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The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的。 The man (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver. 我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。
His mother, who loved him very much, died in 2019. 他的母亲很爱他, 但在2019年去世了。
The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。
③“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。 当 先 行 词 为 point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等 表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的 某个方面时, 用where引导定语从句, where相当于 from which, under which等, 表示“在这种情况下”, “从……中”等。
(3) 先行词后面有插入语时, 用which不用that。 Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English. 这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书, 它能帮你 提高英语水平。 (4) 先行词本身就是that时, 用which不用that。 What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？
(2) 先 行 词 是 不 定 代 词 all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some等时, 用that不用which。 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
(4)先行词既有人又有物, 兼顾两者, 用that不用 which。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 (5)主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时, 用that 不用which。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
We’re just trying to reach a point where both sides
will sit down together and talk. 我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。
(三)关系代词与关系副词的选择依据
1. 考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的
语法成分, 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、
注意: ①专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义, 通常 只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。
Lu Xun, who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China.
鲁迅于1936年去世, 是中国一位著名的作家。 ②既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性 定语从句, 注意意义上的差别。 There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China. 在这个班里, 有20名来自中国东北的学生。 There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 这个班有20名学生, 他们来自中国的东北。
功 修饰先行词
能
既可修饰先行词也可修 饰整个句子
引 导 词
关系代词: who， whom，whose， which，that
关系副词：when
关系代词: who，whom， whose，which，as
关系副词：when，
，where，why
use (which) we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。
(3)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just等修饰时, 用that不用which。 All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 Give me any books that you would recommend. 给我你要推荐的书。
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语, 而且关系代词在 定语从句中也作表语时, 用that不用which。 Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是过去的样子了。
(一) 关系代词
that
(二)关系副词
关系副词
代替 功 能
在从句中 的成分
例句
when(＝ at/on/in/ during which)
时间 名 词
时间状语
She still remember
the day when (on
which) she won the prize.她仍然记得 她获奖的那一天。
(7)主句是there be句型时, 修饰主语的定语从句用 that不用which。 There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 在那个角落还有一个座位空着。 (8)有两个定语从句时, 一个从句的关系代词已用 which, 另一个要用that。 The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的 工厂。
1. 只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况。 1. (1)先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修
饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高 级时,用that不用which。 2. The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. This is the best film that I ever seen.
where(＝ in/at which)
地点 名 词
地点状语
This is the factory
where (at which)
his father once worked.这就是他 父亲曾经工作过的
why(＝for which)
reason
原因 状 语
He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.
意义
结构 要 求
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
描述主句所涉及的人 或物的具体情况, 是主句不可或缺的 一部分, 若省去, 主句意义不完整, 甚至没有意义
对主句所描述的人或
物提供一些附加情 况, 起补充说明作用, 若省去, 主句意义仍 完整
紧跟先行词, 主句和 从句间不用逗号分 开
主句和从句间用逗号 分开
他不知道他为什么 被解雇了。
注意: ①在口语和非正式场合, when, where和why
或相当于关系副词的“介词＋which”结构可用 that来代替并可省略。
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？
②why或that引导的定语从句, 先行词是reason, 且 reason又作主句主语时, 表语从句不能用because引导, 而要用that引导。其句型为：The reason why...is that... 或The reason that...is that...。 The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤 了。
(9)用作关系副词, 修饰表示时间的名词, 如day, time, moment等代替when时, 用that不用which。 It happened on the day that (when) he was born. 这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
2. 只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况。 (1)关系代词前有介词时, 用which不用that。 The chair on which she sat is made of wood. 她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 用which不用that。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球, 一项非常有趣的运动, 在全世界流行。
