A methodology to design and prototype optimized embedded robotic systems

第九章Section B Basic Principles of ID®Many current instructional models suggest that the most effective learning environments are those that are problem—based and involve the students in four distinct phases of learning ：(1)activation of prior experience；(2)demonstration of skills；(3)application of skills；(4)integration of these skills into real—world activities.Figure9.2.1 illustrates these five ideas.Much instruetional practice concentrates primarily on phase2and ignores the other phases in this cycle of learning.许多现行的教学模型建议最有效的学习环境是那些正在学习、参与学生学习的四个不同阶段:(1)激活的经验;(2)演示技巧;(3)应用的能力;(4)整合这些技能,成为真正的——世界活动。

图9。

2。

1说明了这些五的想法。

多instruetional实践集中主要在第二阶段,而忽略了其他方面在这个循环的学习。

At the too level.the instructional design prescriptions based on first principles are as follows ：：(1〉Learning is facilitated when learners are engaged in solving real-world problems.在太水平。

生产制造管理中常用英文单词缩写1. A/D/V Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/发展/验证AA Approve Architecture 审批体系ACD Actual Completion Date 实际完成日期ALBS Assembly Line Balance System 装配线平衡系统ANDON 暗灯（安腾灯）AP Advanced Purchasing 提前采购API Advanced Product Information 先进的产品信息APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期产品质量策划ATT Actual Tact Time 实际单件工时BIQ Building in Quality 制造质量BIW Body In White 白车身BOD Bill of Design 设计清单BOE Bill of Equipment 设备清单BOL Bill of Logistic 装载清单BOM Bill of Material 原料清单BOP Bill of Process 过程清单BPD Business Plant Deployment 业务计划实施CAD Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAE Computer-Aided Engineering 计算机辅助工程(软件)CARE Customer Acceptance & Review Evaluation 用户接受度和审查评估CAS Concept Alternative Selection 概念可改变的选择CIP Continue Improve Process 持续改进CIT Compartment Integration Team 隔间融合为组CKD Complete Knockdown 完全拆缷CMM Coordinate Measuring Machines 坐标测量仪CPV Cost per Vehicle 单车成本CR&W Controls/Robotics & Welding 控制/机器人技术和焊接CS Contract Signing 合同签订CTD Cumulative Trauma Disadjust 累积性外伤失调CTS Component Technical Specification 零件技术规格CVIS Completed Vehicle Inspection Standards 整车检验标准D/PFMEA Design/process failure mode & effects analysis 设计/过程失效模式分析DAP Design Analysis Process 设计分析过程DES Design Center 设计中心DFA Design for Assembly 装配设计DOE Design Of Experiments 试验设计DOL Die Operation Line-Up 冲模业务排行DPV Defect per Vehicle 单车缺陷数DQV Design Quality Verification 设计质量验证DRE Design Release Engineer 设计发布工程师DRL Direct Run Loss 直行损失率DRR Direct Run Run 直行率DSC Decision Support Center 决策支持中心ECD Estimated Completion Date 计划完成日期EGM Engineering Group Manager 工程组经理ELPO Electrode position Primer 电极底漆ENG Engineering 工程技术、工程学EOA End of Acceleration 停止加速EPC&L Engineering Production Cntrol &Logistics 工程生产控制和后勤EQF Early Quality Feedback 早期质量反馈EWO Engineering Work Order 工程工作指令FA Final Approval 最终认可FE Functional Evaluation 功能评估FEDR Functional Evaluation Disposition Report 功能评估部署报告FFF Free Form Fabrication 自由形态制造FIN Financial 金融的FL 听FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 失效形式及结果分析FPS Fixed Point Stop 定点停FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传送协议FTQ First Time Quality 一次送检合格率GA General Assembly 总装GA Shop General Assembly Shop 总装车间Paint Shop 涂装车间Body Shop 车身车间Press Shop 冲压车间GCA Global Customer Audit 全球顾客评审GD&T Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 几何尺寸及精度GDS Global Delivery Survey 全球发运检查GM General Motors 通用汽车GMAP GM Asia Pacific 通用亚太GME General Motors Europe 通用汽车欧洲GMIO General Motors International Operations 通用汽车国际运作GMIQ General Motors Initial Quality 通用汽车初始质量GMPTG General Motors Powertrain Group 通用汽车动力组GMS Global Manufacturing System 通用全球制造系统GP General Procedure 通用程序GQTS Global Quality Tracking System 全球质量跟踪系统GSB Global Strategy Board 全球战略部HVAC Heating, Ventilation ,and Air Conditioning 加热、通风及空调I/P Instrument Panel 仪表板IC Initiate Charter 初始租约ICD Interface Control Document 界面控制文件IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程IEMA International Export Market Analysis 国际出口市场分析ILRS Indirect Labor Reporting System 间接劳动报告系统IO International Operations 国际业务IOM Inspection Operation Mathod 检验操作方法IOS Inspection Operation Summary 检验操作概要IPC International Product Center 国际产品中心IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车的故障率IQS Initial Quality Survey 初始质量调查IR Incident Report 事故报告ISP Integrated Scheduling Project 综合计划ITP Integrated Training Process 综合培训方法ITSD Interior Technical Specification Drawing 内部技术规范图IUVA International Uniform Vehicle Audit 国际统一车辆审核JES Job Element Sheet 工作要素单JIS Job Issue Sheet 工作要素单JIT Just in Time 准时制JPH Job per hour 每小时工作量KCC Key Control Characteristics 关键控制特性KCDS Key Characteristics Designation System 关键特性标识系统KPC Key product Characteristic 关键产品特性LT Look at 看MFD Metal Fabrication Division 金属预制件区MFG Manufacturing Operations 制造过程MIC Marketing Information Center 市场信息中心MIE Manufacturing Integration Engineer 制造综合工程师MKT Marketing 营销MLBS Material Labor Balance System 物化劳动平衡系统MMSTS Manufacturing Major Subsystem Technical Specifications 制造重要子系统技术说明书MNG Manufacturing Engineering 制造工程MPG Milford Proving Ground 试验场MPI Master Process Index 主程序索引MPL Master Parts List 主零件列表MPS Material Planning System 原料计划系统MRD Material Required Date 物料需求日期MSDS Material Safery Data Sheets 化学品安全数据单MSE Manufacturing System Engineer 制造系统工程MSS Market Segment Specification 市场分割规范MTBF Mean Time Between Failures 平均故障时间MTS Manufacturing Technical Specification 生产技术规范MVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 汽车发动机安全标准NAMA North American Market Analysis 北美市场分析NAO North American Operations 北美业务NAOC NAO Containerization NAO货柜运输NC Numerically Controlled 用数字控制NOA Notice of Authorization 授权书NSB NAO Strategy Board 北美业务部OED Organization and Employee Development 组织和员工发展OSH Occupational Safety & Health 职业安全健康OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Act 职业安全与健康法案OSHMS Occupational Safety & Health Management System 职业安全健康管理体系OSHS Occupational Safety & Health Standards 职业安全标准PA Production Achievement 生产结果PAA Product Action Authorization 产品临时授权PAC Performance Assessment Committee 绩效评估委员会PACE Program Assessment and Control Environment 项目评估和控制条件PAD Product Assembly Document 产品装配文件PARTS Part Readiness Tracking System 零件准备跟踪系统PC Problem Communication 问题信息PCL Production Control and Logistics 生产控制和支持PCM Process Control Manager 工艺控制负责人PCR Problem Communication Report 问题交流报告PDC Portfolio Development Center 证券发展中心PDM Product Data Management 产品资料管理PDS Product Description System 产品说明系统PDT Product Development Team 产品发展小组PED Production Engineering Department 产品工程部PEP Product Evaluation Program 产品评估程序PER Personnel 人员PET Program Execution Team 项目执行小组PGM Program Management 项目管理PI People Involement 人员参与PIMREP Project Incident Monitoring and Resolution Process 事故方案跟踪和解决过程PLP Production Launch Process 生产启动程序PMI Process Modeling Integration 加工建模一体化PMM Program Manufacturing Manager 项目制造经理PMR Product Manufacturability Requirements 产品制造能要求PMT Product Management Team 产品车管理小组POMS Production Order Management System 产品指令管理小组POP Point of Purchase 采购点PP Push - Pull 推拉PPAP Production Part Approval Process 生产零部件批准程序PPE 个人防护用品PPH Problems Per Hundred 百辆车缺陷数PPM Problems Per Million 百万辆车缺陷数PPS Practical Problem Solving 实际问题解决PR Performance Review 绩效评估PR/R Problem Reporting and Resolution 问题报告和解决PRTS Problem Resolution and Tracking System 问题解决跟踪系统PSC Portfolio Strategy Council 部长职务策略委员会PST Plant Support Team 工厂支持小组PTO Primary Tryout 第一次试验PTR Production Trial Run 生产试运行PUR Purchasing 采购PVD Production Vehicle Development 生产汽车发展PVM Programmable Vehicle Model 可设计的汽车模型QA Quality Audit 质量评审QAP Quality Assessment Process 质量评估过程QBC Quality Build Concern 质量体系构建关系QC Quality Characteristic 质量特性QCOS Quality Control Operation Sheets 质量风险控制QE Quality Engineer 质量工程师QET Quality Engineering Team 质量工程小组QFD Quality Function Deployment 质量功能配置QRD Quality, Reliability,andDurability 质量、可靠性和耐久力QS Quality System 质量体系QUA Quality 质量RC Review Charter 评估特许RCD Required Completion Date 必须完成日期RFQ Request For Quotation 报价请求RGM Reliability Growth Management 可靠性增长小组RONA Return on Net Assets 净资产评估RPO Regular Production Option 正式产品选项RQA Routing Quality Assessment 程序安排质量评定RT&TM Rigorous Tracking and Throughout Managment 严格跟踪和全程管理SDC Strategic Decision Center 战略决策中心SF Styling Freeze 造型冻结SIL Single Issue List 单一问题清单SIP Stansardized Inspection Process 标准化检验过程SIU Summing It All Up 电子求和结束SL System Layouts 系统规划SLT Short Leading Team 缩短制造周期SMARTSMBP Synchronous Math-Based Process 理论同步过程SME Subject Matter Expert 主题专家SMT Systems Management Team 系统管理小组SNR 坏路实验SOP Start of Production 生产启动SOP Safe Operating Practice 安全操作规程SOR Statement of Requirements 技术要求SOS Standardization Operation Sheet 标准化工作操作单SOW Statement of Work 工作说明SPA Shipping Priority Audit 发运优先级审计SPC Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制SPE Surface and Prototype Engineering 表面及原型工程SPO Service Parts Operations 配件组织SPT Single Point Team 专一任务小组SQA Supplier Quality Assurance 供应商质量保证（供应商现场工程师）SQC Supplier Quality Control 供方质量控制SQD Supplier Quality Development 供应方质量开发SQE Supplier Quality Engineer 供方质量工程师SQIP Supplier Quality Improvement Process 供应商质量改进程序SSF Start of System Fill 系统填充SSLT Subsystem Leadership Team 子系统领导组SSTS Subsystem Technical Specification 技术参数子系统STD Standardization 标准化STO Secondary Tryout 二级试验SUI 安全作业指导书SUW Standard Unit of Work 标准工作单位SWE Simulated Work Environment 模拟工作环境TAG Timing Analysis Group 定时分析组TBD To Be Determined 下决定TCS Traction Control System 牵引控制系统TDC Technology Development Centre 技术中心TDMF Text Data Management Facility 文本数据管理设备TG Tooling 工具TIMS Test Incident Management System 试验事件管理系统TIR Test Incident Report 试验事件报告TMIE Total Manufacturing Integration Engineer 总的制造综合工程TOE Total Ownership Experience 总的物主体验TPM Total Production Maintenance 全员生产维护TSM Trade Study Methodology 贸易研究方法TT Tact Time 单件工时TVDE Total Vehicle Dimensional Engineer 整车外型尺寸工程师TVIE Total Vehicle Integration Engineer 整车综合工程师TWS Tire and Wheel System 轮胎和车轮系统UAW United Auto Workers 班组UCL Uniform Criteria List 统一的标准表UDR Unverified Data Release 未经核对的资料发布UPC Uniform Parts Classification 统一零件分级VAE Vehicle Assembly Engineer 车辆装配工程师VAPIR Vehicle & Progress Integration Review Team 汽车发展综合评审小组VASTD Vehicle Assembly Standard Time Data 汽车数据标准时间数据VCD Vehicle Chief Designer 汽车首席设计师VCE Vehicle Chief Engineer 汽车总工程师VCRI Validation Cross-Reference Index 确认交叉引用索引VDP Vehicle Development Process 汽车发展过程VDPP Vehicle Development Production Process 汽车发展生产过程VDR Verified Data Release 核实数据发布VDS Vehicle Description Summary 汽车描述概要VDT Vehicle Development Team 汽车发展组VDTO Vehicle Development Technical Operations 汽车发展技术工作VEC Vehicle Engineering Center 汽车工程中心VIE Vehicle Integration Engineer 汽车综合工程师VIN Vehicle Identification Number 车辆识别代码VIS Vehicle Information System 汽车信息系统VLE Vehicle Line Executive 总装线主管VLM Vehicle Launch Manager 汽车创办经理VMRR Vehicle and Manufacturing Requirements Review 汽车制造必要条件评审VOC Voice of Customer 顾客的意见VOD Voice of Design 设计意见VS Validation Station 确认站VSAS Vehicle Synthesis,Analysis,and Simulation 汽车综合、分析和仿真VSE Vehicle System Engineer 汽车系统工程师VTS Vehicle Technical Specification 汽车技术说明书WBBA Worldwide Benchmarking and Business Analysis 全球基准和商业分析WOT Wide Open Throttle 压制广泛开放WPO Work Place Organization 工作场地布置WWP Worldwide Purchasing 全球采购COMMWIP Correction 纠错浪费Overproduction 过量生产浪费Material Flow 过度物料移动浪费Motion 过度移动浪费Waiting 等待浪费Inventory 过度库存浪费Processing 过度加工浪费。

design thinking 五个步骤解释Design thinking is a powerful problem-solving approach that consists of five key steps: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. By following this structured process, teams can tackle complex challenges and develop innovative solutions that truly meet the needs of their users.The first step, empathize, involves gaining a deep understanding of the people you are designing for. This means observing them in their natural context, engaging them in conversations, and seeking to understand their perspectives, needs, and pain points. Only by building empathy can designers ensure they are solving the right problems.Next comes the define stage, where insights from the empathy phase are synthesized to clearly articulate the core problem to be solved. Crafting a specific, actionable problem statement helps guide the rest of the design process.With a well-defined problem in hand, the ideate phase challenges teams to generate a wide range of creative ideas for solutions. Techniques like brainstorming, mind mapping, and sketching help spur divergent thinking and expand the solution space.The most promising ideas are then brought to life in the prototype phase. Prototypes can range from simple paper mockups to functional digital models, allowing the design to be tested and refined. Building prototypes early and often is key to surfacing issues and iterating towards an optimal solution.Finally, the test phase involves evaluating the prototype with real users to gather feedback. Testing reveals what works well and what needs improvement, enabling further refinement of the design. Multiple rounds of testing and iteration may be needed before landing on a final solution that effectively meets user needs.By embracing the five phases of design thinking - empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test - teams can approach even the thorniest challenges with creativity and confidence. This human-centered, iterative methodology has been proven to drive innovation across industries and around the world.中文翻译：设计思维是一种强大的解决问题的方法,包含五个关键步骤:同理心、定义、构思、原型和测试。

土木工程专业英语单词Torque 转动扭矩 Impose 施加, 将…强加于Composite 合成的, 复合的Sag 下垂Deflect 偏转, 弯曲, 倾斜Misalignment 安装误差Plaster 灰泥, 灰浆, 涂层Buckling 弯曲, 折曲, 下垂Stiffness 刚度, 刚性 In contradistinction to M 与M截然不同Tension 张力, 拉力 Compression 压缩, 压力Diagrammatic sketch 示意图Ceramics 陶瓷, 陶瓷材料Inertia 惯性 Lifetime 使用寿命Iterative 反复的, 迭代的 Durability 耐久性, 持久性Pinpoint 准确定位, 针尖 Evolve 经过实验研究得出Statics 静力学 Strength of materials 材料力学Deformation 变形Influx 流入, 灌注Distortion 变形Boring machine 镗床Boom 吊杆, 悬臂, 起重杆 Dragline 拉铲挖土级, 挖掘斗Gray cast iron 灰铸铁Modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Rigidity 刚性, 刚度, 稳定性 Slip 滑度, 打滑Creep 蠕变 Yield 屈服于, 屈服Rupture 破裂, 断裂, 破坏 Load-carrying capacity 承载能力Terminology 专用名词 Helical spring 螺旋型弹簧Concentrated 集中的, 浓缩的 Distribute 分布, 分发, 散布Resultant 合力, 合成的 Centroid 矩心, 重心Torsional 扭的, 转的Bending 挠曲, 弯曲Flexural 弯曲的, 挠性的 couple 对, 双, 力偶Non-load-bearing 非承重 brittle 脆弱的, 脆性的ASTM 美国材料试验学会BSI 英国标准学会SAA 澳大利亚标准学会 Passage 一段, 一节Plastic deformation 塑性变形moisture content 含水量Timber 木材 veracity 诚实, 真实性Ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土building contractor 建筑承包商Hydraulic press 水压机 grading 分等, 分类, 级配Fatigue 疲劳ductility 可延展性Toughness 韧性 stress-strain curve 应力－应变曲线Durability 耐久性, 耐用年限 chloride 氯化物, 漂白粉Sulphate 硫酸盐alkali 碱性, 碱Permeability 渗透性, 透气性 weathering 风化Disruptive 分裂的, 摧毁的 thaw 融化, 解冻Entrain 携带, 传输 leaching 浸出, 溶析Carbonation 炭化作用blasting 破裂, 吹风Attrition 磨损 cavity 洞穴Hydraulic structure 水工建筑物 pervious 透水的, 透光的Aggregate 集料, 骨料 homogeneous 均质的, 均匀的Compact 压实, 捣紧 kerb 路缘, 道牙Air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土 glaze 珐琅质, 上釉Stainless steel 不锈钢galvanize 电镀Gutter 排水沟, 楼都不 humidity 湿度, 湿气Porous 多孔的, 疏松的 spectrum 谱Infrared 红外的, 产生红外辐射的 ultraviolet 紫外的Gravel 砾石, 卵石 anodized 受过阳极化处理的Hydrate 水合物reinforcement 加强, 加固Spall 剥落, 散裂 erosion 侵蚀, 腐蚀Abrasion 磨损, 磨耗 quarry 方形砖Eddy 涡流, 漩涡运动 reinforcing steel 钢筋Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 reinforcing bar 钢筋Longitudinal 长度的, 纵向的, 轴向的 dispose 处置Incline 倾斜, 弄斜 moment 力矩Bond 结合, 结合力, 粘合力 interlock 连动, 连接Forestall 阻止, 预防 embed 放入, 埋入Prestressing steel 预应力钢筋 rebar 钢筋Splice 接头 congestion 充满Form 模坂 ACI 美国混凝土协会Code 法规, 规程 galvanize 电镀Undue 过度的, 过分的 BS 英国标准Blending machine 弯筋机mandrel 芯棒Jig 夹具 dowel 夹缝丁, 暗销Wire clip 钢丝剪reference number 参考号数Mill scale 热轧钢表面氧化皮spacer 隔离物Clip 夹子, 剪刀slab 板, 块, 楼板Cradle 吊架, 托架, 支架chair 托架, 支板Mild steel 低碳钢 tack 图钉, 点焊焊缝Hydraulic 水力的, 液力的 additive 添加剂Admixture 外加剂 binder 胶结剂Aggregate 聚集, 结合, 骨料, 填料aerate 充气Aerate concrete 加气混凝土cellular 蜂窝状的Portland 波特兰水泥 pulverize 粉化, 磨碎Granulate 成粒状, 轧碎 blastfurnace 高炉, 鼓风炉Slag 矿渣, 炉渣 pigment 颜料, 色料Retarder 延迟剂, 缓凝剂accelerator 加速剂, 促凝剂Curing (混凝土)养护compaction 压实, 捣实Ambient 周围的, 外界的shrinkage 收缩, 下沉, 压缩Autoclave 蒸压器, 热压处理 frost 粗糙的, 无光泽的Efflorescence 风化, 粉化, 粉化物 sodium 钠Calcium 钙potassium 钾Carbonate 炭化 pozzolana 火山灰Sulphate 硫酸盐autoclaved aerated concrete 高压蒸养加气混凝土Hard-burnt 高温焙烧的, 炼制的 veneer 镶片, 砌面, 表层Mallet 木锤, 大锤 chisel 凿子Mold 模子, 模具mass production 大量生产Update 使现代化trade journal 行业杂志Periodical 定期的, 定期刊行的 editorial board 编辑委员会Beholder 旁观者 ordinance 规格, 条例, 法令Suspended structure 悬吊结构 joist 梁, 垳条Through bridge 下承桥 chord 弦杆Bracing 拉条, 支撑 web-girder 腹板大梁Box-girder 箱梁 plan view 平面图Outline 外形, 剖面 drawing 附图Bills of materials 材料清单radiator 散热器General arrangement 总体布置detail drawing 详图Cladding 包层, 包壳 panel 面板, 仪表盘GA drawing 总体平面图 zoom 变焦距In situ 原地, 在原地cumbersome 笨重的, 麻烦的Parameterized 参数化 specification 详细说明, 规范Verify 校验, 验证, 说明homogeneous 均匀的, 对等的Buckling 弯曲, 翘曲, 弯折 deterministic 确定的, 决定的Probabilistic 概率的, 随机的 deviation 偏差, 偏移, 参数Psychological 心理的, 精神的 cross-section 横断面, 横截面Amortization 阻尼 proof-load 检验荷载Field 场地, 工地survey 调查, 测量, 勘察Intrinsic 内在的, 固有的 stochastic 随机的, 不确定的Seismic 地震的, 与地震有关的 single load 集中荷载Foundation 基础, 地基gravity 重力Lateral 横向的, 侧面的 transient 瞬时的, 不稳定的Basement 底座, 基础, 地下室 erratic 反复无常的, 无规律的Footing 基础, 基脚, 底座, 垫层overdesign 保险设计Underdesign 欠安全设计 appurtenance 附属物, 附属设备Firewall 防火墙parapet 栏杆, 护墙, 女儿墙Remold 改造, 改型, 重铸 ductwork 管道系统, 管网Tenant 租用 latitude 纬度, 宽度, 范围Tributary 支流, 附庸, 辅助的cantilever 悬臂, 悬臂梁, 支架Provision 预防, 规定, 条款 overload 超载, 超重Reference 参考书 uncertainty 不确定性Slighting 轻蔑的, 不尊重的 likelihood 像有, 相似Pef = pounds per cubic foot 磅/平方英尺reliability 可靠性, 安全性Methodology 方法论 shield 屏蔽Shield 屏蔽, 遮护 without recourse to 不依赖Reason 推理, 论证 weir 堰, 拦河堰Spillway 溢洪道, 泻水道clause 条款项目Deploy 适用, 配置 filler wall 填充墙, 柱间墙Shear wall 剪力墙ignorance 外行Up-to-date 现代的, 最新likewise 同样Bucket 吊斗, 挖斗 wheelarrow 手推车, 独轮小车Buggy 手推车, 小斗车segregation 分凝, 离析Chute 斜槽 place 场所, 浇筑Lift 混凝土浇筑层, , 升降机displacement 偏移Compact 夯实 honeycomb 蜂窝结构Tamping 夯实, 捣固, 捣实 spinkling 喷洒Calcium chloride 氯化钙 settlement 沉陷Grout 水浆, 灌浆cohesive 粘聚的, 粘结的Workable 和易性好的,塑性的slump 坍塌度Workability 可塑性 air-entraining 加气的Deposit 存储, 浇注consolidation 加固, 压实Bleeding 渗漏subsidence 沉降, 下降Laitance 水泥浮浆 float 镘刀, 抹子Capillary 毛细管的, 毛细现象 flash set 急凝Aluminate 铝酸盐 burlap 麻袋, 粗麻布Membrane 膜, 隔板 emulsion 乳胶体, 乳液Polyethylene 聚乙烯 waterproof 防水Harden 硬化, 凝固 gravel 砾石, 卵石Immersion 浸入, 插入 headroom 净空高度, 头上空间Nominal 铭牌的, 名义的 power-driven 动力驱动的, 电动的External vibrator 表面振捣器 architect 建筑师Nonhomogeneous 不均匀的, 多相的creep 蠕变Shrink 缩小structure code 结构规范Ultimate strength 极限强度 load factor 荷载系数From M onwards 从m算起来 prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土Faulty 有缺点的, 报废的, 不合格的 embed 放入, 埋入Abutment 桥台,岸墩 thrust 推, 轴向力Jack 千斤顶, 支柱 motorway 汽车道, 快车道Tendon 钢筋束, 筋post-tensioned prestressing 后张法预应力Pre-tensioned prestressing 先张法预应力 manoeuvrable 机动的, 容易驾驶的Plain concrete 无筋混凝土 precompression 预加压力, 预先压缩Leak 漏, 渗漏camber 弯度, 曲度, 凸形Proportioning 使成比例, 确定几何尺寸 analogous 类似的, 类比的, 模拟的With reference to 参考, 参照, 关于centroid 矩心, 面积矩心, 质心Refinement 精制, 改善, 改进 bond 结合, 粘合, 粘合强度Transmit 传递, 寄, 传送 interlocking 可联动的, 联锁Plain bar 光面钢筋, 无结钢筋 formed bar 变形钢筋, 竹结钢筋Hoop 环, 箍, 铁箍tie 拉杆, 系杆Stirrup 箍筋, 钢筋箍 crushing 压碎, 轧碎Bearing 承载, 承受, 支撑点 bearing pressure 支承压力Rib 肋, 棱, perimeter 周边, 周长, 周界Blanketing 覆盖, 包上, 掩盖 mortar 砂浆, 灰浆, 灰泥Bentonite 膨润土, 膨土岩 trench 沟槽, 沟道, 沟管Tremie 混凝土导管（水下浇筑用） full prestressing 全预应力Partial prestressing 部分预应力reservoir 水库, 蓄水池Eccentric 偏心的, 呈偏心运动的, 偏心器 counteract 中和, 平衡Intermitterntly 间隙的, 断续的, 周期的 infrequent 不常见的, 稀少的Objectionable 不能采用的, 不适宜的reverse 颠倒的, 改变方向的, 交换的Cement paste 水泥浆sack 袋, 包, 一包, 一袋Water-cement ratio 水灰比trial-batch （混凝土）小量试拌Slump test 坍塌度试验 truncate 缩短, 截去Air-entraining agent 加气剂 plasticizer 增塑剂, 塑化剂revolving-drum mixer 转筒式搅拌机 ready-mixed 运送时搅拌的transit0mixed 运送时拌的 batch 配料, 分批配料congested 拥挤的, 充塞的 haul 搬运, 运输discharge 卸货, 卸载 hopper 漏斗, 装料车batching plant 拌和厂 batching 配料, 定配合比ecclesiastical 基督教会的, 教士的 landmark 陆标, 里程碑, 界标mobility 可动性, 机动性, 流动性 topographical 地形的, 地形测量的subservient 辅助性的tax 使受压力, 负担shear wall core 剪力墙筒体 prefabrication 预制的, 预制品slip-formwork 滑模 crane 起重机, 用起重机吊codify 编成法典, 编纂 elevator 升降机escalator 升降梯, 自动扶梯drift 漂移, 位移prescribe 规定, 命令, 指示I-beam 工字梁, 工字钢masonry 砖石工程, 砌筑体staircase 楼梯lofty 高耸的, 极高的condominium 各住户认购各自一套公寓楼brace 支撑, 支柱bundle 捆, 扎, 粘合soaring 高耸的, 高涨的 tributary 支流, 从属的prototype 原型, 样机web 腹板, 梁板torsion 扭转, 转矩 orthogonal 互相垂直的, 正交的, 直角的stiffen 加强, 加固 urbanization 都市化habitation 住宅, 住所deterrent 制止物, 威慑因素premium 奖金, 质量改进的clutter 混乱, 干扰, 弄乱multi-discipline 多学科pedestrian 行人, 步行者plaza 广场, 大空地sway 摇, 摆动overturn 倾倒, 翻转 clear span 净高clear spacing 净距 zoning 分区, 区域化excavation 挖掘, 挖方 overlook 检查, 监督interim 间歇底, 暂时的empiricism 经验主义elastoplastic 弹塑性的subset 子系统compartmentalize 间隔化,隔开,分段 mantle 罩,外壳,地幔erosion 侵蚀,冲刷,磨损 waterborne 水生的,水力运输的boulder 漂砾,大块石 cobble 圆石,鹅软石pebble 小软石,小砾石 degradation 剥蚀,退化avalanche 山崩,坍方,崩塌 stratum 地层,岩层meandering 曲折的,弯曲的,曲流的 stratified 有层次的,分层的water table 地下水位 detritus 瓦砾,腐质percolation 渗透,渗滤 soil profile 土壤剖面,土层剖面residual soil 残积土transported soil 运积土ground water 地下水superstructure 上层结构earth fill 土堤substructure 下部结构,基础工事demarcation 分界线 sanitary 环境卫生的sanitary fill 垃圾堆积场reclamation 废料回收,改造,垦殖disposal 处理,清理,处置boring 钻探,打眼mat 席,垫,钢筋网 caisson 沉箱retaining-wall 挡土墙uneven settlement 不均匀沉降overburden 超载,过载 strap beam 搭扣形梁unsound 不坚固的,不牢固的pile 桩,打桩hardpan 硬土层,坚固基础 raft 筏,木排combined footing 联合基础 cantilever footing 悬臂基础raft of floating foundation 筏式基础或浮筏基础soil mass 土体pile shaft 桩身 stratum 地层, 矿层end-bearing pile 端承桩 uplift 举起, 抬起water table 地下水位scour 冲刷, 洗涤deposit 沉积, 浇注, 矿床 soil-exploration 土质勘察footing 基础, 基脚, 底座 strip 带, 条, 狭长片raft 筏, 垫板 capital 柱头fixity 固定, 不变eccentric 偏心的, 不同圆心的nonuniformity 不均匀性, 不均质性 scheduling 编制时间表drain 消耗, 耗尽premium 奖金, 佣金hold up 阻碍procurement 取得, 获得, 采购vector 矢量, 向量prerequisite 先决条件, 前提concurrent 同时进行的, 并行的 lead time 产品设计至实际投产时间litigation 诉讼, 打官司 chronological 按时间顺序的hoist 卷扬机, 起重机 utility 实用的, 公用事业utility line 公用事业管线 accrue 产生, 出现dismantle 拆除, 拆卸 remuneration 酬劳, 报酬commensurate 同量的, 相应的 degenerate into 简化成, 变质成in-house 机构内部的 critical path 关键路径lay down 规定, 制定计划 wearing surface 磨耗面base course 基层 asphalt 柏油landscaping 风景设计, 风景布置 bulldozer 推土机, 压路机vibrating roller 振动压路机 bitumen 沥青grill 格栅, 铁格网mesh 网, 网格, 筛concrete train 混凝土铺路机组 slipform paver 滑模铺路机hold in place 把…固定在引诱的位置runway 跑道, 通道Tokaido line 新干线 catalyst 触媒, 催化剂Side-effect 副作用 decentralization 分散, 疏散Unity 整体, 单元 outstrip 超过Crude 天然的, 原油piecemeal 片断, 点Ferment 酵素, 发酵, 蓬勃发展 underlying 基础的, 根本的Geographer 地理学家 operations research 运筹学Cable-stayed 斜拉的, 张拉的 girder 梁, 垳, 梁杆Cast-in-place 现场浇筑的 AASHT美国洲际公路及运输工作者协会AREA 美国铁路工程师协会 crossing 交叉, 十字路口Pier 桥墩 elevated 高架的, 高的, 高架铁路Clearance 间隙, 净空, 间距 segment 部分, 段Dominance 支配, 控制, 优势 one-way slab 单向配筋板Versus 与…的关系曲线 statically determinate structure 静定结构Skew 斜的, 扭的, 弯曲的on-site 现场的, 就地的, 工地Shear key 受剪键bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土Dissipate 清除, 消除 composite structure 混合结构Acronym 缩写词, 缩语chore 零星工作, 零活In the foreseeable future 在可遇见的未来一段时间内 impetus 动力, 刺激Draughtsman 绘图员, 起草者 repetitious 重复的, 反复的Mundane 世间的, 世俗的jargon 行话, 术语, 难懂的话Level 水平, 水位, 水平仪 theodolite 精密经纬仪Envision 想象, 遇见, 展望contour map 等高线, 地形图Plat 地段, 地区图, 地段图grading 校准, 定标, 土工修正Stake 标桩, 定位木桩picture 图画, 设想, 想象Cut 挖土, 挖方 fill 填筑, 填方, 填土, 路堤Borrow 取土, 采料, 采料场 indeterminate structure 超静定结构Myriad 万, 无数, 无数的 photogrammetry 摄影测绘sGeotechnical engineering 岩土工程 mass transit 公共交通Transmission line 输电线infiltrate 渗入, 渗透Estimator 估价者, 评价者rival 对手, 竞争, 比得上Off-the-shelf 现成的, 成品的, 畅销的 afterthought 回想, 反省, 后悔, 马后炮Timeliness 及时, 时间性, 好时机 inception 开始, 起头, 开端Culminate 达到顶点, 结束 beneficiary 受益人, 受惠人Outset 开始, 最初 working drawing 施工图Prescribe 规定, 命令 delineation 描绘, 描述Co-ordinate 相同, 同等的事物 prerogative 特权, 特性Board of directors 董事会 estimating 估价Margin 边缘, 余量, 余地tender 投标, 承包, 标件Incisive 尖锐的, 深刻的, 透彻的 realm 范围, 部门, 类Forethought 预先考虑好的modus 方法, 程式Modus operandi 做法, 方法, 工作方式nullify 废弃, 取消Indispensable 不可缺少的, 必需的 corollary 推论, 结果Doom 毁灭, 灭亡, 判决 obverse 较显著面Tactical 战术的, 策略的deployment 部署, 调度, 配置Ensemble 整体, 总效果 pictorial 绘图的, 插图的Dispassionate 冷静的, 不带偏见的 prognosis 预测, 预报Ubiquitous 普遍存在的, 随遇的 denominator 分母, 标准Handmaiden 起陪衬作用的 liken 比拟Jobbing 做临时工trade journal 行业期刊Cost plus 附加费 premise 前提, 房产Speculation 投机, 投机买卖sub-contractor 转包商, 分包商Order 订单 on-cost 杂费, 间接成本Microfiche 缩微胶片, 平片。

design thinking 实例Design thinking is a problem-solving methodology that is centered around a deep understanding of human needs and experiences. It emphasizes empathy, creativity, and iterative prototyping to develop innovative solutions to complex challenges. In this article, we will explore a real-life example of design thinking in action.One notable example of design thinking in practice is the redesign of the patient experience at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in the United States. UPMC is a leading academic medical center that serves a diverse patient population with a wide range of healthcare needs.The challenge UPMC faced was that their patient satisfaction scores were below average, and they wanted to improve the overall experience for their patients. To address this issue, UPMC leadership decided to apply a design thinking approach to redesign the patient experience from the ground up.The first step in the design thinking process was to empathize with patients by conducting in-depth interviews and observation sessions. Designers and healthcare professionals spent time shadowing patients as they navigated the hospital, observing their interactions with staff, and listening to their feedback about their experiences.Through this empathetic research, the design team discovered several pain points in the patient experience, including long wait times, confusing wayfinding, and a lack of communication between staff and patients. Armed with this valuable insight, the team moved on to the next phase of the design thinking process: define.During the define phase, the design team synthesized their research findings and identified the key opportunities for improvement. They created personas representing different types of patients and mapped out the patient journey from check-in to discharge. This exercise helped the team pinpoint specific areas where they could make the most impact.With a clear understanding of the problem, the design team moved on to the ideate phase, where they generated a wide range of innovative solutions to address the identified pain points. They used brainstorming sessions, sketching, and prototyping to explore different ideas and test them with real patients.One of the most impactful solutions that emerged from the ideation phase was the creation of a mobile app for patients. The app provided patients with personalized information about their care plan, real-time updates on wait times, and the ability to communicate with their care team. By empowering patients with information and control, the app helped to reduce anxiety and improve the overall experience.After developing and testing the app, the design team moved on to the prototype phase, where they created a working model of the new patient experience. They conducted a series of pilot tests with real patients to gather feedback and refine the design based on their input.Finally, the design team implemented the new patient experience across the entire UPMC system. They trained staff on the changes, updated signage and wayfinding, and launched the mobile app for all patients to use. The results were impressive, with patient satisfaction scores increasing significantly and wait times decreasing.In conclusion, the redesign of the patient experience at UPMC is a powerful example of design thinking in action. By applying the principles of empathy, creativity, and iteration, the design team was able to create a more patient-centered healthcare experience that improved outcomes for both patients and staff. This example demonstrates the value of design thinking as a problem-solving approach that can lead to meaningful and sustainable change.。

Design is an integral part of our daily lives,shaping the way we interact with the world around us.It is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses various aspects such as aesthetics,functionality,and usability.Here is an essay on the importance and impact of design in our lives.Title:The Essence of DesignIntroductionDesign is not merely an art form it is a language that communicates ideas,emotions,and values.It is the bridge between form and function,creating objects and spaces that are both pleasing to the eye and practical in use.The Role of Design in Society1.Cultural Expression:Design reflects the cultural identity of a society.It is a medium through which traditions and values are expressed and preserved.For example,traditional Japanese design emphasizes simplicity and harmony,which is evident in their architecture and product design.2.Economic Impact:Good design can significantly influence the success of a product or service.It can make a product more appealing to consumers,thereby increasing its marketability and profitability.3.Innovation:Design thinking fosters creativity and innovation.Designers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible,leading to new technologies and solutions that improve our lives.The Importance of Functional Designer Experience:Functional design focuses on the users needs and experiences.It ensures that products are userfriendly and meet the intended purpose effectively.2.Accessibility:Inclusive design considers people of all abilities,ensuring that everyone can use a product or service without difficulty.3.Sustainability:Design can play a crucial role in promoting sustainability by creating products that are durable,recyclable,and energyefficient.The Influence of Aesthetic Design1.Visual Appeal:Aesthetic design enhances the visual appeal of objects and spaces, making them more attractive and enjoyable to interact with.2.Brand Identity:A wellcrafted design can help establish and reinforce a brands identity, creating a strong connection with consumers.3.Emotional Connection:Aesthetics can evoke emotions and create a deeper connection between people and the products they use.The Process of Design1.Research and Analysis:The design process begins with understanding the users needs, market trends,and technological possibilities.2.Concept Development:Designers generate ideas and explore various solutions to address the identified needs.3.Prototyping and Testing:Ideas are translated into tangible forms and tested for functionality and user feedback.4.Refinement and Finalization:Based on feedback,designs are refined and finalized for production.ConclusionDesign is a powerful tool that shapes our world in profound ways.It is a blend of creativity and problemsolving that enhances our experiences,drives innovation,and contributes to a better quality of life.As we move forward,the role of design will only continue to grow in importance,influencing how we live,work,and interact with the world.。

The process of making a watch is a meticulous and detailed craft that involves several stages. Heres a simple overview of how a watch is typically made:1. Design: The first step in watchmaking is the design phase. This involves sketching out the watchs appearance, including its size, shape, and style. Designers also plan the watchs functionality and features.2. Prototype Creation: Once the design is finalized, a prototype is created. This is a working model of the watch that allows the watchmaker to test its functionality and make any necessary adjustments before fullscale production.3. Material Selection: Highquality materials are chosen for the watchs case, band, and face. Common materials include stainless steel, gold, silver, and various types of leather for bands.4. Part Machining: The individual parts of the watch, such as the case, dial, hands, and movement components, are machined to precise specifications. This often involves cutting, shaping, and polishing the materials.5. Assembly of the Movement: The watchs movement, which is the mechanism that powers the watch, is assembled. This includes the placement of gears, springs, and other components that allow the watch to keep time.6. Dial and Hand Installation: The dial, which displays the time, is carefully placed onto the watch face. The hour, minute, and sometimes second hands are then attached to the movement.7. Case Assembly: The assembled movement is placed into the case. The case back is then secured, and any additional features, such as a crown or buttons for setting the time, are added.8. Quality Control: Each watch undergoes a series of tests to ensure its accuracy and durability. This includes checking the timekeeping ability and the water resistance of the watch.9. Final Touches: The final touches are added, such as engraving the brand name or logo, and applying any protective coatings to the watchs exterior.10. Packaging: Once the watch has passed all quality checks, it is carefully packaged to protect it during shipping and to present it attractively to the customer.This simplified process highlights the complexity and precision required in watchmaking, a field that combines artistry with engineering.。

软件设计师中级专业英语词汇Software Designer: Intermediate Professional English Vocabulary.In the realm of software development, proficiency in professional English is paramount for effective communication, documentation, and collaboration. For mid-level software designers, a robust command of industry-specific vocabulary is essential to navigate complex technical discussions, comprehend documentation, and convey design concepts with precision. This article aims to provide an expansive list of intermediate-level English vocabulary tailored specifically to software designers, enabling them to enhance their professional communication and elevate their design capabilities.Core Concepts.Algorithm: A set of well-defined instructions that solve a specific problem or perform a computation.Architecture: The overall structure and organization of a software system, including its components and their interactions.Data structure: A way of organizing and storing data in a computer system to facilitate efficient access and manipulation.Design pattern: A reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design.Framework: A reusable set of software components and libraries that provide a foundation for building specific applications.Methodology: A structured approach to software development, including processes, practices, and tools.Object: A data structure that encapsulates data and behavior, representing real-world entities.Requirement: A documented need or capability that a software system must fulfill.Source code: The human-readable text form of a computer program, written in a specific programming language.Testing: The process of evaluating the correctness and functionality of a software system.Components and Technologies.Application Programming Interface (API): A set of routines, protocols, and tools that define how two applications interact.Cloud computing: A model for delivering computing resources over the Internet.Database: A collection of organized data, typically stored electronically.Front-end: The part of a software application that interacts directly with the user.Middleware: Software that connects and facilitates communication between different parts of a software system.Operating system: The software that manages computer hardware and provides common services to applications.Server: A computer that provides services to other computers or devices over a network.Web service: A software system that allowsapplications to communicate over the Internet using standardized protocols.Development and Design.Agile: A software development methodology that emphasizes flexibility, adaptation, and customer collaboration.Design thinking: A human-centered approach to design that focuses on understanding user needs and preferences.Iterative development: A software development approach where the system is developed and refined incrementally.Kanban: A visual project management system that uses cards to represent tasks and their progress.Mockup: A low-fidelity representation of a software interface, used for design review and feedback.Prototype: A working model of a software system, used to test concepts and gather user feedback.Scrum: An agile software development framework that emphasizes collaboration, transparency, and iterative delivery.Technical debt: Code or design decisions that may compromise future development or maintenance.User experience (UX): The overall experience of a user when interacting with a software system.Documentation and Communication.Documentation: Written or visual information that explains the design, implementation, and use of a software system.Formal specification: A precise and unambiguous description of a software system's behavior.Issue tracker: A system for tracking and managing bugs or other issues in a software project.Knowledge base: A repository of information and resources related to software development.Meeting agenda: A document that outlines the topics and objectives of a meeting.Proposal: A document that outlines a plan or solutionfor a software project.Technical report: A document that describes theresults of a technical investigation or analysis.White paper: A technical document that provides in-depth information on a specific topic.Wireframe: A low-fidelity representation of a software interface, used for planning the layout and structure.Additional Vocabulary.Binary tree: A data structure that consists of nodes arranged in a hierarchical manner, with each node having at most two child nodes.Cache: A temporary storage area that stores frequently accessed data to improve performance.Cipher: A method of encrypting data to protect its confidentiality.Debugger: A tool that helps identify and fix errors in code.Heap: A dynamic data structure that stores data in a tree-like structure.Inheritance: A mechanism that allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class.Polymorphism: A language feature that allows objects of different classes to respond to the same method call differently.Recursion: A technique where a function calls itself, typically to solve a problem by breaking it down into smaller subproblems.Virtual machine: A software layer that simulates a computer system, allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine.By incorporating these intermediate-level vocabulary terms into their professional communication, software designers can elevate their discourse, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and become more effective collaborators in the dynamic and challenging world of software development.。

课题方案工程的英语1. IntroductionThe purpose of this research proposal is to present a detailed plan for an engineering project that aims to address a specific technological challenge. The project will focus on the design, development, and testing of a novel solution for a problem with a significant impact on society and the environment.2. Background and MotivationThe problem that will be addressed by the proposed engineering project is the increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources. As the world continues to rely on fossil fuels, climate change and environmental degradation have become critical issues. In response to this challenge, there is a growing need for innovative engineering solutions that can provide clean energy alternatives, reduce carbon emissions, and mitigate the impact of climate change.The motivation for this project is to contribute to the global effort to transition towards a sustainable energy future. By developing a new technology that harnesses clean energy sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, the project aims to make a positive impact on the environment while providing practical benefits for society.3. Objectives and ScopeThe primary objective of the proposed engineering project is to design, develop, and test a renewable energy system that can generate power in an efficient and sustainable manner. The system will be designed to be scalable, cost-effective, and suitable for a range of applications, from small-scale residential use to large-scale industrial deployment.The scope of the project will include the following key activities:- Conducting a comprehensive review of existing renewable energy technologies and identifying areas for improvement and innovation.- Developing conceptual designs for a renewable energy system that integrates the latest advancements in engineering and materials science.- Fabricating a prototype of the renewable energy system and conducting laboratory testing to evaluate its performance under various conditions.- Analyzing the economic, environmental, and social impact of the renewable energy system and comparing it to conventional energy sources.4. Research Plan and MethodologyThe research plan for the engineering project will be divided into several phases, each focusing on specific aspects of the system design and development process.Phase 1: Literature Review and Conceptual DesignThe first phase of the project will involve conducting a thorough review of the existing literature on renewable energy technologies, including solar, wind, and hydroelectric power systems. This review will help identify the strengths and weaknesses of current solutions, as well as opportunities for innovation. Based on the findings of the literature review, the research team will develop conceptual designs for a new renewable energy system that addresses the identified challenges and opportunities.Phase 2: Prototype Development and TestingIn the second phase of the project, the conceptual designs will be translated into detailed engineering specifications for the prototype development. This will involve selecting appropriate materials, components, and manufacturing processes to build the renewable energy system. Once the prototype is fabricated, it will be subjected to rigorous laboratory testing to evaluate its performance, efficiency, and reliability under various operating conditions.Phase 3: Economic and Environmental AnalysisThe final phase of the project will focus on assessing the economic and environmental impact of the renewable energy system. This will involve conducting a comparative analysis of the system's lifecycle cost, energy production, and environmental footprint, as well as evaluating its potential for widespread adoption and commercialization.5. Expected Outcomes and ImpactThe expected outcomes of the proposed engineering project include the development of a novel renewable energy system that demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness compared to existing technologies. The project also aims to generate valuable insights into the design, development, and testing of renewable energy systems, which can be leveraged for future research and innovation.The impact of the project will be multifaceted, encompassing technological, economic, and environmental dimensions. From a technological perspective, the project will contribute to the advancement of renewable energy engineering by introducing a new solution that pushes the boundaries of performance and scalability. Economically, the project has the potential to create new opportunities for sustainable energy investment and job creation, while offering a cost-effective alternative to conventional energy sources. Environmentally, the project aims to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, thereby contributing to the global effort to combat climate change and preserve the natural resources.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the proposed engineering project aims to address the pressing need for clean and sustainable energy solutions by developing a novel renewable energy system with thepotential for significant positive impact on society and the environment. The project plan is structured around a systematic approach to research, design, development, and testing, with the ultimate goal of delivering a practical, scalable, and cost-effective solution to the challenge of achieving a sustainable energy future. By leveraging the latest advancements in engineering and materials science, the project seeks to make a meaningful contribution to the global effort to transition towards a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable energy landscape.7. References[1] G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2004.[2] P. T. Fink, A. S. Ragheb, Wind Energy Engineering: A Handbook for Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines, Academic Press, 2015.[3] J. Twidell, T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, 2006. Note: The references provided are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent an actual bibliography.。

工程开发方案的英文1. IntroductionThe purpose of this engineering development proposal is to outline the strategy and timeline for the development of a new product. The product is a state-of-the-art mobile application that will revolutionize the way people shop for groceries. This proposal will cover the project scope, objectives, timeline, methodology, and resources required for successful implementation.2. Project ScopeThe scope of the project includes the design, development, testing, and deployment of the mobile application. The application will be available for both iOS and Android platforms, and it will provide users with a seamless and convenient way to order groceries online. The application will also include features such as personalized recommendations, real-time inventory updates, and secure payment options.3. ObjectivesThe primary objective of the project is to create a user-friendly and reliable mobile application that will enhance the grocery shopping experience for customers. The application should be easy to use, fast, and secure. It should also provide customers with access to a wide range of products, competitive prices, and convenient delivery options. Additionally, the application should be scalable and able to handle a large volume of users and orders.4. Project TimelineThe project timeline is divided into three main phases: planning, development, and testing. The planning phase will involve defining the project scope, requirements gathering, and creating the project plan. The development phase will include designing the user interface, developing the backend infrastructure, and integrating third-party services. The testing phase will involve testing the application for functionality, performance, and security.Phase 1: Planning (2 months)- Define project scope- Gather requirements- Create project planPhase 2: Development (6 months)- Design user interface- Develop backend infrastructure- Integrate third-party servicesPhase 3: Testing (2 months)- Test functionality- Test performance- Test security5. MethodologyThe development methodology for this project will be agile, which is a flexible and iterative approach to software development. Agile methodologies allow for quick adaptation to changing requirements and priorities, and they promote collaboration and communication within the development team. The project will be divided into sprints, with each sprint lasting 2 weeks. At the end of each sprint, a working prototype of the application will be presented to stakeholders for feedback and validation.6. ResourcesThe project will require a cross-functional team of skilled professionals, including software developers, UI/UX designers, quality assurance engineers, and project managers. The team will also need access to development tools and technologies, as well as cloud infrastructure for hosting and deployment. Additionally, the project will require ongoing support and maintenance after the application is launched.7. Risks and Contingency PlanThere are several risks associated with this project, including technical challenges, resource constraints, and market competition. To mitigate these risks, the team will conduct thorough research and feasibility studies, and engage in regular communication and collaboration. The team will also develop a contingency plan to address any unforeseen challenges or setbacks that may arise during the course of the project.8. ConclusionIn conclusion, this engineering development proposal outlines the strategy and timeline for the development of a new mobile application for grocery shopping. The project scope, objectives, methodology, resources, and risks have been carefully considered, and a plan has been put in place to ensure the successful implementation of the project. With the right team and resources, we are confident that this project will result in a cutting-edge and innovative product that will delight customers and revolutionize the grocery shopping experience.。