高考英语二轮复习专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题讲含解析

专题7 情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中占的比重一直比较稳定，每年总有一至两个题，可以单独考查，也可以结合虚拟语气考查。

命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查考生对情态动词的理解和掌握，难度也保持较为稳定的趋势。

其考点主要包括：1．考查情态动词的基本用法。

如：can和could的用法及区别；will和would的用法及区别；must 的用法；shall用于不同人称时的用法和should的各种用法；need的用法等。

2．考查情态动词的“推测”功能。

如：can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推测，使用时要注意以下几点：(1)注意语气。

语气较强用must, cannot，couldn't; 语气较弱用may，might或can，could; (2)注意句式。

在肯定句中，一般用may，might，must; 在否定句、疑问句中常用can，could; (3)注意时态。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时通常用“情态动词＋动词原形”结构；表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测，通常用“情态动词＋进行体”结构；表示对过去情况的推测，通常用“情态动词＋完成体”结构。

3．考查情态动词的特殊用法。

如：(1)cannot/can't 与too/over/enough/perfectly/sufficiently 等词连用，意为“越……越……”“无论怎样……，……也不为过”“决不会……，……够(过)”。

(2)cannot wait to do sth意为“急于做某事”。

(3)would 和used to的区别；can 和be able to的区别。

(4)“may/might well＋动词原形”意为“理应，有足够的理由”；“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“还不如，不妨，还是……的好”。

(5)must意为“偏要，硬要”；can用在肯定句中，可以表示客观上的可能性；shall用在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等；should表示估计或推测上的“应该”，意为“可能，该，估计，按理应当”；will 可以表示习惯性和倾向性，意为“惯于，老是，终归是”等。

专题7 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题班级姓名学号分数（测试时间：45分钟）1.The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full­sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shad e­grown p roduction to full­sun production endangers the very existence of，certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world's ecological balance.On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full­sun fields affects the area's birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits.Full­sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result，many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level，the destru ction of the rainforest for full­sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee­grow ing techniq ues are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full­sun coffee plantations(种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate，and studies show that the loss of o xygen­giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniq ues are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade­grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?【推理关系】题干Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?☞文章内容本文的第一段提出观点，其后的第二、三、四段分别从不同角度进行具体论证，最后一段是总结段。

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题测含解析班级姓名学号分数（测试时间：45分钟）1. 【黑龙江省佳木斯市第一中学xx届高三上学期第五次调研】CThe Indian government may use 3D paintings as virtual speed-breakers on major highways arid roads, in an attempt to check speeding and careless driving, and eventually make its deadly roads a little safer. “We are trying out 3D paintings used as virtual speed breakers to avoid unnecessary requirements of speed breakers,” India's transport minister Nitin Ga dkari tweeted.The visual illusions (幻象）are supposed to encourage drivers to slow down automatically. Earlier this month, India had ordered the removal of all speed breakers from highways, which are considered to be a danger to safety for high-speed vehicles.India has the highest number of road accident deaths in the world. According to the World Health Organisation, over 200,00 people are killed by road accidents due to poor application of road safety laws. This is considerably higher than its official figures of 141,526 for xx.The use of visual illusions as speed breakers was first pioneered in the American city of Philadelphia in xx, as part of a campaign against speeding motorists. The technique has also been tried out in China to create floating 3D crossings.In India, cities such as Ahmedabad and Chennai have already experimented with 3D zebra crossings in the last one year. In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year. The artists say their motto is “to increase the attention of drivers”, and that the concept has been successfully tested in zones where accidents easily occur on a highway.”However, critics argue that once drivers know that these speed breakers arc visual illusions, they may ignore them. Others also point out that India's decision does not consider the safety of a large number of walkers. In the end, the new policy may be just one step towards improving road safety.10. The author explains the experiment of 3D zebra crossings in India by .A. giving examples.B. analysing causes.C. providing figures.D. making parisons.【答案】10. D2. 【河南省豫北豫南名校xx届高三上学期第二次联考】BI once knew a high school teacher who made, in my mind, a curious ment. Referring to a naughty student, he remarked, with a tone of gloomy resignation, “People don’t change.” I knew the kid well. He was what one would call a “juvenile delinquent(不良少年)”. But if schooling held no promise of making positive changes in kids, what was the point teaching?My own son, Alyosha, growing up, was athletic, energetic, and occasionally hard to handle. But he never showed the least interest in tools, or working with his hands in any way. The result was that he couldn’t tell a screwdriver from a paintbrush. I recall one day, as I fussed under the car, calling out to him to bring me an adjustable wrench(知动扳手). He fetched a pair of pliers(钳子). “No,” I pleaded while trying to hold an oily car part in place. “Pliers.” He went back into the garage and returned w ith a bar. “No, no,” I corrected him. “The adjustable wrench! For loosening a nut.” To which, in his own defennce, he exclaimed, “Well, I don’t know!”Years passed. And then, one day, well into his 20s, he told me he had decided on a technical school: machinery technology. I nodded approvingly, but already knew that it was a challenging field, full of moving parts, tools, and dreaded math.During his period in Coast Guard technical school I thought about him daily, wondering what the oute would be. I had prepared myself for the phone call telling me that it was just too much and he was being sent to sea as a deckhand.It didn’t happen. The phone did ring, but it was Alyosha asking me to fly to Virginia to attend his graduation and pin his new rank on his col lar. Prouder I couldn’t have been.As I stood before my son, Alyosha, standing at attention and staring dead ahead, glanced at me. “You want me to help you, Dad?” he said. “Always,” I answered, “but not this time.”Yeah, people do chance. And, in my experi ence, it’s usually something to see.5. The examples in Paragraph 3 are used to show Alyosha___________.A. lacked team spiritB. knew nothing about mechanicsC. had a bad relationship with his dadD. was unwilling to learn any handwork【答案】5. D3. 【山东省曲阜市xx届高三上学期期中】DIt’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is being hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a xx summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity.”You may not believe that humans could change the planet’s climate, but the basic science is well understood. Each year, billions of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere because of human activity. As has been known for years, these gases hold heat that would otherwise escape to space, wrapping the planet in an invisible blanket.Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes.Even if scientists did discover another reasonable explanation for the warming recorded so far, that would give birth to a difficult question. As Robert Henson puts it: “If some newly discovered factor is to blame for the climate change, then why aren’t carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases producin g the warming that basic physics tells us they should be?”The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths-one with human influence and one without. Thatobvio usly isn’t possible, and so most scientists are careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty.12. The text is developed by ________.A. giving typical examplesB. following the order of spaceC. paring and finding differencesD. analyzing a theory and arguing it【答案】12. D4.The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full­sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade­grown production to full­sun production endangers the very existence of，certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world's ecological balance.On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full­sun fields affects the area's birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits.Full­sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result，many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level，the destruction of th e rainforest for full­sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，ne w coffee­growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full­sun coffee plantations(种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate，and studies show that the loss of oxygen­giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade­grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?【答案定位】本文的第一段提出观点，其后的第二、三、四段分别从不同角度进行具体论证，最后一段是总结段。

2019届高三二轮复习英语精品资料【讲案】专题- 阅渎理解IV：篇章结构题【构建知识体系】篇章结构题B【2018 •天津卷】When I was 17, I read a magaz ine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercoloristnamed Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunnySaturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address? ""No, but ni recog nize it,there was a picture in the magaz ine.""Oh, stop. There it is! ”The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us."May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine. ” Tour guides got on my n erves. What if they tlong time about a pain ti ng you were n't that in terested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed verynosy（爱窥探的）,keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Sudde nly I sen sed a man sta nding beh ind me. "Where do you think you are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay ArtMuseum!" He smiled, shaki ng his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braun fels Street." "What place? ” I asked, still con fused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted震颤）.I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come dow n immediately!""There's some really good stuff（艺术作品）up there." She stepped dow n, I ook ing con fused. I pushed her toward the front door, wavi ng at the family, say ing, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, whe n I told Sally what happe ned, she covered her mouth, laugh ing. She could n't believe how long they let us look around without say ing anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, i n case anything else unu sual happe ned.Thirty years later, a woma n approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever en ter a reside nee, I ong ago, thin ki ng it was the McNay Museum?""Yes. But how do you know? We n ever told anyon e.""That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I n ever felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feeli ngs about my home cha nged after that. I've always wan ted to tha nk you."44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?A. The real museum lacked eno ugh artwork to in terest her.B. She was too upset to spe nd much time at the real museum.C. The McNay was disappo inting compared with the house.D. The event happe ning in the house was more sig ni fica nt.【答案】44. D【解析】本文杲一篇记叙文°文童作者和朋友原MoXay博物管，到了之后参观的时候」发现很多人奇怪的看看她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成\kNdy博物馆。

高考英语专题练习（七）阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（测）There are many places to go on safari（观赏野生动物）in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana’s Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world’s most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impress ive. As the sun’s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.2．The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by________.A．following space orderB．following time orderC．making classificationsD．giving examples3．Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys （调查）on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context（背景）of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does thepossibility of f requent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents —today’s grandparents — would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.3．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?（）4．【贵州省遵义航天高级中学高三第四次模拟】When should people be made to retire? 55? 65? Should there be a compulsory age limit?Many old people work well into their 70s and 80s, running families, countries or corporations. Other people, however, despite being fit and highly talented, are forced to retire in their fifties or even earlier because of the regulations of a company or the nation. This essay will examine whether people should be allowed to continue working as long as they want or whether they should be encouraged to retire at a particular stage.Some people think there are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able. First of all, older employees have an immense amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to abusiness or organization if they are made to retire. A second point is that older employees are often extremely loyal employees and are more willing to carry out company policies than younger less committed staff. However, a more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people. To force someone to resign or retire at 60 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over. Age is irrelevant to a working life, surely if older employees are told they cannot work after 60, this is age discrimination. That they become old does not necessarily mean they are going to be sick. Old people could be more aware, experienced and committed than some youngsters.Others, however, think that allowing older people to work indefinitely is not a good policy. Age alone is no guarantee of ability. Old people are only ambitious workaholics who are too selfish and self-centered to believe that a younger person could do better. Actually, many younger employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area or unit for most of their working lives. Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization. In addition, without age limits, however, many people would continue to work purely because they did not have any other plans or roles. A third point of view is that older people should be rewarded by society for their life’s labor by being given generous pensi ons and the freedom to enjoy their leisure. We now have youngsters who can’t find jobs because old people are choosing not to retire. Old people are not retiring because this new generation of “old people” think they will never die due to modern advances i n medicine.With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers. However, this can affect the older individual’s freedom and right to work and can deprive（剥夺）society of valuable experience and insights. I feel that giving workers more flexibility and choice over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual.4．The passage is arranged as follows ________5．【陕西省咸阳市武功县高三上学期摸底考试】Salvador Dali （1904-1989）was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory. There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities（无限）. “From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras,” explains the Pompidou Centre.The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration（合作）with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.5．How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali? ________A．By popularityB．By time and subject.C．By size and shapeD．By importance.阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（测）答案1~5 ABBAB阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（测）解析1．【文章大意】随着现代科技的发展，树荫下种植的咖啡产量越来越少，取而代之的是受到阳光暴晒的考费。

班级姓名学号分数（测试时间：45分钟）1.【贵州省遵义航天高级中学2016届高三第四次模拟，D】When should people be made to retire? 55? 65? Should there be a compulsory age limit?Many old people work well into their 70s and 80s, running families, countries or corporations. Other people, however, despite being fit and highly talented, are forced to retire in their fifties or even earlier because of the regulations of a company or the nation. This essay will examine whether people should be allowed to continue working as long as they want or whether they should be encouraged to retire at a particular stage.Some people think there are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able. First of all, older employees have an immense amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire. A second point is that older employees are often extremely loyal employees and are more willing to carry out company policies than younger less committed staff. However, a more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people. To force someone to resign or retire at 60 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over. Age is irrelevant to a working life, surely if older employees are told they cannot work after 60, this is age discrimination. That they become old does not necessarily mean they are going to be sick. Old people could be more aware, experienced and committed than some youngsters.Others, however, think that allowing older people to work indefinitely is not a good policy. Age alone is no guarantee of ability. Old people are only ambitious workaholics who are too selfish and self-centered to believe that a younger personcould do better. Actually, many younger employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area or unit for most of their working lives. Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization. In addition, without age limits, however, many people would continue to work purely because they did not have any other plans or roles. A third point of view is that older people should be rewarded by society fo r their life’s labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy their leisure. We now have youngsters who can’t find jobs because old people are choosing not to retire. Old people are not retiring because this new generation of “old people” think they will never die due to modern advances in medicine.With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers. However, this can affect the older individual’s freedom and ri ght to work and can deprive(剥夺) society of valuable experience and insights. I feel that giving workers more flexibility and choice over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual.35. The passage is arranged as follows:【答案】 35．A2.【陕西省咸阳市武功县2016届高三上学期摸底考试，C】Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory. There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and project s for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限). “From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras,” explains the Pompidou Centre.The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.25.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?A. By popularity.B. By time and subject.C. By size and shape.D. By importance.【答案】25. B【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了最受欢迎的现代艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品在巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心展览的细节。

专题7 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题【构建知识体系】篇章结构题考点段落层次、写作方法和行文走势2014-2016年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计年份篇章结构篇目题号主题体裁2016 02015 02014 02013 02012 1 全国卷Ⅰ，D 过度学习议论文【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。

体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。

考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。

篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。

考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。

【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as childrenbut hav e never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and sti ll ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we w ill remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule th at we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon t o forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples【答案】68. D【解析】【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，很少出现此类题型，但这一题型在地方高考和模拟试题中时有出现，因此不排除2017年全国高考试题可能会①设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落结构和脉络的把握。

【构建知识体系】2014-2015年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计【考纲解读】【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples【答案】68. D【解析】【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，很少出现此类题型，但这一题型在地方高考和模拟试题中时有出现，因此不排除2016年全国高考试题可能会①设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落结构和脉络的把握。

高考英语专题练习（七）阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（练）一、阅读理解Why college is not homeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today's students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, e-mail and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behaviour and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behaviour runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behaviour is too strictly defined(规定)and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behaviour that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents’ desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behaviour should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?（）2．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?CP:Central Point P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion 3．【2011陕西卷,D】Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified(GM,转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would, is it the best solution?Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact, studies show that the most crown GM crop. GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than analyzed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides(杀虫剂). On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But neither is true,”said Bill Christenson, President of the US National Farm Coalition.At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.As a matter of fact, scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.3．The author develops the second paragraph mainly（）A．By classification B．by comparisonC．by example D．by process4．【2010重庆卷C】It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商)follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征) of clothes. What seems strange, however, is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clothes button. Men’s clothes tend to button from the right, and women’s from the left. Considering most of the world’s population — men and women — are right-handed, the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women. So why do women’s clothes button from the left?History really seems to matter here. Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century, when rich women were dressed by servants. For the mostly right­handed servants, having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier. On the other hand, having men’s shi rts button from the right made sense, too. Most men dressed themselves, and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.Today women are seldom dressed by servants, but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them. Is it interesting? Actually, a standard, once set, resists change. At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left, it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right. Aft er all, women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch. Besides, some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right, sinc e anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.4．The passage is mainly developed by（）A．analyzing causesB．making comparisonsC．examining differencesD．following the time order5．【2010湖北卷B】For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.In this article, I’ll describe three no­win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things. Examples include the color of the teen’s hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom, the preferred style of clothing, the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school, or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends. Second, blaming. The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong. Third, needing to be right.It doesn’t matter what the topic is — politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg — the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority — someone who actually knows something — and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.It doesn’t matter what the topic is — politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg — the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority — someone who actually knows something — and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.5．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?（）A．Causes for the parent-teen conflicts.B．Examples of the parent-teen war.C．Solutions for the parent-teen problems.D．Future of the parent-teen relationship.6．【2010江西卷C】Kong Zi, also called Confucius(551~479 B．C．), and Socrates (469~399 B．C．) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal, while the Greek city-states were small and urban. The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius. Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively. Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic, focusing on issues like freedom, and knowledge for its own sake. Confucius, on the other hand, advised those in government service, and many of his students went on to government service.Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life:“ Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的) classes.For Socrates, the family was of no importance, and the community of little concern. For Confucius, however, the family was the centre of society, with family relations considered much more important than political relations.Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.6．This passage is organized in the pattern of（）A．time and eventsB．comparison and contrastC．cause and effectD．definition and classification高考英语专题练习（七）阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（练）答案1~5 CDCAC6．B高考英语专题练习（七）阅读理解Ⅳ:篇章结构题（练）解析1．文章结构题.第一段提出论点：大学阶段应该是自我能力和个性发展的重要成长时期，然而现在成了青春期的延伸期，在此期间,很多大学生没有承担起成年人的责任，第二段分析其原因:目前这一代人，大学阶段本来应该是独立阶段，但是父母包办过多.第三、四段从学校、个人两方面谈到如何培养责任感和社交能力；第五、六段是第三、四段观点的延伸，最后一段呼吁大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性。