saw the start of a sharp increase in industrial, transport and economic activities that have had huge impacts on Earth,” added McCarthy. “But it is the sharp increase in plutonium specifically that we chose as the key marker.”Experts said the decision has social and political importance, as it would draw attention to the role that industrialized humanity plays in shaping Earth. The climate crisis is the most obvious impact of the Anthropocene, but huge losses of wildlife, the spread of foreign species, and the widespread pollution of the planet are also key features.4. Why is Crawford Lake selected as th e “golden spike”?A．It can best show the sudden and global changes in Earth.B．It is close to the testing site of the first nuclear bomb.C．It can completely separate its sediments from the air.D．It is located in one of the most industrialized countries.5. When did the Anthropocene start?A．In 1950. B．In 1952. C．In 2009. D．In 2016.6. What is considered as the key marker for the Anthropocene?A．The climate crisis. B．The losses of wildlife.C．The CO 2 fingerprints. D．The plutonium isotopes.7. What might be the significance of the adoption of the Anthropocene?A．It will play a key role in slowing down industrialization.B．It might help human beings to understand their importance.C．It would raise public awareness of environment protection.D．It can encourage the unity between the public and politicians.This summer, schools in New York City are preparing for a shift in reading instruction. Instead of reading whole books, they plan to focus on excerpts (节选). And it’s not just for lower grades, b ut for high schools as well.While it may sound alarming for the public in New York City, the shift to excerpts has been going on for more than twenty years since the Big Standardized Test was adopted as a means of measuring student achievement in reading.Of course, to dig in and reflect on the ideas contained in a whole book and to discuss with fellow readers should be a major part of every student’s education. But the basic model of the most important testing we’ve been subjecting students to for the pas t twenty-some years is this: 1) Read a short excerpt of a book that you are seeing for the first time. 2) Answer some multiple choice questions about it, and do it by yourself and right now.If the test is already set, the best way to prepare for it is with a battery of activities that most closely look like the test itself. And so as the Big Standardized Tests have spread, publishers have cranked out varieties of coaching workbooks that are all collections of short excerpts accompanied by a set of multiple choice questions. Instead of teaching students how to read a whole book, we teach them how to take a standardized test.There are certainly other forces that push teachers in the direction of excerpts over complete books. Since there are only 180 days in the year, teachers always have to decide whether to take a full six months to work through Moby Dick, or to give students just a taste.One can even point the finger at a culture in which we just read headlines instead of articles. But as long as major testing pushes a quick reaction to context-free excerpts, schools will abandon the reflective, cooperative, thoughtful deep dive into a complete book sooner or later. And that will be a loss for students.8. How does the author feel about the new policy in New York City?A．Unsurprised. B．Relieved. C．Unconcerned. D．Excited.9. What does the author most likely want students to do?A．Finish their homework immediately after school.B．Read whole books together with their classmates.C．Buy workbooks that are closely based on the test itself.D．Do more standardized reading comprehension exercises.10. Which of the following can replace the phrase “cranked out” in paragraph 4?A．charged B．canceled C．changed D．produced11. What should be blamed mainly for the shift to excerpts over books?A．The limited time. B．The government policy.C．The official tests. D．The available workbooks.In the late 1990s, a scientist named Mark Blumberg stood in a lab at the University of Iowa watching a few sleeping newlyborn rats. He found that the baby rats kept making small, sharp movements in their sleep, and that their closed eyes moved from side to side in a phenomenon known as rapid eye movement (REM). Blumberg knew that the rats were fine, because he knew people do the same during REM sleep. And scientists have long had an explanation for the twitches (抽动) and REM: They are dreaming about their waking life.However, as he dug deeper, he wondered why adult rats spend only about two hours of each night in REM sleep, while baby rats spend an unusual amount of time in REM, often sleeping for sixteen hours a day and dreaming for eight.“If dreams are hints of waking life, adult rats who have more experiences should spend more time in REM sleep. Why do baby rats, whose eyes are still shut, spend so much time in REM sleep when they have too little to dream about?” he wondered. “Why do their eyes, their legs, tails and whiskers move hundreds of thousands of times during their sleep?”In the end, Blumberg concluded that it might be the other way around — perhaps the movements were sending signals to the brain to help it learn about the body.“You wouldn’t think that the body is something a brain needs to learn,” he wrote in a paper. “But we aren’t born with maps of our bodies. We can’t be, because our bodies change by the day. But in waking life, we cannot move only a single muscle. Even the simplest act of swallowing (吞咽) employs more than thirty pairs of nerves and muscles working together. Our small and sharp movements in sleep, by contrast, are exact and precise: They involve muscles one at a time. In other words, such movements allow the muscles and nerves to form one-to-one connections that otherwise would be impossible. It’s a process that’s most important for the brain to lear n about the body as we grow, suffer injuries and learn new skills.12. What was the previous explanation for REM?A．It was just an outward sign of dreams.B．It showed the difficulty in sleeping.C．It was an indicator of terrible dreams.D．It only occured to sleeping baby rats.13. What can be learned from paragraph 2?A．Baby rats have to spend all night in REM sleep.B．REM sleep just accounts for part of the sleeping time.C．It is unnecessary for baby rats to sleep 16 hours a day.D．It is not enough for adults to have two hours of REM sleep.14. What is a feature of the movements in REM sleep according to Mark Blumberg?A．They teach the brain new skills and heal injuries.B．Muscles have to work together to start the movements.C．Each of them just involves a muscle and a nerve at a time.D．They are less exact and precise than our daily movements.15. What is the text mainly about?A．The importance of REM sleep.B．The latest discoveries about dreaming.C．The relationship between dreams and waking life.D．A different explanation for the twitches during sleep.Small talks are the short conversations we have at parties, at family events or at work. These small talks can open doors that lead to larger, more meaningful conversations. 16 . Here are some tips for them to improve their small-talking ability.Have some conversation starters ready. If you have seen a really good movie or have read a really good book, you can talk about that. You can also talk about something that both of you are interested in. 17 , it will be a very good conversation starter. Or you simply notice and comment on what’s going on around you. If you are at a party and a song comes on that you like or that reminds you of something, you can talk about that.18 . Nobody knows everything. So, if someone brings up something about which you know nothing, just tell them! This lets the other person become the teacher. They feel good about sharing their knowledge and you get to learn something. It’s a win-win situation.Ask open-ended questions. 19 . If you ask questions that need more details to answer, the conversation will go on longer. For example, if you are at a summer pool party, don’t ask a person if they like summer. 20 .This week, I will hike along the Appalachian Trail alone to look for what can be hard to find in the city: solitude. In the _________, I can find places to be alone, but it is much harder to find true solitude. The _________ between cities and mountains is the secret I find that the _________ comforts.For many people, the idea of being alone in mountains can be _________. It’s understandable because we are, _________, social animals. But being in the wild without others doesn’t mean being _________. In fact, it can be quite the _________. Life is there already. There are the bird calls in the air and frogs crossing the trail.And there is more.When you come to a(n) _________ where the sunlight makes it to the forest floor, you can sometimes catch a hint of something. I don’t know what to call it. Words _________. But it feels something like a root or a(n) ____________ song of the world’s own presence.If that moment is just between you and the wild world, then you are ____________ indeed. That is when you can ____________ what Henry David Thoreau meant when he said, “I never found the____________ that was so companionable as solitude.”So, as the great John Muir ____________ it: “Keep close to Nature’s heart once in a while, and climb a mountain or spend a week in the wild to wash your ____________ clean.”21.A．mountain B．city C．air D．sea22.A．connection B．agreement C．difference D．argument23.A．food B．friendship C．music D．wilderness24.A．discomforting B．amusing C．relaxing D．exciting25.A．by choice B．by accident C．by nature D．by mistake26.A．happy B．alone C．patient D．brave27.A．opposite B．false C．beautiful D．same28.A．apartment B．office C．farm D．clearing29.A．fail B．spread C．matter D．win30.A．sweet B．unvoiced C．popular D．odd31.A．angry B．sad C．lucky D．frightened32.A．refuse B．forget C．forgive D．understand33.A．pond B．companion C．hunter D．rain34.A．put B．denied C．accepted D．assessed35.A．land B．body C．record D．spirit阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

UTEVA萃取色层分离超铀元素的性能研究伊小伟;李冬梅;党海军;李梅;张海涛【摘要】为建立快速、可靠的环境样品中超铀元素的分析方法,对UTEVA萃取色层树脂分离超铀元素的性能进行了研究.通过改变氧化还原条件、淋洗剂种类和浓度来探索UTEVA萃取色层树脂分离Am、Pu、Np和U的实验条件及分离效果,确定了以3 mol/L HNO3、1 mol/L HNO3-0.1 mol/L抗坏血酸、2 mol/L HCl-0.1 mol/L草酸、0.01 mol/L HNO3分别作为UTEVA树脂上Am、Pu、Np和U 的淋洗剂,获得Am、Pu、Np和U的回收率分别为(93±1)%、(68±2)%、(44±3)%和(70±5)%(n=6),各核素间的去污因子为1×102～5×105.结果表明,用单个UTEVA萃取色层柱能够将Am、Pu、Np和U分离,并将此方法成功用于环境样品中Am、Pu、Np和U的分离.【期刊名称】《核化学与放射化学》【年(卷),期】2010(032)001【总页数】5页(P22-26)【关键词】萃取色层分离;UTEVA;超铀元素【作者】伊小伟;李冬梅;党海军;李梅;张海涛【作者单位】西北核技术研究所,陕西,西安,710024;西北核技术研究所,陕西,西安,710024;西北核技术研究所,陕西,西安,710024;西北核技术研究所,陕西,西安,710024;西北核技术研究所,陕西,西安,710024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O614.35受核试验全球沉降和核反应堆事故等影响，释放到环境中的放射性物质、特别是长寿命的放射性核素会对环境、生态及人类健康造成极大危害，这已引起人们极大的关注[1]。

分析长寿命超铀元素要求在测量前对样品中的超铀元素进行系统分离，以消除测量过程中核素间的相互干扰。

传统的分离流程是以分离单个核素的有机溶剂萃取方法为基础，流程操作工作强度大、耗时长，同时产生大量的废液，因此，它逐渐被萃取色层树脂分离方法所取代。

Particular attention should be given to hoses…要特别注意软管，以防磨损。

The primary concern of electrical engineering …电子工程学主要关注的是通过输送能量做功的情况。

Gene piracy is not new. 基因剽窃并不稀奇。

All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 所有动植物均需要碳才能生长。

Oil and gas will continue…天然气将继续是我们燃料的主要来源。

The power unit for driving the machines …驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

A material object can not have a speed greater…一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。

Semiconductor devices, called transistors…半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。

It is forbidden to dismantle…严禁乱拆，以免损坏该设备的零件。

It should be realized that magnetic…应该认识到磁力和电力是不同的。

The removal of minerals from water….去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

Einsteins relativity theory is the only…爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。

The law of reflection holds good…反射定律对一切表面都适用。

The most important of the factors a ffecting…植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。

Many elements in nature are found…自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。

科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50—hp induction motor。

动力装置是船舶的心脏。

驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices， called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications。

Cramped conditions means that passengers' legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space。

半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。

我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。

空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动.第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening。

A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts：blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄.1。

2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena。

All four （outer planets） probably have cores of metals, silicates， and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论.(直译）这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。

液体闪烁计数法测定天然铀样品中的铀王朝阳;陈忠恭;李绪平【摘要】建立了液体闪烁计数法测定天然铀样品中铀含量的分析方法.对影响液闪测量的主要因素,如α/β甄别、淬灭效率等进行了研究,确定了最佳脉冲甄别参数值和淬灭校正曲线.与铀的容量法进行了方法比对,结果吻合较好.方法的精密度良好,对浓度为0.985 7 mg/g的铀标准溶液平行测定7次,相对标准偏差为1.9％.该法易于操作、分析速度快,可用于核燃料循环前段天然铀样品中铀的分析测定.【期刊名称】《核化学与放射化学》【年(卷),期】2013(035)002【总页数】4页(P112-115)【关键词】液体闪烁计数法;天然铀;测定【作者】王朝阳;陈忠恭;李绪平【作者单位】中核四○四有限公司第二分公司,甘肃兰州 732850;中核四○四有限公司第二分公司,甘肃兰州 732850;中核四○四有限公司第二分公司,甘肃兰州732850【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TL271液体闪烁测量(简称液闪)技术是20世纪50年代初期发展起来的一种测量低能β射线的行之有效的方法，在α核素测定方面, 由于β核素对被测α核素的干扰，使其应用受到了限制。

随着20世纪80年代后期带有脉冲形状甄别功能的液闪谱议的问世，α核素的液闪测定技术得到了快速发展[1]。

在α核素的液闪测量过程中，该法避免了α能谱法中最棘手的样品几何条件与标准源不一致和测量源自吸收的问题，并可实现4π立体角测量，大幅提高了探测效率和测量准确度，对α粒子的探测效率接近100％。

目前，关于用液闪技术测定α核素的报道大多针对超铀核素238Pu、239Pu、240Pu、241Am、237Np等[1-6]，对于铀的液闪分析技术研究报道相对较少[7-13]，而且这些关于铀的报道各有侧重，有的侧重于对234U/238U、235U/238U 原子比值测定[8-9]，有的侧重于对铀的绝对测量[11]，还有的侧重于样品的预处理[7,10,12-13]。

植物病理学词汇以下共列出213个有关词汇，中文释义仅供参考。

更多词汇请参阅：裘维蕃主编，《英汉植物病理学词汇》，农业出版社，1990.8。

1)abacterial 无菌的2)abiotic 无生命的，非生物的3)acidic 酸性的4)acquired resistance 获得抗病性5)acquired susceptibility 获得感病性6)actinomyces 放线菌7)active ingredient 有效成分8)agroecosystem 农业生态系统9)agronomic 农艺学的, 农事的10)amino acid 氨基酸11)analysis of covariance 协方差分析12)analysis of variance 方差分析13)anatomy 剖析, 解剖学14)anoxic 厌氧的15)anthesis 开花期，开花16)antibiotics 抗生素,17)antibody 抗体18)antigen 抗原19)antitumor 抗癌的20)apoplastic 非原质体的21)ascomycetes 子囊菌22)asexual 无性的23)avirulence 无毒性24)baccine 疫苗25)bacteria 细菌26)bactericides 杀细菌剂27)basidiomycetes 担子菌28)biomass 生物数量29)biosynthesis 生物合成30)biotroph 活体营养31)biotype 生物型32)blast 枯萎病33)blight 枯萎病，疫病34)botanical 植物学的35)causal agents 病原体36)causal organism 病原生物37)chlamydospore 厚垣孢子38)chlorophyll 叶绿素39)chlorothalonil (daconil) 百菌清40)chromosome 染色体41)coevolution 协同进化42)colonization 移植43)cultilar 栽培品种44)cytogenetics 细胞遗传学45)cytokinetic 细胞动力学的46)cytoplasm 细胞质47)deactivation 灭活作用48)degradation 退化49)derosal 多菌灵50)detection 检定51)detoxification 脱毒52)dextrose 葡萄糖53)diagnostic 诊断的54)diagnostics 诊断学55)diapause 滞育(昆虫生长的停滞期),间歇期56)dicots 双子叶的57)dicotyledon 双子叶植物58)disease-resistant cultivar 抗病品种59)dormancy 冬眠60)dose 剂量61)downy mildews 霜霉62)economic thresholds 经济阈值63)ectoparasite 皮外寄生物, 外寄生虫64)electrophoresis 电泳65)endoparasitic 内部寄生的66)enzyme 酶67)epidemiology 流行病学68)epiphytotics 植物流行病的，植物流行病69)evolutionary 进化70)fatal temperature 致死温度71)fauna 动物群, 动物区系, 动物志72)fermentation 发酵73)flagellum 鞭毛74)fungi 真菌75)fungicides 杀真菌剂76)genera 属77)genome 基因组,染色体组78)genome 基因组79)genomic library 基因组库80)genotype 基因型81)habitat 生境82)herbicide 除草剂83)hereditary 遗传的84)heterozygous 杂合的85)hormone 荷尔蒙,激素86)hybrid 杂交，杂种的87)hydrophilic 亲水的88)hydrophobic 疏水的89)hypersensitive 过敏的90)hypha 菌丝91)immunology 免疫学92)in vitro 体外93)in vivo 体内94)inbreeding 近亲交配95)induced mutation 诱导突变96)inducible 可诱导的，可导致的97)infection cycle 侵染循环98)infection processs 侵染过程99)infective 可侵染的，有传染性的100)inhibition zone 抑菌圈101)inoculate 接种，嫁接102)inoculum 接种体103)inorganic 无机的104)interferon 干扰素105)invasion 入侵106)invertebrate 无脊椎动物107)isotope 同位素108)larva 幼虫109)lethal dose 致死中量110)mammalian 哺乳动物111)matrix 矩阵112)metabolic 代谢作用的, 新陈代谢的113)metabolite 代谢物114)microbial 微生物的，由细菌引起的115)micronutrient 微量营养素116)microscopic 用显微镜可见的117)mildethane 托布津118)mildew 霉病119)mitochondria 线粒体120)mold 霉，霉菌121)molecular 分子的，由分子组成的122)monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体123)monocotyledonous 单子叶植物的124)morphology 形态学125)morphology 形态学126)mortality 死亡率127)mosaic 花叶128)multinucleate (细胞等)多核的129)mutant 突变异种130)mutation 突变131)mutualism 互惠共生132)mycelium 菌丝体(复数mycelia) 133)mycotoxin 真菌毒素134)necrotic 坏死的135)nematicide 杀线虫剂136)nematode 线虫137)normal saline 生理盐水138)oomycetes 卵菌139)oviposition 产卵140)parasite 寄生虫，食客141)parasitism 寄生142)parthenogenesis 单性生殖, 孤雌生殖143)passive resistance 被动抗性144)Pasteurization 巴氏灭菌法145)pathogenicity 病原性,致病性146)pathogens 病原体(物)147)pathology 病理学148)penetrate 渗透149)pesticide 杀虫剂150)pesticide residue 农药残留151)phenology 物候学152)phenotype 显型153)photosynthesis 光合作用154)phylogeny 系统学，系统发育155)phytocentric 植物群落156)phytocide 植物杀菌素157)phytohormone 植物生长素158)phytopathology 植物病理学159)phytotoxic 植物性毒素的160)pollination 传粉, 授粉(作用) 161)polyclonal antibody 双克隆抗体162)polygenic 多基因的163)polymorphism 多型现象164)postharvest 收割期后的165)potential host 潜伏寄主166)probe 探针167)proliferation 增殖168)propagule 繁殖体169)protist 原生生物170)protoplast 原生质体171)quarantine 检疫172)reciprocal 互惠的173)resistance 抗药性174)rodenticide 灭鼠剂175)root-knot nematode 根结线虫176)rotozoan 原生动物177)secretion 分泌，分泌物(液) 178)segregate 隔离179)sensitivety 敏感性180)serology 血清学181)silborne 土传的182)smut 黑粉病183)soilborne 土壤带有的,土壤传播的184)sporangium 孢子囊185)sporosorus 休眠孢子堆186)stochastic 随机的187)strains 菌株188)stripe 斑纹，条纹189)sublethal dose 亚致死中量190)sustainable agriculture 可持续农业191)symbiosis 共生关系192)symposia 座谈会, 评论集193)symptomology 症状学194)target 靶子，标的195)taxonomy 分类学（法）196)template 模板197)therapeutics 治疗学、疗法198)threshold 临界值199)toxicity 毒性的200)toxigenic 产毒的201)transgenic 转基因的202)tumor 瘤203)ultrastructural 超微的204)vaccine 疫苗205)vector 介体206)virion 病毒粒子207)virological 病毒学的208)virulence 毒力，毒性209)virus 病毒210)vivo 活泼的211)wilt 萎蔫病212)winter spore 越冬孢子213)zoospore 游动孢子。

常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度absorbent 吸附剂absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度acid-base titration 酸碱滴定acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂affinity 亲和力aging 陈化amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂amphoteric substance 两性物质amplification reaction 放大反应analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical concentration 分析浓度analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂apparent formation constant 表观形成常数aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法ashing 灰化atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取band spectrum 带状光谱bandwidth 带宽bathochromic shift 红移blank 空白blocking of indicator 指示剂的封闭bromometry 溴量法buffer capacity 缓冲容量buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂calibrated curve 校准曲线calibration 校准catalyzed reaction 催化反应cerimetry 铈量法charge balance 电荷平衡chelate 螯合物chelate extraction 螯合物萃取chemical analysis 化学分析chemical factor 化学因素chemically pure 化学纯chromatography 色谱法chromophoric group 发色团coefficient of variation 变异系数color reagent 显色剂color transition point 颜色转变点colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 比色法column chromatography 柱色谱complementary color 互补色complex 络合物complexation 络合反应complexometry complexometric titration 络合滴定法complexone 氨羧络合剂concentration constant 浓度常数conditional extraction constant 条件萃取常数conditional formation coefficient 条件形成常数conditional potential 条件电位conditional solubility product 条件溶度积confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对constant weight 恒量contamination 沾污continuous extraction 连续萃取continuous spectrum 连续光谱coprecipitation 共沉淀correction 校正correlation coefficient 相关系数crucible 坩埚crystalline precipitate 晶形沉淀cumulative constant 累积常数curdy precipitate 凝乳状沉淀degree of freedom 自由度demasking 解蔽derivative spectrum 导数光谱desiccant; drying agent 干燥剂desiccator 保干器determinate error 可测误差deuterium lamp 氘灯deviation 偏差deviation average 平均偏差dibasic acid 二元酸dichloro fluorescein 二氯荧光黄dichromate titration 重铬酸钾法dielectric constant 介电常数differential spectrophotometry 示差光度法differentiating effect 区分效应dispersion 色散dissociation constant 离解常数distillation 蒸馏distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution diagram 分布图distribution ratio 分配比double beam spectrophotometer 双光束分光光度计dual-pan balance 双盘天平dual-wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法electronic balance 电子天平electrophoresis 电泳eluent 淋洗剂end point 终点end point error 终点误差enrichment 富集eosin 曙红equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equimolar series method 等摩尔系列法Erelenmeyer flask 锥形瓶eriochrome black T (EBT) 铬黑T error 误差ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 乙二胺四乙酸evaporation dish 蒸发皿exchange capacity 交换容量extent of crosslinking 交联度extraction constant 萃取常数extraction rate 萃取率extraction spectrphotometric method 萃取光度法Fajans method 法杨斯法ferroin 邻二氮菲亚铁离子filter 漏斗filter 滤光片filter paper 滤纸filtration 过滤fluex 溶剂fluorescein 荧光黄flusion 熔融formation constant 形成常数frequency 频率frequency density 频率密度frequency distribution 频率分布gas chromatography (GC) 气相色谱grating 光栅gravimetric factor 重量因素gravimetry 重量分析guarantee reagent (GR) 保证试剂high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱histogram 直方图homogeneous precipitation 均相沉淀hydrogen lamp 氢灯hypochromic shift 紫移ignition 灼烧indicator 指示剂induced reaction 诱导反应inert solvent 惰性溶剂instability constant 不稳定常数instrumental analysis 仪器分析intrinsic acidity 固有酸度intrinsic basicity 固有碱度intrinsic solubility 固有溶解度iodimetry 碘滴定法iodine-tungsten lamp 碘钨灯iodometry 滴定碘法ion association extraction 离子缔合物萃取ion chromatography (IC) 离子色谱ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic strength 离子强度isoabsorptive point 等吸收点Karl Fisher titration 卡尔•费歇尔法Kjeldahl determination 凯氏定氮法Lambert-Beer law 朗泊-比尔定律leveling effect 拉平效应ligand 配位体light source 光源line spectrum 线状光谱linear regression 线性回归liquid chromatography (LC) 液相色谱macro analysis 常量分析masking 掩蔽masking index 掩蔽指数mass balance 物料平衡matallochromic indicator 金属指示剂maximum absorption 最大吸收mean, average 平均值measured value 测量值measuring cylinder 量筒measuring pipette 吸量管median 中位数mercurimetry 汞量法mercury lamp 汞灯mesh [筛]目methyl orange (MO) 甲基橙methyl red (MR) 甲基红micro analysis 微量分析mixed constant 混合常数mixed crystal 混晶mixed indicator 混合指示剂mobile phase 流动相Mohr method 莫尔法molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数mole ratio method 摩尔比法molecular spectrum 分子光谱monoacid 一元酸monochromatic color 单色光monochromator 单色器neutral solvent 中性溶剂neutralization 中和non-aqueous titration 非水滴定normal distribution 正态分布occlusion 包藏organic phase 有机相ossification of indicator 指示剂的僵化outlier 离群值oven 烘箱paper chromatography(PC) 纸色谱parallel determination 平行测定path lenth 光程permanganate titration 高锰酸钾法phase ratio 相比phenolphthalein (PP) 酚酞photocell 光电池photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photometric titration 光度滴定法photomultiplier 光电倍增管phototube 光电管pipette 移液管polar solvent 极性溶剂polyprotic acid 多元酸population 总体postprecipitation 后沉淀precipitant 沉淀剂precipitation form 沉淀形precipitation titration 沉淀滴定法precision 精密度preconcentration 预富集predominance-area diagram 优势区域图primary standard 基准物质prism 棱镜probability 概率proton 质子proton condition 质子条件protonation 质子化protonation constant 质子化常数purity 纯度qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析quartering 四分法random error 随机误差range 全距(极差)reagent blank 试剂空白Reagent bottle 试剂瓶recording spectrophotometer 自动记录式分光光度计recovery 回收率redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂redox titration 氧化还原滴定referee analysis 仲裁分析reference level 参考水平reference material (RM) 标准物质reference solution 参比溶液relative error 相对误差resolution 分辨力rider 游码routine analysis 常规分析sample 样本,样品sampling 取样self indicator 自身指示剂semimicro analysis 半微量分析separation 分离separation factor 分离因数side reaction coefficient 副反应系数significance test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字simultaneous determination of multiponents 多组分同时测定single beam spectrophotometer 单光束分光光度计single-pan balance 单盘天平slit 狭缝sodium diphenylamine sulfonate 二苯胺磺酸钠solubility product 溶度积solvent extraction 溶剂萃取species 型体(物种)specific extinction coefficient 比消光系数spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 分光光度法stability constant 稳定常数standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard potential 标准电位standard series method 标准系列法standard solution 标准溶液standardization 标定starch 淀粉stationary phase 固定相steam bath 蒸气浴stepwise stability constant 逐级稳定常数stoichiometric point 化学计量点structure analysis 结构分析supersaturation 过饱和systematic error 系统误差test solution 试液thermodynamic constant 热力学常数thin layer chromatography (TLC) 薄层色谱titrand 被滴物titrant 滴定剂titration 滴定titration constant 滴定常数titration curve 滴定曲线titration error 滴定误差titration index 滴定指数titration jump 滴定突跃titrimetry 滴定分析trace analysis 痕量分析transition interval 变色间隔transmittance 透射比tri acid 三元酸true value 真值tungsten lamp 钨灯ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析UV-VIS spectrophotometry 紫外-可见分光光度法volatilization 挥发Volhard method 福尔哈德法volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetry 容量分析Wash bottle 洗瓶washings 洗液water bath 水浴weighing bottle 称量瓶weighting form 称量形weights 砝码working curve 工作曲线xylenol orange (XO) 二甲酚橙zero level 零水平异步处理dispatch_async(dispatch_get_glo bal_queue(0, 0), ^{// 处理耗时操作的代码块... [self test1];//通知主线程刷新dispatch_async(dispatch_get_mai n_queue(), ^{//或者说是通知主线程刷新，NSLog(............);});。

核裂变英文定义Nuclear fission is a fundamental process in nuclear physics and nuclear technology, where a heavy atomic nucleus, such as that of uranium or plutonium, is split into two or more lighter nuclei. This process releases a significant amount of energy, which can be harnessed for various applications, including electricity generation, medical treatments, and scientific research.At the heart of nuclear fission is the concept of the atomic nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is held together by a strong force, known as the nuclear force, which counteracts the repulsive force between the positively charged protons. When a heavy nucleus, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, absorbs a neutron, it can become unstable and split into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing energy in the form of heat, radiation, and additional neutrons.The process of nuclear fission can be initiated in a controlled manner, as in the case of nuclear reactors, or it can occur spontaneously, as in the case of nuclear weapons. In a nuclear reactor, the fission process is carefully managed to produce a steady, controlled release of energy, which is then used to generate electricity. This process isknown as controlled nuclear fission, and it is the basis for the operation of most nuclear power plants around the world.The energy released during the fission process is primarily due to the difference in the binding energy between the original heavy nucleus and the lighter nuclei produced during the split. The binding energy of a nucleus is the amount of energy required to break the nucleus apart into its individual protons and neutrons. The binding energy per nucleon (proton or neutron) is generally higher for lighter nuclei than for heavier nuclei, and this difference in binding energy is what drives the fission process.When a heavy nucleus, such as uranium-235, undergoes fission, it typically splits into two or more lighter nuclei, such as barium-141 and krypton-92. This process also releases several neutrons, which can then go on to split other heavy nuclei, creating a chain reaction. The chain reaction is the key to the controlled release of energy in nuclear reactors, as it allows for the sustained generation of heat and electricity.One of the key challenges in the use of nuclear fission is the management of the radioactive waste produced during the process. The fission of heavy nuclei results in the creation of a variety of radioactive isotopes, which can have long half-lives and pose significant environmental and health risks. The safe storage anddisposal of nuclear waste is a major concern for the nuclear industry and has been the subject of extensive research and debate.Despite the challenges associated with nuclear fission, it remains an important source of energy in many countries around the world. Nuclear power plants are often touted as a clean and efficient alternative to fossil fuels, as they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions during their operation. However, the construction and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, as well as the management of nuclear waste, can have significant environmental and social impacts that must be carefully considered.In addition to electricity generation, nuclear fission has also found applications in other areas, such as medical treatments and scientific research. For example, the radioactive isotopes produced during fission can be used in diagnostic imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), as well as in targeted cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy.Furthermore, the study of nuclear fission has contributed to our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and the forces that govern the behavior of atomic nuclei. This knowledge has been crucial in the development of advanced materials, the exploration of the universe, and the advancement of our understanding of thenatural world.In conclusion, nuclear fission is a complex and multifaceted process that has had a significant impact on various aspects of human society. While it comes with its own set of challenges and risks, the controlled use of nuclear fission has the potential to play an important role in meeting the world's energy needs and advancing scientific knowledge. As with any technology, it is essential to carefully weigh the benefits and drawbacks, and to strive for the safe and responsible development and use of nuclear fission.。