2015年考研数一真题及答案解析(完整版)

考研数学一（二维随机变量及其分布）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分150, 做题时间180分钟)选择题1.[2009年] 设随机变量X与Y相互独立，且X服从标准正态分布N(0，1)，Y(z)为随机变量Z=XY的分布函数，则函的概率分布P(Y=0)=P(Y=1)=1／2．记FZ数F(z)的间断点的个数为( )．ZSSS_SINGLE_SELAB1C2D3分值: 7.5答案:BF(z)=P(Z≤z)=P(XY≤z)=P(XY≤z｜Y=0)P(Y=0)+P(XY≤z｜Y=1)P(Y=1)Z=[P(XY≤z｜Y=0)+P(XY≤z｜Y=1)]／5．又X，Y相互独立，故 F(z)=[P(X·0≤z)+P(X≤z)]／2．Z(z)=[+ф(z)]／2=ф(z)／2．当z＜0时， FZ(z)=[P(Ω)+P(X≤z)]／2=[1+ф(z)]／2．当z≥0时， FZ综上所述，得到因(z)只有一个间断点z=0．仅B入选．所以FZ2.[2012年] 设随机变量X与Y相互独立，且分别服从参数为1和参数为4的指数分布，则P(X＜Y)=( )．SSS_SINGLE_SELA1／5B1／3C2／5D4／5分值: 7.5答案:A由题设有而X与Y相互独立，故f(x，y)=fX (x)fY(y)=则P(X＜Y)= f(x，y)dxdy=∫0+∞∫x+∞4e-(x+4y)dxdy=一∫+∞e-x dx∫x+∞e-4y d(一4y)=∫0+∞e-x·e-4x dx=∫+∞e-5x dx=仅A入选．3.[2005年] 设二维随机变量(X，Y)的概率分布为若随机事件{X=0}与{X+Y=1}相互独立，则( )．SSS_SINGLE_SELAa=0．2，b=0．3Ba=0．4，b=0．1Ca=0．3，b=0．2Da=0．1，b=0．4分值: 7.5答案:B由=(a+0．4)+(b+0．1)=a+b+0．5=1(归一性)知，a+b=0．5．又由事件{X=0}与{X+Y=1}相互独立，有P(X=0，X+Y=1)=P(X=0)P(X+Y=1)，而P(X=0，X+Y=1)=P(X=0，Y=1)=a，P(X=0)=a+0．4，P(X+Y=1)=P(X=0，Y=1)+P(X=1，Y=0)=a+b，故 a=(a+0．4)(a+b)=(a+0．4)×0．5．①所以a=0．4．从而b=0．5一a=0．1．填空题4.[2003年] 设二维随机变量(X，Y)的概率密度为则P(X+Y≤1)=______．SSS_FILL分值: 7.5答案:首先求出积分区域D ∩ G．D ∩ G实质上是G={(x，y)｜0≤x≤y≤1}与D={(x，y)｜x+y≤1}交集．可知，0≤x≤y≤1是在y=x上方的区域，而x+y≤1是直线x+y=1下方的区域．两者之交即为D ∩ G(见图)，故5.[2015年] 设二维随机变量(X，Y)服从正态分布N(1，0；1，1；0)，则P{XY—Y＜0}=_______．SSS_FILL分值: 7.5答案:因(X，Y)～N(1，1；0，1；0)，ρ=0，故X，Y相互独立，则P{XY—y＜0}=P{(X一1)Y＜0}=P{X一1＜0，Y＞0}+P{X一1＞0，Y＜0}=P{X＜1}P{Y＞0}+P{X＞1}P{Y＜0}．因X～N(1，1)，故P{X＜1}=P{X＞1}=．因Y～N(0，1)，故P{Y＞0}=P{Y＜0}=．所以6.[2006年] 设随机变量X与Y相互独立，且均服从区间[0，3]上的均匀分布，则P(max{X，Y}≤1)=______．SSS_FILL分值: 7.5答案:1/9P(max(X，Y)≤1)=P({X≤1}{Y≤1})=P(X≤1，Y≤1)=P(X≤1)P(Y≤1)=[(1一0)／(3—0)][(1一0)／(3一0)]=(1／3)×(1／3)=1／9．解答题[2008年] 设随机变量X与Y相互独立，X的概率分布为P(X=i)=1／3(i=一1，0，1)，Y的概率密度为记Z=X+Y．SSS_TEXT_QUSTI7.求P(Z≤1／2｜X=0)；分值: 7.5答案:由于X，Y相互独立，有P(Z≤1／2 ｜X=0)=P(X+Y≤1／2｜X=0)=P(y≤1／2｜X=0)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI8.求Z的概率密度fZ(z)．分值: 7.5答案:因X的可能取值为一1，0，1，而fY(y)取非零值的自变量的变化范围为0≤y≤1，一1≤z=x+y≤2．(1)当z≥2时，X，Y的所有取值均满足上式，故F(z)=P(Z≤z)=P(X+Y≤z)=1．(2)当z=x+y＜一1时，X，Y的取值为空值，则P(X+Y≤z)==0．(3)当一1≤z＜2时，下面用全概率公式求出FZ(z)的表示式：FZ(z)=P(Z≤z)=P(X+Y≤z)=P(X+Y≤z｜X=一1)P(X=一1)+P(X+Y≤z｜X=0)P(X=0)+P(X+Y≤z｜X=1)P(X=1)(Fy(z)为y的分布函数)，则fZ (z)=F'Z(z)=[FY(z+1)+fY(z)+fY(z—1)]．当0＜z+1＜1或0＜z＜1或0＜z—1＜1，即一1＜z＜2时，FZ(z)=；其他情况下，fZ(z)=0．[2017年] 设随机变量X，Y相互独立，，Y的概率密度为fY(y)=SSS_TEXT_QUSTI9.求P{Y≤E(Y)}；分值: 7.5答案:因E(Y)=∫-∞+∞yfY(y)dy=∫1y·2ydy=，故SSS_TEXT_QUSTI10.求Z=X+Y的概率密度．分值: 7.5答案:Z的分布函数FZ(Z)=P{X+Y≤z，X=0}+P{X+Y≤z，X=2} =P{X=0，Y≤z}+P{X=2，Y+2≤z}=，故Z的概率密度函数为[2014年] 设随机变量X的概率分布为P(X=1)=P(X=2)=，在给定X=i的条件下，随机变量y服从均匀分布U(0，i)(i=1，2)．SSS_TEXT_QUSTI11.求Y的分布函数F(y)；Y分值: 7.5答案:记U(0，i)的分布函数为F(x)(i=1，2)，则i(y)=p(Y≤Y)=P(x=1)P(Y≤y｜X=1)+P(X=2)P(Y≤y｜X=2)于是FY因在X=i的条件下，Y服从均匀分布U(0，i)(i=1，2)，故当y≤0时，(y)=0．Fi当0＜y≤1时，当1＜y＜2时，当y≥2时，所以SSS_TEXT_QUSTI12.求期望E(Y)．分值: 7.5答案:(y)可得概率密度函数为由Y的分布函数FY+∞yfy(y)dy=故E(Y)=∫-∞[2013年] 设随机变量X的概率密度为令随机变量，SSS_TEXT_QUSTI13.求y的分布函数；分值: 7.5答案:+∞f(x)dx=，得到a=9．此时，X的利用概率密度函数的归一性，由1=∫-∞概率密度为(y)．由题设知，Y的取值范围为1≤Y≤2，故设Y的分布函数为FY(y)=P{Y≤y}=0；P(1≤Y≤2)=1．因而当y＜1时，FY当1≤Y＜2时，F(y)=P{Y≤y}=P{Y＜1}+P{Y=1}+P{1＜Y≤y}Y=0+P{X≥2}+P{1＜X≤Y}=(y)=P{Y≤y}=P{Y≤2}=1．当Y≥2时，FY综上得到y的分布函数为SSS_TEXT_QUSTI14.求概率P{X≤Y}．分值: 7.5答案:由随机变量y的分段表示式易看出，满足x≤y的x的取值范围为x＜2．因而所求概率为P{X≤Y}=P{X＜2}=[2016年]设二维随机变量(X，Y)在区域D=((x，y)｜0＜x＜1，x2＜y＜)上服从均匀分布．令SSS_TEXT_QUSTI15.写出(X，Y)的概率密度；分值: 7.5答案:易求得区域D的面积，故(X，Y)的概率密度SSS_TEXT_QUSTI16.问U与X是否相互独立?并说明理由；分值: 7.5答案:考查事件{U=0}与乘积的概率是否与事件{U=0}的概率的乘积相等．事实上，它们不相等．易求得显然，故U与X不独立．SSS_TEXT_QUSTI17.求Z=U+X的分布函数FZ(z)．分值: 7.5答案:下面用全集分解法求f(u，v)的分布函数FZ(z)=P(Z≤z)=P(U+X≤z)．FZ(z)=P(U+X≤z)=P(U=0，U+X≤z)+P(U=1，U+X≤z)=P(U=0，X≤z)+P(U=1，U≤z—1)=P(X＞y，X≤z)+P(X≤Y，X≤z一1)注意到x取值的边界点为0，1，而U取值边界点也为0，1，因而z的取值的分段点为0，1，2．于是应分下述四种情况分别求出FZ(z)的表示式．①z＜0时，则P(X≤z)==0，P(X≤z—1)==0，故FZ(z)=0．②0≤z＜1时，③1≤z＜2时，④z≥2时，FZ(z)=P(X＞Y)+P(X≤y)=P(U=0)+P(U=1)=1．综上所述，Z的分布函数为[2009年] 袋中有一个红球、两个黑球、三个白球．现在有放回地从袋中取两次，每次取一个，以X，Y，Z分别表示两次取球所取得的红球、黑球与白球个数．SSS_TEXT_QUSTI18.求P(X=1｜Z=0)；分值: 7.5答案:(I)用缩减样本空间的方法求之．求时应注意两次取球取到的是不同类的球，要讲次序．因而两次都没取到白球(Z=0)的条件下，只能取红、黑两种球，且每次都要取到一个红球，其可能性为C11×C21+C21×C11=4，总的可能性为C 31×C31=3×3=9，故SSS_TEXT_QUSTI19.求二维随机变量(X，Y)的概率分布．分值: 7.5答案:由题设知X与Y的所有可能取值均为0，1，2，而取值的概率可由古典概率的计算公式得到．计算时要注意两次取球取到的是不同类的球要讲次序，取到的是同类的球不讲次序．故(X，Y)的概率分布为20.设随机变量X的概率密度为f(x)=e-｜x｜／2，一∞＜x＜+∞，问随机变量X 与｜X｜是否相互独立?为什么?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 7.5答案:因X和｜X｜为两个随机变量，下面证明对于给定的a(0＜a＜+∞)，式P(X＜x，Y＜y)=P(X＜x)P(Y＜y)不成立，从而X与｜X｜不相互独立．事实上，因事件{｜X｜＜a}包含在事件{X＜a}之中，即{X＜a} {｜X｜＜a}，故P(X＜a，｜X｜＜a)=P({X＜a}∩{｜X｜＜a})=P(｜X｜＜a)．又P(X＜a)＜1，P(｜X｜＜a)＞0，因而P(X＜a)P(｜X｜＜a)＜P(｜X｜＜a)．于是P(X＜a，｜X｜＜a)=P(｜X｜＜a)＞P(X＞a)P(｜X｜＜a)，故P(X＞a，｜X｜＜a)≠P(X＜a)P(｜X｜＜a) (0＜a＜+∞)．可知，X与｜X｜不相互独立．1。

2015年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourt h cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_‖functional Kinship‖ of b eing friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

2015年考研数学一真题及答案解析D234(2)设211()23=+-xxy ex e 是二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程'''++=xy ay by ce 的一个特解，则( )(A) 3,2,1=-==-a b c(B) 3,2,1===-a b c (C) 3,2,1=-==a b c(D)3,2,1===a b c【答案】（A ）【分析】此题考查二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的反问题——已知解来确定微分方程的系数，此类题有两种解法，一种是将特解代入原方程，然后比较等式两边的系数可得待估系数值，另一种是根据二阶线性微分方程解的性质和结构来求解，也就是下面演示的解法.【解析】由题意可知，212xe 、13xe -为二阶常系数齐次微分方程0y ay by '''++=的解，所以2,1为特征方程20r ar b ++=的根，从而(12)3a =-+=-，122b =⨯=，从而原方程变为32xy y y ce '''-+=，再将特解xy xe =代入得1c =-.故选5（A ）(3) 若级数1∞=∑n n a 条件收敛，则=x 3=x 依次为幂级数1(1)∞=-∑nnn na x 的 ( )(A) 收敛点，收敛点 (B) 收敛点，发散点 (C) 发散点，收敛点 (D) 发散点，发散点 【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查幂级数收敛半径、收敛区间，幂级数的性质。

【解析】因为1nn a ∞=∑条件收敛，即2x =为幂级数1(1)nnn a x ∞=-∑的条件收敛点，所以1(1)nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径为1，收敛区间为(0,2)。

而幂级数逐项求导不改变收敛区间，故1(1)nnn na x ∞=-∑的收敛区间还是(0,2)。

因而x =3x =依次为幂级数1(1)nnn na x ∞=-∑的收敛点，发散点.故选（B ）。

(4) 设D 是第一象限由曲线21xy =，41xy =与直线6y x=，3y x=围成的平面区域，函数(),f x y 在D 上连续，则(),Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰( )(A) ()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdrπθπθθθθ⎰⎰(B)()sin 23142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰(C) ()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r drπθπθθθθ⎰⎰(D) ()sin 23142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r drπθπθθθθ⎰⎰【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查将二重积分化成极坐标系下的累次积分【解析】先画出D 的图形，7所以(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰34(cos ,sin )d f r r rdrππθθθ⎰，故选（B ）(5) 设矩阵21111214A a a ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，21b d d ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，若集合{}1,2Ω=，则线性方程组Ax b =有无穷多解的充分必要条件为( )(A) ,a d ∉Ω∉Ω (B) ,a d ∉Ω∈Ω (C) ,a d ∈Ω∉Ω (D),a d ∈Ω∈Ω【答案】D 【解析】2211111111(,)1201111400(1)(2)(1)(2)A b ad a d a d a a d d ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪=→-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭，由()(,)3r A r A b =<，故1a =或2a =，同时1d =或2d =。

2016考研数学一真题及答案解析(完整版)2016年考研数学一真题及答案解析(完整版)一、单选题1.已知函数 f(x) 在(0, +∞) 上连续，且满足 f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) +2√[f(x)f(y)]，则 f(x) 的解析式是（） A. f(x) = x^2 B. f(x) = x^2 + 2x C. f(x) = x^2 + 4x D. f(x) = x^2 + 6x答案：C解析：将 x=y=0 代入方程得到 f(0) = 0，将 y=0 代入方程得到 f(x) = f(x) + f(0)，所以 f(0) = 0。

将 y=x 代入方程得到 f(2x) = 4f(x)，所以 f(2x) =4f(x) = 4(x^2 + 2x) = (2x + 4)^2。

所以 f(x) = (x + 2)^2 = x^2 + 4x + 4。

2.在等差数列 1, 3, 5, 2015 中，有多少个数能被 3 整除？ A. 672 B. 671C. 670D. 669答案：A解析：等差数列的公差是 2，所以第 n 项是 1 + (n-1)2 = 2n-1。

要使 2n-1 能被 3 整除，则 n 必须是 3 的倍数。

2015 ÷ 3 = 671 余 2，所以有 671 个数能被 3 整除。

3.设 A 是m×n 的矩阵，B 是n×m 的矩阵，则 AB 的秩为（） A. m B. nC. m + nD. 0答案：D解析：秩的定义是矩阵的非零行的最大数目。

AB 的秩等于 B 的非零行的最大数目，因为 AB 的行是 A 的行与 B 的列的线性组合，所以 AB 的秩不可能超过 B 的非零行的最大数目。

而 B 的非零行的最大数目不可能大于 n，所以 AB 的秩不可能大于 n，所以 AB 的秩为 0。

二、填空题1.设函数 f(x) = x^2 + ax + b，其中 a, b 是常数，f(x) 的图像经过点 (1,2)，则 a + b 的值是 ______。

凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2015年考研数学（一）试题解析一、选择题:1:8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (1)设函数()f x 在(),-∞+∞内连续，其中二阶导数()''f x 的图形如图所示，则曲线()=y f x 的拐点的个数为 ( )(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3【答案】（C ）【解析】拐点出现在二阶导数等于0，或二阶导数不存在的点，并且在这点的左右两侧二阶导函数异号.因此，由()f x ''的图形可得，曲线()y f x =存在两个拐点.故选（C ）.(2)设211()23=+-x x y e x e 是二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程'''++=x y ay by ce 的一个特解，则( )(A) 3,2,1=-==-a b c (B) 3,2,1===-a b c (C) 3,2,1=-==a b c (D) 3,2,1===a b c 【答案】（A ）凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构【分析】此题考查二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的反问题——已知解来确定微分方程的系数，此类题有两种解法，一种是将特解代入原方程，然后比较等式两边的系数可得待估系数值，另一种是根据二阶线性微分方程解的性质和结构来求解，也就是下面演示的解法.【解析】由题意可知，212x e 、13x e -为二阶常系数齐次微分方程0y ay by '''++=的解，所以2,1为特征方程20r ar b ++=的根，从而(12)3a =-+=-，122b =⨯=，从而原方程变为32xy y y ce '''-+=，再将特解xy xe =代入得1c =-.故选（A ）(3) 若级数1∞=∑nn a条件收敛，则=x 3=x 依次为幂级数1(1)∞=-∑n n n na x 的 ( )(A) 收敛点，收敛点 (B) 收敛点，发散点 (C) 发散点，收敛点 (D) 发散点，发散点 【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查幂级数收敛半径、收敛区间，幂级数的性质. 【解析】因为1nn a∞=∑条件收敛，即2x =为幂级数1(1)nn n a x ∞=-∑的条件收敛点，所以1(1)nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径为1，收敛区间为(0,2).而幂级数逐项求导不改变收敛区间，故1(1)nnn na x ∞=-∑的收敛区间还是(0,2).因而x =3x =依次为幂级数1(1)n n n na x ∞=-∑的收敛点，发散点.故选（B ）.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构(4) 设D 是第一象限由曲线21xy =，41xy =与直线y x =，y =围成的平面区域，函数(),f x y 在D 上连续，则(),Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰ ( )(A)()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰(B)()34cos ,sin d f r r rdr ππθθθ⎰ (C)()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r dr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰(D)()34cos ,sin d f r r dr ππθθθ⎰【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查将二重积分化成极坐标系下的累次积分 【解析】先画出D 的图形，所以(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰34(cos ,sin )d f r r rdr ππθθθ⎰故选（B ）(5) 设矩阵21111214A a a ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，21b d d ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，若集合{}1,2Ω=，则线性方程组有无穷多解的充分必要条件为 ( )(A) ,a d ∉Ω∉Ωx凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构(B) ,a d ∉Ω∈Ω (C) ,a d ∈Ω∉Ω (D) ,a d ∈Ω∈Ω 【答案】(D)【解析】2211111111(,)1201111400(1)(2)(1)(2)A b ad a d a d a a d d ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪=→-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭，由()(,)3r A r A b =<，故1a =或2a =，同时1d =或2d =.故选（D ）(6)设二次型()123,,f x x x 在正交变换为=x Py 下的标准形为2221232+-y y y ，其中()123,,=P e e e ，若()132,,=-Q e e e ，则()123,,f x x x 在正交变换=x Qy 下的标准形为( )(A) 2221232-+y y y (B) 2221232+-y y y (C) 2221232--y y y (D) 2221232++y y y【答案】(A)【解析】由x Py =，故222123()2T T T f x Ax y P AP y y y y ===+-.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构且200010001TP AP ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭.由已知可得:100001010Q P PC ⎛⎫⎪== ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭故有200()010001T T TQ AQ C P AP C ⎛⎫⎪==- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭所以222123()2T T T f x Ax y Q AQ y y y y ===-+.选（A ） (7) 若A,B 为任意两个随机事件，则 ( ) (A) ()()()≤P AB P A P B (B) ()()()≥P AB P A P B(C) ()()()2≤P A P B P AB (D) ()()()2≥P A P B P AB【答案】(C)【解析】由于,AB A AB B ⊂⊂，按概率的基本性质，我们有()()P AB P A ≤且()()P AB P B ≤，从而()()()2P A P B P AB +≤≤，选(C) .(8)设随机变量,X Y 不相关，且2,1,3===EX EY DX ，则()2+-=⎡⎤⎣⎦E X X Y ( )(A) 3- (B) 3 (C) 5- (D) 5凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构【答案】(D)【解析】22[(2)](2)()()2()E X X Y E X XY X E X E XY E X +-=+-=+- 2()()()()2()D X E X E X E Y E X =++⋅- 23221225=++⨯-⨯=，选(D) .二、填空题：9:14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (9) 20ln cos lim _________.x xx →= 【答案】12-【分析】此题考查0型未定式极限，可直接用洛必达法则，也可以用等价无穷小替换.【解析】方法一：2000sin ln(cos )tan 1cos lim lim lim .222x x x xx x x x x x →→→--===- 方法二：2222200001ln(cos )ln(1cos 1)cos 112lim lim lim lim .2x x x x x x x x x x x x →→→→-+--====- (10)22sin ()d ________.1cos x x x x ππ-+=+⎰【答案】2π4【分析】此题考查定积分的计算，需要用奇偶函数在对称区间上的性质化简.【解析】22202sin 2.1cos 4x x dx xdx xππππ-⎛⎫+== ⎪+⎝⎭⎰⎰凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构(11)若函数(,)=z z x y 由方程cos 2+++=xe xyz x x 确定，则(0,1)d ________.z =【答案】dx -【分析】此题考查隐函数求导.【解析】令(,,)cos 2zF x y z e xyz x x =+++-，则(,,)1sin ,,(,,)z x y z F x y z yz x F xz F x y z e xy '''=+-==+又当0,1x y ==时1z e =，即0z =.所以(0,1)(0,1)(0,1,0)(0,1,0)1,0(0,1,0)(0,1,0)y x z z F F z z xF yF ''∂∂=-=-=-=''∂∂，因而(0,1).dzdx =-(12)设Ω是由平面1++=x y z 与三个坐标平面平面所围成的空间区域，则(23)__________.x y z dxdydz Ω++=⎰⎰⎰【答案】14【分析】此题考查三重积分的计算，可直接计算，也可以利用轮换对称性化简后再计算. 【解析】由轮换对称性，得1(23)66zD x y z dxdydz zdxdydz zdz dxdy ΩΩ++==⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰，其中z D 为平面z z =截空间区域Ω所得的截面，其面积为21(1)2z -.所以 112320011(23)66(1)3(2).24x y z dxdydz zdxdydz z z dz z z z dz ΩΩ++==⋅-=-+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构(13) n 阶行列式20021202___________.00220012-=-L LM M OM M L L【答案】122n +-【解析】按第一行展开得1111200212022(1)2(1)2200220012n n n n n D D D +----==+--=+-L L L L L221222(22)2222222n n n n D D ---=++=++=+++L 122n +=-(14)设二维随机变量(,)x y 服从正态分布(1,0;1,1,0)N ，则{0}________.P XY Y -<=【答案】12【解析】由题设知，~(1,1),~(0,1)X N Y N ，而且X Y 、相互独立，从而{0}{(1)0}{10,0}{10,0}P XY Y P X Y P X Y P X Y -<=-<=-><+-<>11111{1}{0}{1}{0}22222P X P Y P X P Y =><+<>=⨯+⨯=.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构三、解答题：15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15)(本题满分10分) 设函数()ln(1)sin =+++f x x a x bx x ，3()=g x kx ，若()fx 与()g x 在0→x 是等价无穷小，求,,a b k 的值.【答案】,,.a b k =-=-=-11123【解析】法一：原式()3ln 1sin lim1x x a x bx xkx→+++= ()()2333330236lim 1x x x x x a x o x bx x o x kx →⎛⎫⎛⎫+-+++-+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭==()()234331236lim1x a a b a x b x x x o x kx→⎛⎫++-+-+ ⎪⎝⎭== 即10,0,123a aa b k +=-== 111,,23a b k ∴=-=-=-法二：()3ln 1sin lim1x x a x bx xkx→+++= 201sin cos 1lim 13x ab x bx x x kx→++++== 因为分子的极限为0，则1a =-凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构()212cos sin 1lim16x b x bx x x kx→--+-+==，分子的极限为0，12b =-()022sin sin cos 13lim 16x b x b x bx xx k →----+==，13k =- 111,,23a b k ∴=-=-=-(16)(本题满分10分) 设函数()f x 在定义域I 上的导数大于零，若对任意的0x I ∈，由线()=y f x 在点()()0,x f x 处的切线与直线0x x =及x 轴所围成区域的面积恒为4，且()02f =，求()f x 的表达式.【答案】f x x=-8()4. 【解析】设()f x 在点()()00,x f x 处的切线方程为：()()()000,y f x f x x x '-=- 令0y =，得到()()000f x x x f x =-+'，故由题意，()()00142f x x x ⋅-=，即()()()000142f x f x f x ⋅='，可以转化为一阶微分方程，凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构即28y y '=，可分离变量得到通解为：118x C y =-+，已知()02y =，得到12C =，因此11182x y =-+；即()84f x x =-+.(17)(本题满分10分) 已知函数(),=++fx y x y xy ，曲线C ：223++=x y xy ，求(),f x y 在曲线C 上的最大方向导数.【答案】3【解析】因为(),f x y 沿着梯度的方向的方向导数最大，且最大值为梯度的模.()()',1,',1x y f x y y f x y x =+=+，故(){},1,1gradf x y y x =++此题目转化为对函数(),g x y =在约束条件22:3C x y xy ++=下的最大值.即为条件极值问题.为了计算简单，可以转化为对()()22(,)11d x y y x =+++在约束条件22:3C x y xy ++=下的最大值.构造函数：()()()()2222,,113F x y y x x y xy λλ=++++++-凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构()()()()222120212030x y F x x y F y y x F x y xy λλλ'⎧=+++=⎪'=+++=⎨⎪'=++-=⎩，得到()()()()12341,1,1,1,2,1,1,2M M M M ----. ()()()()12348,0,9,9d M d M d M d M ====3=. (18)(本题满分 10 分)（I ）设函数()()u x ,v x 可导，利用导数定义证明u x v x u x v x u x v x '''=+[()()]()()()() （II ）设函数()()()12n u x ,u x ,,u x L 可导，n f x u x u x u x =L 12()()()()，写出()f x 的求导公式.【解析】（I ）0()()()()[()()]lim h u x h v x h u x v x u x v x h→++-'=0()()()()()()()()lim h u x h v x h u x h v x u x h v x u x v x h→++-+++-=00()()()()lim ()lim ()h h v x h v x u x h u x u x h v x h h→→+-+-=++()()()()u x v x u x v x ''=+ （II ）由题意得12()[()()()]n f x u x u x u x ''=L121212()()()()()()()()()n n n u x u x u x u x u x u x u x u x u x '''=+++L L L L (19)(本题满分 10 分)已知曲线L的方程为,z z x ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩起点为()A，终点为()0,B ，凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构计算曲线积分()()2222d d ()d LI y z x z x y y x y z =++-+++⎰.【答案】π2【解析】由题意假设参数方程cos cos x y z θθθ=⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩，ππ:22θ→-π22π2[cos )sin 2sin cos (1sin )sin ]d θθθθθθθθ--++++⎰π222π2sin cos (1sin )sin d θθθθθθ-=+++⎰π220sin d πθθ==(20) (本题满11分)设向量组1,23,ααα内3R 的一个基，113=2+2k βαα，22=2βα，()313=++1k βαα.（I ）证明向量组1β2β3β为3R 的一个基;（II ）当k 为何值时，存在非0向量ξ在基1,23,ααα与基1β2β3β下的坐标相同，并求所有的ξ.【答案】 【解析】(I)证明：凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构()()()()12313213123,,2+2,2,+1201,,020201k k k k βββαααααααα=+⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭20121224021201k k k k ==≠++ 故123,,βββ为3R 的一个基. （II ）由题意知，112233112233,0k k k k k k ξβββαααξ=++=++≠即()()()1112223330,0,1,2,3i k k k k i βαβαβα-+-+-=≠=()()()()()()()11312223133113223132+22++10+2+0k k k k k k k k k k ααααααααααααα-+-+-=++=有非零解即13213+2,,+0k k ααααα=即101010020k k=，得k=0 11223121300,0k k k k k k ααα++=∴=+=11131,0k k k ξαα=-≠(21) (本题满分11 分)凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构设矩阵02313312a -⎛⎫ ⎪=-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭A 相似于矩阵12000031b -⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭B =.(I) 求,a b 的值；（II ）求可逆矩阵P ，使1-P AP 为对角矩阵..【解析】(I) ~()()311A B tr A tr B a b ⇒=⇒+=++231201330012031--=⇒--=-A B b a 14235-=-=⎧⎧∴⇒⎨⎨-==⎩⎩a b a a b b (II)023100123133010123123001123A E C ---⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=--=+--=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭()123112*********---⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=--=-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭CC 的特征值1230,4λλλ===0λ=时(0)0-=E C x 的基础解系为12(2,1,0);(3,0,1)ξξ==-T T 5λ=时(4)0-=E C x 的基础解系为3(1,1,1)ξ=--T凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构A 的特征值1:1,1,5λλ=+A C令123231(,,)101011ξξξ--⎛⎫ ⎪==- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭P ，1115-⎛⎫ ⎪∴= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭P AP(22) (本题满分11 分) 设随机变量X 的概率密度为()2ln 2,0,0,0.xx f x x -⎧>⎪=⎨≤⎪⎩对X 进行独立重复的观测,直到2个大于3的观测值出现的停止.记Y 为观测次数. (I)求Y 的概率分布; (II)求EY【解析】(I) 记p 为观测值大于3的概率，则313228()ln x p P X dx +∞-=>==⎰，从而12221171188n n n P Y n C p p p n ---==-=-{}()()()()，23,,n =L 为Y 的概率分布； (II) 法一:分解法:将随机变量Y 分解成=Y M N +两个过程,其中M 表示从1到()n n k <次试验观测值大于3首次发生，N 表示从1n +次到第k 试验观测值大于3首次发生.则M Ge n p ~(,)，N Ge k n p -(,):(注：Ge 表示几何分布)凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构所以11221618E Y E M N E M E N p p p =+=+=+===()()()(). 法二:直接计算22212221777711288888n n n n n n n E Y n P Y n n n n n ∞∞∞---====⋅==⋅-=⋅--+∑∑∑(){}()()()()[()()()]记212111()()n n S x n n xx ∞-==⋅--<<∑，则2113222211n n n n n n S x n n xn xx x ∞∞∞--==='''=⋅-=⋅==-∑∑∑()()()()()，12213222111()()()()()n n n n xS x n n xx n n x xS x x ∞∞--===⋅-=⋅-==-∑∑，2222313222111()()()()()nn n n x S x n n x xn n xx S x x ∞∞-===⋅-=⋅-==-∑∑， 所以212332422211()()()()()x x S x S x S x S x x x-+=-+==--， 从而7168E Y S ==()().(23) (本题满分 11 分)设总体X 的概率密度为：x f x θθθ⎧≤≤⎪=-⎨⎪⎩1,1,(,)10,其他.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构其中θ为未知参数，12n x ,x ,,x L 为来自该总体的简单随机样本. (I)求θ的矩估计量. (II)求θ的最大似然估计量. 【解析】(I)11112()(;)E X xf x dx x dx θθθθ+∞-∞+==⋅=-⎰⎰， 令()E X X =，即12X θ+=，解得$1121ni i X X X n θ==-=∑,为θ的矩估计量；(II) 似然函数11110,()(;),n ni i i x L f x θθθθ=⎧⎛⎫≤≤⎪ ⎪==-⎨⎝⎭⎪⎩∏其他， 当1i x θ≤≤时，11111()()nni L θθθ===--∏，则1ln ()ln()L n θθ=--. 从而dln d 1L nθθθ=-()，关于θ单调增加， 所以$12min nX X X θ={,,,}L 为θ的最大似然估计量.文档内容由经济学金融硕士考研金程考研网 整理发布。

2015年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that_(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being amajor_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those ofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2015年考研英语(一)真题完整版Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.”meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handing one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers’worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’financial loss due to immoral practices.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirectionsIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构一.Close test1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Reading comprehensionPart AText 121. C ended his regin in embarrassment22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role25. B Carlos, a lesson for all European MonarchiesText 226. B check suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.C disapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 331.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.C marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText 436. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart B41.C if you are unfamiliar...42.E you make further inferences...43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.B factors such as...45.A are we studying that ...Part C46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）一、选择题:1:8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (1)设函数()f x 在(),-∞+∞内连续，其中二阶导数()''f x 的图形如图所示，则曲线()=y f x 的拐点的个数为 ( )(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (2)设211()23=+-x x y e x e 是二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程'''++=x y ay by ce 的一个特解，则( )(A) 3,2,1=-==-a b c (B) 3,2,1===-a b c(C) 3,2,1=-==a b c (D) 3,2,1===a b c(3) 若级数1∞=∑nn a条件收敛，则 3=x 与3=x 依次为幂级数1(1)∞=-∑n n n na x 的 ( )(A) 收敛点，收敛点 (B) 收敛点，发散点 (C) 发散点，收敛点 (D) 发散点，发散点(4) 设D 是第一象限由曲线21xy =，41xy =与直线y x =，3y x =围成的平面区域，函数(),f x y 在D 上连续，则(),Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰ ( )(A)()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰(B)()sin 23142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰(C)()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r drπθπθθθθ⎰⎰(D)()34cos ,sin d f r r dr ππθθθ⎰(5) 设矩阵21111214A a a ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，21b d d ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，若集合{}1,2Ω=，则线性方程组Ax b =有无穷多解的充分必要条件为 ( )(A) ,a d ∉Ω∉Ω (B) ,a d ∉Ω∈Ω (C) ,a d ∈Ω∉Ω (D) ,a d ∈Ω∈Ω(6)设二次型()123,,f x x x 在正交变换为=x Py 下的标准形为2221232+-y y y ，其中()123,,=P e e e ，若()132,,=-Q e e e ，则()123,,f x x x 在正交变换=x Qy 下的标准形为( )(A) 2221232-+y y y(B) 2221232+-y y y(C) 2221232--y y y(D) 2221232++y y y(7) 若A,B 为任意两个随机事件，则 ( ) (A) ()()()≤P AB P A P B (B) ()()()≥P AB P A P B(C) ()()()2≤P A P B P AB (D) ()()()2≥P A P B P AB(8)设随机变量,X Y 不相关，且2,1,3===EX EY DX ，则()2+-=⎡⎤⎣⎦E X X Y ( )(A) 3- (B) 3 (C) 5- (D) 5二、填空题：9:14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (9) 20ln cos lim_________.x xx→=(10)22sin ()d ________.1cos x x x x ππ-+=+⎰(11)若函数(,)=z z x y 由方程cos 2+++=xe xyz x x 确定，则(0,1)d ________.z=(12)设Ω是由平面1++=x y z 与三个坐标平面平面所围成的空间区域，则(23)__________.x y z dxdydz Ω++=⎰⎰⎰(13) n 阶行列式20021202___________.00220012-=-L LM M OM M L L(14)设二维随机变量(,)x y 服从正态分布(1,0;1,1,0)N ，则{0}________.P XY Y -<=三、解答题：15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15)(本题满分10分) 设函数()ln(1)sin =+++f x x a x bx x ，3()=g x kx ，若()fx 与()g x 在0→x 是等价无穷小，求,,a b k 的值.(16)(本题满分10分) 设函数()f x 在定义域I 上的导数大于零，若对任意的0x I ∈，由线()=y f x 在点()()0,x f x 处的切线与直线0x x =及x 轴所围成区域的面积恒为4，且()02f =，求()f x 的表达式.(17)(本题满分10分) 已知函数(),=++fx y x y xy ，曲线C ：223++=x y xy ，求(),f x y 在曲线C 上的最大方向导数.(18)(本题满分 10 分)（I ）设函数()()u x ,v x 可导，利用导数定义证明u x v x u x v x u x v x '''=+[()()]()()()() （II ）设函数()()()12n u x ,u x ,,u x L 可导，n f x u x u x u x =L 12()()()()，写出()f x 的求导公式.(19)(本题满分 10 分)已知曲线L的方程为,z z x ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩起点为()A，终点为()0,B ，计算曲线积分()()2222d d ()d LI y z x z x y y x y z =++-+++⎰.(20) (本题满11分)设向量组1,23,ααα内3R 的一个基，113=2+2k βαα，22=2βα，()313=++1k βαα.（I ）证明向量组1β2β3β为3R 的一个基;（II ）当k 为何值时，存在非0向量ξ在基1,23,ααα与基1β2β3β下的坐标相同，并求所有的ξ.(21) (本题满分11 分)设矩阵02313312a -⎛⎫ ⎪=-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭A 相似于矩阵12000031b -⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭B =.(I) 求,a b 的值；（II ）求可逆矩阵P ，使1-P AP 为对角矩阵..(22) (本题满分11 分) 设随机变量X 的概率密度为()2ln 2,0,0,0.xx f x x -⎧>⎪=⎨≤⎪⎩对X 进行独立重复的观测,直到2个大于3的观测值出现的停止.记Y 为观测次数. (I)求Y 的概率分布; (II)求EY(23) (本题满分 11 分)设总体X 的概率密度为：x f x θθθ⎧≤≤⎪=-⎨⎪⎩1,1,(,)10,其他. 其中θ为未知参数，12n x ,x ,,x L 为来自该总体的简单随机样本. (I)求θ的矩估计量. (II)求θ的最大似然估计量.答案解析（1）【答案】（C ）【解析】拐点出现在二阶导数等于0，或二阶导数不存在的点，并且在这点的左右两侧二阶导函数异号.因此，由()f x ''的图形可得，曲线()y f x =存在两个拐点.故选（C ）.（2）【答案】（A ）【分析】此题考查二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的反问题——已知解来确定微分方程的系数，此类题有两种解法，一种是将特解代入原方程，然后比较等式两边的系数可得待估系数值，另一种是根据二阶线性微分方程解的性质和结构来求解，也就是下面演示的解法.【解析】由题意可知，212x e 、13x e -为二阶常系数齐次微分方程0y ay by '''++=的解，所以2,1为特征方程20r ar b ++=的根，从而(12)3a =-+=-，122b =⨯=，从而原方程变为32x y y y ce '''-+=，再将特解xy xe =代入得1c =-.故选（A ）（3）【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查幂级数收敛半径、收敛区间，幂级数的性质.【解析】因为1nn a∞=∑条件收敛，即2x =为幂级数1(1)nn n a x ∞=-∑的条件收敛点，所以1(1)nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径为1，收敛区间为(0,2).而幂级数逐项求导不改变收敛区间，故1(1)nnn na x ∞=-∑的收敛区间还是(0,2).因而x =3x =依次为幂级数1(1)n n n na x ∞=-∑的收敛点，发散点.故选（B ）.（4）【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查将二重积分化成极坐标系下的累次积分 【解析】先画出D 的图形，所以(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰34(cos ,sin )d f r r rdr ππθθθ⎰，故选（B ） （5）【答案】(D)【解析】2211111111(,)1201111400(1)(2)(1)(2)A b ad a d a d a a d d ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪=→-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭，由()(,)3r A r A b =<，故1a =或2a =，同时1d =或2d =.故选（D ） （6）【答案】(A)【解析】由x Py =，故222123()2T T T f x Ax y P AP y y y y ===+-. 且200010001TP AP ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭.由已知可得:100001010Q P PC ⎛⎫⎪== ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭故有200()010001T T TQ AQ C P AP C ⎛⎫⎪==- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭所以222123()2T T T f x Ax y Q AQ y y y y ===-+.选（A ） （7）【答案】(C)【解析】由于,AB A AB B ⊂⊂，按概率的基本性质，我们有()()P AB P A ≤且()()P AB P B ≤，从而()()()2P A P B P AB +≤≤，选(C) .（8）【答案】(D)【解析】22[(2)](2)()()2()E X X Y E X XY X E X E XY E X +-=+-=+-2()()()()2()D X E X E X E Y E X =++⋅-23221225=++⨯-⨯=，选(D) .（9）【答案】12-【分析】此题考查型未定式极限，可直接用洛必达法则，也可以用等价无穷小替换. 【解析】方法一：2000sin ln(cos )tan 1cos lim lim lim .222x x x xx x x x x x →→→--===-方法二：2222200001ln(cos )ln(1cos 1)cos 112lim lim lim lim .2x x x x x x x x x x x x →→→→-+--====- （10）【答案】2π4【分析】此题考查定积分的计算，需要用奇偶函数在对称区间上的性质化简.【解析】22202sin 2.1cos 4x x dx xdx x ππππ-⎛⎫+== ⎪+⎝⎭⎰⎰（11）【答案】dx -【分析】此题考查隐函数求导.【解析】令(,,)cos 2zF x y z e xyz x x =+++-，则(,,)1sin ,,(,,)z x y z F x y z yz x F xz F x y z e xy '''=+-==+又当0,1x y ==时1z e =，即0z =.所以(0,1)(0,1)(0,1,0)(0,1,0)1,0(0,1,0)(0,1,0)y x z z F F zz xF yF ''∂∂=-=-=-=''∂∂，因而(0,1).dzdx =-（12）【答案】14【分析】此题考查三重积分的计算，可直接计算，也可以利用轮换对称性化简后再计算. 【解析】由轮换对称性，得1(23)66zD x y z dxdydz zdxdydz zdz dxdy ΩΩ++==⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰，其中z D 为平面z z =截空间区域Ω所得的截面，其面积为21(1)2z -.所以 112320011(23)66(1)3(2).24x y z dxdydz zdxdydz z z dz z z z dz ΩΩ++==⋅-=-+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰（13）【答案】122n +- 【解析】按第一行展开得1111200212022(1)2(1)220220012n n n n n D D D +----==+--=+-L L LL L221222(22)2222222n n n n D D ---=++=++=+++L 122n +=-（14）【答案】12【解析】由题设知，~(1,1),~(0,1)X N Y N ，而且X Y 、相互独立，从而{0}{(1)0}{10,0}{10,0}P XY Y P X Y P X Y P X Y -<=-<=-><+-<>11111{1}{0}{1}{0}22222P X P Y P X P Y =><+<>=⨯+⨯=. （15）【答案】,,.a b k =-=-=-11123【解析】法一：原式()3ln 1sin lim1x x a x bx xkx →+++=()()2333330236lim 1x x x x x a x o x bx x o x kx→⎛⎫⎛⎫+-+++-+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭==()()234331236lim1x a a b a x b x x x o x kx→⎛⎫++-+-+ ⎪⎝⎭== 即10,0,123a aa b k+=-==111,,23a b k ∴=-=-=-法二：()3ln 1sin lim1x x a x bx xkx →+++=21sin cos 1lim13x ab x bx x x kx →++++==因为分子的极限为0，则1a =-()212cos sin 1lim16x b x bx x x kx→--+-+==，分子的极限为0，12b =-()022sin sin cos 13lim 16x b x b x bx xx k →----+==，13k =- 111,,23a b k ∴=-=-=-（16）【答案】f x x=-8()4. 【解析】设()f x 在点()()00,x f x 处的切线方程为：()()()000,y f x f x x x '-=-令0y =，得到()()000f x x x f x =-+'，故由题意，()()00142f x x x ⋅-=，即()()()000142f x f x f x ⋅='，可以转化为一阶微分方程，即28y y '=，可分离变量得到通解为：118x C y =-+，已知()02y =，得到12C =，因此11182x y =-+；即()84f x x =-+.（17）【答案】3【解析】因为(),f x y 沿着梯度的方向的方向导数最大，且最大值为梯度的模.()()',1,',1x y f x y y f x y x =+=+，故(){},1,1gradf x y y x =++此题目转化为对函数(),g x y =在约束条件22:3C x y xy ++=下的最大值.即为条件极值问题.为了计算简单，可以转化为对()()22(,)11d x y y x =+++在约束条件22:3C x y xy ++=下的最大值.构造函数：()()()()2222,,113F x y y x x y xy λλ=++++++-()()()()222120212030x y F x x y F y y x F x y xy λλλ'⎧=+++=⎪'=+++=⎨⎪'=++-=⎩，得到()()()()12341,1,1,1,2,1,1,2M M M M ----. ()()()()12348,0,9,9d M d M d M d M====3=.（18）【解析】（I ）0()()()()[()()]limh u x h v x h u x v x u x v x h→++-'=0()()()()()()()()limh u x h v x h u x h v x u x h v x u x v x h→++-+++-=0()()()()lim ()lim ()h h v x h v x u x h u x u x h v x h h→→+-+-=++ ()()()()u x v x u x v x ''=+（II ）由题意得12()[()()()]n f x u x u x u x ''=L121212()()()()()()()()()n n n u x u x u x u x u x u x u x u x u x '''=+++L L L L（19）【答案】π2【解析】由题意假设参数方程cos cos x y z θθθ=⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩，ππ:22θ→-π22π2[cos )sin 2sin cos (1sin )sin ]d θθθθθθθθ--++++⎰π222π2sin cos (1sin )sin d θθθθθθ-=+++⎰π220sin d π2θθ==（20）【答案】 【解析】(I)证明：()()()()12313213123,,2+2,2,+1201,,020201k k k k βββαααααααα=+⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭20121224021201k k k k ==≠++ 故123,,βββ为3R 的一个基. （II ）由题意知，112233112233,0k k k k k k ξβββαααξ=++=++≠即()()()1112223330,0,1,2,3i k k k k i βαβαβα-+-+-=≠=()()()()()()()11312223133113223132+22++10+2+0k k k k k k k k k k ααααααααααααα-+-+-=++=有非零解即13213+2,,+0k k ααααα=即101010020k k=，得k=0 11223121300,0k k k k k k ααα++=∴=+=11131,0k k k ξαα=-≠（21）【解析】(I) ~()()311A B tr A tr B a b ⇒=⇒+=++23120133001231--=⇒--=-A B b a14235-=-=⎧⎧∴⇒⎨⎨-==⎩⎩a b a a b b (II)023100123133010123123001123A E C ---⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=--=+--=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭()123112*********---⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=--=-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭CC 的特征值1230,4λλλ===0λ=时(0)0-=E C x 的基础解系为12(2,1,0);(3,0,1)ξξ==-T T5λ=时(4)0-=E C x 的基础解系为3(1,1,1)ξ=--TA 的特征值1:1,1,5λλ=+A C令123231(,,)101011ξξξ--⎛⎫ ⎪==- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭P ，1115-⎛⎫ ⎪∴= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭P AP（22）【解析】(I) 记p 为观测值大于3的概率，则313228()ln x p P X dx +∞-=>==⎰， 从而12221171188n n n P Y n C p p p n ---==-=-{}()()()()，23,,n =L 为Y 的概率分布； (II) 法一:分解法:将随机变量Y 分解成=Y M N +两个过程,其中M 表示从1到()n n k <次试验观测值大于3首次发生，N 表示从1n +次到第k 试验观测值大于3首次发生.则M Ge n p ~(,)，N Ge k n p -(,):(注：Ge 表示几何分布)所以11221618E Y E M N E M E N p p p =+=+=+===()()()(). 法二:直接计算22212221777711288888n n n n n n n E Y n P Y n n n n n ∞∞∞---====⋅==⋅-=⋅--+∑∑∑(){}()()()()[()()()]记212111()()n n S x n n xx ∞-==⋅--<<∑，则2113222211n n n n n n S x n n xn xx x ∞∞∞--==='''=⋅-=⋅==-∑∑∑()()()()()，12213222111()()()()()n n n n xS x n n xx n n x xS x x ∞∞--===⋅-=⋅-==-∑∑，2222313222111()()()()()nn n n x S x n n x xn n xx S x x ∞∞-===⋅-=⋅-==-∑∑，所以212332422211()()()()()x x S x S x S x S x x x-+=-+==--，从而7168E Y S ==()().（23）【解析】(I)11112()(;)E X xf x dx x dx θθθθ+∞-∞+==⋅=-⎰⎰， 令()E X X =，即12X θ+=，解得$1121ni i X X X n θ==-=∑,为θ的矩估计量；(II) 似然函数11110,()(;),n ni i i x L f x θθθθ=⎧⎛⎫≤≤⎪ ⎪==-⎨⎝⎭⎪⎩∏其他， 当1i x θ≤≤时，11111()()nni L θθθ===--∏，则1ln ()ln()L n θθ=--. 从而dln d 1L nθθθ=-()，关于θ单调增加， 所以$12min nX X X θ={,,,}L 为θ的最大似然估计量. 2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. （1）若反常积分()11badx x x +∞+⎰收敛，则（ ）()()()()11111111A a bB a bC a a bD a a b <>>><+>>+>且且且且（2）已知函数()()21,1ln ,1x x f x x x -<⎧⎪=⎨≥⎪⎩，则()f x 的一个原函数是（ ）()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()22221,11,1ln 1,1ln 11,11,11,1ln 11,1ln 11,1x x x x A F x B F x x x x x x x x x x x C F x D F x x x x x x x ⎧⎧-<-<⎪⎪==⎨⎨-≥+-≥⎪⎪⎩⎩⎧⎧-<-<⎪⎪==⎨⎨++≥-+≥⎪⎪⎩⎩（3）若()()222211y x y x =+-=++是微分方程()()y p x y q x '+=的两个解，则()q x =（ ）()()()()()()2222313111xx A x x B x x C D x x +-+-++（4）已知函数(),0111,,1,2,1x x f x x n n n n ≤⎧⎪=⎨<≤=⎪+⎩K ，则（ ） （A ）0x =是()f x 的第一类间断点 （B ）0x =是()f x 的第二类间断点 （C ）()f x 在0x =处连续但不可导 （D ）()f x 在0x =处可导 （5）设A ，B 是可逆矩阵，且A 与B 相似，则下列结论错误的是（ ） （A ）TA 与TB 相似 （B ）1A -与1B -相似（C ）T A A +与T B B +相似 （D ）1A A -+与1B B -+相似（6）设二次型()222123123121323,,444f x x x x x x x x x x x x =+++++，则()123,,2f x x x =在空间直角坐标下表示的二次曲面为（ ）（A ）单叶双曲面 （B ）双叶双曲面 （C ）椭球面 （C ）柱面（7）设随机变量()()0,~2>σσμN X ，记{}2σμ+≤=X P p ，则（ ）（A ）p 随着μ的增加而增加 （B ）p 随着σ的增加而增加 （C ）p 随着μ的增加而减少 （D ）p 随着σ的增加而减少（8）随机试验E 有三种两两不相容的结果321,,A A A ，且三种结果发生的概率均为31，将试验E 独立重复做2次，X 表示2次试验中结果1A 发生的次数，Y 表示2次试验中结果2A 发生的次数，则X 与Y 的相关系数为（ ）二、填空题：9-14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. （9）()__________cos 1sin 1ln lim200=-+⎰→x dt t t t xx（10）向量场()()zk xyj i z y x z y x A ++++=,,的旋度_________=rotA（11）设函数()v u f ,可微，()y x z z ,=由方程()()y z x f x y z x ,122-=-+确定，则()_________1,0=dz（12）设函数()21arctan axxx x f +-=，且()10''=f ，则________=a （13）行列式1000100014321λλλλ--=-+____________.（14）设12,,...,n x x x 为来自总体()2,Nμσ的简单随机样本，样本均值9.5x =，参数μ的置信度为0.95的双侧置信区间的置信上限为10.8，则μ的置信度为0.95的双侧置信区间为______.三、解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）（本题满分10分）已知平面区域()(),221cos ,22D r r ππθθθ⎧⎫=≤≤+-≤≤⎨⎬⎩⎭，计算二重积分Dxdxdy ⎰⎰.（16）（本题满分10分）设函数()y x 满足方程'''20,y y ky ++=其中01k <<.()I 证明：反常积分0()y x dx +∞⎰收敛；()II 若'(0)1,(0)1,y y ==求0()y x dx +∞⎰的值.（17）（本题满分10分）设函数(,)f x y 满足2(,)(21),x y f x y x e x-∂=+∂且(0,)1,tf y y L =+是从点(0,0)到点(1,)t 的光滑曲线，计算曲线积分(,)(,)()tL f x y f x y I t dx dy x y∂∂=+∂∂⎰，并求()I t 的最小值（18）设有界区域Ω由平面222=++z y x 与三个坐标平面围成，∑为Ω整个表面的外侧，计算曲面积分()zdxdyydzdx dydz xI 3212+-+=⎰⎰∑（19）（本题满分10分）已知函数()f x 可导，且(0)1f =，10'()2f x <<，设数列{}n x 满足1()(1,2...)n n x f x n +==，证明：（I ）级数11()n n n xx ∞+=-∑绝对收敛；（II ）lim n n x →∞存在，且0lim 2n n x →∞<<.（20）（本题满分11分）设矩阵1112221,11112 A a B aa a--⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪==⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭当a为何值时，方程AX B=无解、有唯一解、有无穷多解？（21）（本题满分11分）已知矩阵011230000A -⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（I ）求99A（II ）设3阶矩阵23(,,)B ααα=满足2B BA =，记100123(,,)B βββ=将123,,βββ分别表示为123,,ααα的线性组合。