高考英语阅读理解高频考点—主旨大意题详解

高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意高考阅读理解对文章主旨大意进展命题，旨在考察考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇大意，并对文章主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及区分主要信息与次要信息能力。

要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章中心情节，体会作者主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性观点、中心论点及作者情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见命题形式如下：(1) What would be the best title for the text /What is the topic of the text(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.(5) What is mainly discussed in the text(6) What is the main idea of the passage(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph(8) The purpose of this passage is.(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage(11) The passage mainly focuses on.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体中心思想与怎样拟定或选择恰当标题。

专题十四阅读理解（主旨大意题）阅读理解题型分类主旨大意题的考查，要求学生通过阅读文章，抓住文章的主旨大意所在，在理解文章内容的基础上，找到文章大意或段落大意，主要考查学生归纳概括信息的能力。

主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。

通常以选择文章最佳标题(title/topic)，概括文章中心大意(main idea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。

主旨大意题是考生容易出错的题型之一，错误主要表现为：概括文章中心时以偏概全（只见树木不见森林），概括性不够，或者概括过度，超出了文本的内容，缺乏针对性。

一、主旨大意题的分类主旨大意题的分类及其常见设问形式1. 标题概括类做此类试题时，要注意标题的三个特性，即醒目性、概括性和针对性。

解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。

常见设问形式有：What is the best title for this passage?Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What can be a suitable title for the text?What might be the best title for the passage?The best title of the passage is ______.The suitable headline of the passage may be ______.2. 文章大意类每篇文章都有中心思想，可以通过找主题句来获取文章中心思想。

主题句通常在首段或结尾段，但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。

因此，在阅读时要倍加关注文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句。

常见设问形式有：What is the main idea of the passage?Which of the following can best summarize the passage?What is the message conveyed in the story?What does the passage mainly present?What is the main theme of the story?What does the story mainly tell us?What does the passage mainly talk about?The passage is mainly about ______.The main purpo se of the passage is to ______.The passage is mainly written to ______.3. 段落大意类每个段落通常都有一个中心思想，通常会在本段首句体现出来，即常说的段落主题句。

高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意题阅读理解之主旨大意题Ⅰ.每日经典谚语和句型背诵与仿写1.Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。

2....as...as possible=...as...as one can 尽可能……活学活用仿照上述句型，翻译下列句子。

(1)我们应该尽可能地多读书。

__________________________________________________________________________(2)政府部门必须尽快采取行动保护河流被污染。

______________________________________________________________________________We should read as many books as possible./ We should read as many books as we can.The government must take actions to prevent the river from being polluted as soon as possible.Ⅱ.阅读理解之主旨大意题我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明确其主旨。

因此，主旨大意题是常考题。

主旨大意题包括：主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。

广东高考近几年来考查过的题目中mainly about只考过4题，title题考了5题， purpose题考了5题。

◎解题技巧1.弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。

主题句的位置：主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。

各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。

考点分类练(七)主旨大意题——文章大意类A(2021·山东烟台一模)The paper, published in May by the Journal of Marketing Research, analysed purchases made from a single large European retailer and found that free shipping did encourage customers to buy more. But it also increased purchases of items that historically have higher return rates, such as clothing or products from lesser-known brands. Thus, returns also increased as a result of the promotions, to the point where profits were erased.In one part of the paper, during the typically four-week periods when free shipping was offered, online order volumes rose 11%. But when the cost of returns was compared with the sales proceeds(收入), the authors calculated that on balance the results for the promotion periods amounted to an average 0.7% loss.In one analysis that ran for two months, the researchers found that the return rate for customers who bought low-risk products—like office supplies, or products from well-known brands—averaged about 22%.In another analysis, the researchers attempted to better understand motivations of online shoppers by measuring their attitudes towards free shipping. They found two things were happening. First, consumers saw free shipping as compensation for taking a risk on a product. Second, feelings of gratitude for having shipping costs eliminated(消除) made them happy and thus more willing to make a risky purchase.Prof.Neslin advises companies to look at whether their own free-shipping promotions are profitable before they launch such campaigns. Also, he advises companies to identify which products get returned more often than others and try to provide customers with more information about those products, so they can make more informed choices.1.What erased the profits according to the first paragraph?A.The risky customers.B.The European retailer.C.The returned items.D.The lesser-known brands.2.What can we learn from the passage?A.Consumers risked purchasing a product when free shipping came along with it.B.Free shipping encouraged customers to buy products from well-known brands.C.Online order volumes rose only when free shipping was offered as compensation.D.Purchases of office supplies also increased during the typically four-week periods.3.What is the passage mainly about?A.Low-risk products.B.Return rates.C.Increased purchases.D.Free shipping.B(2021·湖北黄冈高三4月模拟)An advance in electronic publishing could make the e-book you are reading seem as dated as a silent film. Publishers hope to explore the growing success of e-books by releasing versions with added soundtracks(电影原声音乐) and musical accompaniments.The noise in the first multimedia books—released in Britain—include the rain hitting a window in a Sherlock Holmes tale. When the plot of a book reaches the most exciting part, background scores will create tension.Supporters argue that sound effects are the next logical development for e-books and will add excitement for younger readers. Critics, however, will argue that the noise will ruin the simple pleasure of having the imagination stimulated by reading.Caroline Michel, chief executive of the literary agency, said the new generation of computer-literate readers was used to multiple sensory input. She said,“Young people have split computer screens where they may be watching television and replying to an email at the same time. If that’s what the market wants then we should respond to the market.”Booktrack’s sound effects work by estimating the user’s reading speed. Each time you “turn” a page, the software reassesses where you have reached in the text and times the sounds to switch on accordingly. If the soundtrack becomes out of sync(同步), a click on any word will reset it.Some authors fear that a soundtrack could destroy the peace and quiet of libraries and ruin the pleasure of reading. David Nicholls, author of Our Day, the best-seller now released as a film, said, “This sounds like the opposite of reading. I have enough trouble reading an e-book because I’m constantly distracted by emails.”Stuart MacBride sells 18% of his books as electronic downloads. He said,“If I’m reading, I will do the noise in my head. I don’t need someone to tell me what teacups clinking sounds like. That would irritate me.”4.What do publishers expect an e-book soundtrack to do?A.Help to release an e-book as a film.B.Help readers improve reading speed.C.Add tension at a book’s exciting point.D.Get readers familiar with the background.5.Who is in favour of added soundtracks for e-books?A.Sherlock Holmes.B.Caroline Michel.C.David Nicholls.D.Stuart MacBride.6.What do we know about Stuart MacBride?A.He was a person who was easy to get angry.B.He knew a great deal of tea.C.Eighty-two percent of his books described crime.D.He imagined sounds related to the story when reading.7.What’s the main idea of the passage?A.Opinions about e-books with soundtracks.B.Response to the need of the book market.C.Reasons for traditional e-books becoming outdated.D.Suggestions on encouraging readers’ imagination.C(2021·湖南长郡十五校高三联考)For most people, graduation is an exciting day of the celebration of years of hard work. My graduation day was not.I remember that weekend two years ago. Family and friends had flown in from across the country to attend the celebration. But just like everyone else in my class, I had watched the economy turn from bad to worse. What I thought would take a week dragged into two, and then four, and 100 job applications later, I found myself in the exact same spot as I was before. And the due date to begin paying back my student loan was drawing closer.You know that feeling when you wake up in fear? That feeling became a constant in my life. Days felt like weeks, weeks like months. And the most frustrating part was no matter how much I tried, I just couldn’t seem to make any progress.So what did I do to maintain my sanity(理智)? I decided to write. Something about putting words on a page made everything seem a little clearer—a little brighter. Something about writing gave me hope. And if you want something badly enough, sometimes a little hope is all you need! So I put my thoughts into a children’s book. And then one day, without any sort of writing degree or contacts in the writing world—just a lot of hard work and perseverance—I was offered a publishing contract for my first book! After that, things slowly began to fall into place. I was offered a second book deal. Then, a few months later, I got an interview and was hired shortly.The moral of this story is... don’t give up. Even if things look bleak now, don’t give up. If you work hard, things will always get better. Oftentimes all we need is the courage to overcome difficulties.8.From paragraph 2, we can learn that the author probably .A.was having an exciting graduationB.was getting into financial difficultiesC.missed the life in the universityD.had just applied for the student loan9.How did the author change the frustrating situation?A.By sending applications.B.By offering contracts.C.By keeping writing.D.By publishing books.10.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “bleak” in the last paragraph?A.Unattractive.B.Hopeless.C.Thrilling.D.Promising.11.What is the passage mainly about?A.Success belongs to the persevering.B.A contented mind is a permanent feast.C.A smooth sea never makes a skillful mariner.D.Misfortunes tell us what fortune is.考点分类练(七)主旨大意题——文章大意类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。

高中英语知识点归纳阅读理解主旨题解析在英语学习中，阅读理解是重要的一部分，而其中主旨题又是最常见的一种题型。

主旨题通常要求考生通过阅读文章，准确把握文章的中心思想。

下面将对高中英语知识点归纳阅读理解主旨题解析进行讨论。

一、主旨题的定义和特点主旨题是阅读理解中的一种常见题型，要求考生通过阅读文章来确定文章的中心思想或主题。

主旨题的答案通常体现在文章的开头、结尾或者是文章的重点句子中。

解答主旨题需要考生对文章有整体的把握，同时需要抓住文章的关键信息。

二、解题策略1. 整体理解法：首先，通过快速阅读全文，了解文章的大意。

可以先读文章的标题和首尾几句话，然后再细读全文。

在整体了解文章内容后，考生可以根据文章所涉及的具体细节和信息，进行判断、归纳和总结。

2. 寻找关键信息法：在阅读过程中，要注意寻找文章的关键信息。

关键信息通常包括人名、地名、时间、数字、事件等。

通过关键信息的把握，能够更好地理解文章的主要内容。

3. 理解段落结构法：文章通常由多个段落组成，每个段落代表一个主题。

在解答主旨题时，可以通过理解段落的主题和段落之间的逻辑关系，来判断文章的中心思想。

4. 抓住作者观点与态度：在解答主旨题时，要抓住作者的观点和态度。

通过了解作者的观点和态度，能够更准确地确定文章的中心思想。

三、注意事项1. 注意排除干扰选项：主旨题的干扰选项通常会涉及文章的细节、次要内容或者是过于绝对、偏激的观点。

解答主旨题时，要仔细分析干扰选项，将其与文章的总体内容对比，排除错误选项，选择最符合文章主旨的选项。

2. 注意理解文章的意图：主旨题关注的是文章的中心思想，而不是细节。

解答主旨题时，要着重理解文章的意图，抓住文章的主要观点和中心论述，而不是被文章中的细节所迷惑。

3. 注意主旨的表达方式：文章的主旨可以通过直接陈述、间接引用、举例和对比等方式进行表达。

解答主旨题时，要注意不同表达方式之间的联系，准确把握文章的中心思想。

通过以上方法和技巧，相信大家可以更好地理解和解答高中英语知识点归纳阅读理解主旨题。

解密16 阅读理解之主旨大意题考点详解主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。

此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占2-3个。

◆主旨大意题的分类1. 从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。

主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。

②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。

主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。

2. 考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

◆设问特点：1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。

2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。

3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。

4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。

◆常考问题：1. 中心思想类The main point /idea of the passage is…The passage is mainly about…The passage mainly discusses…The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?2. 标题类Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title for the passage would be …3. 目的类The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …The passage is meant to ….In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…【名师指导】文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1. 中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。

⾼考英语阅读理解主旨⼤意题解题技巧如何做阅读理解主旨⼤意题？
1) 主旨⼤意题属于归纳概括题。

如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。

2) 找准⽂章的主题句是关键。

“主题句定位法”是⼀种⾏之有效的⽅法。

在答题时，我们可以：读⾸句抓⼤意
读尾句抓⼤意
读⾸尾段抓⼤意
3.) ⽆明显主题句时⾼频信息词
任⼀篇⽂章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的⽂章中最明显的特点之⼀是有⼀个反复出现的中⼼词，即⾼频词，也叫做主题词。

抓住了它，便容易抓住⽂章的中⼼。

具体范例及具体的细节分析可按下⾯的课件：。

高考英语阅读理解满分秘籍之主旨大意题阅读理解满分秘籍——理解题干的要求是核心，分析选项的特点是基础，读懂原文的主旨是条件。

做到题干、选项与原文内容的完美结合。

主旨大意题型高考《考纲》对阅读理解的能力要求是：要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。

考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；……《考纲》对阅读理解的能力要求的第一点就是理解主旨要义。

考生读的每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。

有时从文章第一个段甚至第一句可知文章的主旨要义；有时从文章最后一段甚至最后一句才能了解文章的主旨要义；有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。

无论是那一种情况，无论题干是不是主旨大意题型，考生必须首先要理解文章的主旨要义，这是我们阅读文章的基本目的。

同时，考生做其他题型的选择时也要考虑文章的主旨要义。

了解文章主旨要义的捷径是找到主题句。

主题句通常分为文章主题句和段落主题句，考生一定要分清楚。

通常，主题句有以下特征：1. 首段引入一般不是主题句，后面的结论（so, therefore等）或转折处（but, however 等）可能是文章的主题句；2. 举例说明或解释的句子不是主题句，前一句可能是主题句；3. 问句一般不是主题句，回答的句子可能是主题句；4. 主题句常包含主次之分的表达（A rather than B等）或时间提示词（recently, today等）；5. 定义型（be called as, be known as等）、强调型（stress, focus等）、总结型（research indicates, study suggests等）的句子很可能是主题句。

考查考生对主旨要义理解的题型是主旨大意题型，通常分为the main idea（paragraph or passage）和the best title 两类。

见下图：这两类题型有不同的提问方式。

专题03 主旨大意题---阅读理解题型突破距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

【考点解读】主旨大意题主要涉及记叙文、议论文和说明文。

话题广泛，如人物故事类、科普说明类、社会文化类等都可以考查主旨大意。

【命题方向】【设问方式】1.What is the text mainly about?2.What does the passage focus on?3.What message does the author convey in the text?4.What’s the best title of the passage?【选项特征】正确选项：1.范围恰当2.概括性强3.精准到位干扰项：1.以偏概全2.概括过度3.偷梁换柱4.无中生有【解题策略】【主题句定位策略】文章是由段落组成的。

段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。

主旨大意题一、总体解题思路1、宏观上分清文章体裁（记叙文、科普类的说明文议论文）和捋清文章行文脉络二、记叙文：主旨一般在首段和尾段出现（扫读重点关注首尾段各段首尾句或第二句以及转折处句子）第1篇I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voiceand they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子每段有每段的中心句这个中心句可能是全文主旨句也可能只是本段的主旨所以为了更全面把握主旨中心需要每段都要扫读到I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.and an addedsource(来源) ofAs a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]既然是记叙文一般就从首尾段找主旨I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]从首尾段提取主题词可以快速缩小选择范围提高准确率即微观上要抓住主题词那么主题词特征有以下几个●反复高频出现●绝大多数以名词为主动词和形容词为辅●出现时往往前有铺垫后有解释说明I和library 就是反复出现高频词并且说的就是I和library的关系优先排除A和B 都属于无中生有显然Young属于偷换概念只有D 和主题词切合并且逻辑关系是呼应的即I和library的关系第2篇Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume thatmore is more when it es to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about being a doctor)For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ballsimple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, pletely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.[ 2018全国III卷D ]首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子（每段有每段的中心句这个中心句可能是全文主旨句也可能只是本段的主旨所以为了更全面把握主旨中心需要每段都要扫读到）Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that提取首尾段首先排除A 和D 显然文中没有提及属于无中生有文中是帮助孩子学习而B的向孩子学习显然属于颠倒逻辑答案C就是直接来自首段尾句其实当文章自问自答或者提出了问题那么后面的回答就是文章的主题三、科普类文章：主旨一般与研究结果或专家建议观点紧密相关快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论第3篇We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the unfortable silence.What's the problem? It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's challenging, or we think it's unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big advantages. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social munication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just municate with them."In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to look for an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their waiter reported higher positive (积极的) feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband." says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our wellbeing also."Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a greater sense of belonging (归属感), a relationship with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners." he says [2018II卷D篇]通过每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子找出观点结论性的词句We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the unfortable silence.首段只是一个铺垫而第二段but转折词后面信息才是关键信息，Small talk是在文中反复出现的高频词文章结构属于总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释科普类文章的一大特点提出一个现象或问题再提出观点结论然后进行解释说明首先就可以排除A和C 那么B和D 那个和主旨更切合呢B和D结构相同都是of结构显然D文中并没有提到ways，而是反复在讲advantages第4篇We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.Oh Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts(支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. I could see them actually walking under the sea.' In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇]快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at highthere were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇]显然首段的首句就是一种观点，第二句又用科学研究发现来进一步证实另外evolution及近义词是反复出现的高频词文章属于总分结构：总观点+分别解释这道题难在出题者对选项答案进行了巧妙化处理并没有直接使用文中的词句故意进行了变换增加了难度和迷惑性不过可以先使用排除法B选项skills文中并未提及属于无中生有，偏离文章主题D 选项中的字眼Best绝对化像这样的选项除非文中明确指出来了，否则带有绝对性字眼的选项不要选另外文中说的是better而非best C选项methods文中也未提到属于无中生有正面分析 A 选项关键词就是remodeled 进行拆分re再次ed过去分词表完成状态model 模式模型——再模型化——重构改型含义=evolution出题者为了增加难度往往把正确答案设定成原文词的同义词近义词或短语第5篇Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overing this very tiny big problem? lt's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager."There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal?' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers e and really do an inperson review, and..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hoursand..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）首段提出问题but转折之后的尾句才是关键信息而第二段首句直接给出观点回答问题，NASA HUNCH是反复出现的词典型的总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释提出问题解决问题解释说明其实有时候归纳出文章主旨并不难，而难在出题人在选项上故意设置陷阱迷惑我们，刁难大家让你误入歧途所以我们要紧紧抓住主旨去排除错误选项，选择正确选项本文主旨说的是NASA的HUNCH项目与high school classrooms之间关系HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. 那么首先可以排除A和C 因为A只讲了NASA 而后面的the home 纯属无中生有而C选项Nature是属于偷换概念用于代替NASA显然不对另外文中也没有提及outdoor classroom那么D中虽然有HUNCH 但后面讲的是大学准入改革而HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. 说的是有影响并不是说HUNCH program就是准入改革风马牛不相及只有B选项提到了Space 与NASA有关对应后面还提到homework与high school classrooms 紧密相关对应B选项同时把space和homework联系起来与文中主旨NASA与high school classrooms联系是呼应的贴合的总结解主旨题要把明确文章体裁握住文章的行文脉络和结构从每段首尾句或第二句及转折处句子找主旨段主旨句主题词从而归纳出主旨还要紧扣主旨去选择和排除那么具有迷惑性的错误答案另外明确了文章了主旨对于读懂文章和做其他题型都有帮助毕竟主旨对全文和所有的题都有统摄作用作者不可能偏离主题去写文章出题者也不可能偏离主题去出题。