K1.Continuum_Robots_-_A_State_of_the_Art

入舵市安恙阳光实验学校Unit 2 Robots (建议用时：35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·南昌二模)Robots are now being employed notjust for dangerous tasks, such as discovering mines orrescuing people in disasters. They are also findingapplications as household help and as nursing assistants. As increasing numbers of machines, equipped with the latest artificial intelligence, take on a growing variety of specialized and everyday tasks, the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent.A team led by Sari Nijssen of Radboud University and Markus Paulus, Professor of Developmental Psychology at Ludwig­Maximilians­Universität(LMU), have carried out a study to determine the degree to which people show concern for robots and behave towards them based on moral principles.According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following question：“Under what circumstances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human lives？” The participants were faced with a hypothetical(假设的) moral dilemma: Would they be prepared to put a single person at risk in order to save a group of injured persons? In the situations presented the intended victim was either a human, a humanoid robot that had been humanized to various degrees or a robot that was clearly recognizable as a machine.The study suggested that the more the robot was humanized, the less likely participants were to sacrifice it. Situations that included vivid stories in which the robot was described as a merciful being or as a creature with its own understandings, experiences and thoughts, were more likely to stop the study participants from sacrificing it in the interests of anonymous(无名的) humans.“This result indicates that our study group attached a certain moral status to the robot，” says Paulus. “One possible suggestion of this finding is that attempts to humanize robots should not go too far. Such efforts could come into conflict with their intended function—to be of help to us.”【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。

Unit 2 Robots1．automatic adj .自动的 2．artificial adj .人造的 3．shape n ．形状 4．function n ．功能 5．update v t .更新 6．be used for 被用来…… 7．come true 实现8．follow the fashion 追随时尚 9．be in the lead 领先10．information products 信息产品 11．in storage 储存12．scientific breakthrough 科学突破13．positive and negative aspects of robots 机器人的积极和消极方面 14．intelligent terminal 智能终端15．a robot design competition 机器人设计大赛1．As_is_known_to_all ， most mobile robots are still in_the_design stage. 众所周知，大多数移动机器人仍处在设计阶段。

2．With the development of science, more and more people are confused that whether_it_is_good_or_bad_to_make_robots.随着科学的发展，越来越多的人怀疑制造机器人究竟是好还是坏。

3．Are robots going to take_the_place_of human beings? 机器人将会代替人类吗？,DAN CI FEN LEI QIAO JI单词分类巧记) Ⅰ.考试单词 1．核心必记单词①desire n．渴望；欲望；渴求；v t.希望得到；想要→desirable adj.值得拥有的；可取的②alarm n．警报；惊恐；v t.使警觉；使惊恐；惊动→alarming adj.使人害怕的→alarmed adj.害怕的③favour n．喜爱；恩惠；v t.喜爱；偏袒→favourable adj.有利的；赞许的④accompany v t.陪伴；伴奏→company n．公司；陪伴⑤declare v t.宣布；声明；表明；宣称⑥junior adj.较年幼的；资历较浅的；地位较低的；n.年少者；晚辈；等级较低者⑦talent n．天才；特殊能力；才干→talented adj.有才能的⑧divorce n．离婚；断绝关系；v t.与……离婚；与……脱离⑨obey v t.& v i.服从；顺从→disobey v t.& v i.不服从；违抗2．阅读识记单词⑩fiction n．小说；虚构或想象出来的事⑪satisfaction n．满意；满足；令人满意的事物→satisfy v t.使满意；使满足→satisfied adj.感到满意的；感到满足的→satisfying/satisfactory adj.令人满意的；令人满足的⑫sympathy n．同情(心)→sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的⑬scan v t.细看；仔细检查；粗略地看；浏览；扫描⑭clerk n．售货员；职员；旅馆接待员⑮awful adj.极坏的；极讨厌的；可怕的；(口语)糟透的⑯affair n．事务；事情；暧昧关系⑰envy v t.忌妒；羡慕→envious adj.羡慕的；嫉妒的⑱digital adj.数字的；数码的；手指的；脚趾的⑲grand adj.大的；豪华的；雄伟的⑳affection n．喜爱；爱；感情○21holy adj.神的；上帝的；圣洁的○22staff n．全体员工；手杖○23thinking n．思想；思考→thought n．想法○24assessment n．评价；评定→assess v t.评价；评定Ⅱ.举一反三1．表示人“品质”的形容词①elegant高雅的②mature成熟的③sensible明智的④shallow肤浅的⑤modest谦虚的⑥noble高贵的⑦generous慷慨大方的⑧determined坚毅的2．以over-开头的单词速记①overlook v．俯瞰；忽略②oversleep v．睡过头③overflow v．从……溢出④overthrow v．推翻⑤overseas ad v.在海外；在国外⑥overestimate v．高估⑦overweight adj.超重的⑧overdue adj.过期未付⑨overhear v．无意中听到3．“婚姻”家庭①date v．约会②engagement n．订婚③marry v．结婚；娶；嫁④get married结婚⑤marriage n．结婚，婚姻⑥bride n．新娘⑦bridegroom n．新郎⑧wedding n．婚礼⑨married adj.已婚的⑩anniversary n．周年纪念(日)⑪divorce v．离婚；使离婚⑫single adj.单身的⑬widow n．寡妇Ⅲ.单词词汇综合运用1．(2016·北京卷)“I can't imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，” Natalie declared(declare)．2．(2016·浙江卷)It can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction(satisfy)．3．(2016·北京卷)Billy had diphtheria, a deadly infectious(传染的) disease mainly affecting(affect) children.4．The talented singer was popular with his fans because of his talent.(talent)5．(湖南卷)Children, when accompanied(accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter thestadium.6．What's Mike's assessment(assess) of the present situation?7．However, when Claire first saw the robot, she felt alarmed(alarm)．8．I know your favourite is buying a car. Since your economic situations are favourable to you, you can buy one. If necessary, I can do you a favour.(favour),DUAN YU YU JING CHUAN JI短语语境串记)Ⅰ.短语巧记1．test_out考验出；检验完2．ring_up给……打电话3．turn_around转身；翻转4．leave...alone不管；别惹；让……一个人待着；和……单独在一起5．set_aside将……放在一边；为……节省或保留(钱或时间)6．in_all一共；总计7．be_bound_to一定做……8．reach_for伸手去够9．in_favour_of支持；赞成10．or_rather更确切地说Ⅱ.联想归纳1．打电话相关短语①ring sb. up给某人打电话②call sb. up给某人打电话③give sb. a phone/call/ring给某人打电话④call/ring back回电话；给某人打个电话⑤hold on别挂断⑥ring off/hang up挂断⑦get through接通电话2．rather相关短语①or rather更确切地说②would rather宁愿③rather than而不是④other than除了Ⅲ.短语综合运用Everybody desires to have a robot in the digital times. When you are alarmed it ①is_bound_toaccompany you until you want to ②be_left_alone. While you are at work, it obeys your order and ③sets_down the numbers that ④ring_you_up. I'm strongly ⑤in_favour_of the studying of robots.,JU SHI YUN YONG SU JI 句式运用速记)词 汇 短 语 通 关1．desire n ．渴望；渴求 vt.希望得到；想要 C 单词词汇延伸desirable adj .理想的；值得拥有的；可取的 Y 用法总结(1)have a strong desire ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth.迫切想要做某事for sth.急于想得到某物(2)desire to do sth.渴望做某事 desire sb.to do sth.想要某人做某事 desire that...(should)do sth.渴望……W温馨提示desire不用于进行时态。

中国南玻集团股份有限公司CSG HOLDING CO., LTD.高级技术类职称英语考试试题集集团职称评审委员会编辑2008年11月关于南玻职称英语考试的几个事项一.培训考试目的1、南玻未来的发展战略是国际化、全球化，实现这一战略的前提就是管理及专业技术人员应具备相应的外语能力，因此，外语尤其是英语语言能力的提升与要求今后要逐步加强，我们的人才招聘、提拔及相关外语培训方面须未雨绸缪。

2、南玻职称职称英语考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力，通过考试促进员工的外语学习。

二.关于考试学习、考试大纲与资料1、学习的内容以集团提供资料为主，应试人员可自行查找相关的参考资料。

考试复习以自学为主，条件许可的公司，可举办短期英语培训班，可针对考试资料的辅导，也可是规范的英语培训。

2、申报高级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报中级的人员在2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容。

为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求：（一）词汇量考试所涉及的词汇和短语要求：1）申报高级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；2）申报中级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。

（二）语法知识考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：1）英语句子的基本语序及其意义；2）英语句子的结构和常用句型；3）各种时、体的形式及其意义；4）各种从句的构成及其意义；5）句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。

（三）阅读理解能力应试者应能专业运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。

阅读能力主要包括以下几个方面：1）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2）了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；3）利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；4）既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系；5）根据所读材料进行判断和推论；6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

人工智能正逐步渗透到各个领域英语作文With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually permeating into various fields, reshaping the way we live, work, and communicate. From autonomous driving vehicles to personalized healthcare, AI is revolutionizing industries and bringing about significant changes in our daily lives.One area where AI is making a significant impact is healthcare. With the help of AI algorithms, medical professionals can now diagnose diseases more accurately and quickly than ever before. AI-powered medical imaging tools, such as MRI and CT scans, can detect early signs of diseases, improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. Additionally, AI chatbots and virtual assistants are being used to provide personalized healthcare advice and support to patients, ensuring they receive the right care at the right time.In the field of education, AI is also playing a crucial role in transforming the way students learn and teachers teach. Intelligent tutoring systems use AI algorithms to personalize learning materials and provide instant feedback to students, helping them improve their academic performance. Moreover, AI-powered grading systems can grade assignments and examsmore efficiently, saving teachers time and allowing them to focus on providing quality education to their students.Another area where AI is making a significant impact is the transportation industry. Autonomous vehicles are being developed by companies such as Tesla and Google, promising to revolutionize the way we travel. These self-driving cars are equipped with AI algorithms that can navigate roads, avoid obstacles, and make split-second decisions to ensure passenger safety. Additionally, AI-powered traffic management systems are being used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion in cities, improving the overall transportation experience for commuters.In the field of finance, AI is being used to detect fraudulent activities and manage risk more effectively. Banks and financial institutions are leveraging AI algorithms to analyze vast amounts of financial data in real-time, identifying suspicious transactions and preventing potential fraud. AI-powered robo-advisors are also being used to provide personalized financial advice to investors, helping them make smarter investment decisions and achieve their financial goals.Furthermore, AI is also making a significant impact in the field of agriculture, where it is being used to optimize crop yields,reduce water usage, and minimize the use of pesticides.AI-powered drones and sensors can monitor crop health, soil conditions, and weather patterns, providing farmers with valuable insights to make informed decisions about their farming practices. This helps farmers improve their productivity and sustainability, ensuring a stable food supply for the growing global population.In conclusion, artificial intelligence is gradually permeating into various fields, transforming industries, and improving our quality of life. As AI technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative applications in areas such as manufacturing, retail, and entertainment. While there are concerns about the ethical and social implications of AI, it is clear that AI has the potential to bring about positive changes and create new opportunities for growth and progress. It is essential for policymakers, industry leaders, and society as a whole to work together to harness the power of AI responsibly and ethically, ensuring that AI benefits all of humanity.。

机器人二级考试真题电子版
一、在机器人运动学中，以下哪个参数描述了机器人末端执行器在空间中的位置和方向？
A. 位置矢量
B. 旋转矩阵
C. 位姿矩阵
D. 速度矢量
（答案）C
二、在机器视觉中，用于从图像中提取特征并降低数据维度的常用方法是？
A. 边缘检测
B. 图像分割
C. 主成分分析（PCA）
D. 霍夫变换
（答案）C
三、在机器人路径规划中，下列哪种算法属于全局路径规划算法？
A. 蚁群算法
B. 动态窗口法
C. 模糊逻辑控制
D. 人工势场法
（答案）A
四、关于机器人传感器，下列说法错误的是？
A. 激光雷达主要用于距离测量和环境建模
B. 陀螺仪用于测量机器人的角速度
C. 加速度计可以测量机器人的绝对位置
D. 红外传感器常用于避障和物体检测
（答案）C
五、在机器人控制系统中，PID控制器的“I”代表什么？
A. 比例
B. 积分
C. 微分
D. 增益
（答案）B
六、下列哪种通信协议常用于机器人与计算机之间的数据传输？
A. HTTP
B. TCP/IP
C. FTP
D. SMTP
（答案）B
七、在机器人SLAM（即时定位与地图构建）技术中，下列哪个步骤是关于机器人位姿估计的？
A. 特征提取
B. 数据关联
C. 状态更新
D. 回环检测
（答案）C
八、关于机器人动力学，下列哪个方程描述了机器人关节力与运动之间的关系？
A. 牛顿第二定律
B. 欧拉-拉格朗日方程
C. 伯努利方程
D. 傅里叶变换
（答案）B。

Unit 2 RobotsⅠ.阅读理解A(2020·河北省高三年级名校联考) In elementary school，Glenn Cameron was very aware of the challenges faced by his friend，Roger，who had lost a hand.Now he has built an artificial helper for him.The robotic hand is called “Dexi”．Each of its fingers can move independently.The strength and speed of the hand's“muscles” can be controlled.He's also created a digital version of this hand，which responds on a computer screen.Through a special headset，the system takes electrical signals from a human brain，sends them to a computer，and then the computer “ tells” the hand what to do.For example，to make the hand close，you “see” a fist in your head.In fact，Cameron's first robotic hand was 3D printed online.Realizing the hand was too limited，he decided to build his own.It was quite a challenge，but his new version was better.It was also cheap，compared to many other robotic hand projects.Cameron says designing and building the hand was hard，but he went on.Then came the one Roger is using.Cameron is working on a hand that can actually be used by a person who's lost a hand at present.He says the new hand will be simpler，because there won't be as much space.To make up for this，he's adding a mini camera and trying to make the hand smarter.Cameron encourages young people who think they might want to do something demanding and similar，“ You just begin working towards it.Take one little step at a time，purposeful and steadfast，sooner or later you're going to get to the place you long for.”语篇解读在小学的时候，Glenn Cameron看到朋友缺少一只手，内心很受触动，他现在已经制造出了可以由人脑控制的机械手来帮助朋友。

1. 人工智能的定义是什么？A. 模拟人类智能的机器B. 计算机科学的一个分支C. 机器学习的一种D. 以上都是2. 深度学习是基于什么理论的？A. 神经网络B. 决策树C. 贝叶斯网络D. 遗传算法3. 以下哪个不是深度学习框架？A. TensorFlowB. PyTorchC. Scikit-learnD. Keras4. 卷积神经网络（CNN）主要用于什么类型的数据？A. 文本数据B. 图像数据C. 声音数据D. 时间序列数据5. 循环神经网络（RNN）适用于哪类问题？A. 图像识别B. 语音识别C. 时间序列分析D. 文本分类6. 以下哪个激活函数在深度学习中最常用？A. SigmoidB. TanhC. ReLUD. Softmax7. 过拟合是指什么？A. 模型在训练数据上表现差B. 模型在测试数据上表现差C. 模型在训练数据上表现好，但在测试数据上表现差D. 模型在训练和测试数据上都表现好8. 正则化技术如L1和L2主要用于什么？A. 提高模型复杂度B. 防止过拟合C. 加速模型训练D. 增加数据量9. 以下哪个不是数据预处理步骤？A. 归一化B. 特征选择C. 模型训练D. 缺失值处理10. 迁移学习是什么？A. 在不同任务间迁移数据B. 在不同模型间迁移参数C. 在一个任务上学到的知识应用到另一个任务上D. 在不同数据集间迁移特征11. 强化学习的目标是什么？A. 最大化预测准确率B. 最小化损失函数C. 最大化累积奖励D. 最小化计算资源12. 以下哪个不是强化学习中的算法？A. Q-learningB. Policy GradientC. K-meansD. Deep Q Network13. 生成对抗网络（GAN）由哪两部分组成？A. 生成器和判别器B. 编码器和解码器C. 分类器和回归器D. 优化器和损失函数14. 以下哪个是监督学习？A. 聚类B. 回归C. 降维D. 关联规则学习15. 无监督学习的目标是什么？A. 预测标签B. 发现数据的内在结构C. 优化损失函数D. 最大化准确率16. 半监督学习使用哪类数据？A. 只有标记数据B. 只有未标记数据C. 标记和未标记数据混合D. 以上都不是17. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. AdamB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM18. 批量归一化（Batch Normalization）的主要作用是什么？A. 加速训练B. 防止过拟合C. 提高模型复杂度D. 减少数据量19. 以下哪个不是评估模型性能的指标？A. 准确率B. 召回率C. 均方误差D. 学习率20. 交叉验证的主要目的是什么？A. 提高模型复杂度B. 防止过拟合C. 评估模型性能D. 加速训练21. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Mean Squared ErrorB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM22. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. SigmoidB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM23. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. AdamB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM24. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. L1B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM25. 以下哪个是深度学习中的数据预处理步骤？A. 归一化B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM26. 以下哪个是深度学习中的模型评估指标？A. 准确率B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM27. 以下哪个是深度学习中的交叉验证方法？A. K-foldB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM28. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Cross-EntropyB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM29. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. TanhB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM30. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. SGDB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM31. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. L2B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVMA. 缺失值处理B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM33. 以下哪个是深度学习中的模型评估指标？A. F1-scoreB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM34. 以下哪个是深度学习中的交叉验证方法？A. Leave-One-OutB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM35. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Hinge LossB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM36. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. ReLUB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM37. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. RMSpropB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM38. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. DropoutB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM39. 以下哪个是深度学习中的数据预处理步骤？A. 特征选择B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVMA. AUCB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM41. 以下哪个是深度学习中的交叉验证方法？A. Stratified K-foldB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM42. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Log LossB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM43. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. SoftmaxB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM44. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. AdagradB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM45. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. Early StoppingB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM46. 以下哪个是深度学习中的数据预处理步骤？A. 数据增强B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM47. 以下哪个是深度学习中的模型评估指标？A. PrecisionB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVMA. Group K-foldB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM49. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Huber LossB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM50. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. Leaky ReLUB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM51. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. NadamB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM52. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. Weight DecayB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM53. 以下哪个是深度学习中的数据预处理步骤？A. 标准化B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM54. 以下哪个是深度学习中的模型评估指标？A. RecallB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM55. 以下哪个是深度学习中的交叉验证方法？A. Time Series SplitB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM56. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Kullback-Leibler DivergenceB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM57. 以下哪个是深度学习中的激活函数？A. ELUB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM58. 以下哪个是深度学习中的优化算法？A. AdaMaxB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM59. 以下哪个是深度学习中的正则化技术？A. Batch NormalizationB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM60. 以下哪个是深度学习中的数据预处理步骤？A. 特征提取B. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM61. 以下哪个是深度学习中的模型评估指标？A. ROC CurveB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM62. 以下哪个是深度学习中的交叉验证方法？A. Shuffle SplitB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM63. 以下哪个是深度学习中的损失函数？A. Poisson LossB. K-meansC. PCAD. SVM1. D2. A3. C4. B5. C6. C7. C8. B9. C10. C11. C12. C13. A14. B15. B16. C17. A18. A19. D20. C21. A22. A23. A24. A25. A26. A27. A28. A29. A30. A31. A32. A33. A34. A35. A36. A37. A38. A39. A40. A41. A42. A43. A44. A45. A46. A47. A48. A49. A51. A52. A53. A54. A55. A56. A57. A58. A59. A60. A61. A62. A63. A。

课时达标(三十二) Unit 2 Robots75Ⅰ 阅读理解ATraditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material. But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robot—one that draws inspiration from an octopus(章鱼)．Described in science journal Nature, the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search，rescue and exploration. “The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots，” the study's authors wrote.Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don't do so well on rough terrains(地形) or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren't especially safe around humans, because they're made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They've taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter.But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮) body, it's still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search­and­rescue operations and exploration，” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology's Center for Micro­BioRobotics, wrote in a comment. “Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and quality of life.”语篇导读科学家受到章鱼的启发，制造了软体机器人，本文介绍了这种机器人的研发过程、用处及局限等。