Part II The Saxon-Norman Period

英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学)Form: Alliterative verseThe coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language.Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo- Saxon.The literature:The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightTerm explanation:Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by aknight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves fighting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340?-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatestnarrative poets of England. Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the14 century.thChaucer chose the metrical form(格律诗) which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language.Works: The Canterbury TalesTerm explanation:Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale .Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of his love for the poor and downtrodden.Works: Robin Hood and Allin-a-DaleGet up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE(1485-1603) an age of drama and lyrical poetryThe 16 century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal threlations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Term explanation:Renaissance:1) renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14 century to the 17 century. With the development ofth thbourgeois relationships and formation of the English national statethis period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known asthe Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated arevival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after thedark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义). The greatest ofthe English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.2) Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of Godas the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3) Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.Works:1. Thomas More: humanist,utopia (give a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2. Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher;his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professionalessays3. Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.4. Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5. John Lyly: Eupheus; gave rise to the term “euphuism”,designating an affected style of court speech.6. Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English drama;made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7. Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield8. William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, amaster hand at realistic portrayal of human characters andrelations.Hamlet ( Hamlet is considered to be thesummit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole tragedy is permeat edwith the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is theprofoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and hiscriticism of contemporary life.)PART V THE 17 TH CENTURYTHE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATIONLiterary characteristics in this period:The 17 century was one of the most tempestuous periods in Englishthhistory. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.(1)The Puritan influence:medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of thepeople.(2) the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somber. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so- called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton.(3) The French influence is most marked in the drama.Rimed couplets instead of blank verse;The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual;The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.(4) restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne:His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.Song (“ Go and Catch a Falling Star”)A Valediction: Forbidding MourningSonnet: Death be not proudJohn Milton: poet, Puritan, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost: it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea--- the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Blindness\Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeJohn Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The Pilgrim’s Progress: written in old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women.PART VI THE 18 THCENTURY ( an age of prose and novel)THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLANDThe theme: social reality, common people’s life.The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the thenprogressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.Joseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The SpectatorThese two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to thedevelopment of the 18 century novel.thSir Roger是Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象。

英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。

The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。

羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. 盎格魯撒克遜時期钱俊@ 2009/8/23 13:08 阅读(291) 无评论推荐值(0)引用通告分类: 學習筆記羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sword.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect.One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520.3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines betweenwhich is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united byalliteration, a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up ofan accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)1. Historical background1066, the battle of HastingsThe Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.Accelerated the feudalism in England.Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.A peasant uprising in 1381.2. Middle EnglishFor 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th.Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.3. Religious literatureThe issue of personal salvation.Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels4. Romance and the influence of French literatureThrough French literature the introduction of Italian literature.Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightWritten about 1375-1400.About 2500 lines.Four “fyttes”.Green ChapelFirst day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of GarterA true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical backgroundChaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.But he deserves a period of his own.Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.John Wycliff (1324?-1384)One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.William Langland (1330?-1400?)Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.The visions the poet had on a May morning.A high tower ——TruthA deep dungeon ——the Father of FalsenessPeople from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.Gluttony.Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.Grew up in London.1357, a page at court.1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.1386, PM from KentJohn of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes. Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbur y.The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.The significance of The Canterbury Tales(1). A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.PS: 文中的《十日談》作者意大利作家薄伽丘用的單詞是“Boccacio”，但是維基百科和朗文當代英語詞典查詢出的都是“Boccaccio”。

Part I the Anglo-Saxon Period（449-1066）Social background：The Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who conquered the British settled in the island and became the ancestors of the English dwelt. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo- Saxon or Saxon.Main trend of literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions—pagan and Christian.The former represents the poetry which the Anglo –Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas-the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil.The latter represents the writers developed under teaching of the monks.Special forms of literature:Epic(史诗)—An epic is a long narrative poem, on a grand scale, about the deeds of warriors and heroes.Master work:The Song of Beowulf .The Song of Beowulf is England's first national epic and its hero Beowulf ---one of the national heroes of the English people. The whole epic consisting of 3182 lines is to be divided into two parts with an interpolation between the two, describing the deeds of the Teutonic hero Beowulf.My understanding:It is the beginning of the English literature.Part ⅡThe Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)Social background:In the year 1066,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxon.The Normans were originally a hardy race of sea rovers inhabiting Scandinavia. In the tenth century they conquered a part of northern France, which is still called Normandy, and rapidly adopted French civilization and the French language. Their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, duke of Normandy, began with the battle of Hastings in 1066.Main trend of literature: English literature is a combination of French and Saxon elements. The literature which Normandy brought to England is remarkable for its bright , romantic tales of love and adventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry.Special forms of literature: Romance —Sir Gawain and the Green KnightPopular Ballads—Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.(Robin Hood and Allin -a-Dale)Major writer: Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400) —―father of English poetry‖Master work:Chaucer‗s masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales，one of the most famous works in all literature. In this great work，Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer‘s realism, trenchant irony a nd freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.Style and language feature:His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking，so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes. He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate. He is always keen to praise man's energy，adroitness，intellect，quick wit and the love for life.My understanding:The English literature come into being.Part III The Renaissance(the 16th century)Social background: The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk. The enclosure of commons drove thousands of peasants off their lands and many of them settled in towns. It was a time when, according to Thomas More, ―sheep devoured men.‖Main trend of literature:Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.Special forms of literature: sonnet, drama, lyrical poetry and various types of novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features: At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More(1478-1535) wrote his Utopia(1516)in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society .In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542),Henry Howard, Earl of surrey(1517-1547) and others who initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. Thus Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.In the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. Among the outstanding lyrical and epic poets of the time were Philip Sidney (1554-1586), Thomas Campion (1567-1680), and Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). The latter was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.John Lyly (1553?-1606) and Thomas Loge (1558?-1625) were authors of novels dealing with court life and gallantry. Realistic tendencies developed in Thomas Deloney‘s (1543-1607) and Thomas Nashe‘s (1567-1602) novels, devoted to the everyday life of craftsmen, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. Robert Greene（1560?-1592）was a outstanding dramatist whose play George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield was highly appreciated.The great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) whose s famous Literary work is the Essays. Francis Bacon's works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary，and the professional works. The principal and best known of the philosophical works are: the Advncement of Learning，（学术的推进）publshed in English in 1605; the Novum Organum新工具，published in Latin in 1620; and the De Augmentis，published in Latin in 1623. Of Bacon's litera works，the most important are the Essays.T he greatest humanist writer of this period —William Shakespeare(1564-1616).William Shakespeare is the greatest of all English authors. He belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture. The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism，a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.No wonder that Shakespeare's works were so fondly cherished by the greatest minds of mankind，and among them by Karl Marx，who regarded Aeschylus and Shakespeare as "the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.‖ It is well known in what high esteem Shakespeare was held by such giants of world literature as Milton，Goethe，Stendhal，and Pushkin.Works of Shakespeare.During the twenty-two years of his literary work he produced 38 plays，2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. His literary work may be divided into three major periods: the first period from 1590 to 1600，the second from 1601 to 1608，and the third from 1609 to 1612.The first period:1590 The Second Part of King Henry VThe Third Part of King Henry V1591 The First Part of King Henry V1592 The Life and Death of King Richard IIIThe Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus AndronicusThe Taming of the Shrew（驯悍记）1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona（维洛那二绅士）Love's Labor‘s Lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧与朱丽叶）1595 The Life and Death of Richαrd IIA Midsummer Night's Dream（仲夏夜之梦）1596 The Life and Death of King JohnThe Merchant of Venice（威尼斯商人）1597 The First Part of King Henry IVThe Second Part of King Henry IV1598 Much Ado About Nothing（无事烦恼）The Merry Wives of Windsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）The Life of King Henry V1599 The Life and Death of Julius CaesarAs You Like It（皆大欢喜）1600 Twelfth Night, or, What You Will（第十二夜）The second period:1601 Hamlet，Prince of Denmark （哈姆莱特）1602 Troilus and CressidaAll's Well That Ends Well. （终成眷属）1604 Measure for Measure（一报还一报）Othello，the Mooe of Venice（奥赛罗）1605 King Lear（李尔王）The Tragedy of Macbeth（麦克白）1606 Antony and Cleopatra1607 The Tragedy of CriolanusTimon of Athens1608 Pericles，Prince of TyreThe third period:1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain （辛白林）1610 The Winter's Tale（冬天的故事）1612 The Tempest（暴风雨）The Life of King Henry VIIIShakespeare had also written poems: Venus an Adonis(1592)，Lucrece (1592-1593)，and Sonnets (1593-1598). Among these works, Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare‘s art. The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare‘s own time. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare's humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.My understanding: It is a flourishing time of English literature.Part IV The 17th Century :The period of revolution and restorationSocial background: The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.Main trend of literature: In this period in literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion，due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. The Bible became now the one book of the people. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.Special forms of literature:In this period in the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the "metaphysical" poets，who are the literary parallels to religious sects like the Anabaptists（浸礼教徒）. Poetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert，and prose became as somber as Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:John Donne (1572?-1631) is a more thoroughly characteristic figure of the early seventeenth century. His religious poems and his magnificent sermons reached astounding heights of subtlety and intensity. The searchings of soul andthe horrified fascination with which he contemplated the processes of dissolution and the awful event of death are rendered with amazing intellectual ingenuity and imaginative power. His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.John Milton (1608-1774) is a great English poet. John Milton was the child of the Renassance, inherited all its culture, and the most profoundly educated man of his age. His greatest work Paradise Lost presents the author‘s views in an allegoric(比喻的，寓言的) religious form. The basic idea in this poem is: the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom. The poem is on the biblical legend of imaginary progenitors of the human race—Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan. His another poem is Paradise Regained. John Bunyan (1628-1688) is a great prose writer. His most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.My understanding: It is a time of revolution and restoration.Part V The 18th Century：The Age of English Enlightenment in EnglandSocial background: After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Main trend of literature: With the advent of the 18th century，in England，as in other European countries，there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment（启蒙运动）The Enlightenment on the whole，was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality，stagnation，prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.And the new literature current—that of Sentimentalism appeared. Sentimentalism in literature is ―emotion run wild,‖ with emphasis on feeling rather on events and circumstances which produced the feeling.Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the later half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservative groups of men of letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic novel"，the term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Special forms of literature: Neo-classicism (poetry and prose), realistic novel and the gothic novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:Enlighteners fell into two groups — the moderate group and the radical group. Moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope(1688-1744), Joseph Addison(1672-1719) and Richard Steele(1672-1729), Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) and Samuel Richardson(1689-1761). They tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions. Radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift(1667-1745), Henry Fielding(1707-1754), Tobias George Smollet(1721-1771), Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774) and Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816). They stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper, moral standards"and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)①An Essay on Criticism (1711)②The Rape of the Lock (1712-14)③Essay on Man (1733-34)④The Dunciad (1728)2. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729)①The Tatler②The SpectatorDaniel Defoe (1660-1731)①Robinson Crusoe1719②Captain Singleton—a novel of adventure, 1720③Moll Flanders—written in the form of autobiography, 1722④Colonel Jacque—a novel of adventure, 1722三、Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) The Battle of the Books (1704), and A Tale of a Tub (1704). The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. It mainly attacks on pedantry in literary world of the time. The latter is a prose satire written in the form of a parable and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal Swift‘s tragic live affairs were recorded in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa and Journal to Stella. Before his death, Swift published a poem On the Death of Dr. Swift.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)①Joseph Andrews1742②Jonathan Wild the Great1743.③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749④Amelia 1751William Blake (1757-1827)①Songs of Innocence1789②Songs of Experience1794③The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns (1759-1796)Most of Burns‘s poems are lyrics on love and friendship. They have a great charm of simplicity. His best-known lyrics are A Red, Red Rose, and Auld Lang Syne.③Burns wrote some poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom. A best-known poem of this kind is A Man's A Man for That.④Burns wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expresses his deep love for his motherland; such as My Heart's inthe Highlands.⑤Burns wrote some verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends. In these poems, he sings of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people in their struggle against their oppressors. The best example of these poems is John Barleycorn.⑥Burns wrote a number of poems on the theme of revolution, such as The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric.⑦Burns also achieve success in the field of satire. E.g. The Toadeater.⑧Poems like The Jolly Beggars are characterized by humor and lightheartedness.Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)①The Rivals②The School for ScandalFeaturesSheridan‘s dramatic techniques are largely conventional; th ey are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized; his characters, either major or minor, all sharply drawn; and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.My understanding: The age of English Enlightenment in England。

Part One The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by ____, the Roman conqueror, came with the ____ into Britain.2. The ____ period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.3. Angles, Saxons and ____ usually known as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. Language spoken by them is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.4. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, ____ and Christian.5. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and ________.6.Anglo-saxon conquest happened in_______.7. ____ is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.8. ____ is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by ____.10. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were ____, a tribe of Celts. From the Britons the island got its name of Britain,the land of Britons. The Britons were a ____ people.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. When we speak of the old English prose, the first name that comes into our minds is ____, who is the first scholar in English literatureand has been regarded as father of English learning.a. William Shakespeareb. Beowulfc. Julius Caesard. Venerable Bede2. The most important work of Alfred the Great is ____, which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. The Song of Beowulfb. The Anglo-Saxon Chroniclesc. The Ecclesiastical History of the English Peopled. Brut3. ____ is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex.a. Alfred the Greatb. Venerable Bedec. Adam Beded. King Arthur4. ____ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Caedmond. Milton5. In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the ____ poetry.a. paganb. religiousc. romanticd. sentimental6. Prose literature did not show its appearance until the ____century.a. 6thb. 7thc. 8thd. 10th7. The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the ____ century.a. 5thb. 6thc. 7thd. 8th8. Beowulf describes the exploits of a ____ hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and afire-breathing dragon.a. Denmarkb. Scandinavianc. Englandd. Norway9. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years in Britain, and in ____, all the Roman troops went back to the continent and neverreturned.a. 55 B.C.b. 78 A.D.c.400 A.Dd.410 A.D10. English literature began with the ____ settlement in England. Of old English literature, Beowulf, the national epic of the Englishpeople, is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.a. Anglo-Saxonb. Romanc. Normand. BritainIII. Explain the following terms.1. Epic2. Alliteration3. metaphorIV. Answer the following questions.1. How many groups does the old English poetry fall into? What are they?2. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?3. What are the main incidents of the poem Beowulf?4. What are the writing features of Beowulf ?5. What is the theme of Beowulf?Part Two The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1. In the year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of ____.2. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English ____.3. After the ____ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society.4. By the time when England entered into feudal society, the society was divided into two classes: ____ and ____.5. The romances were usually composed for the noble, of the noble, and had nothing to do with the ____.6.The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as ________into England.7. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the romances about______.8. The border area between England and Scotland was a particular fertile soil for______.9. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry was written down and recorded in the 18th century by________.10. In English history, Robin Hood is a partly real and partly_______figure.II. Choose the best answer for each statement.1. In 1066, ____ led the Norman army to invade and defeat England.a. William the Conquerorb. Julius Caesarc. Alfred the Greatd. Claudius2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a verse romance of_______.a. over 3000 linesb. over 2000 linesc. over 1000 linesd. over 4000 lines3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the ____.a. Frenchb. Latinc. romanced. science4. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Norman spoke ____.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Swedish5. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called ____.a. Morte d’Arthurb. Robin Hoodc. The Canterbury Talesd. Piers the PlowmanIII. Explain the following terms:1. Romance2. BalladIV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature?2. Make comments on the romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.3. How many groups do the great majority of the romances fall into? What are they?4. What is the most important department of English folk literature? And make comments on its most famous cycle: the Robin HoodBallads.5. Make comments on the ballad “ Get up and Bar the Door”.Part Three The Age of ChaucerI. Historical Background1 .The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453)Disputes between England and France were common. A war with France lasted, on and off, for a hundred years. It was fought entirely in France, where English bowmen defeated the heavily armed French knights in the famous battle of Crecy and Agincourt, and the whole of France were nearly fell into English hands. Eventually, however, partly through the inspiration of the brave girl Joan of Arc, and partly through the effective use of guns, which had only just been invented, the French drove the English from their country for good. England became completely severed from France.2. The peasant Uprising of 1381Mounting feudal oppression in the second half of the 14th century led to th e peasants’ revolts. The ruling class thrice passed the so-called Statutes of Labourers in parliament, stipulating that all able-bodied men and women under sixty be required to work for any one at the rate of wages fixed in 1347 or before, and those who refused to do so be arrested or declared outlaws. On top of this, heavy land-rents and enforced services were practiced as before, and consequently many peasants fled from the land to the towns while some went to forests and organized themselves as bandits o r outlaws. All these events led inevitably to the great peasant’s rising in 1381.The fourteenth century is remarkable historically for the decline of feudalism for the growth of the English national spirit during the Wars with Frances, for the prominence of the House of Commons, and for the growing power of the labouring classes.II. The Development of literatureIn the second half of the 14th century, English literature flourished after three centuries of comparative lull.The age produced five writers of note. They are William Langland who voiced the social discontent, preached the equality of men and dignity of labour ; John Wyclif, the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible; John Gower, the scholar and literary man, criticizing the social life; John Mandeville, the traveler, romancing about the wonders to be seen broad.Above all there is Chaucer. He was the representative writer of the century. Therefore, the 14th century is usually called “ The Age of Chaucer”.William Langland and His Piers the PlowmanPiers the Plowman exists in three versions. It is a long poem of 7, 000 lines. The poem describes a series of wonderful dream the author dreamed. The poem is in two distinct parts. The first contained the vision of Piers. The Second contained a series of visions called “ The Search for Dowel, Dobet, Dobest”.“Piers Plowman” is an allegory of life. In it Langland presents a vivid picture of the life in feudal England. Its artistic m erit may beshown by its portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was very popular throughout the 14th century and 15th century.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)In the period of Medieval English, literature found its best expression mainly in poetry. The most famous and the greatest poet of the time was Geoffrey Chaucer, who is often called the father of English poetry.1. Chaucer’s Life ( p.11)2. His Literary CareerChaucer’s literary careers are roughly divided into three parts, corresponding to the three periods of his life.(1) The French PeriodThe Romaunt of the Rose, a translation from the French poem “ Roman de la Rose”The Book of the Duchess, Chaucer’s first important original work.(2) The Italian PeriodThe House of FameThe Assembly of FoulsTroilus and CryseydeThe Legend of Good Women(3) The English PeriodThe Canterbury Tales ------ Chaucer’s masterpiece.3. Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from the General Prologue of The Canterbury TalesThe whole work consists of a prologue and twenty-four tales. Twenty-two tales were written in verse form, two in prose form. In the prologue, the author reveals his plan for writing this work , and vividly describes the teller of each tale. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses lines of ten syllables and five accents each, and the lines run in couplets.4. The Social Significance of The Canterbury Tales(1) He is a first realistic writer. In his masterpiece, Chaucer gives us a true to life picture of the society of his time. It is Chaucer whocreated a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.(2) As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales exposes and satirizes the evilsof his time.(3) Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later as the heroic couplet. His language is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.5. Language of The Canterbury TalesIn Chaucer’s age the English language was still divided by dialects, th ough London was rapidly making East-Midland into a standard language. Chaucer’s English was the London dialect. He is considered to be a great master of the English language, for he gre atly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and meters.III. Literary TermAllegory : A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory isa story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous allegory in English literature is JohnBunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. Bunyan’s hero, Christian, makes s journey to the Celestial City, during which he meets such characters as Hope, Shame, and Despair.Heroic Couplet : The rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.IV Suggested Questions1. What is the function of the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?2. What is Chaucer’s contribution to English language?3. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?Part Four The Age of English RenaissanceI. Fill in each blank.1. The Wars of the Roses (1455-85) between the House of ____ and the House of ____ struggling for the Crown continued for 30 years.2. Because of the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the King of England, hence the far-reaching movement of ____ tookplace in England, started by Henry VIII.3. The introduction of ____ to England by William Caxon (1476) brought classical works within reach of the common multitude.4. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of ____.5. In Elizabethan Period, ____ wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.6. ____ is often referred to as “the poets’ poet”.7. Spenser is generally regarded as the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. His fame is chiefly based on his masterpiece____.8. From the first half of the 16th century, ____ began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became “a nest of singingbirds”.9. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and ____ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.10. ____ was the most gifted of the university wits. He produced in all six plays and several poems.II. Choose one or more than one suitable answers for each statement.1. The first complete English Bible was translated by _____________a. William Tyndalb. James Ic. John Wycliffed. Bishop Lancelot Andrewes2. ____was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Philip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion3. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was ____ who made blank verse the principalvehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More4. From the following, choose the one which is not Edmund Spenser’s work: ____.a. The Shepherd’s Calendarb. Epithalamionc. The Faerie Queened. Amorettie. Astrophel and Stella5. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist ____ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture ofthe people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Thomas Moreb. Thomas Marlowec. Francis Bacond. William Shakespeare6. English Renaissance Period was an age of ____.a. prose and novelb. poetry and dramac. essays and journalsd. ballads and songs6. ____ and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the English language.a. Chaucerb. Spenserc. Shakespeared. Ben Johnson7. The keynote of the English Renaissance was _________.a. humanismb. reformationc. Enclosure movementd. realism8. Elizabethan poetry is remarkable for its variety, freshness, youthfulness and its___________.a. prosperityb. lyrical naturec. romantic feelingd. nostalgia9. __________is credited with introducing the blank verse into English poetry.a. Thomas Wyattb. Philip Sidneyc. Henry Howardd. William Shakespeare10. As a philosopher ___________is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English materialism” because he stressed the impor tance ofexperience ,r experiment.a. Thomas Moreb. Francis Baconc. Edmund Spenserd. Philip SidneyIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1. ( ) Christopher Marlowe a. Utopia2. ( ) Shakespeare b. The Jew of Malta3. ( ) Edmund Spenser c. The Faerie Queene4. ( ) Thomas More d. The Merchant of Venice5. ( ) Henry Howard e. The Sooth Season6. ( ) Francis Bacon f. A midsummer Night’s Dream7. ( ) Hermia g. The New Instrument8. ( ) Ben Jonson h. Volpone9. ( ) Juliet i. Astrophel and Stella10 ( ) Sir Philip Sidney j Romeo and JulietIV. Explain the following terms:1. Sonnet2. Blank verse3. Spenserian stanza4. Humanism5. Renaissance6. University WitsV. Answer the following questions.1. How much do you know about English Renaissance?2. What are the characteristics of Spenser’s poetry?3.How much do you know about Thomas More’s Utopia?4 What is the writing style of Bacon’s essays?5. What features do Shakespeare’s plays possess?Part Five The Seventeenth CenturyI. Fill in each blank.1. In 1642, civil war broke out in England. The royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by ____. In 1649, Charles I wassentenced to death, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.2. The Revolution Period is also called ____, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.3. After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660; then followed the ____ period.4. In Revolution Period ____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over theMedieval Period.5 ____ wrote his masterpiece The Pilgrim’s Progress during his second imprisonment.6. ____ gives a vivid and satirical description of Vanity Fair which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.7. Paradise Lost took its material from ___________.8. The main literary form in literature of Revolution Period is _________.9. The poetry of Donne represents a sharp _____ with that written by his predecessors and contemporaries.10. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called “Age of _______”.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. In 1649, ____ was beheaded. England became a commonwealth.a. James Ib. James IIc. Charles Id. Charles II2. Which was not written by Milton? ____.a. Areopagiticab. Lycidasc. L’Allegrod. Song to Celia3. The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and ____ is the real hero of the poem.a. Godb. Satanc. Adamd. Raphael4. Who is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry? ____.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Andrew Marwelld. Henry Vaughan5 To His Coy Mistress is one of ___’s famous poems? ____.a. John Donneb. George Herbertc. Andrew Marwelld. Richard Crashaw6. Another school of poetry prevailing in 17th century was that of ____, i.e. those verse-writers, often knights and squires, who sided withthe King against the Parliament and Puritans.a. Metaphysical Poetsb. Cavalier Poetsc. John Miltond. John Dryden7. The literature of the Revolution Period is ______the literature of the Elizabethan Period.a. different fromb. as prosperous asc. more romanticd. same as8. The poems by the Metaphysical poets are full of farfetched__________.a. humourb. satirec. conceitsd. criticism9. In The Pilgrim’s Progress , the allegorical narrative is based on the idea of _____.a. a journeyb. Christian’s dreamc. Christian’s adventuresd. a sailor10. Paradise Lost was written in_______.a. Spenserian stanzab. rhyming coupletc. blank versed. allegoryIII. Explain the following terms.1. Metaphysical poets2. Cavalier poets3. ConceitsIV. Find the relevant match for column A from column B.A B1. ( ) John Dryden a. Death Be Not Proud2. ( ) John Milton b. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy4. ( ) Andrew Marvel c. To His Coy Mistress5. ( ) John Dryden d. Lycidas Lycidas6. ( ) George Herbert e. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time7.( ) Robert Herrick f. VirtueV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabethan period and the literature of the Revolution period?2. Make a comment on the image of Satan in Paradise Lost.3. What are the features of Milton’s poetry?4. Tell the story of Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.5. What are the chief qualities of Bunyan’s style?Part Six The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandI. Fill in each blank.1. The ____ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.2. There appeared two groups of English enlighteners, one is the moderate group; the other is ____.3. ____ is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is of great significance.4. ____ found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such as Edward Young and Thomas Gray, but it manifested itself chiefly inthe novels of Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith.5. The enlighteners believed that reason should be the only bas is of one’s thinking and action. That is why the eighteenth century inEngland has been called ____.6. Today Edward Young is chiefly remembered for his major work ____, which is a didactic poem of about ten thousand lines of blankverse in nine books.7. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, the hero Gulliver is cast upon the shore of the island of ____.8. In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him ____.9.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. ____ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.a. The Renaissanceb. The Enlightenmentc. The Religious Reformationd. The Chartist Movement2．. The main literary stream of the 18th century was ____. What the writers described in their works were mainly social realities.a. naturalismb. romanticismc. classicismd. realism3．. “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.”This sentence is said by ____, one of the greatest masters of English prose.a. Alexander Popeb. Henry Fieldingc. Daniel Defoed. Jonathan Swift4. As a journalist, ____ had learned how to make his reporting vivid and credible by a skillful use of circumstantial detail. This power tomake his characters alive and his stories credible is an inimitable gift.a. Joseph Addisonb. Daniel Defoec. Samuel Richardsond. Tobias Smollett5．The Enlightenment movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against ______________.a. social prejudiceb. feudalismc. superstition of religiond. romanticism6. Henry Fielding’s career as a playwright paved the way for his writing of _______.a. novelsb. poemsc. satiric playsd. songs7. The most valuable things in Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard are _________of the poet that reveal themselves soprominently in so many places of the poems.a. criticismsb. democratic sentimentsc. angry feelingsd. happy feelings8. Among the pamphlets written by Swift about Ireland, the most famous are The Drapier’s Letters a nd ___________.a. The Battle of the Booksb. A Tale of a Tubc. A Modest Proposald. Gullivers’ Travels9. “ Without contrast, there is no progression” was written by__________.a. Robert Burnsb. Oliver Goldsmithc. William Blaked. William Wordswoth10. The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, _______, which were satirized by Jonathan Swift inhis masterpiece.a. The Whigs and the Toriesb. the senate and the house of Representativesc. the upper House and lower Housed. the House of Lords and the House of CommonsIII. Explain the following terms.1. Neo-classicism2. Realism3. Sentimentalism4. Enlightenment5. ElegyIV. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1.( ) Edward Young Essay on Man2.( ) Alexander Pope The Chimney Sweeper3.( ) William Blake Nights Thoughts4.( ) Daniel Defoe My Heart’s inn the Highland5.( ) Robert Burns Captain Singleton6.( ) Henry Fielding Joseph Andrews7. ( ) Jonathan Swif t Gulliver’s travelsV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the features of Burns poetry?2. Make a comment on the image of Robinson Crusoe.3. Tell the story of the first part of Robinson Crusoe.4. Tell the story of th e first part of Gulliver’s Travels.5. How much do you know about English Enlightenment?6. What are Swift’s writing features?7. Summarize the story of Tom Jones.8. What are the features of Fielding’s novels?Part Seven The Romantic AgeI. Fill in the blanks.1. The publication of The Lyrical Ballads marked the break with classicism and the beginning of the ____.2. The greatest historical novelist ____ was produced in the Romantic Age.3 Queen Mab, Shelley’s important poem, is written in the form of a ____.4. ____’s grave bears the epitaph: “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”5. The first poem in the collection The Lyrical Ballads is ____’s masterpiece The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.5. In 1807 Byron published his lyric poems in a small V olume called Hours of Idleness. The volume was sharply attacked in the influentialEdinburgh Review. Byron responded with his first important poem, a biting satire called ____.6. ____ was expelled after only six months at Oxford, because he had written the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.7. Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of the historical novelist ____.8. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey is written by _________9. Wordsworth, Coleridge and_________ have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they live in the Lake District in thenorthwestern part of England.10. In looking after his brother, who died of consumption, _______was stricken with the same illness and could not marry his sweethearton account of his poverty and illness.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1. The Romantic Age came to an end with the death of the last well-known romantic writer ____.a. Jane Austenb. Walter Scottc. Samuel Taylor Coleridged. William Wordsworth2. ____ was the first critic of the Romantic school.a. William Wordsworthb. Samuel Johnsonc. Samuel Taylor Coleridged. Wordsworth and Coleridge3. ____ was made poet laureate in 1813. But most of his works, accor ding to modern critics, are “the product of literary industry, not ofliterary creation.”a. Wordsworthb. Coleridgec. Robert Southeyd. Byron4. In the preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads,_________laid down the principles of romantic poetry.a. Wordsworthb. Coleridgec. Southeyd. Blake5. In 1805, William Wordsworth completed a long autobiographical poem entitled_____.a. Lucy Poemsb. Lyrical Balladsc. The Preluded. The Solitary Reaper6. It is said that the poem________ written by S.T. Coleridge was composed in a dream after the poet took the opium. But when he waswriting the lines down, a stranger interrupted him and only 54 lines survived.a. The Rime of the Ancient Marinerb. Frost at Midnight7. Compared with the Neoclassicists who emphasized features that men have in common, the Romantics emphasized the special qualitiesof each______’s mind.a. individualb. collectivec. mass d female8. The novel Pride and Prejudice mainly deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husbands, centering on the lovestory between _____and _______.a. Jane/ Bingleyb. Lydia/Wickhamc. Elizabeth/Darcyd. Jane/Darcy9. In Scott’s historical novels, historical events are closely interwoven with________.a. historical storiesb. the fates of individualsc. the ordinary peopled. the nobles10. In lamenting over John Keats’ premature death, Shelley wrote an elegy entitled_______.a. Lycidasb. Adonaisc. In Memoriamd. Prometheus UnboundIII. Explain the following terms.1. Byronic Hero2. Lake Poets3. Ode4. RomanticismIV. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.A B1. ( ) George Gordon Byron a. Endymion2. ( ) Percy Bysshe Shelley b. Don Juan3. ( ) John Keats c. To a Skylark4. ( ) Walter Scott d. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways5. ( ) Jane Austen e. Biographia Literature6. ( ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge f. Emma7. ( ) William Wordsworth g.Rob RoyV. Answer the following questions.。

Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)I Background449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons)II LiteratureThe literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and ChristianTwo Anglo-saxon Christian poets:Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjectsIII The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗)Status: England’s national epicWritten at the beginning of the tenth centuryComposed much earlierLength:3182The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter.Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatementSubject matterPart II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)I historical background: The Norman ConquestII. The LiteratureThe literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.III. Romance1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England.2. Definition and features(理解)IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knighta late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table.It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian roman ces.Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400)I Major worksThe Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem.His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesII Contributions1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e2. Chaucer –a master of realism3 Chaucer—“father of English poetry”①In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.②He introduced from France the rhymed couplet (two successive lines of verse equal in length and with thyme) of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic coupletIII the Canterbury tales1. statusThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature2. It contains(1) a general prologue (over 800 lines)(2) 24 tales(3) separate prologues and “the links that accompany some of the tales‖Part IV The RenaissanceI.The RenaissanceFeatures① A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.Essence: humanismII. The 16th century EnglandIII. The Renaissance Literature in EnglandFigures1/ Thomas More (1478-1535, 托马斯·莫尔)—the Forerunner of utopian socialismUtopia《乌托邦》(1516)2/ France Bacon (1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--the scientist, philosopher and essayist3/ Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542, 托玛斯·维亚特）--a poet, the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature4/. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，a great poetThe Faerie Queene《仙后》（1590）5/ Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)—the greatest pioneer of English dramaContributions:He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama6/ Prose writersJohn Lily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利) Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）gives the term of euphuismThomas Loge (1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)Thomas Deloney (1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）Thomas Nashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. status: the greatest of all English authors; one of those rare geniuses of mankind; landmark in the history of world culture; one of the first founders of realism; a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations the greatest dramatist in human history and the supreme poet of the English language—he wrote poems and playsII works①Poemssonnets: 1542 narrative poemsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》②plays(38)tragediesRomeo and Juliet4 great tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth )comediesMid- Summer’ Night’s DreamhistoriesIII.Selected reading①Hamlet②Sonnet 18Francis Bacon (1561-1626)I title：Philosopher, scientist(the inventor of scientific method); Statesman Jurist(法学家）; essayistII. worksBacon’s works may be divided into three classes:a. the philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605, in English)Novum Organum (1620, in Latin)De Augmentis (1623, in latin)b. the literary works:Essays( 1597,1612, 1625)c. the professional works:Maxism of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses 用益权法Part V The 17th Century The period of Revolution and RestorationI. Social Background1. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous[动荡的] periods inEnglish history.2.In 1642, the civil war (English revolution/ Puritan revolution) broke outbetween Charles I and the parliament.3. The restoration (1660)4.The glorious revolution(1688)II. Puritan and PuritanismIII. Literature of the 17th century1.The revolution periodGeneral Characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breakingup of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period.②The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art. Y et this hard,stern sect produced a great poet, John Milton, and a great prose writer, John Bunyan.③Literature in the Puritan Age expressed sadness. Even its brightest hourswere followed by gloom and pessimism.④John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his workthe indomitable（不屈服的）revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression.For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry. Besides Milton, there weretwo other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.2. Literature of the Restorationgeneral characteristics① a sudden breaking away from old standards②Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.rimed couplets-blank verseThe unitiesA more regular constructionThe presentations of types rather than individuals③restoration comediesRestoration created a literature of its own that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.④John Dryden (1631-1670)critic, poet, and playwrightthe most distinguished literary figure of the time(一)John Donne (1573-1631)I ①The founder of the Metaphysical School and very influential upon modern writers②a preacher famous for his magnificent sermons at his timeIII Major W orksEarly works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)The Flea 《跳蚤》Song: Go and Catch a Falling StarWoman’s Consta ncy 《女人的忠贞》A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：哭泣》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》late works: Religious poems and sermons(二) John Milton(1608-1674)I status ①A great puritan poet②his work would glorify any age or people, and in him the indomitable puritan spirit finds the noblest expression.II Milton’s WorksThree literary periods:①early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton②middle-aged period: prose pamphletsAreopagitica(Speech for the Liberty of UnlicensedPrinting,1644 )Eikonoklaste s ( Image Breaker, 1649)Defense for the English People (1650)③the period of his old age :great poemsParadise Lost (1658-1664)Paradise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)III Paradise Lost①status:•the only great epic since Beowulf•one of the greatest poems of the English language②ThemeThe theme is ― the fall of man,‖ i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of paradise , with its cause–Satan .(三) John Bunyan1628—1688I status•He received spiritual independence from the Reformation•the chief Puritan writer of prose•He gave us the only great allegory ——The Pilgrim’s ProgressII The Pilg rim’s Progress (1678)①It is about Christian’s journey from his hometown ―the city of Destruction‖ to the ―Celestial City‖, and his experiences and adventures on his journey.It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of Salvation.②It was written in the form of allegory and dream.③Christian’s journey in 10 stages (scenes)Slough of DespondThe House of InterpreterThe Hill of DifficultyHouse BeautifulV alley of HumiliationThe valley of the Shadow of DeathV anity FairDoubting CastleThe Delectable MountainsCelestial City④vanity fair•V anity Fair is one of the most remarkable passages of The Pilgrim’s Progress•―V anity‖ means ―emptiness‖ or ―worthless‖, hence•the fair is an allegory of worldliness & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world•the great critical realist of the 19th century, W. M. Thackeray, employed ―Vanity Fair‖ as the title for his masterpiece that gives a comprehensive satirical picture of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 19th century EnglandPart VI The 18th century The Age of Enlightenment in England（the age of reason)I. Historical backgroundThe EnlightenmentV ersion 1: p 165-166II. Literature1. NeoclassicismwritersJohn Dryden(1631-1700)Alexander Pope(1660-1744)散文《论批评》An Essay on Criticism讽刺史诗《夺发记》The Rape of the LockSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)《英文大词典》A Dictionary of the English Language2. Essays•Joseph Addison (1672-1719)•Richard Steele (1667-1745)The TatlerThe Spectator3.modern English novelWritersDaniel Defoe (1661-1731) Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding (1707-1754) The History of Tom Jones, A FoundlingT. G. Smollet (1721-1771) satirical novelsSamuel Richardson (1689-1761) PamelaOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Vicar of WakefieldJonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gulliver's TravelsLawrence Sterne (1713-1768) Sentimental JourneyRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.4. Drama•Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)She stoops to Conquer•Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)the Rivalsthe School for Scandal5. SentimentalismNovelistsSamuel Richardson Pamela帕米拉Laurence Sterne Sentimental JourneyPoetsThomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Deserted VillageGeorge Crabbe (1754-1832) The Village6 Gothic novelwritersHorace Walpole (1727-1797)The Castle of Otranto奥特伦托城堡Ann Radcliff (1764-1823)The Mysteries of Udolpho 尤道弗之谜7. pre-romanticismthe poets•William Blake (1757-1821)•Robert Burns (1759-1796)（一）Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)works1.PamphletThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters2. Fiction (picaresque novel)Robin Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton (1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders (1722)Journal of the Plague Year (1722)Account of Jonathan Wild (1725)The History of the Devil (1726)（二）Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I ①A satirist②The supreme prose master in the first part of the 18th century is Swift.II The works of Swift:The Battle of the Books书的战争（1704）A Tale of A Tub一只桶的故事（1704）The Journal to Stella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议（1729）Drapier’s Letters布商的信（1724，1725）Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记（1726）III Gulliver’s Travelsfour voyages of Lemuel GulliverThe first part : LilliputThe second part: BrobdingnagThe last part: the land of HouyhnhnmsThe third part: LaputaIV A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal is the best and most famous political satire of Swift.（三）Joseph Addison(1672-1719)Richard Steele (1672-1729)1. The Tatlerstarted by_______containing: news,gossip,stories and jokespublished ______times a week_______small pagesrun about ______years2.The SpectatorPublished every morningContaining only familiar essaysform: The spectator was supposed to be edited by a small club run by Mr Spectator, including mainly Sir Roger de Coverley and several others.Content: comment on books; earnest efforts after reform; Character sketches of si r Roger3. The purpose4. the meaning and influence of the T and the S5. The style of AddisonP 2306. The literary genre of essayp228 L7-L13（四）Henry Fielding(1707-1754)I chiefly a novelistthen a dramatistthe founder of English realistic novel― Father of English novel‖II works①The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams1742《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 a parody of Richardson’s Pamela②Jonathan Wild, the Great 1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》the story of a rogue③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece④The History of Amelia 1751《艾米利亚》（五）Thomas Gray(1716-1771)Elegy written in a Country Churchyard①T ype: elegy (a somber poem or song that praises or laments the dead)②Key dates: Gray began writing the poem in 1742, put it aside for a while, and finished it in 1750. He was meticulous: everything he wrote had to be just right. He believed that one imprecise word could ruin an entire work. Consequently, In ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖ he labored on until all the words were right③setting: Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard.④format: four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter.In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second rhymes with the fourth.⑤status: one of the greatest poems in the English language.It knits structure, rhyme scheme, imagery and message into a brilliant work that confers on Gray everlasting fame.⑥school: sentimental poetrythe graveyard school（六）Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774)I ①an Irish Writer②a representative of Sentimentalism③One of the most versatile of authors and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.II Works•A novelThe vicar of Wakefield 1761-1762威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传•comediesShe stoops to Conquer 1773 委曲求全Good-natured Man 1768 好性情的人•A series of essaysThe Citizen of the World 1762世界公民•Poems:The Traveler 1764 旅行者The Deserted Villiage1770 荒村（七）Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)I①the most important English playwright of the 18th century.②His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of B ernard Shaw.II. Dramas of Sheridan•The Rivals情敌1775•The School for Scandal造谣学校1777•The Critic1779（七）William Blake (1757-1827)I the most independent and the most original romantic poetThe poet of inspirationThe mystic and transcendental poetThe most extraordinary literary geniusII works1. Poetical Sketches (1783)a collection of youthful poems.Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence (1789)3. Songs of Experience (1794)III selected reading（八）Robert Burns（1759-1796）I①the greatest of Scottish poetMost of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of theold Scotch song tradition.② a farmer poet.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.③ a pre-romantic poetIIｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅａｄｉｎｇ。