北京城市学院论文规范

论文格式要求与评定标准一、编写及打印要求1、学位论文必须打印，不接受手写稿。

2、学位论文必须用A4纸打印，左侧装订。

3、学位论文打印时，要求纸的四周留足空白边缘，以便装订和指导教师批注。

每一页的上方和左侧应分别留边25mm，下方和右侧分别留边20mm，论文全文采用两边对齐格式，每段开始左缩进3个字符。

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论文中的中文部分（如汉语摘要）采用小四号宋体字，1.5倍行距打印。

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学位论文一律单面印刷。

论文必须附中英文摘要。

论文不得少于6000词，以6000-8000单词为宜。

二、论文编写基本格式1、封面与首页：具体字体、字号要求见论文模板。

2、Acknowledgement（致谢）: Times New Roman三号粗体内容:Times New Roman 五号3、摘要：宋体小二号粗体摘要内容：宋体小四号Abstract: Times New Roman三号粗体Content of Abstract: Times New Roman五号4、关键词：宋体小四号粗体关键词内容：宋体小四号Key Words: Times New Roman 五号粗体Content of Key Words: Times New Roman 五号5、目录：Times New Roman三号粗体目录内容：Times New Roman 五号6、正文每部分标题：Times New Roman 三号粗体小标题：Times New Roman 小四号粗体正文部分：Times New Roman 五号7、参考文献：Times New Roman 三号粗体内容：英文部分Times New Roman 五号汉语部分宋体五号8、注释（本部分可选可不选）：注释可用脚注，也可用尾注。

用脚注时，字体为Times New Roman，小五号，标注时用上标的阿拉伯数字；用尾注时，字体为Times New Roman 五号字，标注时用带圈的阿拉伯数字即①②（上标）等符号。

北京城市学院2011届毕业设计（论文）试论组织行动在表演创作中的重要性学生姓名：学号：班级：专业：学部：指导教师：****年**月试论组织行动在表演创作中的重要性The importance of organizing action in actingcreation学生：班级：学号：学部：专业：指导教师：职称：工作单位：毕业设计（论文）完成时间：自年月至年月摘要表演是一门行为艺术，演员便是行为的执行者。

表演是对剧本的二次创作，实现从剧本中“死气沉沉”的人物向“生机勃勃”人物的转变，演员正是实现这个转变的执行者，通过具体的行动展现活灵活现的人物形象，组织行动赋予了人物形象的生命力，赋予了作品强烈的艺术感染力，可见组织行动在表演创作中的重要性。

组织行动是演员能力素质的体现，各种形式的行动贯穿于表演创作全过程，想要演好戏，做一名优秀演员，应该认识到组织行动在表演创作中的重要性。

组织行动是一项不容忽视、重点加强训练的内容，而这并不是在短时间就能实现的，需要在平时表演活动中仔细斟酌。

这一表演过程实际上是一个从意识形态转变为行动的过程。

目的是获得观众的共鸣和欣赏。

表演艺术实际上是基于形象塑造的艺术表现形式，需要角色的行动来完成它们。

该行为分为三个方面：身体行为，心理行为和语言行为。

因此，当向观众呈现完整和出色的表演作品时，它实际上是一种连接另一个动作并将各种动作连接起来的动作。

其目的是希望通过艺术表达，通过身体动作，心理行为和语言行为，为每个人完成作品中表达的愿望和人物。

在表演过程中，只有通过表演才能表现出来，只有资本让观众信服并产生共鸣，也是展现演员表演能力的最直接手段。

关键词：组织行动；表演创作；重要性；培养策略AbstractPerformance is a performance art, and the actor is the performer. Performing is the second creation of the script, realizing the transition from the “dead” character to the “vital” character in the script. The actor is the executor of this transformation. Through the concrete actions, the character is presented vividly and the action is given. The vitality of the character's image has given the work a strong artistic appeal, showing the importance of organizational action in performance creation. Organizational action is a manifestation of actor's ability. Various forms of action are carried through throughout the entire process of performing. If you want to play a good show and become an outstanding actor, you should recognize the importance of organizational action in performance creation. Organizational action is a content that cannot be ignored and focuses on strengthening training. This is not something that can be achieved in a short time. It needs to be carefully considered in the usual performances. This performance process is actually a process of changing from ideology to action. The purpose is to gain the audience's resonance and appreciation. Performing art is actually based on the artistic expression of image formation and requires the actions of the characters to complete them. The behavior is divided into three aspects: physical behavior, psychological behavior and language behavior. Therefore, when a complete and excellent performance work is presented to the audience, it is actually an action that connects another movement and connects various movements. Its purpose is to express the wishes and characters expressed in the works for each person through artistic expressions, through physical actions, psychological behaviors, and linguistic behaviors. In the performance process, it can only be expressed through performances. Only the capital convinces and resonates with the audience. It is also the most direct means to show the performers' performance ability.Keywords:organizational action; Performance creation; Importance; Training strategy目录引言 (1)一、组织行动概述 (1)（一）表演艺术中演员行动的概念 (1)（二）表演行动三要素 (1)（三）行动与表演创作之间的关系 (2)二、组织行动在表演创作中的重要性 (3)（一）行动是表演创作的基础 (3)（二）行动是演员对平时生活行动总结与认识在实际表演中的体现 (4)（三）行动是同规定情景紧密结合的体现 (5)（四）行动是人物形象塑造的前提 (5)（五）行动赋予了表演创作的真实性 (6)三、在表演创作中培养演员组织行动能力的策略 (6)（一）注重演员基本素质修养 (6)（二）熟读剧本，多加练习 (7)（三）多与编剧、导演等创作人员沟通 (8)（四）克服心理障碍，通过耐心与努力演活角色 (8)（五）多与其他演员沟通，相互学习 (8)结论 (9)参考文献 (10)致谢 (11)引言行动是表演的基础，演员根据剧本，在规定情境中通过肢体配合完成表演动作。

附件二十北京城市学院毕业设计（论文）与综合训练撰写规范一、毕业设计（论文）与综合训练内容组成及装订顺序毕业设计（论文）与综合训练应包括以下几个部分，并按照以下顺序装订。

l. 论文题目（封面、扉页）；2. 摘要（中、英文）；3. 关键词；4. 目录；5. 正文；6. 参考文献；7. 致谢；8. 附录（可选）。

二、毕业设计（论文）与综合训练各部分撰写要求毕业设计（论文）与综合训练一律用A4纸打印。

页面按上边距2.5cm、下边距2.5cm、左边距2.5cm、右边距2.5cm、左侧预留1cm装订线。

论文封面、扉页单面印刷，且不加页码。

从“中文摘要”开始各部分双面印刷，各部分之间不必留空白页。

（一）封面，格式见毕业设计（论文）与综合训练模板题目在封面中标明，题目应该简短、明确、有概括性；字数要适当，一般不宜超过20个汉字。

如有特殊要求，可加副标题。

字体采用二号宋体，居中书写，一行写不下时可分两行写，并采用1.25倍行距，断行应合理，应保持术语和词连续。

关于学生、指导教师的其它信息在封面和扉页中说明。

页边距：上—6. 0cm，下—5.5cm，左—4.0cm，右—4.0cm，装订线1cm。

（二）扉页，格式见毕业设计（论文）与综合训练模板页边距：上—5.5cm，下—5.0cm，左—3.6cm，右—3.6cm，装订线1cm。

（三）摘要和关键词：用中英文两种文字撰写摘要和关键词。

摘要是概括设计、论文或综合训练的要点、特点、观点及学生本人的主要设计或研究成果、结论等，摘要的中文版与英文版文字内容要对应；关键词是表述毕业设计（论文、综合训练）主题内容信息的单词或术语，关键词数量一般不超过5个。

每一个关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不用标点符号。

1. 中文摘要和关键词：单成一页，不打印页码、页眉和页脚中文摘要300汉字左右，“摘要”用四号宋体加粗居中。

摘要正文用小四号宋体。

“关键词”用四号宋体加粗居左；关键词用小四号宋体。

ChapterⅠ Introduction1.1 Brief Introduction of the Financial CrisisThe sub-loan crisis is also called as the subprime mortgage crisis and translated as the subprime lending crisis. It refers to a financial storm that occurred in the United States due to the bankruptcy of the sub-mortgage agencies, the forced closing of the investment funds, and the severe turbulence of the stock market. It led to the crisis in lack of liquidity at the world's major financial markets. The U.S. "Sub-Loan Crisis" began to emerge from the spring of 2006. From August of 2007, it started to sweep through the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major financial markets in the world.Sub-loan means "subprime mortgage loan". “Sub” means the poor side corresponding to “high” and “excellent”, while in the "sub-loan crisis" it refers to the low credit and low debt-repaying capacity.Subprime mortgage loan is a high-risk and high-yield industry, which refers to the loans offered by a number of lending institutions to the borrowers with poor credit and low income. Comparing to the traditional standard mortgage loans, the subprime mortgage loans demand low levels on the borrowers’ credit history and repaying ability, but its corresponding lending rate is much higher than the normal mortgage loans. Those who are refused on high-grade mortgage loans by the bank for their bad credit history or weak repaying ability may apply for the subprime mortgage loans to buy houses.When the house price is going up, the subprime mortgage loans business is booming. Even if the borrower’s cash flow can not repay the loan, they may obtain re-loans from the value-added real estate to fill the gap. However, when the house price maintains or goes down, there will be a funding gap and then the bad debts.The subprime mortgage loan is a kind of housing mortgages abroad, to supply loans to the people with less income or lower-level credit history. The reason for supplying loans to these people is that the lending institutions can receive a mortgage interesthigher than the good credit mortgage. When the house prices rise, the loans will have no problems as a result of adequate value in pledge; but when the house prices fall, value in pledge is no longer sufficient, while the mortgager has less income, thus the loan contract may be breached and the house may be returned to the bank. It will cause the increase in the bad debts of the mortgager, the collapsed cases of the mortgage providers and the risks in the financial markets.1.2 Importance of Real Estate Industry on Beijing's GDP(Proportion)The added value of real estate industry accounts for more than 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in our country. As a pillar industry, it has played an important role in the national economy.Yu Xiuqin, the spokeswoman of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics said on October 14, 2004, that Beijing’s GDP in the first quarter increased 13% over the same period of the previous year. The released Real Estate Investment Report by the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission on October 15 indicated that the investment growth rate in the first three quarters reduced to 20.3% from 40.6% in the first quarter, "ranking in a more reasonable range." But the Report also pointed out that the great dropping in the real estate investment "leading indicators (land development, etc.)” undoubtedly affected the potential growth of investment in real estate. The delayed impact from macro-control measures shall be paid attentions to." This Report obviously reminded that the development and investment in real estate may maintain the downward trend due to the impact of macro-control, and it may further have a certain impact on Beijing’s economic growth.What impact can macro-control br ing on Beijing’s GDP? Ding Xiangyang, Director of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, said when he reported to Beijing People's Congress Standing Committee on the implementation of nationaleconomic and social development plan during the first half year, that a series of land policies in Beijing such as the moratorium on agricultural land requisition, the ceasing of agreed land transfer, and the clean-up of investment projects in development zones, as well as the macro-control, had probably effected an investment of about RMB 120 billion yuan, with about 2-3 percentage points on affecting the annual economic growth in the next few years. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division finally showed that from the investment in recent years, the proportion of real estate investment had always been maintained at above 55%, which did not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors. In order to maintain the consecutive and stable economic growth of the city and optimize the industrial structure, it is necessary to intensify the investment structure adjustment and increase the proportion of industrial investment, especially under the circumstances that the potentials in the real estate industry are affected."We can see such a logic relationship: the real estate investment maintains a high proportion in recent years, while the macro-control reduces the real estate investment growth rate, which will annually decrease several p ercentage points of Beijing’s GDP in the next few years. Real estate has an extraordinary impact on Beijing's economy. The proportion of real estate investment is too large? According to the planning of National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing City has cleaned up the fixed assets projects in the city. From the information of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, there are more than 6000 projects being cleaned up, in which more than 600 projects involved in violations. Among them, there are 53 projects being stopped the construction or cancelled and 554 projects being suspended the construction for rectification, with a total investment amount of RMB 164 billion yuan, accounting for 1/5 of the total number in our country. From the project clean-up situation, there is still more than 50% of investment concentrated in the real estate field among all the city's investment projects being constructed or planned for construction. Figures show that the real estate investment in Beijingaccounts for 56.5% of the total investment in the entire society, far exceeding the national average level of 18%. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission suggests that the proportion of real estate investment is too large, "and this does not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors."However, Ren Zhiqiang, President of Huayuan Group who researches much on the economic indexes said, "Beijing originally has a lot of lands for use, but the Capital has not implemented constructions for a long time, and now the construction develops after conquering great difficulties, a higher proportion of real estate investment is normal." Professor Y e Jianping, Head of the Land Management Division of Renmin University of China, considered that demands for housing and the supply in Beijing in recent years had promoted the proportion growth of investment, although this proportion of 56.5% was much higher than the international average level. However, it is very difficult to evaluate whether it is right or not at special stages in a specific period." Nevertheless, there must be problems if such proportion maintains in a long period." Someone in the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission said that a higher proportion in real estate investment has certain rationality at the present stage on accelerating urban transformation, urbanization and economic growth. And now all aspects of the real estate industry are still within the safety line in general. A large number of bubble phenomenon such as housing vacancy or price skyrocketing have not occurred. But he also pointed out at the same time that it was very easy to emerge bubbles as the real estate industry was greatly affected by the policy. Therefore Beijing, as a large-sized city, if the proportion of real estate investment is too large, the city’s whole economy will accordingly become more vulnerable.Who is the largest contributor to GDP? The official data from Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission show that the direct pulling role of real estate on Beijing’s GDP is between 5% and 10%. Experts believe that the direct contributionof the real estate industry to GDP completely results from the demand growth in the real estate market. It is reported that the volume of demolition in Beijing reduces at the annual rate of 20% for 5 consecutive years. There were about 100,000 removing households in Beijing 5 years ago, but in 2004 there were only 20,000. In the past a considerable portion of the demand in Beijing real estate market consists of urban renewal, infrastructure construction as well as a large number of demolitions invested by the government. Now although the government demolitions decline a lot, the consumption amount has not reduced, thus the real estate market remains a strong demand. "With this demand, the relatively high proportion of real estate in GDP is quite normal, because Beijing's real estate is not for Beijing City only, but for the whole country and even the world."In addition to the pulling role of the strong demands in real estate market on Beijing’s GDP, it is well known that the real estate industry drives its upstream and downstream industries. Someone in Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission disclosed: "According to the sales estimation, the proportion of real estate and the relevant industries such as its driven raw materials and service industry is about 1:1.2." "Real estate investment can drive a dozen of or a hundred of related industries." Ren Zhiqiang had his personal experience. He considered that from an investment view, the real estate industry could stimulate many affiliated industries, thus it had a great impact on the whole GDP. But he also said that the current method of calculating GDP was on the basis of the net investment amount, excluding the consumption, whereas the related consumption of real estate such as second-hand housing transaction was a very important part of the real estate industry. Therefore he thought that the statistical methods on GDP was not entirely correct, which could not calculate accurately the specific contribution value of the real estate industry. What he implicated was that: the present statistics were incomplete, and the polling function of the real estate industry on GDP had been underestimated.Macro-control on the balance beam: more than one expert warned that the long-term development of a city could not rely on continuous investment though real estateplayed an important role in driving the fixed assets investment and GDP. It should develop more industries. Only the driving industries can bring sustainable development, no matter what it is the first, second or third industry. Someone in the Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission introduced that for the adjustment of investment structure, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission at present had established a long-term guideline aiming at reducing the proportion of real estate in the fixed assets investment in Beijing: to change the structure with so large real estate investment at present by increasing the investment on other industries and fields, rather than limiting the current real estate projects, in order to increase the growth points of the city and avoid large effects on the whole economy resulted from the changing real estate industry. At the same time, we shall strengthen market monitoring and analysis, guide the restructuring of real estate products, focus on developing the mid-priced residential houses, and expand the size of second-hand housing market etc. "But the government has the responsibility to control the real estate for avoiding major fluctuations." The staff in the Investment Division of the Development and Reform Commission said that people in the real estate industry were more psychologically vulnerable to the effects of the outside world. Therefore the misconduct may result in insufficient investment in real estate, declining engineering volume, effecting the development of the relevant service and raw material industries, and finally directly or indirectly affecting the entire GDP growth." So the real estate investment, no matter it is up or down, should be a smooth process. It shall follow the principle of ensuring a smooth and stable development in real estate, to prevent the sharp ups and downs." The information on our country’s real estate and construction of 2007 shows that there are 63,000 real estate development enterprises in 2007, with a total employment of 1,720,000 people; the completed investment on real estate development is RMB 2.5289 trillion yuan, with an increase rate of 30. 2%.Statistics show that the asset-liability ratio of China's real estate development enterprise in 2007 was 74.4%; the real estate development enterprises realized a totalprofit of RMB 290 billion yuan, with an increase rate of 48.4%.The released information also shows that China's real estate industry in 2007 still has problems such as irrational housing supply structure, high housing prices and so on. Statistics show that in 2007 the affordable housing investment accounts for 4.6% in the commercial residential investment, reducing 0.5 percentage points; residential housing under 90 square meters only accounts for 23.3% in the commercial residential housing; the real estate sales areas reduced a lot at the end of the year.ChapterⅡ Financial CrisisThe real estate industry is the leading industry of China's national economy, which ranks a decisive position in the modern social and economic life. After more than ten years of development, China's real estate industry is in the transition period towards to a large-scaled, branding and standardized operation. The growth means of the real estate industry is changing the focus on from speed and scale to benefit and market segmentation, and the relied aspects from the government’s policy c ontrol to market regulation and corporate self-regulation. In the first half of 2006, the rigid housing demand in Beijing released a lot, and the supply in the commercial forward delivery housing market turned on a recovering trend. There were four features showed in Beijing’s real estate market in 2006: the investment growth in real estate recovered and the residential investment increased a lot; new construction area increased fast, but the completion area of residential buildings reduced; the sales in the housing market boomed, but the vacant space lessened; the residential price index continued to increase, but at a stable rate.Beijing’s investment in real estate increases rapidly. From January to June in 2006, the completed investment in real estate development in Beijing was RMB 64.01 billion yuan, increasing 20.8% over the same period in the previous year, with an increased rate of 12.7 percentage points. From January to June in 2006, the completedland development area of the real estate development enterprises in Beijing reached 1,964,000 square meters, increasing 130% over the same period in the previous year; the vacancy space decreased for the flourishing market demand and supply reduction. At the end of June in 2006, the vacancy space of commercial housing in Beijing covered an area of 9,652,000 square meters, with 4,090,000 square meters less than that at the beginning of the year, with a decreasing rate of 29.8%. From January to June in 2006, the fund in place of Beijing’s real estate developmen t enterprises was RMB 126.52 billion yuan, increasing 20.3% over the same period in the previous year, in which the financial loans was RMB 33.95 billion yuan, increasing 40.1% over the same period in the previous year. It accounted for 26.8% of the fund in place that year, raising 3.8 percentage points.Since 2006, the housing sales price index in Beijing City showed a slight upward trend. From January to June in 2006, the total price index of newly-built commercial houses accumulated at 107.7%, increasing 0.6 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1 percentage point than that at the same period of the previous year; of which the residential price index accumulated at 108.5%, increasing 0.5 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1.3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year; the second-hand residential price index accumulated at 109.5%, almost the same as that of the previous month, and increasing 3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year. The price increasing rate of ordinary residential housing exceeded that of the high-grade residential houses. From January to June in 2006, the average residential price index in Beijing’s newly-built residential houses accumulated at 110%, exceeding 4.2 percentage points than that of the high-grade residential houses.The competition in Beijing’s real estate industry has become increasingly fierce and white-hot. As for the developers, Sunco’s entry into Beijing, the establishment of Beijing Capital Development Holding Group, together with the macro-control policy of the past two years, the rising interest rates, 8.31 Land Revolution (The agreed land transfer was prohibited since August 31, 2004), the introductions of the State’s 8Articles and 6 Measures on controlling the real estate market, the entry of overseas real estate funds, all of these made the competition war even more interesting. Accompanied by the clank of horns, the developers are making every effort to win in the real estate market. The agency industry has also begun the price war. In the future the industries will be fully integrated, which is a general trend.ChapterⅢ Overall Conditions of Beijing Real Estate after theFinancial CrisisComparing with the previous two years, Beijing’s real estate market in 2008 had much more challenges. The Olympic opportunity existed with the financial crisis and the real estate market advanced slowly in the year. In the first half of the year, the theory of the turning point in real estate market was very popular, "the concept of the Olympic Games" deeply rooted in people’s hearts did not bring about the active transactions in the real estate market. "Wait-and-see" has become the pronoun of the real estate market. In the second half after the Olympic Games, the real estate transactions had not fully warmed up, and the global financial crisis came. Thus the second-hand housing prices began to fall, and the government decreased the deposit and lending rates to stimulate the market consumption. The redemption and reform policies in the second-hand housing transaction taxes and fees came out, but they had no obvious effects on the one-year sluggish real estate market. In a word, the Olympic Games opportunity and the financial crisis existed together in 2008, and Beijing’s second-hand housing market was on the fence.In 2009, the global economy may appear the first negative growth after the Second World War. In addition, the economic recession, low inflation, the release of potential risks in the economic and financial fields and so on, reveal that the world’s economic recession and risk are amplifying step by step. In order to stabilize the financialmarkets and stimulate the economic growth, each country has introduced measures. However, the economic recovering signs in major economic unions are still rare. From the latest data of 2009, the economic recession of major developed economies is deepening, and the financial crisis is sweeping rapidly from the developed countries to the developing countries with a growing impact on the global real economy. Confronted with the changing economic situation and the unprecedented challenges brought about by the international financial crisis, China has begun a new round of macro-controls with unprecedented efforts. The implementation of an active fiscal policy and an appropriately loose monetary policy conveys a clear signal: the macro-controlling measures on expanding domestic demand, maintaining the growth and adjusting the structure will help China's economy come out of the woods and enter into the new stage of development. On September 15, 2008 the central bank announced that the lending rate was firstly down after 6 years. In November of 2008, ten measures to expand domestic demand were made out. The Central Economic Work Conference reaffirmed the goal of guaranteeing the growth. The revitalization policies on ten industries policy were intensely approved. Facing the crisis, China is taking a decisive and strong action.ChapterⅣ The Real Estate Industry in Beijing the FinancialCrisis4.1 The Impact on House Prices and Sales V olume4.1.1 People’s Living StandardsBeijing residents have a proximate RMB20, 000 average total incomes for household, specially speaking, it is RMB19, 533.3, which goes up 14.1% than the previous year. The working salaries are the major one in household income, and it has a RMB13,666.3 working salaries per capita.4.1.2 Macro-ControlHere comes on the "inviting, auction, and nominating" policy from government, all the land should be through the inviting public bidding, auction and nominal quotation before joining the market in the "831 the end".1). 2004 in land policy, there are two forms of constructional land, one is allocation, and the other is making agreement to sell.From August 31st, 2004, all the operational land must be sold by public auction. In other words, before in August 31st, 2004, every provinces, regions and municipalities are banned to use the historical legacy issues to sell the usufruct of the national land in the agreement way, protocol selling the land is prevailing once, but it was prohibited by the government. The document also stipulates that after 31 August, 2004, developers are required to pay the land transfer payments in time, and if the lands are not developed within two years, the government will withdraw it. “8.31" is also treated by the public opinion in China as "the real estate sector of the agrarian revolution" and "Sunshine of Lands".2).Financial policy: the People's Bank put into practice the purposes of including raising deposit and loan rates, increasing the statutory reserve rate as well as other industry-specific credit policy and other means to tighten the flexibility of the market, and also reducing the monetary supply thereby curbing inflation so as to achieve the purpose of tightening monetary policy.3). Sales policy: the pre-sale system is practicableThe overall circumstances of macro-manipulation:<1>.The circumstance is squeezing at the two ends: the standards of land and thepurchase of houses are undergoing the compression, for example, less than 70 percent houses are constructed under 90 m2 according to the requirements.<2>. Middle-squeeze: For example, tightening monetary policy.4.1.3 Developers:The prices of commercial houses are formed by land, construction and raw materials. After 2007, it costs RMB10, 000 to buy 1m2 of lands, which give rise to4.2 The Effect of Financial Crisis to Consumers, Policies and Developers:4.2.1 Consumers:The restriction of people who purchase the economically affordable houses. The listed trades, however, have a limit of the autonomy of more than five years, in the past, the original real estate is treated as an investment, but now it can be only used as personal residences.4.2.2 The Current Policy (After the Financial Crisis)1).Land policy: reducing the land supply, majority of them are policy-based houses (both affordable housing and limited room)2).Financial policy: which is used to control the loan. Facing the outbreak of the serious financial crisis, the financial sectors should try their best to reduce the risk and preserve their original property.3). Sales policies: which is aimed at the developers, they are not allowed to sale inadvance. After 2008, if meeting the demand of the national pre-sale conditions, which is, obtaining the evidence of the land, land permits, planning permits and construction permits are qualify to apply for the pre-sale permit.Secondly, restrictions on second-hand housing market are indispensible, such as, people should own the affordable housing more than five years before they can conduct transactions, which controls of the market, the phenomenon of real estate speculation and building speculation, and thus prices will decline.4.2.3 Aiming for Developers:After the outbreak of the financial crisis, great changes have taken place in consumers’ mind, they unconsciously develop a minds et of waiting to buy with cash in hand, developers are also holding a breath and waiting for the rise of the prices by rare sale, because if the original land cannot be sold, it will certainly have the impact on the return of funds, thereby they are unable to develop new properties, which results in a vicious circle. That is, the originally land bought from the market with a price will not be able to develop, which caused cash flow difficulties. Since October, with the financial crisis becomes increasingly intense, the consumers have more seriously wait-and-see attitude to the real estate market, meanwhile, the government, however, lowers the loan interest rate twice, moreover, it simultaneously issued a policy about the reform of taxation expenses of second-hand houses, which, to some extents, stimulates the recovery of property market.ChapterⅤ Conclusion5.1 Consequences and T endencyThere are three years that Beijing housing sale market has been undergoing declining. Nevertheless, thanks to the consecutive reduction of the interest for five times last second half year and a series of provoking house-purchase policies from government, the growth of the first-quarter appears this year.In 2008, the Wall Street crisis in the United States was not only quickly spread to the global financial markets, but also extended from the virtual economy to the real economy. What is worse, the unprecedented financial crisis was most likely to expand into the American dollar crisis and the economic recession, the worst pa rt is that the risks, which the global economy may get caught into a severe recession, are skyrocketing day by day. With the huge effect of the American Financial Crisis, on the one hand, the global financial markets were fiercely shaken, one the other hand, the primary stocks were overwhelmed in a vast scale, fear and a crisis of confidence over the whole market. Although the United States carried out a large-scale rescue package, it might still failed to prevent the slump the global stock markets. Under the U.S. financial crisis, the world's major financial institutions have experienced several consecutive quarters of declining profits and growing for asset write-downs and credit losses. More seriously, the current major economies decline in extremely high speed, signing the obvious economic recession over the world.Because of the effects of the global financial crisis, Chinese economy was decelerating the growth rate. Besides, there are still some factors, such as increasing cost and decreasing profit etc., have already have impact on the investment willingness and ability of some enterprises, thus restrict the rising consuming. As far as now, some essential Chinese industries are running down, just like steel, electric power, vehicle industries. In order to resist the adverse effect of international。

论文格式(国家标准)一、封面1. 论文题目：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的主题和内容。

2. 作者姓名：应包括所有作者的姓名。

3. 作者单位：应包括所有作者的单位。

4. 论文提交日期：应包括论文提交的日期。

6. 论文关键词：应包括35个关键词，能够概括论文的主题和内容。

二、摘要1. 论文的目的：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的目的。

2. 论文的方法：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的方法。

3. 论文的结果：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的结果。

4. 论文的结论：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的结论。

三、引言1. 论文的研究背景：应简要介绍论文的研究背景。

2. 论文的研究目的：应明确阐述论文的研究目的。

3. 论文的研究方法：应简要介绍论文的研究方法。

4. 论文的研究内容：应简要介绍论文的研究内容。

5. 论文的研究意义：应简要介绍论文的研究意义。

四、1. 论文的研究方法：应详细描述论文的研究方法。

2. 论文的研究内容：应详细描述论文的研究内容。

3. 论文的研究结果：应详细描述论文的研究结果。

4. 论文的研究讨论：应详细描述论文的研究讨论。

五、结论1. 论文的研究结果：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的研究结果。

2. 论文的研究结论：应简洁、明确，能够概括论文的研究结论。

3. 论文的研究展望：应简要介绍论文的研究展望。

论文格式(国家标准)七、致谢八、附录1. 数据表格：应包括论文中使用的所有数据表格。

2. 图片：应包括论文中使用的所有图片。

3. 公式：应包括论文中使用的所有公式。

4. 其他：应包括论文中使用的其他材料。

九、注释1. 解释性注释：应包括对论文中某些内容的解释性注释。

2. 引用性注释：应包括对论文中引用的文献的引用性注释。

3. 其他注释：应包括对论文中其他内容的注释。

十、排版要求1. 论文应使用标准的A4纸打印。

2. 论文应使用宋体或黑体字，字号为小四号。

3. 论文应使用1.5倍行距。

4. 论文应使用页眉和页脚，页眉应包括论文题目和页码，页脚应包括作者姓名和单位。

北京物资学院硕士学位论文撰写规范研究生学位论文是研究生科研工作的全面总结，是代表其研究水平的重要学术文献资料，是申请和授予相应学位的基本依据。

学位论文撰写是研究生培养过程的基本训练之一，必须按照确定的规范认真执行。

导师应加强指导，严格把关。

1 内容要求1.1 题目题目应恰当、准确地反映本课题的研究内容。

学位论文的中文题目应不超过25个字。

1.2 摘要与关键词1.2.1 摘要摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。

摘要应包括本论文的基本研究内容、研究方法、创造性成果及其理论与实际意义。

1.2.2 关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条,应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条。

关键词一般列3～5个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列。

1.3 论文正文论文正文包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分。

1.3.1 绪论绪论应包括：本研究课题的学术背景及其理论与实际意义；国内外文献综述；相关领域的研究进展及成果、存在的不足或有待深入研究的问题；本研究课题的来源及主要研究内容。

1.3.2 论文主体论文主体是学位论文的主要部分，应该结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。

论文应包括对研究问题的论述及系统分析，比较研究，模型或方案设计，案例论证或实证分析，模型运行的结果分析或建议、改进措施等。

1.3.3 结论学位论文的结论作为论文正文的最后一章单独排写，但不加章号。

结论是对整个论文主要成果的总结。

在结论中应明确指出本研究内容的创造性成果或创新点（含新见解、新观点），对其应用前景和社会、经济价值等加以预测和评价，并指出今后进一步在本研究方向进行研究工作的展望与设想。

结论内容一般在2000字以内。

1.4 参考文献学位论文的参考文献一般应不少于50篇，其中外文文献一般不少于10篇。

参考文献中近五年的文献数一般应不少于总数的1/3，并应有近两年的参考文献。

引用网上参考文献时，应注明该文献的准确网页地址，网上参考文献不包含在上述规定的文献数量内。

北京城市学院关于毕业设计（论文）工作的管理规定（2010年修订）为加强毕业设计（论文）工作的管理，保证毕业设计（论文）的质量，特编制本规定（以下简称（《规定》）。

一、毕业设计（论文）的目的与任务毕业设计（论文）是本科教学中最后一个重要的实践教学环节，其目的是让学生在教师的指导下，运用所学过的知识与技能，独立地分析问题、解决问题，并受到一次综合的训练。

毕业设计（论文）是本科生必修的一个教学环节，是其毕业与取得学士学位的必要条件。

每一个本科生都必须完成一项毕业设计或毕业论文。

通过毕业设计（论文），应达到如下目标：1．培养学生的学术道德、科学素养、创新精神、严谨的治学态度和认真求实的工作作风；2．培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能，独立地分析和解决问题的能力；3．培养并提高学生应用计算机的能力、利用网络资源的能力和翻译、查阅文献的能力；4．培养学生运算与设计、测试与实验、数据处理、综合调研、正确运用国家标准、技术经济分析、制图及图形表达、撰写报告或论文等基本技能；5．培养学生收集、加工信息和获取新知识的能力；6．培养学生自我认识、自我控制、自我激励、人际交往及与他人合作的能力。

二、毕业设计（论文）的选题毕业设计（论文）选题要紧密结合生产实际，难度、工作量适当，体现专业综合训练的要求。

原则上各专业有50%以上毕业设计（论文）在实验、实习、工程实践、社会调查、汇报演出、作品设计、案例分析等实践、实证研究中完成。

毕业设计（论文）选题原则上应由指导教师拟定，并经专业教研室讨论通过，提出本次毕业设计（论文）选题指导目录，经学部学位评定分委员会审查确定，最后由学部批准；也可以由学生自己申报选题，通过由专业教研室参加的班级选题申报讨论，经学部学位评定分委员会审查确定，最后由学部批准。

鼓励各学部与科研机构、企事业单位和社会有关单位联合进行选题，鼓励学生带着这类选题到科研机构、企事业单位和社会有关单位完成毕业设计（论文），鼓励学生结合就业单位的实际进行选题并在就业单位完成毕业设计（论文）。