A New SLP based Power Efficient algorithm

2024年6月大学英语六级考试真题和答案（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence “There is a growing awareness of the importance of digital literacy and skills in today’s world.” You can make comments, cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. You should copy the sentence given in quotes at the beginning of your essay.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Reply to the man’s last proposal within a short time.B) Sign the agreement if one small change is made to it.C) Make a sponsorship deal for her client at the meeting.D) Give the man some good news regarding the contract.2. A) They are becoming impatient.B) They are afraid time is running out.C) They are used to making alterations.D) They are concerned about the details.3. A) To prevent geographical discrimination.B) To tap the food and beverage market.C) To avoid any conflict of interest.D) To reduce unfair competition.4. A) It is a potential market for food and beverage.B) It is very attractive for real estate developers.C) It is a negligible market for his company.D) It is very different from other markets.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) They are thrilled by a rare astronomic phenomenon.B) They are celebrating a big event on mountain tops.C) They are enthusiastic about big science-related stories.D) They are joined by astronomers all across North America.6. A) It will be the most formidable of its kind in over a century.B) It will come closest to Earth in more than one hundred years.C) It will eclipse many other such events in human history.D) It will be seen most clearly from Denver’s mountain tops.7. A) A blur.B) Stars.C) The edge of our galaxy.D) An ordinary flying object.8. A) Use professional equipment.B) Climb to the nearby heights.C) Fix their eyes due north.D) Make use of phone apps.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) Whether consumers should be warned against ultra-processed foods.B) Whether there is sufficient scientific consensus on dietary guidelines.C) Whether guidelines can form the basis for nutrition advice to consumers.D) Whether food scientists will agree on the concept of ultra-processed foods.10. A) By the labor cost for the final products.B) By the degree of industrial processing.C) By the extent of chemical alteration.D) By the convention of classification.11. A) Increased consumers’ expenses.B) Greater risk of chronic diseases.C) People’s misunderstanding of nutrition.D) Children’s dislike for unprocessed foods.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) They begin to think of the benefits of constraints.B) They try to seek solutions from creative people.C) They try hard to maximize their mental energy.D) They begin to see the world in a different way.13. A) It is characteristic of all creative people.B) It is essential to pushing society forward.C) It is a creative person’s response to limitation.D) It is an impetus to socio-economic development.14. A) Scarcity or abundance of resources has little impact on people’s creativity.B) Innovative people are not constrained in connecting unrelated concepts.C) People have no incentive to use available resources in new ways.D) Creative people tend to consume more available resources.15. A) It is key to a company’s survival.B) It shapes and focuses problems.C) It is essential to meeting challenges.D) It thrives best when constrained.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) Because they are learned.B) Because they come naturally.C) Because they have to be properly personalized.D) Because there can be more effective strategies.17. A) The extent of difference and of similarity between the two sides.B) The knowledge of the specific expectation the other side holds.C) The importance of one’s goals and of the relationship.D) The approaches one adopts to conflict management.18. A) The fox.B) The owl.C) The shark.D) The turtle.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Help save species from extinction and boost human health.B) Understand how plants and animals perished over the past.C) Help gather information publicly available to researchers.D) Find out the cause of extinction of Britain’s 66,000 species.20. A) It was once dominated by dinosaurs.B) It has entered the sixth mass extinction.C) Its prospects depend on future human behaviour.D) Its climate change is aggravated by humans.21. A) It dwarfs all other efforts to conserve, protect and restorebiodiversity on earth.B) It is costly to get started and requires the joint efforts of thousands of scientists.C) It can help to bring back the large numbers of plants and animals that have gone extinct.D) It is the most exciting, most relevant, most timely and most internationally inspirational.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) Cultural identity.B) Social evolution.C) The Copernican revolution.D) Human individuality.23. A) It is a delusion to be disposed of.B) It is prevalent even among academics.C) It is a myth spread by John Donne’s poem.D) It is rooted in the mindset of the 17th century.24. A) He believes in Copernican philosophical doctrines about the universe.B) He has gained ample scientific evidence at the University of Reading.C) He has found that our inner self and material self are interconnected.D) He contends most of our body cells can only live a few days or weeks.25. A) By coming to see how disruptive such problems have got to be.B) By realising that we all can do our own bit in such endeavours.C) By becoming aware that we are part of a bigger world.D) By making joint efforts resolutely and persistently.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.It’s quite remarkable how different genres of music can spark unique feelings, emotions, and memories. Studies have shown that music can reduce stress and anxiety before surgeries and we are all attracted toward our own unique life soundtrack.If you’re looking to____26____stress, you might want to give classical music a try.The sounds of classical music produce a calming effectletting____27____pleasure-inducing dopamine (多巴胺) in the brain thathelps control attention, learning and emotional responses.It can also turn down the body’s stress response, resulting in an overall happier mood. It turns out a pleasant mood can lead to____28____in a person’s thinking.Although there are many great____29____of classical music like Bach, Beethoven and Handel, none of these artists’ music seems to have the same health effects as Mozart’s does. According to researchers, listening to Mozart can increase brain wave activity and improve____30____function. Another study found that the distinctive features of Mozart’s music trigger parts of the brain that are responsible for high-level mental functions. Even maternity____31____use Mozart to help newborn babies adapt to life outside of the mother’s belly.It has been found that listening to classical music____32____reduces a person’s blood pressure. Researchers believe that the calming sounds of classical music may help your heart____33____from stress. Classical music can also be a great tool to help people who have trouble sleeping. One study found that students who had trouble sleeping slept better while they were listening to classical music.Whether classical music is something that you listen to on a regular basis or not, it wouldn’t____34____to take time out of your day to listen to music that you find____35____. You will be surprised at how good it makes you feel and the potentially positive change in your health.A) alleviateB) clarityC) cognitiveD) composersE) hurtF) inhibitingG) interrogationH) intrinsicallyI) looseJ) majesticK) mandatoryL) recoverM) significantlyN) soothingO) wardsSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2.The Curious Case of the Tree That Owns ItselfA) In the city of Athens, Georgia, there exists a rather curious local landmark—a large white oak that is almost universally stated to own itself. Because of this, it is considered one of the most famous trees in the world. So how did this tree come to own itself and the land around it?B) Sometime in the 19th century a Georgian called Colonel William Jackson reportedly took a liking to the said tree and endeavored to protect it from any danger. As to why he loved it so, the earliest documented account of this story is an anonymously written front page article in the Athens Weekly Banner published on August 12, 1890. It states, “Col. Jackson had watched the tree grow from his childhood, and grew to love it almost as he would a human. Its luxuriant leaves and sturdy limbs had often protected him from the heavy rains,and out of its highest branches he had many a time gotten the eggs of the feathered singers.He watched its growth, and when reaching a ripe old age he saw the tree standing in its magnificent proportions, he was pained to think that after his death it would fall into the hands of those who might destroy it.”C) Towards this end, Jackson transferred by means of a deed ownership of the tree and a little land around it to the tree itself. The deed read, “W. H. Jackson for and in consideration of the great affection which he bears the said tree, and his great desire to see it protected has conveyed unto the said oak tree entire possession of itself and of all land within eight feet of it on all sides.”D) In time, the tree came to be something of a tourist attraction, known as The Tree That Owns Itself. However, in the early 20th century, the tree started showing signs of its slow death,with little that could be done about it. Father time comes for us all eventually, even our often long lived, tall and leafy fellow custodians (看管者) of Earth. Finally, on October 9,1942, the over 30 meter tall and 200-400 year old tree fell, rumor has it, as a result of a severe windstorm and/or via having previously died and its roots rotted.E) About four years later, members of the Junior Ladies Garden Club (who’d tended to the tree before its unfortunate death) tracked down a small tree grown from a nut taken from the original tree. And so it was that on October 9, 1946, under the direction of Professor Roy Bowden of the College of Agriculture at the University of Georgia, this little tree was transplanted to the location of its ancestor. A couple of months later, an official ceremony was held featuring none other than the Mayor of Athens, Robert L McWhorter, to commemorate the occasion.F) This new tree became known as The Son of the Tree That Owns Itself and it was assumed that, as the original tree’s heir, it naturally inherited the land it stood on. Of course, there are many dozens of othertrees known to exist descending from the original, as people taking a nut from it to grow elsewhere was a certainty. Thatsaid, to date, none of the original tree’s other children have petitioned the courts for their share of the land, so it seems all good. In any event, The Son of the Tree That Owns Itself still stands today, though often referred to simply as The Tree That Owns Itself.G) This all brings us around to whether Jackson ever actually gave legal ownership of the tree to itself in the first place and whether such a deed is legally binding.H) Well, to begin with, it turns out Jackson only spent about three years of his life in Athens,starting at the age of 43 from 1829 to 1832, sort of dismissing the idea that he loved the tree from spending time under it as a child and watching it grow, and then worrying about what would happen to it after he died. Further, an extensive search of land ownership records in Athens does not seem to indicate Jackson ever owned the land the tree sits on.I) He did live on a lot of land directly next to it for those three years, but whether he owned that land or not isn’t clear. Whatever the case, in 1832 a four acre parcel, which included the land the tree was on and the neighboring land Jackson lived on, among others, was sold to University professor Malthus A Ward. In the transaction, Ward was required to pay Jackson a sum of $1,200 (about $31,000 today), either for the property itself or simply in compensation for improvements Jackson had made on the lot. In the end, whether he ever owned the neighboring lot or was simply allowed to use it while he allegedly worked at the University, he definitely never owned the lot the tree grew on, which is the most important bit for the topic at hand.J) After Professor Ward purchased the land, Jackson and his family purchased a 655 acre parcel a few miles away and moved there. Ten years later, in 1844, Jackson seemed to have come into financial difficulties and had his little plantation seized by the Clarke County Sheriff’s office and auctioned off to settle the mortgage. Thus, had he owned some land in Athens itself, including the land the tree sat on, presumably he would have sold it to raise funds or otherwise had it taken as well.K) And whatever the case there, Jackson would have known property taxes needed to be paid on the deeded land for the tree to be truly secure in its future. Yet no account or record indicates any trust or the like was set up to facilitate this.L) On top of all this, there is no hard evidence such a deed ever existed, despite the fact that deed records in Athens go back many decades before Jackson’s death in 1876 and that it was supposed to have existed in 1890 in the archives according to the original anonymous news reporter who claims to have seen it.M) As you might imagine from all of this, few give credit to this sideof the story. So how did all of this come about then?N) It is speculated to have been invented by the imagination of the said anonymous author at the Athens Weekly Banner in the aforementioned 1890 front page article titled “Deeded to Itself”, which by the way contained several elements that are much more easily proved to be false. As to why the author would do this, it’s speculated perhaps it was a 19th century version of a click-bait thought exercise on whether it would be legal for someone to deed such a non-conscious living thing to itself or not.O) Whatever the case, the next known instance of the Tree That Owns Itself being mentioned wasn’t until 1901 in the Centennial Edition of that same paper, the Athens Weekly Banner. This featured another account very clearly just copying the original article published about a decade before, only slightly reworded. The next account was in 1906, again in the Athens Weekly Banner, again very clearly copying the original account, only slightly reworded, the 19th century equivalent of re-posts when the audience has forgotten about the original.36. Jackson was said to have transferred his ownership of the oak tree to itself in order to protect it from being destroyed.37. No proof has been found from an extensive search that Jackson had ever owned the land where the oak tree grew.38. When it was raining heavily, Jackson often took shelter under a big tree that is said to own itself.39. There is no evidence that Jackson had made arrangements to pay property taxes for the land on which the oak tree sat.40. Professor Ward paid Jackson over one thousand dollars when purchasinga piece of land from him.41. It is said the tree that owned itself fell in a heavy windstorm.42. The story of the oak tree is suspected to have been invented as a thought exercise.43. Jackson’s little plantation was auctioned off to settle his debt in the mid-19th century.44. An official ceremony was held to celebrate the transplanting of a small tree to where its ancestor had stood.45. The story of the Tree That Owns Itself appeared in the local paper several times, with slight alterations in wording.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.It is irrefutable that employees know the difference between right and wrong. So why don’t more employees intervene when they see someone exhibiting at-risk behavior in the workplace?There are a number of factors that influence whether people intervene. First, they need to be able to see a risky situation beginning to unfold. Second, the company’s culture needs to make them feel safe to speak up. And third, they need to have the communication skills to say something effectively.This is not strictly a workplace problem; it’s a growing problem off the job too. Every day people witness things on the street and choose to stand idly by. This is known as the bystander effect—the more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone in that group is to help the victim. The psychology behind this is called diffusion of responsibility. Basically, the larger the crowd, the more people assume that someone else will take care of it—meaning no one effectively intervenes or acts in a moment of need.This crowd mentality is strong enough for people to evade their known responsibilities. But it’s not only frontline workers who don’t make safety interventions in the workplace. There are also instances where supervisors do not intervene either.When a group of employees sees unsafe behavior not being addressed at a leadership level it creates the precedent that this is how these situations should be addressed, thus defining the safety culture for everyone.Despite the fact that workers are encouraged to intervene when they observe unsafe operations, this happens less than half of the time. Fear is the ultimate factor in not intervening. There is a fear of penalty, a fear that they’ll have to do more work if they intervene. Unsuccessful attempts in the past are another strong contributing factor to why people don’t intervene—they tend to prefer to defer that action to someone else for all future situations.On many worksites, competent workers must be appointed. Part of their job is to intervene when workers perform a task without the proper equipment or if the conditions are unsafe. Competent workers are also required to stop work from continuing when there’s a danger.Supervisors also play a critical role. Even if a competent person isn’t required, supervisors need a broad set of skills to not only identify and alleviate workplace hazards but also build a safety climate within their team that supports intervening and open communication among them.Beyond competent workers and supervisors, it’s important to educate everyone within the organization that they are obliged to intervene ifthey witness a possible unsafe act, whether you’re a designated competent person, a supervisor or a frontline worker.46. What is one of the factors contributing to failure of intervention in face of risky behavior in the workplace?A) Slack supervision style.B) Unfavorable workplace culture.C) Unforeseeable risk.D) Blocked communication.47. What does the author mean by “diffusion of responsibility” (Line 4, Para. 3)?A) The more people are around, the more they need to worry about their personal safety.B) The more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone will venture to participate.C) The more people idling around on the street, the more likely they need taking care of.D) The more people are around, the less chance someone will step forward to intervene.48. What happens when unsafe behavior at the workplace is not addressed by the leaders?A) No one will intervene when they see similar behaviors.B) Everyone will see it as the easiest way to deal with crisis.C) Workers have to take extra caution executing their duties.D) Workers are left to take care of the emergency themselves.49. What is the ultimate reason workers won’t act when they see unsafe operations?A) Preference of deferring the action to others.B) Anticipation of leadership intervention.C) Fear of being isolated by coworkers.D) Fear of having to do more work.50. What is critical to ensuring workplace safety?A) Workers be trained to operate their equipment properly.B) Workers exhibiting at-risk behavior be strictly disciplined.C) Supervisors create a safety environment for timely intervention.D) Supervisors conduct effective communication with frontline workers.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change.The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is thecause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy.On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewables are crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited.Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality.“Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewables,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.”The achievability of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewables typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities.Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewables. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewables provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019.But progress has halted in recent years. The instability of renewables doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests.The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010—slower than the EU average of 13.5%.51. What accounts for the divide within the scientific community about nuclear energy?A) Attention to combating human-made climate change.B) Emphasis on protecting wildlife and natural ecosystems.C) Evolution of the term ‘green energy’ over the last century.D) Adherence to different interpretations of environmentalism.52. What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’opponents?A) Relying on renewables firmly and exclusively.B) Using fossil fuel and green energy alternately.C) Opting for nuclear energy when necessary.D) Limiting people’s non-basic consumption.53. What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example?A) It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewables is attainable.B) It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal.C) It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewables have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities.D) It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world.54. What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy?A) It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades.B) It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy.C) It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity.D) It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel.55. What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having halted in recent years?A) Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy.B) Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime.C) Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies.D) Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国的传统婚礼习俗历史悠久，从周朝开始就逐渐形成了一套完整的婚礼仪式，有些一直沿用至今。

位敦市安定阳光实验学校话题二：科普小品类(一)(2011·卷Ⅱ)For those who study the development of intelligence (智力) in the animal world，self­awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware (意识) of itself has a high level of intelligence.Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is，its own reflected image (反射出的影像). Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins，have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self­reflect ion test.“We thought that elephants were the next important animal.” said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B. M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains, Reiss said, ele phants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins”．The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8­foot­square mirror on a wall of the animals' play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies.Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.Diana Reiss said, “We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.”1．What can mirror tests tell us about animals?A．Whether they have large brains.B．Whether they have self­awareness.C．Whether they enjoy outdoor exercises.D．Whether they enjoy playing with mirrors.2．Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text?A．They are most familiar to readers.B．They are big favorites with zoo visitors.C．They are included in the study by Reiss.D．They are already known to be intelligent.3．What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty?A．She used her nose to search behind the mirror.B．She recognized her own image in the mirror.C．She painted a mark on her own face.D．She found the hidden camera.答案与解析1.B 细节理解题。

AME 578Modern Alternative Energy Conversion DevicesLecture 09242014Lithium Ion Battery Design, Operation and Charge Control ElectronicsTopics•Lithium ion battery design •Electrical configuration•Mechanical Issues•Thermal analysis and design •Lithium ion battery operation •State of charge management•Temperature limits•Cell bypass•Charge control electronicsBattery Configuration•The classic configuration for form aqueous battery systems is •Design the cell to meet the capacity requirement•The battery is designed to meet the voltage requirement•For lithium ion the approach has tended to be somewhat different •Use of a virtual cell (multiple physical cells connected in parallel) iscommon, as a consequence of•The newness of the cell technology and its original development for consumer electronics lead developers of larger systems motivated by considerations ofschedule and cost to use smaller parallel building blocks•This also retired potential safety, life and thermal concerns incumbent with larger format cells•These virtual cells are then connected in series to yield the requiredsystem voltageVirtual Cell Conventional Wisdom•Virtual cells are heavier than few larger cells•This is an intuitive judgment that has not been justified by facts•As far as I known the Panasonic NCR 18650B is the current worldrecord holder at 245 Wh/kg•Virtual cell must be less reliable•Mathematically this is certainly true as parts count is larger•However, almost all battery failure modes that I can think are moredependent on total quantity (e.g., area of separator) than discretenumber•Failure of a single cell is more common with virtual cells (more cells)•This is probably true but the extreme reliability of lithium ion makesthis a moot point•Additional compensation is that failure of a single unit in a virtual cellsmay degrade but not fail the unit as would br the case with singlrlarger unitsExamples of Virtual Cells 1•The most prominent example ofthe virtual cell is the Tesla•J.B. Strabel(CTO) started thedevelopment of the batteryabout 2002 with little moneyand large cells weren’t available(he also had met me and mayhave read my patents)•Using small cells was obvious•What you are seeing at the rightis a view of Tesla RoadsterBattery with the internalmodules exposed•At the lower right are drawingsof the internal design clealyshowing the virtuals within eachmoduleExamples of Virtual Cells, Satellites•Historically nickel hydrogen satellite batteries employed custom cell sizes which were commonly varied to match satellite power requirements•This of course substantially increased manufacturing cost•It could also lead to serious in flight failures when the new cell size was discovered to have a design flaw•Use of virtual cell lithium ion batteries thus has the virtue of lowered cost higher reliability•Shown at the right are two examples Boeing 702 satellite batteries with 4 and 6 cell virtual cells/images2/fapo_Saft02_aug2008.gifLithium Ion Battery Mechanical Design•Mechanical designs of batteries in general including lithiumion are really quite simple•The design engineer may carry out limited analysis of theelectrochemical cell as it is almost always a filter press stack even itis a spiral design•Basic design of the battery structure is similarly and it is rare to seedetailed dynamic analysis•The exception to this component stress analysis which forlithium ion will include•Deflection of cell cases under internal pressure loads•Safety burst disk design•Tie rod stress for prismatic cell batteries which as we have seenmust also include preload pressure on internal stacksThermal Design•It is particularly relevant to lithium•At a systems level far more attention is being devoted to lithium ion as it now the chemistry of choice for all new major applications•Under normal conditions its heat generation is not large per kWhof energy delivered•Beginning of life energy efficiencies are almost always above 90%•Entropic effects are generally very small•Recharge coulombic efficiency is always 100%•However, temperature rise may be significant to the high specificenergy of the battery•Finally cell resistance (and hence ηohmic ) increases with battery agemeaning that the thermal management design must be compliant with varying heat generation ratesThe Example of LNCA Thermal Engineering 1•In general heat dissipation isgiven byܳൌെܸെܱܥܸ݅൅݊࣠ܶడԪ∘డ்௉•As you can see in the upper righthand curve for an LNCA theentropy varies substantially withstate of charge•An alternative approach employsthe thermal neutral voltagewhich is the voltage at which thecell would have to be operated tohave no heat dissipation•With operating voltage versusstate of charge data eitherapproach is acceptableThe Example of LNCA Thermal Engineering 1 -Calculating Heat•At the right I have provided a familya LNCA voltage curves at differentdischarge rates•The easiest way to use this date isto calculate an effective resistance•I have placed a dashed line at thecapacity mid point•Plotting voltage versus current forthis data shows that the voltageloss is indeed ohmic•We can therefore•Calculate the OCV (3.7063)•Determine the ohmic heatgenerationܳൌሺ3.7063െܫൈ0.0894ሻCell Temperature -1•The following data are required for a rigorous calculation cell temperature•Component heat capacity•Component thermal conductivity•Interface thermal resistance•Heat transfer coefficient•This is obviously a pretty substantial project and starting from scratch can easily represent a man year or more •However, quick approximations can give very useful data to direct the design processCell Temperature -2•The first step is to estimate theadiabatic temperature rise as a quick way to scope the problem•Ideally of course this requires Cp data for the cell interest•This is probably not going to readily available are easy to find (see the data at the right)•For example, let’s choose the Cp for the 6 Ah Li Ion HEV cell (795 J/kgC⁰)•The Panasonic NCR18650B weighs 48.5g, therefore it heat capacity is about 38.6J/⁰C•Revisiting our calculation of the heat generation for this cell we can calculate a final temperature of 191⁰C assuming a 25⁰C start and adiabatic operation/vehiclesandfuels/energystorage/pdfs/long_b each_btm.pdfCell Temperature -3•The previous calculations clearly shows that active thermal management of our cell is required•The first question is can we get the heat out •Recall the spiral design•The current collectors for the electrodes are 10μthick Copper and aluminum foils 6 cm in widthand 37 cm in length•The conductivity of these two foils in theaxial direction are•Aluminum = 200Wm⁰C X 0.00001 X 0.37/.06=0.012W/⁰C•Copper = 385Wm⁰C X 0.00001 X 0.37/.06=0.023W/⁰C•Total = 0.037W/⁰C•This leads to the result at the right, warm but a significant improvementCell Temperature -4•The lesson from the last example is that rough approximations can provide veryuseful guidance at very low cost•While one can only go so far with such an approach it can be of great utility •These sorts of analyses are particularly for lithium ion batteries for as we shallsee useful life is strongly influenced bytemperature•They can also sere to evaluate potential solutions as witnessed by the examples at the right where•Reduces the stead state discharge by two reduces the temperature rise fro +50⁰ Cto about 15⁰C•Doubling the thickness of the currentcollectors leads to a similar temperaturereductionLimitations of Rough Approximate Solutions•The objective in what I have just reviewed was to in part a sense of how quickly one can come up with a quantitative estimate which enables•Assessment of the fundamental design approach•Evaluation of backups•Some good rule is to make sure that you are conservative which with respect to what I have just shown•My conduction model has all the heat travelling the length of thejelly role –clearly conservative•It takes no credit for conduction or the case or the activematerials/electrolyte that fill the cell –conservative•It does not account for the thermal joint that must esists between the ends of the current collectors and the heat sink –notconservativeNext Steps in Thermal Modeling•I built a model with very simple conductive network•Had I the time and the software (or the time to make may old software work) I would have set up a three dimensional network•Each node in the network would be characterized its heat capacity andheat generation with respect to time•There would also be a thermal path between the node and six or lessnearest neighbors•There would be one or more thermal boundary conditions that may alsovary with time•Finally you my be able to substantially simplify you work with appropriate boundary conditions•Once you created the above network everything else is a software problem•If you have previously done a little precision hand work you can relax with the confidence that you assess the accuracy of software outputState of Charge Management•The life of lithium ion cells is strongly influenced by their voltage, a function of state of charge•The details of this subject will be covered when we address operation life, however, from the point of view battery design•To achieve assured life in either a load leveling utility installation or an electric vehicle life requirement need to be considered inspecifying battery size, in other words battery size will be increased to lower state to charge (and DoD) to comply with life requirements •Depending on the applications additional options are•Encourage the used to minimize state by a) just in time chargingwhere the battery is left at a low state of charge until needed•Voluntary minimization of state of charge , e.g., Tesla activelyencourages its owners to practice thisTemperature Limits 1•The twotwo issues1.Assuring that battery temperature does not exceed reliable (andsafe) limits during operation2.Maintaining battery temperature above minimum values neededto meet performance requirements•In consumer products the first requirement has historically been addressed by the cell supplier with the safety devices we have already mentioned•In larger systems type applications customer engineering needs to be actively engaged in this (e.g., 787 battery)•The second requirement is aimed at making sure the battery is hot enough to operate and is particularly germane to electric vehiclesTemperature Limits 2•Both of these issues can to a limited extent be addressed via the cell design (high temperature separators, low temperature electrolytes)•The conservative approach is to engineer the system to accommodate the electrochemistry•Batteries heaters for low temperature operation•Larger batteries•Improved thermal management systems•Automatic battery s=hut down or curtailment in the event of animpending hazardous conditionCell Bypass•Cell bypass is not commonly encountered in terrestrial applications but is very common in satellites where it is used to prevent loss of battery in the event of an individual cell open circuit cell failure•Cell bypass is also a feature that is may be practiced in virtual cells, particularly massive parallel architectures such as Tesla•We may recall that the NCR18650B with at least two fuses, a) thePTCR is an automatically resetting electrical and thermal fuse b) cell also is equipped with a permanent fuse that remove cell from thecircuit in the event of a hard cell short circuit•This is one of the positive features of the virtual cell that withsufficient granularity the user may never notice an individual cellfailureCharge Control Electronics•The basis of this issue the series connection of electrochemical cells, these cells combine their voltage in a linear fashion but cannot share capacity•Thus during discharge the lowest cell capacity will determine the battery capacity•Aqueous batteries address by•The overcharge hydrogen oxygen cycle•Separators and electrolyte levels to promote recombinations•Optimized electrode balance (anti polar mass)•Recombination sites•These approaches chemically reverse the overcharge and over discharge reactions and produce water•The reactions is aprotic media are not reversible and the problem has been addressed by external electronic solutionsCharge Contol Electronics•Thus in the absence of truly perfect cells nonaqueous cells will inevitably fail due to cell imbalance driving down battery capacity•Good charge control electronics will/must•Allow all cells to be brought to the same state of charge•Prevent the battery from reaching an excessive (and ultimatelyunsafe state of charge)•Allow overdischarge compliance by one of the following In order of desirability)•Continuous charge balancing•By passing low SOC cells•Shutting down the batteryElectronic Solutions•The preceding problem may be addressed by an electronic means of balancing charge, broadly speaking the means of accomplishing this are •Equip cells with depletion resistors which are connected across the cellafter or at the end of change to drain high voltage cells, these relays bemicroprocessor controlled or active human control•Equip the cells with bypass relays which actuate at he end of charge tobypass charging current around he cell•This may be accomplished with relays under microprocessor control•Also in principle it may be accomplished with a Zener diode•Reorg battery from a series connection to a parallel connection during thecharging process•Transfer capacity from higher SOC cells to lower SOC cells•Individually chargers for each cell•While many of thee idea sound odd all have been seriously proposed, the fact is that this has become a playground for under employed electrical engineersSeries Equalization by Cell Shunting 1•This may be the cheapest of allmethods•The block diagram levelschematic for a generic systemis provided at the right•The operational scheme forthis approach is to •Charge the battery until at least one cell reaches full charge voltage•Close the relay which fully charged cells to the depletion resistor•And continue to charge the battery at a current less than the resistor current until all cells are fully charged• A microprocessor driven controller is an obvious means of the managing the process but not required, Astrium, for example , balances theirgeosynchronous spacecraft battery by human ground control twice a yearSEA Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0959Series Equalization by Cell Shunting 2•Like all the charge balancing schemes shunting clearly will work if the battery contains good cells•The cited downsides of this scheme are•It is wasteful of energy and introduces a potential thermal problem, given the small magnitudes of cell shunt currents (<0.1%) these two issues are not really much of a problem•It requires that the battery be fully charged which may not bepossible in some applications such as non plug hybrids which arerarely brought to full charge, this is an issue for this one application •Relay life may become an issue is large shunt currents are required, once again this have to a very large battery•The Tesla for example charges at a maximum of 300 amps (C rate) at a120 kW supercharges•This would make the shunt current 300 mAActive Balancing , Charge Shuttling –1 Flying Capacitor•In charge shuttling architecturescharge is moved from strong cells toweek cells in the battery•The appeals of this approach are•Esthetic, is in not wasteful•At least potentially it can increasebattery capacity if itis operational during discharge as it feed low capacity cells as the battery is discharged•It provides full employment electrical enginers•In the schematic shown above the flying capacitor is first connected to B1byclosing S1/ S2and W1/ W2•The capacitor would then be connected to B2 by closing S2/ S3and W1/ W3which will result in an equalization of the capacity•Continuous operation of the scheme from B1through BNwill balance thebatterySEA Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0959 W1W2W3W4Active Balancing , Charge Shuttling –2 Flying Capacitor•Obviously there are going to be a switch operations with the flying capacitor scheme which may represent a reliability issue•For a ideal system (no ESR in the capacitor or switching losses) with a very large cell imbalance (Bn= 3.0V, Bm=4.0V), a flying capacitor could balance these cells at an initial rate of 1Ahr per hour per 1000uF of capacitance switching at 1kHz with an average switch current of 1A.•However, the real world is far from idea and even for a 100 Ah battery switch currents and capacitor sizes become very large•Finally the effectiveness depends on dV/dSOC which can bepretty small for LICoO2and LiFePO4Active Balancing , Charge Sharing –1 Energy Converters•Cell balancing utilizing energyconversion devices employtransformers to move energy fromstrong cells to weak cells, the twoactive energy convert methods are•The switched transformer•The shared transformer.•The switched transformer topology isSEA Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0959 illustrated at the upper right•In this case energy is extracted at the battery terminals into then via achopper to the primary wind of the transformer•Energy is extracted by the secondary winding and feed back into individual cells via a flying capacitor like switch array•The disadvantages of this method are•The high parts count and reduced reliability of all the switched•Poor efficiency of the magnetics which in the Tesla would 100 to 1 voltage ratioActive Balancing , Charge Sharing –2 EnergyConverters Based on multiple Low Voltage Outputs •The two related architectures are illustratedat the right•The first uses a single high voltage inputwinding combined with multiple outputsecondary windings diode connected to thecells•The second simply uses multipletransformers diode connected to the cells •The first design is going to have a higherNRE cost although this is probably trivial fora major application •Either works well (in fact Boeing got a patent on a version of the second approach) and can move a lot of charge fairly quickly with very high reliabilityShared Transformer Multiple TransformersSEA Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0959Homework•Calculate the resisting heat generation heat generation for a Panasonic LiCoO2 cell based on the data at the right•Calculate the thermal neutral voltage for the system vs. state of charge•Use the data at the lower right•The entropy paper is posted onBlackboard as it the data sheet for thecellThermal Model Homework。

第49卷第21期电力系统保护与控制Vol.49 No.21 2021年11月1日Power System Protection and Control Nov. 1, 2021 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.210116基于时序运行模拟的风火打捆最优容量配比整定刘新苗1，卢 洵1，娄源媛1，赵一帆2，魏利屾2，姚 伟2(1.广东电网有限责任公司，广东 广州 510080；2.强电磁工程与新技术国家重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院)，湖北 武汉 430074)摘要：风火打捆送出是提高风电消纳能力的重要方式，其难点之一在于整定打捆的最优风火容量配比。

提出了基于时序运行模拟的风火打捆容量最优配比整定方法。

首先，通过气象数据获取规划中风电的全年出力特性。

然后，以机组总运行成本最低及清洁能源消纳率最高为目标，建立小时级时序运行模拟模型，采用时序分解及自动回滚技术实现模型的快速求解。

此外，针对为期一年的模拟结果，进一步利用暂态稳定约束进行校核与调整，消除潜在的暂稳风险。

最后，以广东电网珠西北地区为例，通过对比不同风火配比下的风电消纳能力及运行经济性数据，给出了兼顾环保性、安全性与经济性的风火配比。

运行结果可为地区的海上风电规划与建设、电力系统调度提供指导。

关键词：风火打捆；时序运行模拟；配比整定；海上风电；暂态稳定Optimal setting of wind-thermal-bundled capacity ratio based on chronological operation simulationLIU Xinmiao1, LU Xun1, LOU Yuanyuan1, ZHAO Yifan2, WEI Lishen2, YAO Wei2(1. Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510080, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (School of Electrical and ElectronicEngineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Wuhan 430074, China)Abstract: Wind-thermal bundled transmission is considered an important way to promote wind power accommodation.One of the difficulties lies in setting the optimal bundled wind-thermal capacity ratio. This paper proposes a method for setting the optimal ratio based on chronological operation simulation. First, the annual output characteristics of the planned wind power are obtained through meteorological data. Then, an hourly chronological operation simulation model is established, aiming at the lowest total operating cost of the system and the highest clean energy accommodation rate.The simulation model is analysed with time domain partitioning and a rollback mechanism to accelerate the computation speed. One-year hourly simulation results are further checked and adjusted to avoid potential transient stability risks.Finally, taking the Northwest region of Guangdong Power Grid as an example, by comparing the wind power accommodation capacity and operating economic data under different wind-thermal ratios, the optimal setting of the wind-thermal-bundled capacity ratio is recommended considering the effects of environmental protection, safety and economy. The results of the simulation can provide guidance for the planning and construction of offshore wind power and power system dispatch.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52022035) and the Key Planning Thematic Project of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation (No. 030000QQ00190006).Key words: wind-thermal-bundled; chronological operation simulation; capability ratio setting; offshore wind; transient stability0 引言为了应对环境污染问题，构建清洁、可持续的能源格局，以风电为代表的可再生能源在我国得到基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目资助(52022035)；广东电网有限责任公司重点规划专题项目资助(030000QQ00190006) 了大力发展[1-5]。

高二英语科技词汇单选题40题(带答案)1.The new smartphone has a large _____.A.screenB.keyboardC.mouseD.printer答案：A。

“screen”是屏幕，新智能手机有一个大屏幕，符合常理。

“keyboard”是键盘，“mouse”是鼠标，“printer”是打印机，都与智能手机不匹配。

2.We can use a _____ to take pictures.puterB.cameraC.televisionD.radio答案：B。

“camera”是相机，可以用来拍照。

“computer”是电脑，“television”是电视，“radio”是收音机，都不能用来拍照。

3.The _____ can play music and videos.ptopB.speakerC.projectorD.scanner答案：A。

“laptop”是笔记本电脑，可以播放音乐和视频。

“speaker”是扬声器，“projector”是投影仪，“scanner”是扫描仪，都不能播放音乐和视频。

4.My father bought a new _____.A.tabletB.bookC.penD.pencil答案：A。

“tablet”是平板电脑。

“book”是书，“pen”是钢笔，“pencil”是铅笔，只有平板电脑是科技设备。

5.The _____ is very useful for online meetings.A.headphoneB.microphoneC.speakerD.camera答案：D。

“camera”摄像头在在线会议中很有用。

“headphone”是耳机，“microphone”是麦克风，“speaker”是扬声器，都不如摄像头在在线会议中的作用直接。

6.We can store a lot of data in a _____.A.flash driveB.penC.pencilD.book答案：A。

Ž.Surface and Coatings Technology133᎐13420001᎐7Current status of environmental barrier coatings for Si-BasedceramicsK.N.Lee UChemical Engineering Department,Cle¨eland State Uni¨ersity,Cle¨eland,OH,USAAbstractSilicon-based ceramics are the leading candidates for high temperature structural components in next generation gas turbine engines.One key drawback of silicon-based ceramics for such an application is volatilization of the protective silica scale in water vapor and the resulting rapid ceramic recession.Therefore,the realization of Si-based ceramics components in advanced gas turbine engines depends on the development of protection schemes from water vapor attack.Currently,plasma-sprayed externalŽ.environmental barrier coatings EBCs are the most promising approach.In the late1980s and early1990s a wide range of refractory oxide materials were tested as coatings on Si-based ceramics to provide protection from hot corrosion.After the discovery of silica volatilization in water vapor in the early1990s,the focus of EBC development research has been shifted towards the protection from water vapor attack.Experience learned form the earlier coating developmental effort provided the foundation upon which more complex and advanced EBC coatings have been developed.This paper will discuss the brief history and the current status of EBC development for Si-based ceramics with the main focus on water vapor protection.ᮊ2000Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Environmental barrier coatings;Si-based ceramics;Mullite-based composite bond coat;BSAS1.IntroductionOne key barrier to the application of advanced sili-con-based ceramics and composites for hot section structural components in gas turbines is their lack of environmental durability.Silicon-based ceramics ex-hibit excellent oxidation resistance in clean,dry oxygen,w xby forming a slow-growing,dense silica scale1.How-ever,the normally protective silica scale can be severely degraded by reacting with impurities,such as alkali w x w xsalts2or water vapor3.Oxide coatings are a promis-ing approach to providing environmental protection for advanced heat engine components because oxides are in general more resistant than silicon-based ceramicsw xto corrosive environments4.U Resident Researcher of NASA Glenn Research Centre MS106-1, 21000Brook Park Road,NASA Glenn Research Center,Cleveland, OH44135,USA.Tel.:q1-216-433-5634;fax:q1-216-433-5544.Ž.E-mail address:kang.n.lee@ K.N.Lee.There are several key issues that must be consideredw xin selecting coating materials5,6.Fig.1schematically shows the key issues.Firstly,the coating must possess the ability to resist reaction with aggressive environ-ments,as well as low oxygen permeability to limit the transport of oxygen.Secondly,the coating must possessŽ.a coefficient of thermal expansion CTE close to that of the substrate material to prevent delamination or cracking due to CTE mis-match stress.Thirdly,the coating must maintain a stable phase under thermal exposure.Phase transformation typically accompanies a volumetric change,disrupting the integrity of the coating.Fourthly,the coating must be chemically com-patible with the substrate to avoid detrimental chemi-cal interaction.Early coatings work focused on protecting silicon-based ceramics from molten salt corrosion.Mullite has attracted interest as a coating for Si-based ceramics mainly because of its close CTE match with SiC.Fig.2 shows the evolution of mullite and mullite r refractory0257-8972r00r$-see front matterᮊ2000Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Ž.PII:S0257-89720000889-6()K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology 133᎐13420001᎐72Fig.1.Key issues in selecting coating materials.oxide coating systems.Solar Turbines initiated the de-velopment of plasma-sprayed refractory oxide coatings to protect SiC heat exchanger tubes from hot corrosion w x 7.Single layer mullite coatings showed the best dura-bility in thermal cycling and in hot corrosion tests.However,plasma-sprayed mullite coatings tended to develop cracks during thermal exposure.Corrosive species penetrated the cracks and attacked the SiC Ž.substrates.Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNL developed an aqueous slurry process to apply refractory oxide coatings containing approximately 50᎐90wt.%w x alumina 8.Coatings containing mullite as the major phase performed the best,however,all coatings crackedand delaminated from the SiC during thermal expo-sure.The NASA Glenn group discovered that plasma-sprayed mullite contained a large amount of amor-phous mullite due to the rapid cooling rate during w x solidification 9.The crystallization of amorphous mul-lite,accompanying a volumetric contraction,was identi-fied as the primary source of cracking in plasma-sprayed Ž.mullite coatings Fig.3.Subsequently,a modified plasma spraying process was developed at NASA Glenn,which successfully eliminated most of the amorphous mullite from the coating.The second-generation plasma-sprayed mullite coating exhibited dramatically improved thermal shock resistance and durability,re-maining adherent out to 1200h at temperatures up to w x 1300ЊC in air 6,10and out to 150h at 1000ЊC in a high w x pressure hot corrosion burner rig 11.By the mid 1990s,the volatilization of silica in water vapor and the resulting rapid recession of silicon-based ceramics emerged as a showstopper for the application of silicon-based ceramics in combustion environments w x 3,shifting the focus of coatings research toprotectionFig.2.Evolution of mullite and mullite r refractory oxide coatingsystems.Žparison of first generation vs.second-generation plasma-sprayed mullite 48h,1000ЊC,2h cycle,air .()K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology133᎐13420001᎐73from water vapor.Mullite was found to lose silica through volatilization,leaving a porous alumina layer on the surface in simulated combustion environments Ž8-␮m-thick porous alumina after50h at1230ЊC,6.w xŽ.atm.,gas velocity s2000cm r s12Fig.4.Therefore, an environmental overlay coating was necessary when protection from water vapor was needed.NASA GlennŽselected yttria-stabilized zirconia YSZ;ZrO᎐8wt.%2.Y O as the baseline overlay coating because of its 23proven performance as a thermal barrier coating inw xcombustion environments11.Despite the large CTE of YSZ,the mullite r YSZ-coated SiC showed excellentw x adherence under thermal cycling in air6and sup-pressed silica volatilization in simulated combustionw xŽ.environments13Fig.5.The mullite r YSZ system, however,developed water vapor-enhanced oxidation after approximately100h at1300ЊC.The enhanced oxidation was initiated in areas where cracks in the mullite intersected the SiC interface,since water vapor transported through the cracks and attacked the sub-w xŽ.strate14Fig.6.There was evidence of silicaŽ. volatilization at the bottom of cracks Fig.6.Water vapor,the predominant oxidant in a H O r O environ-22ment,is known to enhance the oxidation of SiC.The silica scale formed in high water vapor is porous,al-lowing the oxidation to propagate readily along the interface.The porous scale was attributed to the gener-ation of gaseous silicon hydroxide species.2.Development of current state-of-the-art() environmental barrier coatings EBCsKey durability issues in the mullite-based coatingŽ.system in water vapor include:i through-thicknessŽ.cracking in the mullite;ii weak bonding of mulliteŽ.onto silicon-based ceramics;and iii interface contami-w xnation13.Through-thickness-cracks provided apathŽFig.4.Mullite in high-pressure burner rig50h,1230ЊC,6atm.,.equivalence ratio s1.9,¨s2000cm r s.gasfor water vapor to oxidize the substrate,leading to the eventual failure of the system.YSZ overlay coating failed to seal the cracks in mullite since YSZ also cracked due to the large CTE mis-match between the two layers.It is believed that the development of through-thickness-cracks in mullite is due to stresses in w xthe coating13.The presence of second phases,such as residual amorphous mullite and alumina,in the mullite coating and the resulting volumetric shrinkage and CTE mis-match are suggested to be the major sources for the stresses in the coating.Mullite does not form a strong chemical bond with SiC according to aw xdiffusion couple study in our lab15.Thus,the mul-lite r SiC bond of as-sprayed coatings is mainly due to mechanical interlocking.Interfacial contamination can degrade coating durability by altering the physicalandŽ.Fig.5.Mullite and mullite r YSZ-coated SiC in high-pressure burner rig1230ЊC,6atm.,equivalence ratio s1.9,¨s2000cm r s.gas()K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology 133᎐13420001᎐74Ž.Fig.6.Mullite and mullite r YSZ-coated SiC in cyclic water vapor furnace 200h,1300ЊC,2h cycle,90%H O r O ,1atm..22chemical properties of the silica scale,especially growth w x rate,viscosity and porosity 16.The crack resistance of mullite coating can be im-proved by modifying the physical properties of the coating or by sealing the cracks with a crack-resistant w x overlay coating 13.A new,mullite-based composite bond coat with substantially improved crack resistance Žand a crack-resistant,low silica activity top coat BSAS:.BaO-SrO-Al O -SiO were developed under the high 232Žspeed research-enabling propulsion materials HSR-.EPM program.Today these coatings are referred to as EBCs.Replacing the YSZ top coat in the mullite r YSZ system with BSAS delayed the onset of accelerated Žoxidation in water vapor by a factor of at least two Fig..7.Further improvement in durability was achieved by replacing the mullite bond coat with the mullite-BSAS Ž.composite bond coat Fig.8,while still further im-provement was achieved in the composite bond Ž.Ž.coat r BSAS duplex coating system EPM EBC Fig.9.The improved water vapor durability with the compos-ite bond coat and the BSAS top coat was attributed to the excellent crack resistance of these coatings.It has been shown that EBC durability can also be enhanced by improving the adherence through the modification of the mullite bond coat r SiC interface w x 17᎐19.It was discovered in the HSR-EPM program that silicon is an excellent bond layer to improve the adherence of mullite onto SiC.EPM EBC-coated MI covered with a Si surface layer did not show acceler-ated oxidation out to 500h at 1300ЊC in 90%H O r O ,22while a thick oxide scale developed on areas without a Ž.Si surface layer in the same exposure Fig.10.Fig.11Ž.Fig.7.Mullite r BSAS-coated SiC in cyclic water vapor furnace 200h,1300ЊC,2h cycle,90%H O r O ,1atm..22() K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology133᎐13420001᎐75Fig.8.Modified mullite r YSZ-coated SiC in cyclic water vapor fur-Ž.nace200h,1300ЊC,2h cycle,90%H O r O,1atm..22shows the plot of weight change vs.time for uncoated and EPM EBC-coated MI exposed to HPBR at1200ЊC.Uncoated MI showed weight loss due to silica volatilization,while EBC-coated MI showed fairly con-stant weight,demonstrating its effectiveness in prevent-ing the silica volatilization.Fig.12shows the cross-sec-tion of EPM EBC-coated MI after the HPBR expo-sure.Note the excellent durability regardless of the presence of Si surface layer in such a short exposure.3.SummaryA new EBC system,silicon r mullite-based compos-ite r BSAS,was developed under the HSR-EPM pro-gram.Mullite-based composite bond coat and BSAS top coat exhibited much improved crack resistance compared with mullite and YSZ,respectively,leading to dramatically enhanced durability in combustion en-vironments.A silicon bond layer further improved the EBC durability by providing stronger bonding oftheŽ.Fig.9.Modified mullite r BSAS-coated SiC in cyclic water vapor furnace200h,1300ЊC,2h cycle,90%H O r O,1atm..22Ž.Fig.10.Modified mullite r BSAS-coated MI in cyclic water vapor furnace500h,1300ЊC,2h cycle,90%H O r O,1atm..22()K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology 133᎐13420001᎐76Fig.11.Weight change of coated and uncoated MI in high-pressure Žburner rig 1200ЊC,6atm.,equivalence ratio s 0.78,¨s 2000gas .cm r s .coating.Durability out to 1000h in 2-h thermal cycling at 1300ЊC in 90%H O r O and out to 200h in a high 22pressure burner rig at 1200ЊC has been demonstrated.AcknowledgementsI am grateful to G.W.Leissler of Dynacs r NASA Glenn for the preparation of plasma spray coatings and R.C.Robinson of Dynacs r NASA Glenn for high pres-sure burner rig tests.I also would like to acknowledge HSR-EPM EBC Team Members:J.Smialek,K.Lee,E.Opila,N.Jacobson and N.Bansal of NASA Glenn Research Center,H.Wang,P.Meschter and C.Luthra of General Electric Corporate Research &Develop-ment Center,and H.Eaton and W.Allen of United Technology Research Center.Referencesw x 1N.S.Jacobson,Corrosion of silicon-based ceramics in combus-Ž.Ž.tion environments,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.76119933᎐28.w x 2N.S.Jacobson,J.L.Smialek,D.S.Fox,Molten salt corrosion ofŽ.SiC and Si3N4,in:N.S.Cheremisinoff Ed.,Handbook of Ceramics and Composites,1,Marcel Dekker,New York,1990,pp.99᎐135.w x 3 E.J.Opila,R.Hann,Paralinear oxidation of CVD SiC in waterŽ.Ž.vapor,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.8011997197᎐205.w x ckey,D.P.Stinton,G.A.Cerny,A.C.Schaffhauser,L.L.Fehrenbacher,Ceramic coatings for advanced heat engines ᎏŽ.Ž.a review and projection,Adv.Ceram.Mater.21198724᎐30.w x 5 D.W.Graham, D.P.Stinton,Chemical vapor deposition ofŽ.Ta O corrosion resistant coatings,in:J.Fairbanks Ed.,25Proceedings of the 1992Coatings for Advanced Heat Engines Workshop,US Department of Energy,Washington,DC,1992,pp.IV65᎐IV71.w x 6K.N.Lee,ler,Development and environmental dura-bility of mullite and mullite r YSZ dual layer coatings for SiC Ž.and Si N ceramics,Surf.Coat.Technol.86r 871996142᎐148.34w x 7J.R.Price,M.van Roode,C.Stala,Ceramic oxide-coatedsilicon carbide for high temperature corrosive environments,Ž.Key Eng.Maters.72᎐74199271᎐84.w x 8J.I.Federer,Alumina base coatings for protection of SiCŽ.ceramics,J.Mater.Eng.121990141᎐149.w x 9K.N.Lee,ler,N.S.Jacobson,New generation ofplasma-sprayed mullite coatings on silicon-carbide,J.Am.Ž.Ž.Ceram.Soc.7831995705᎐710.Ž.Fig.12.Modified mullite r BSAS-coated MI in high-pressure burner rig 1200ЊC,6atm.,equivalence ratio s 0.78,¨s 2000cm r s .gas()K.N.Lee r Surface and Coatings Technology133᎐13420001᎐77w x10K.N.Lee,ler,Oxidation behavior of mullite-coated sicand SiC r SiC composites under thermal cycling between roomŽ.temperature and1200᎐1400ЊC,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.793Ž.1996620᎐626.w x11K.N.Lee,N.S.Jacobson,ler,Refractory oxide coatingsŽ.Ž.on SiC ceramics,MRS Bull.1410199435᎐38.w x12K.N.Lee,ler,N.S.Jacobson,E.J.Opila,Environmen-tal durability of mullite r SiC and mullite r YSZ coating r SiCŽ.Systems,in:J.B.Watchman Ed.,Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings,The American Ceramic Society,Wester-ville,OH,1995,pp.1037᎐1044.w x13K.N.Lee,Key durability issues with mullite-based environmen-tal barrier coatings for Si-based ceramics,International Gas Turbine&Aeroengine Congress&Exhibition,June7᎐10,Ž.Indianapolis,IN,paper࠻T-443,199999᎐G.w x14K.N.Lee,ler,Durability of mullite r YSZ-coated SiCin90%H O r O,Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites, 22IV,The American Ceramic Society,Westerville,OH,1999,pp.17᎐25.w xŽ.15K.N.Lee,NASA Glenn Research Center1994unpublished. w x16K.N.Lee,Contamination effects on interfacial porosity during cyclic oxidation of mullite-coated silicon carbide,J.Am.Ceram.Ž.Ž.Soc.811219983329᎐3332.w x17K.N.Lee,ler,Modification of mullite-based coatings on Si-based ceramics for enhanced durability,Proceedings of the Annual HITEMP Review,Turbine Materials-CMCs,vol.III,NASA-Lewis Research Center,Cleveland,OH,paper45, 1997.w x18M.L.Auger,V.K.Sarin,The development of CVD mullite coatings for high temperature corrosive applications,Surf.Coat.Ž.Technol.94r95199746᎐52.w x19J.A.Haynes,K.M.Cooly,D.P.Stinton,R.A.Lowden,W.Y.Lee,Corrosion-resistant CVD mullite coatings for Si N,Cer-34Ž.amic Engineering and Science Proceedings,vol.204,The American Ceramic Society,Westerville,OH,1999,pp.355᎐362.。

2024年关于绿色低碳环保英语作文篇 1In 2024, the significance of green, low-carbon, and environmental protection simply cannot be overstated! How crucial it is for our planet and future generations! The world is changing rapidly, and we must act now to ensure a sustainable future.One effective measure is to encourage the increased use of public transportation and reduce the reliance on private cars. Just imagine the reduction in emissions and traffic congestion if more people chose buses and trains! Another vital aspect is the widespread promotion and application of clean energy sources like solar and wind power. Isn't it amazing how these renewable energies can transform our energy landscape?However, achieving these goals requires collective efforts. Governments should introduce stricter environmental regulations and provide incentives for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. We, as individuals, also have a responsibility to make small but significant changes in our daily lives. For instance, we can recycle, conserve energy at home, and support local green initiatives.Let's all come together and make 2024 a year of remarkable progress in green, low-carbon, and environmental protection. The time to act is now!篇 2In 2024, the concept of green, low-carbon and environmental protection has become more crucial than ever before! How significant is it for our future? Let's take a closer look.The implementation of green and low-carbon practices has led to remarkable improvements in urban air quality. No longer do people have to suffer from thechoking smog that once blanketed our cities. Isn't it a wonderful change? The better air has brought about an improvement in people's health. We can see more smiles on the faces of those who used to struggle with respiratory problems.Moreover, the restoration of ecosystems is another astonishing achievement. Endangered species that were on the brink of extinction are now being protected and their populations are gradually recovering. How amazing is that? The harmony between humans and nature is being restored, giving us hope for a sustainable future.In conclusion, green, low-carbon and environmental protection in 2024 is not just a trend, but a necessity for the survival and development of humanity. We must continue to strive in this direction. How could we not do our best to protect our planet and ensure a bright future for generations to come?篇 3In 2024, the pursuit of green, low-carbon, and environmental protection is not without its challenges and opportunities! The traditional energy industry, for instance, faces a huge predicament in its transformation. The reliance on fossil fuels for so long has made it extremely difficult to shift to cleaner and renewable energy sources. But isn't this also an opportunity for innovation and change? New technologies are emerging rapidly, providing countless possibilities for the development of the environmental protection industry. Smart grids and energy storage systems could revolutionize the way we consume and distribute energy. The question is, how can we ensure that these technologies are widely adopted and accessible? Also, the public's awareness and participation are crucial. How do we inspire everyone to actively contribute to this cause? It's clear that there's a long way to go, but with determination and collective effort, the prospects for a greener and more sustainable 2024 are within reach!篇 4In 2024, a remarkable transformation has taken place in the realm of environmental protection and low-carbon living. Just a few years ago, our rivers were heavily polluted, their waters murky and filled with toxins. But now, they have become crystal clear, with fish swimming freely and aquatic plants thriving! The cities that were once shrouded in a thick haze of smog now enjoy blue skies and fluffy white clouds. How astonishing this change is!In the past, excessive reliance on fossil fuels led to severe air pollution and a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions. However, in 2024, the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power has not only reduced our dependence on traditional energy but also mitigated the negative impact on the environment.The shift towards green and low-carbon practices has also brought about changes in people's lifestyles. Public transportation has become more popular, and the number of electric vehicles on the roads has soared. Isn't it wonderful to see such positive changes?The achievements in green and low-carbon development in 2024 are a testament to our collective efforts and determination to create a sustainable future. Let's keep up this momentum and strive for an even greener and more beautiful world!篇 5In 2024, the pursuit of green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly development has become a global imperative. The international stage witnesses both intense cooperation and fierce competition in this regard! Consider the complex negotiations over carbon emission standards among nations. Some countries strive for stricter regulations to lead the way in environmental protection, while others mayresist, concerned about economic impacts. This is a delicate balance and a source of ongoing debate.On the other hand, remarkable cooperative projects to combat global climate change are emerging. For instance, joint efforts in developing clean energy technologies and sharing best practices in sustainable forestry management. But questions persist: How can we ensure fair participation and distribution of benefits in these collaborations? How can we overcome the obstacles posed by national interests and political differences?The path to a greener future in 2024 is filled with challenges and opportunities. It demands that all nations come together, setting aside parochial concerns and working towards a common goal. Only through genuine unity and shared determination can we achieve a sustainable and eco-friendly world for future generations.。

S C I论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(一)很多文献已经讨论过了一、在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。

它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：A.??Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells?has been intensively investigated.?(Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740?)B.?This was demonstrated in a number of studies that?showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.C.?Several excellent reviews describing?these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topicsD.?Much work so far has focused on?wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E.?Recent developments of?Lewis acids and water-soluble organometalliccatalysts?have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）F.?An interesting approach?in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid?was described by?Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）G.?Considerable research efforts have been devoted to?the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989) H.?There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of?the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi?have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A. GIXRD patterns in?Figure 1A show?the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.?B.?As shown in Figure 7B,?the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.?C.?As can be seen from?parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950?24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.B. ?This?is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)C.?This indicates a good agreement between?the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.D. The results?are in good consistent with?the observed photocatalytic activity...E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies?where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?F.??It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surfaceflow?coincide?with?regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.(二)1. 值得注意的是...A.?It must also be mentioned that?the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.B.?Another interesting finding is that?zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102,3641?3666)C.?It should be pointed out that?the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.D.?Notably,?the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)E. Given the multitude of various transformations published,?it is noteworthy that?only very few distinct?activation?methods have been identified.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009,?38, 2178-2189)F.?It is important to highlight that?these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the?catalyst?acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev.,?2009,?38, 2178-2189)G.?It is worthwhile mentioning that?these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)2.?...仍然是个挑战A.?There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to?rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs.?（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）B.?However, systems that are?sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.C.??It?remains?challenging?to?develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem.Soc.,?2011,?133, ?7296–7299)D.?One of the?great?challenges?in the twenty-first century?is?unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials?2005, 4, 366 - 377?)众所周知A.?It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonlyknown?that?many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）B.?It is generally accepted (believed) that?for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)C.?As we all know,?soybean abounds with carbon,?nitrogen?and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar,?proteins?and?lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)D.?There is no denying that?their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013,?5, 3918-3930)(三)1. 正如下文将提到的...A.?As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）,?as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）B. This behavior is to be expected and?will?be?further?discussed?below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?1955,?77, 3701–3707)C.?There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction,?whichwe?will?discuss?below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）D.?Below,?we?will?see?what this implies.E.?Complete details of this case?will?be provided at a?later?time.E.?很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see?below). (Science, 1998, ?279, 208-211)2. 这与XX能够相互印证...A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eVB.This is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)C.?Identical conclusions were obtained?in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?（Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio,?coinciding withthat?obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)E.?This unusual luminescence behavior is?in accord with?a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgapsemiconductor when thinned to a monolayer.?(Nano Lett.,?2010,?10, 1271–1275)3.?我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A.?Our ?ndings suggest that?the use of solar energy for photocatalytic watersplitting?might provide a viable source for?‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalyticef?ciency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modi?cations of the surface sites.B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis,?we expect that?these novel carbon nanodots?have potential applications in?bioimaging andelectrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)C.?This system could potentially be applied as?the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013,?42, 29-43)D.?Since the use of?graphene?may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2?under UV and visible-light irradiation,?graphene–TiO2?composites?may potentially be usedto?enhance the bactericidal activity.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012,?41, 782-796)E.??It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent,?which suggests their promising applications in?chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012,?50,?2810–2815)(四)1. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above,?some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）C.?There are relatively few studies devoted to?determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts,?no systematic study concerning?the synthesis conditions?has been published yet.?(Applied Catalysis A: General2002, 226, ?1–13)E.?These possibilities remain to be?explored.F.??Further effort is required to?understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?2006,?128?, 7756–7757)2.?由于/因为...A.?Liquid ammonia?is particularly attractive as?an alternative to water?due to?its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.B.?The unique nature of?the cyanide ligand?results from?its ability to act both as a σdonor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.C.?Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocalmicroscopy?because?they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section?(Science ?2005,?307, 538-544).D.?As a result of?the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)E.?The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical?applications,?since?it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years?owing to?exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)G.??On the basis of?measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites, Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is hydrophobicin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)H.?Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst stability,?given that?metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for commercial catalysts.?3. ...很重要A.?The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete separation?of nucleation and growth,?is?critical(essential, important)?for?the successful synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials?3, 891 - 895 (2004))B.??In the current study,?Cys,?homocysteine?(Hcy) and?glutathione?(GSH) were chosen as model?thiol?compounds since they?play important (significant, vital, critical) roles?in many biological processes and monitoring of these?thiol?compounds?is of great importance for?diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 1147-1149)C.?This is because according to nucleation theory,?what really matters?in addition to the change in temperature ΔT?(or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2013-2026)(五)1. 相反/不同于A.?On the contrary,?mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have shown hysteresis loops of butterfly/phonon bottleneck type, with negligiblecoercivity, and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)B.?In contrast,?the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10?1?μB), therefore allowing a fast QTM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）C.?In contrast to?the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior exhibits strong divergence.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)D.?Contrary to?other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride ischemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)E.?Unlike?the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of?举例：A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting experiments?confirm that they are nanoprisms.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)B. Note that TEM?shows?that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to?identify?the important features in the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)D. We?observed?a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λmax?= 400 nm with a concomitant growth of three new bands of λmax?= 335 (weak), 470 (medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)E. In this article, we present data?demonstrating?that opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulationsand?describe?the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)F. This?suggests?that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ+), while the phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ?),?implying?a transfer of electron density from Co to P.?(Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)3. 如何指出当前研究的不足A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional groups, such as bridging OH groups, and the substructures contribute significantly to the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted to?the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)B.?Little is known,?however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature Materials 2013,12, 554–561)C.?So far, very little information is available, and only in?the absorber film, not in the whole operational devices. （Nano Lett.,?2014,?14?(2), pp 888–893）D.?In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out on?these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013,?49, 7893-7895)E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed perovskite material,?yet a few examples have been reported that?have used an evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling,?but very few of these activities have been undertaken for?anion exchange membrane fuel cells,? primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)G. However,?none of these studies?tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal surfaces. (PNAS, 2013,?111, 787–792)H. However,?uncertainty still remains as to?the mechanism by which Li salt addition results in an extension of the cathodic reduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,?7, 232-250)I.?There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to?identify the most stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2080-2088)J. However,?these measurements systematically underestimate?the amount of ordered material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)(六)1.?取决于a.?This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will?depend on?the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be formed during activation.?(Nat. Mater.?2017,16,225–229)b.?This quantitative partitioning?was determined by?growing crystals of the 1:1 host–guest complex between?ExBox4+?and corannulene. (Nat. Chem.?2014,?6177–178)c.?They suggested that the Au particle size may?be the decisive factor for?achieving highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res.,?2014,?47, 740–749)d.?Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has?become indispensable to?chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them.?(Nature2015,?517,449–454)e.?The polar effect?is a remarkable property that enables?considerably endergonic C–H abstractions?that would not be possible otherwise.?(Nature?2015, 525, 87–90)f.?Advances in heterogeneous catalysis?must rely on?the rational design of new catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol.?2017, 12, 100–101)g.?Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may?be also closely related to?the H?bonding with the N or O?atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.?2014, 53: 4149–4153)2.?有很大潜力a.?The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules?continues to be a great impetus to?research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic transformations. (Nat. Chem.?2015,?7, 477–482)b.?Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals?have great potential as?catalysts or adsorbents to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewablefeedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater.?2015, 14, 447–451)c.?For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy?has proved promising?and very useful.?(Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)d.?While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and?there is room for improvement?in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top Catal.?2014,?57: 967.?)e.?The future looks bright for?the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has become easier with the advent of techniques that readily discriminate single atoms from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature?2015, 525, 325–326)f.?The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of short length and large diameter?is supposed to be the key role in?immobilization of active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, and?it would have more hopeful prospects in?catalytic applications. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,?2015,?7, 17450–17459)g.?Visible-light photoredox catalysis?offers exciting opportunities to?achieve challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res.,?2016, 49, 1990–1996)3. 因此同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。