Demerit goods

商务英语常用缩略词D-H商务英语常用缩略词:DD degree; draft 度、汇票D/A deposit account 存款帐户D/A document against acceptance 承兑交单d/a days after acceptance 承兑后......日(付款)D. A. debit advice 欠款报单D. B day book 日记帐、流水帐DB method declining balance (depreciation) method 递减余额折旧法D. C. F. method discounted cash flow method 现金流量贴现法D/D documentary draft 跟单汇票D. D.; D/D demand draft 即期汇票D/d; d/d days after date 出票后......日(付款)d. d. dry dock 干船坞DDB method double declining balance (depreciation) method 双倍递减余额折旧法D. D. D deadline delivery date 交易最后日期def. deficit 赤字、亏损dem. demurrage 滞期费Depr. depreciation 折旧d. f; D. F.; d. frt. dead freight 空舱费D. G dangerous goods 危险货物diff. difference 差额Dis. discount 折扣、贴现dish'd; dishd dishonored 不名誉、拒付D. I. T double income-tax(relief) 双重所得税(免征)div.; divd dividend 红利、股息D-J Dow Jones & Co. 美国道-琼斯公司DJIA Dow Jones Industrial Average (Stock Index) 道-琼斯工业股票指数DJTA Dow Jones Transportation Average 道-琼斯运输平均数DJUA Dow Jones Utility Average 道-琼斯公用事业平均数DK Don't know 不知道DL direct loan 直接贷款DL discretionary limit 无条件限制DLD deadline date 最后时限Dls. ; Dol(s); Doll(s) dollars 元DM Deutsche Mark; D-mark; Deutschmark; 德国马克DMCs developing member countries 发展中国家DN date number 日期号DN; D/N debit note 借记通知单DNR do not reduce 不减少do.; dto. ditto 同上、同前D/O delivery order 发货单Doc(s) documents 凭证、单据、文件doc. att. documents attached 附单据、附件Doc. code document code 凭证(单据)编号D. O. G. days of grace 宽限日数DOR date of request 要求日DP; D/P document against payment 交单付款DPI disposable personal income 个人可支配收入DPOB date and place of birth 出生时间和地点DPP damp proofing 防潮的Dr. debit 借记、借方D. R.; DR discount rate 贴现率、折扣率Dr debtor 债务人DR deposit receipt 存单、存款收据dr. drawer 借方DS; d/s days after sight(days' sight) 见票后.......日(付款)ds.; d's days 日dstn. destination 日的地(港)DTC Deposit taking company 接受存款公司DTC Deposit Trust Company 储蓄信托公司dup.; dupl.; dupte. duplicate 副本DVP delivery versus payment 付款交货dy.; d/y day; delivery 日、交货dz dozen 一打商务英语常用缩略词:EE. exchange; export 交易所、输出E. & O. E. errors and omissions excepted 如有错漏，可加更正e.a.o.n. except as otherwise noted 除非另有说明EAT earnings after tax 税后收益EB ex budgetary 预算外EBIT earnings before interest and tax 扣除利息和税金前收益EBS Electronic Broking Service 电子经纪服务系统EBT earning before taxation 税前盈利EC European Community; European Commission 欧洲共同体、欧洲委员会EC export credit 出口信贷EC error corrected 错误更正Ec. exempli causa 例如Ec. ex coupon 无息票ECA export credit agency 出口信贷机构ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East 亚洲及远东经济委员会ECE Economic Commission for Europe 欧洲经济委员会ECG Export Credit Guarantee 出口信用担保ECI export credit insurance 出口信用保险ECR export credit refinancing 出口信贷再融资ECT estimated completion time 估计竣工时间ECU European Currency Unit 欧洲货币单位E/D export declaration 出口申报单ED ex dividend 无红利、除息、股利除外EDD estimated delivery date 预计交割日EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换EDOC effective date of change 有效更改日期EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据自理E. E.; e.e errors excepted 如有错误，可加更正EERI Effective Exchange Rate Indexes of Hong Kong 港汇指数EET East European Time 东欧时间EF export finance 出口融资EF Exchange Fund 外汇基金EFT electronic funds transfer 电子资金转帐EFTA European Free Trade Area (Association) 欧洲自由贸易区(协会)EGM Extraordinary Genaral Meeting 特别股东大会EIB Export-Import Bank 进出口银行EIL WB Economic Integration Loan 世界银行经济一体化贷款EL export license 出口许可证ELI extra low impurity 极少杂质EMF European Monetary Fund 欧洲货币基金EMIP equivalent mean investment period 等值平均投资期EMP end-of month payment 月末付款EMP European main ports 欧洲主要港口EMS European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMS express mail service 邮政特快专递EMU European Monetary Union 欧洲货币联盟enc enclosed 停业encl(s). enclosure 附件encd. enclosed 附件End. ; end. endorsement 背书Entd. entered 登记人EOA effective on or about 大约在.......生效EOD every other day 每隔一日EOE European Options Exchange 欧洲期权交易EOM end of month 月底EOQ economic order quantity 最底订货量EOS end of season 季末EOU export-oriented unit 出口型单位EOY end of year 年终EPD earliest possible date 最早可能日期EPN export promissory note 出口汇票EPOS electronic point of sale 电子销售点EPR earnings price ratio 收益价格比率EPR effective protection rate 有效保护率EPS earnings per share 每股收益额、每股盈利额E. P. T excess profit tax 超额利润税EPVI excess present value index 超现值指数EPZ export processing zone 出口加工区ERM exchange rate mechanism 汇率机制ERS Export Refinance Scheme 出口再融资计划ESOP Employee Stock Ownership Plan 职工持股计划Est. estate 财产、遗产EST Eastern Standard Time 美国东部标准时间et seq. et sequents 以下ETA estimated time of arrival 预计到达时间ETD estimated tiem of departure 预计出发时间ETDZ Economic and Technological Development Zone 经济技术开发区ETLT equal to or less than 等于或少于ETS estimated time of sailing 预计启航时间EU European Union 欧盟EUA European Units of Account 欧洲记帐单位ex.; exch exchange 汇兑、况换excl. exclusive 另外、不在内ex cont. from contract 从合同ex cp. ex coupon 无息票ex div. ex dividend 无股息Exp. export 出口Extd. extend 展期EXW ex works 工厂交货价商务英语常用缩略词:Ff feet 英尺F dealt in flat 无息交易的f. following (page) 接下页f. fairs 定期集市F. A. face amount 票面金额F. A. fixed assets 固定资产F. A freight agent 货运代理行FA free alongside 启运港船边交货FABB Fellow of the British Association of Accountants and Auditors 英国会计师和审计师协会会员FAC facility 设施、设备f.a.c. fast as can 尽快FACT factor analysis chart technique 因素分析图解法fad. free delivery (discharge, dispatch) 免费送货F. A. F. free at factory 工厂交货FAIA Fellow of the Association of International Accountants国际会计协会会员F. A. Q fair average quality (货品)中等平均质量F. A. S. free alongside ship 发运地船边交货价FASB Financial Accounting Standards Boards 财务会计标准委员会FAT fixed asset transfer 固定资产转移FAT factory acceptance test 工厂验收试验FB foreign bank 外国银行F. B. E. foreign bill of exchange 外国汇票F. C. fixed capital 固定资本F. C. fixed charges 固定费用F. C. future contract 远期合同fc. franc 法郎FCA Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants 特许会计师学会会员FCG foreign currency guarantee 外币担保FCL full container load 整货柜装载FCL/LCL full container load/less (than)full container load 整装/分卸FCR forwarder's cargo receipt 货运代理行收据FCT forwarding agent's certificate of transport 货运代理行领货证fd. fund 资金FDB method fixed rate on declining balance method 定率递减余额折旧法FDI foreign direct investment 外商直接投资FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 联邦储蓄保险公司FE foreign exchange 外汇FE future exchange 远期外汇FF French franc 法国法郎fib free into barge 驳船上的交货价FIBC financial institution buyer credit policy 金融机构买方信贷险FIFO first in, first out 先进先出法fin. stadg.(stndg.) financial standing 资信状况fin. stat. (F/S) financial statement 财务报表fin.yr. financial year 财政年度FINA following items not available 以下项目不可获得FIO free in and out 自由进出F. I. T free of income tax 免交所得税fl. florin 盾FLG finance lease guarantee 金融租赁担保flt. flat 无利息FMV fair market value 合理市价FO free out 包括卸货费在内的运费fo. folio 对折、页码FOB free on board (启运港)船上交货、离岸价格FOB airport FOB airport (启运)机场交货(价)FOBST free on board stowed and trimming 包括清理及平仓的离岸价格F.O.C. free of charge 免费FOCUS Financial and Operations Combined Uniform Single Report 财务经营综合报告FOK fill or kill 要么买进或卖出，要么取消FOR free on rail (or road) 铁路或(公路)上交货价for'd., fwd forward; forwarded 转递FOREX foreign exchange 外汇FOS free on steamer 蒸汽船上交货(价)FOUO for official use only 仅用于公事FOW, f. o. w. free on wagon (启运站)火车上交货(价) FOX Futures and Options Exchange 期货和期权交易所FP floating policy 浮动政策FP fully paid 已全付的FRA forward rate agreement 远期利率协议FRCD floating rate certificate of deposit 浮动利率存单frt., frgt. forward 期货、远期合约free case no charge for case 免费事例FREF fixed rate export finance 固定利率出口融资frt. & grat. freight and gratuity 运费及酬金Frt. fwd freight forward 运费待付Frt. ppd freight prepaid 运费已付FS final settlement 最后结算FSR feasibility study report 可行性研究报告FTW free trade wharf 码头交易FTZ free trade zone 自由贸易区fut. futures 期货、将来FV face value 面值FVA fair value accounting 合理价值法FWD forward (exchange) contract 远期合约F.X. foreign exchange 外汇FX broker foreign exchange broker 外汇经纪人fxd fixed 固定的FXRN fixed rate note 定息票据FY fiscal year (financial year) 财政(务)年度fy. pd. fully paid 全部付讫FYI for your information 供您参考商务英语常用缩略词:Gg gallon; grain; gram (s);gold 加仑;格令;克; 金G. A. general agent 总代理商、总代理人GA go ahead 办理、可行GAAP general Accepted Accounting Principles 通用会计准则GAAS Generally Accepted Auditing Standard 通用审计标准GAC General Administration of Customs 海关总署gal., gall gallon 加仑gas. gasoline 汽油GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定GCL government concessional loan 政府优惠贷款GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值gds. goods 商品、货物GJ general journal 普通日记帐GL general ledger 总分类帐gm. gram(s) 克GMP graduated payment mortgage 递增付款按揭GND gross national demand 国民总需求GNE gross national expeditures 国民支出总额GNP gross national product 国民生产总值GOFO gold forward rate 黄金远期利率GP gross profit 毛利GPP general purchasing power 总购买能力gr. (grs.) wt. gross weight 毛重GR gross revenue 毛收入GS gross sales 销售总额GSP generalised system of preferences 普惠制GTM good this month 本月有效GTW good this week 本星期有效商务英语常用缩略词:HHAB house air bill 航空托运单HAWB house air waybill 航空托运单HCA historical cost accounting 历史成本会计hdqrs. headquarters 总部hg. hectogram 一百公克HIBOR Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate 香港银行同业拆借利率hifo highest-in, first-out 高入先出法H. in D. C. holder in due course 正当持票人Hi-Q high quality 高质量HIRCS high interest rate currencies 高利率货币hi-tech high technology 高技术HKD Hong Kong dollar 香港元HKI Hong Kong Index 香港指数hl. hectoliter 百升hldg. holding 控股Hon'd honored 如期支付的HSCPI Hang Seng Consumer Price Index 恒生消费价格指数HSI Hang Seng Index 恒生指数hwevr. however 无论如何Hz hertz 赫兹。

外贸出口英语词汇一、商品相关。

1. commodity [kəˈmɒdəti] - n. 商品；日用品。

- 例句：This commodity is in great demand in the international market.（这种商品在国际市场上需求量很大。

）2. merchandise [ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪs] - n. 商品；货物；v. 买卖；推销。

- 例句：The company merchandises a wide range of products.（这家公司经销各种各样的产品。

）- 例句：They are checking the merchandise in the warehouse.（他们正在仓库里检查货物。

）3. product [ˈprɒdʌkt] - n. 产品；产物；结果。

- 例句：Our new product has a high - quality standard.（我们的新产品有很高的质量标准。

）4. goods [ɡʊdz] - n. 商品；货物（复数形式）- 例句：These goods are ready for export.（这些货物准备出口。

）二、订单相关。

1. order [ˈɔːdə(r)] - n. 订单；命令；顺序；v. 订购；命令。

- 例句：We received a large order from an overseas client.（我们收到了一个海外客户的大订单。

）- 例句：Please order the goods as soon as possible.（请尽快订购货物。

）2. purchase order [ˈpɜːtʃəs ˈɔːdə(r)] - n. 采购订单。

- 例句：The purchase order has been sent to the supplier.（采购订单已经发送给供应商了。

Explain why it is necessary for the government to intervene in the production of merit and demerit goods [8]Merit goods may be described as the goods that the government deems good for consumers, which have positive externalities associated with them. For example, education is merit good as they can improve the skill levels of labour. Demerit goods are the goods that the government deems good for consumers, which have negative externalities associated with them. For example, cigarettes can be seemed as a demerit good as it causes health problems for those who don’t smoke through secondary smoking.The reason why the government needs to intervene in the production of these two goods is that they both lead to market failure. A market failure in free economy can be defined as the failure in allocating scarce resources in the most efficient way to make the optimum use of them. This failure comes from an original failure called‘information failure’, which means consumers do not perceive how good or bad a particular product is. For merit goods, consumers may lack the information (either they do not have the correct information or there isn’t any relevant information) that these goods are beneficial to consume. For example, education can be considered as a merit good so people should consume it more. However, few people appreciate how much benefit they will receive through being educated. This may lead to an insufficient demand on the merit goods in the market, which lowers the price. With a lower price, producers will not find it profitable to produce therefore there is a decrease in quantity demanded and supplied. This indicates that not enough resources are allocated to the production of merits goods but there should be more merit goods. Hence, there is a market failure.For demerit goods, consumers may lack the information that these godos are harmful to consume. For example, cigarettes are one of demerit goods. Few people are in possession of the information that smoking or secondary smoking can lead to severe health problems such as lung cancer. This may lead to an over demand on the demerit goods in the market, which increases the price. With a higher price, producers will find it profitable to produce therefore there is an increase in quantity demanded and supplied. This indicates that too many resources are allocated to the production of demerit goods but there should be less demerit goods. Hence, there is a market failure.In summary, both merit goods and demerit goods can cause problems if the free economy functions completely on its own. There would be either too few merit goods or too many demerit goods, which are all considered to be a failure in allocating resources efficiently. Government intervention in the production of these goods is required to reduce market failure and optimize the allocation of scarce resources. By making education compulsory for every child, more children can get educated and therefore the demand for education remains the optimized level. By labeling “Smoking harms you and others”, people can be aware of the fact that cigarettes are harmful to them and become reluctant to consume it. Demand will be lowered and less cigarettes will be produced.。

进出口专业英语词汇(M1)进出口专业英语词汇(M1)进出口专业英语词汇(M1)mad胂滴混齐1」madagascar bean 棉豆madagascar hook马达加斯加钩madam白细布madapolams马德波勒姆细布madar马达牌手表madder茜草madeira玛德拉酒madistor晶体磁控管madopar tablet 美多巴片madrapa粗平布madras cotton马德拉斯棉madras gauze马德拉斯花纱罗madras gingham马德拉斯条格布madras goods马德拉斯棉布madras handkerchiefs马德拉斯香味布madras muslin马德拉斯窗帘纱madras rug马德拉斯地毯madras马德拉斯狭条衬衫布madrassee silk马德拉西生丝mae west海上救生衣maestro 艺术大师牌汽车mafenide磺胺米隆mafors女式斗篷magaldrate氢氧化镁铝magamp磁性放大器magazine camera自动卷片照相机magazine loading camera匣装卷片摄影机magazine loading cine camera 片盒型活动摄影机magazine loading cine film 盒装电影片magazine loom自动换纬织机magazine paper 杂志名氏magazine rack 杂志架magazine stove自动加煤火炉magchrome refractory 镁铭耐火材料magdynamo磁石发电机magel梅其尔牌手表magenta 品红maggi sauce麦琪酱油maggot五谷虫magic dart 魔镖magic drawing board 神奇画板magic eye 电眼magic heat pack 魔力热袋magic marker自动记分器magic spun梅杰斯本人造短纤维纱magicore高频铁心粉magill attachment麦吉尔氏接合体magiloft化纤变形弹性长丝magimatic玛吉玛蒂克牌照相机magirus-deutz马吉鲁斯-多伊茨牌汽车magma mixer糖糊搅拌器magma pump糊浆泵magmeter直读式频率计magna 马尼亚牌手表magnaflux steel航空用高强度钢magnaglo马格纳格罗磁性粉末magnalite马格纳莱特铝基活塞合金magnalium镁铝合金magnamite梅格内马特碳纤维magnascan电子分色机magnescope 放像镜magnesia cement氧化镁水泥magnesia ceramics 氧化镁陶瓷magnesia crucible 氧化镁坩埚magnesia mica 镁云母magnesia porcelain 镁质瓷器magnesia powder 氧化镁粉magnesia氧化镁magnesia-alumina-silica fibre 镁-铝-硅纤维magnesia-alumina-silica 硅镁铝合金magnesia-asbestos 镁石棉magnesia-chrome refractory 镁铭耐火材料magnesia-chromite brick 镁铭砖magnesia-lanthana-titania system ceramics 镁-镧-钛系陶在瓷magnesian alum 镁明矾magnesite brick 镁砖magnesite powder 镁粉magnesite refractory 镁质耐火材料magnesite菱镁矿magnesite-chrome brick 镁铭砖magnesite-chrome refractory 镁铭耐火材料magnesite-chrome 镁铭合金magnesite-dolomite brick 镁白云石砖magnesium acetate 醋酸镁magnesium alloy sheet 镁合金薄板magnesium aluminate 铝酉叁镁magnesium aluminum alloy 镁铝合金magnesium aluminum glycinate 甘氨酸镁铝magnesium analyzer镁含量分析仪magnesium azide 叠氮镁magnesium bicarbonate 碳酸氢镁magnesium bromide 溴化镁magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁magnesium cell 镁电池magnesium chloride 氯化镁magnesium chromite 铭镁尖晶石magnesium citrate 柠檬酸镁magnesium clofibrate 氯贝酸镁magnesium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢镁magnesium ferrite 铁酸镁magnesium fluoride 氟化镁magnesium fluosilicate 氟硅酸镁magnesium hydroxide 氢氧化镁magnesium ingot 镁锭magnesium lamp 镁光灯magnesium light lamp 镁光灯magnesium limestone 白云石magnesium metal 金属镁magnesium metasilicate 硅酸镁magnesium nitride 氮化镁magnesium nitro-humate 硝基腐殖酸镁magnesium orthosilicate 原硅酸镁magnesium oxide filament 氧化镁丝magnesium oxide 氧化镁magnesium perchlorate 高氯酸镁magnesium peroxide 过氧化镁magnesium phosphate monobasic 磷酸氢镁magnesium phosphate 磷酸镁magnesium powder 镁粉magnesium reduction arc furnace 镁还原电弧炉magnesium rod 镁条magnesium salicylate 水杨酸镁magnesium silicate 硅酸镁magnesium silicide 硅化镁magnesium silicofluoride 氟硅酸镁magnesium soap 镁皂magnesium stannate 锡酸镁magnesium stearate 硬脂酸镁magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁magnesium sulphate 硫酸镁magnesium titanate porcelain 钛酸镁瓷magnesium titanate 钛酸镁magnesium trisilicate 三硅酸镁magnesium zirconate 锆酸镁magnesium 镁magnesium-alumina brick 镁铝砖magnesium-base grease 镁基润滑脂magnesium-copper sulphide rectifier 镁硫酸铜整流器magnesium-manganese dioxide cell 镁-二氧化镒电池magnesium-rare earth 镁-稀土合金magnesium-silver chloride cell 镁-氯化银电池magneson镁试剂magnestat磁调节器magnesyn永磁转子自同步机magnet belt separator 带式磁选机magnet chamshell crane 磁力自卸吊车magnet charger 充磁器magnet chuck电磁卡盘magnet coil电磁铁线圈magnet crane磁力起重机magnet disk memory 磁盘存储器magnet drum assembly used for color video recorder 彩色录像机磁鼓组件magnet eliminator 消磁器magnet exciting coil 励磁线圈magnet filter磁选过滤器magnet head 磁头magnet iron 磁铁magnet meter 磁通计magnet polarizing oscillation coil 偏磁振荡线圈magnet powder 磁铁粉magnet reed switch磁性舌簧开关magnet road sweeper 磁力扫路机magnet screen filter 磁筛过滤器magnet sensing diode 磁敏二极管magnet separator磁力分离机magnet slab turning crane 磁力翻坯吊车magnet spectrograph 磁谱仪magnet steel 磁钢magnet stopper电磁制动器magnet valve 电磁阀magnet wire 磁线magnet-bearing 磁性轴承magnet-clamshell crane 磁力自卸吊车magnet-clutch电磁离合器magnet-disc 磁盘magnet-lagging synchronized motor 磁滞同步电动机magnet-siren磁警报器magnetic 70 硫黄粉magnetic acupress stylus 磁缇针magnetic alloy 磁性合金magnetic alphabet and number set 磁性字母数字玩具magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic analog computer 磁模拟计算机magnetic analyzer 磁分析仪magnetic anomally detector 地磁异常探测仪magnetic antiwax apparatus used in well 井下磁力防蜡器magnetic arc control电磁弧控制器magnetic arc lamp 磁弧灯magnetic arc stabilizer 电磁弧稳定器magnetic attenuator 电磁衰减器magnetic ballasting machine 电磁铺碴机magnetic bearing 磁推轴承magnetic belt type conveyer 磁性带式输送机magnetic bit extractor磁力钻头打捞器magnetic blow out arrestor磁性灭弧式避雷器magnetic blow-out circuit breaker 磁吹灭弧断路器magnetic blow-out fuse 磁吹熔断器magnetic blunt-tip needle 钝尖磁针magnetic brake制动电磁铁magnetic bubble computer 磁泡计算机magnetic bubble memory 磁泡存储器magnetic bubble storage 磁泡存储器magnetic card memory 磁卡存储器magnetic card reader 磁卡阅读器magnetic card typewriter 磁卡打字机magnetic card 磁卡magnetic catch 磁铁夹magnetic ceramics 磁性瓷magnetic character reader 磁性字符读出机magnetic chuck 磁性卡盘magnetic clutch motor磁力离合器电动机10magnetic clutch磁力离合器magnetic cobber 磁选机magnetic coincidence spectrometer 符合磁谱仪magnetic combinational switch 磁组合开关magnetic comparater电磁钢材分类仪magnetic compass 磁罗盘magnetic compensating alloy 磁补偿合金magnetic compensator 磁性补偿器magnetic contact relay磁触点式继电器magnetic contact电磁接触器magnetic contactor 磁接触器magnetic control relay 磁控继电器magnetic controller 磁控制器magnetic core antenna 磁芯天线magnetic core memory 磁芯存储器magnetic core production line 磁芯生产线magnetic core sense amplifier 磁芯读出放大器magnetic core shift register 磁芯移位寄存器magnetic core storage 磁芯存储器magnetic core 磁芯magnetic corrosion-resistant filter 电磁防蚀过滤机magnetic counter 磁计数器magnetic crack detector 磁力探伤器magnetic crane 电磁吊车magnetic crystal 磁性晶体magnetic damper磁性阻尼器magnetic defect detector 电磁探伤器magnetic deflection mass spectrometer 磁偏转质谱仪magnetic densimeter 磁密度计magnetic detector 磁性检波器magnetic dip circle 磁倾仪magnetic disc 磁盘magnetic disc memory 磁盘存储器magnetic disc store 磁盘存储器magnetic disk device 磁盘机magnetic double resonance spectrometer 磁双共振谱仪magnetic doublet radiator 磁性偶极辐射器magnetic drill press 电磁钻床magnetic drive pump 磁力泵magnetic drum computer 磁鼓计算机magnetic drum controller 磁鼓控制器magnetic drum data processing machine 磁鼓数据处理机magnetic drum digital differential analyzer 磁鼓数字微分分12析器magnetic drum for colour videocorder 彩色录像磁鼓magnetic drum memory 磁鼓存储器magnetic drum reader 磁鼓阅读器magnetic drum recorder 磁鼓记录器magnetic drum separator鼓式磁力分离器magnetic drum storage 磁鼓存储器magnetic drum 磁鼓magnetic earphone 电磁式耳机magnetic electric tachometer 磁电测速仪magnetic electron lens 磁电子透镜magnetic electron spectrometer 磁电子谱仪magnetic element 磁力元件magnetic eraser 消磁器magnetic exchange valve 电磁换向阀magnetic false-twist spindle 磁性假捻锭子magnetic fiber sensor光纤磁性传感器magnetic field analyzer 磁场分析仪magnetic field detector 电磁场探测器magnetic field equalizer 磁场均衡器magnetic field resistor 磁场电阻器magnetic field spectrum analyzer 磁场频谱分析仪13magnetic film memory 磁膜存储器magnetic film 磁膜magnetic filter磁性过滤器magnetic flaw detector 磁力探伤器magnetic floating valve 电磁浮式阀magnetic flow meter 磁流量计magnetic fluid clutch磁力流体离合器magnetic fluid control device 磁性流体控制仪magnetic flux detector 磁通探测器magnetic flux meter 磁通量计magnetic focused image intensifier 磁聚焦图像增强器magnetic force driving pump 磁力驱动泵magnetic force welding machine 磁力焊接机magnetic forming machine 磁力成形机magnetic frequency multiplier 磁倍频器magnetic friction clutch 磁力摩擦离合器magnetic gas analyzer 磁气体分析仪magnetic generator 磁发电机magnetic grader磁力分选机magnetic hardness comparator 磁性硬度比较器magnetic head impedance tester 磁头阻抗测试仪magnetic head of video cassette recorder 盒式带录像机磁14magnetic head potting adhesive 磁头灌封胶magnetic head 磁头magnetic health ball 磁健身球magnetic hydraulic clutch 磁性液压离合器magnetic hysteresis alloy 磁滞合金magnetic induction flowmeter 磁感应式流量计magnetic induction gyroscope 磁感应回转仪magnetic induction-pumped laser 磁感应抽运激光器magnetic ink character reader磁性墨水字符阅读器magnetic ink character recorder 磁性墨水字符记录器magnetic ink scanner磁性墨水扫描器magnetic ink磁性墨水magnetic interrupter 磁断续器magnetic intra eyeball foreign substance attracting-out unit 眼球内异物磁性吸出装置magnetic iron oxide epoxy ester antirust paint 磁铁环氧酯防锈漆magnetic iron oxide epoxy precoat primer 磁铁环氧预涂底漆magnetic iron oxide 磁性氧化铁magnetic iron powder 磁铁粉15magnetic iron 磁铁magnetic jigsaw puzzle 磁性拼图玩具magnetic lag clutch 磁滞离合器magnetic leakage transformer 磁漏变压器magnetic lens 磁透镜magnetic lid lifter 电磁启盖机magnetic lifter磁力起重机magnetic loud speaker 磁性扬声器magnetic material wet forming hydraulic press 磁材湿式成型液压机magnetic materials for general purpose 专用磁性材料magnetic materials for special purpose 专用磁性材料magnetic materials 磁性材料magnetic matrix transducer 磁阵式传感器magnetic medical massaging apparatus 按摩磁疗器magnetic mercury cutoff device 磁力水银断流器magnetic mercury switch 磁性水银开关magnetic micrometer 磁力测微计magnetic microscope 磁显微镜magnetic mirror 磁镜magnetic modulator 磁性调制器magnetic multiparticle spectrometer 磁性多粒子谱仪16magnetic needle 磁针magnetic oil filter 磁性滤油器magnetic optical disc 磁光盘magnetic oscillator 磁振荡器magnetic oscillograph 电磁示波器magnetic oxide iron 磁性氧化铁magnetic oxygen cutting machine 磁力氧气切割机magnetic oxygen recorder 电磁测氧仪magnetic padlock 磁锁magnetic particle analyzer 磁粒子分析仪magnetic particle clutch 磁粒子离合器magnetic particle testing machine 磁粒子测试机magnetic pencil case with both sides open 两面开磁性铅笔盒rmmagnetic permeameter 磁导仪magnetic phonographic recording paper 磁带录音纸magnetic pick-up电磁式拾波器magnetic playset 磁性玩具magnetic position converter 磁性位置转换器magnetic potentiometer 磁位差计magnetic powder brake 磁粉制动器17magnetic pressure transducer 磁性压力传感器magnetic printing ink 磁性印刷油墨magnetic prism spectrometer 磁棱镜谱仪magnetic probe 磁探针magnetic pulley电磁皮带轮magnetic pump 电磁泵magnetic ratchet multi-purpose screw-driver with plastic handle磁性塑料柄倒顺多用螺丝起子magnetic recorder 磁记录器magnetic recording head 录音磁头magnetic recording paper 磁录音纸magnetic recording reproducer 磁性录音机magnetic recording sound projector 磁带录音放影机magnetic recording tape 录音磁带magnetic rectifier 磁整流器magnetic refrigerator 磁制冷机magnetic regulator 磁力调节器magnetic relay timer磁性继电器定时器magnetic relay磁性继电器magnetic reproducing head 放音磁头magnetic resonance ac voltage stabilizer 磁共振交流稳压18magnetic rod 磁棒magnetic rubber 磁性橡胶magnetic saturation voltage stabilizer 磁饱和稳压器magnetic sector analyzer 扇形磁场分析器magnetic sector mass spectrometer 扇形磁场质谱仪magnetic selecting machine 磁选机magnetic sensor磁性传感器magnetic separator 磁选机magnetic sheet handler薄板电磁分送机magnetic sheet piler 电磁垛板机magnetic shift register 磁移位寄存器magnetic shunt 调磁器magnetic slide valve 电磁滑阀magnetic sound camera磁性录音摄影机magnetic sound recording film 磁性录音胶片magnetic sound recording tape 磁性录音带magnetic sound recording wire 磁性录音钢丝magnetic spark plug 电磁火花塞magnetic spectrograph 磁摄谱仪magnetic spectrometer 磁谱仪magnetic spell and learn board 磁性拼学板19magnetic spell and learn set 磁性拼学玩具magnetic spelling board 磁性拼读板magnetic stabilizer 磁稳定器magnetic star delta switch磁力星形三角开关magnetic starter磁力起动器magnetic steel detector钢筋磁性检测仪magnetic steel 磁钢magnetic stirrer磁力搅拌机magnetic stirring apparatus 磁力搅拌器magnetic storage 磁存储器magnetic strainer 磁性滤器magnetic stripe encoder 磁条编码器magnetic stripe reader 磁条阅读器magnetic suspension spinning rotor gauge 磁悬浮转子计magnetic suspension spinning rotor vacuum gauge 磁悬浮转子真空计magnetic sweep amplifier 磁扫描放大器magnetic sweeper磁力清扫机magnetic switch 磁力开关magnetic tachometer 电磁转速表magnetic tape buffer 磁带缓冲器magnetic tape cassette equipment 盒式磁带机20magnetic tape cassette 盒式磁带magnetic tape controller 磁带控制器magnetic tape drum memory 磁带磁鼓存储器magnetic tape formatter 磁带格式器magnetic tape handler 磁带机magnetic tape machine 磁带机magnetic tape memory 磁带存储器magnetic tape reader 读带器magnetic tape recorder 磁带录音器magnetic tape recording wave meter 磁录式波浪仪magnetic tape seismograph 磁带地震仪magnetic tape sound reproducer 磁带录音机magnetic tape storage 磁带存储器magnetic tape terminal equipment 磁带终端设备magnetic tape unit 磁带机magnetic tape video recording equipment 磁带录像设备magnetic tape 磁带magnetic telephone apparatus 磁石电话机magnetic temperature compensating alloy 磁温度补偿合金magnetic temperature controller 磁性温控器magnetic thermometer 磁温度计21magnetic thickness gauge 磁测厚计magnetic thickness tester 磁性测厚仪magnetic thin film memory 磁薄膜存储器magnetic thin film 磁性薄膜magnetic thrust bearing 磁性推力轴承magnetic transducer 磁换能器magnetic transmission variable aperture flow meter 磁力传动可变孔径式流量计magnetic travelling crane电磁吸盘式移动式起重机magnetic trigger 磁触发器magnetic type speedometer 磁力式速度计magnetic valve type surge arrseter 磁阀式避雷器magnetic valve 电磁阀magnetic vehicle detector 电磁检车器magnetic vibration-actuated feeder 电磁振动给料机magnetic vibrator 磁振动器magnetic vice磁力虎钳magnetic voltage stabilizer 电磁式稳压器magnetic water cleaning device 磁水净化器magnetic wave detector 电磁检波仪magnetic wire 磁导线magnetic yoke 磁轭22 magnetic-armature loudspeaker 电磁扬声器magnetic-card unit 磁卡片机magnetic-coupling flowmeter 磁耦合式流量表magnetic-deflection tube 磁偏转管magnetic-dipole antenna 磁偶极子天线magnetic-energy-storage spot welder 磁能储存式点焊机magnetic-matrix switch 磁阵开关magnetic-medical machine 医用磁疗机magnetical stepping motor 磁性步进电机magnetically hard steel 硬磁钢magnetically sensitive recording paper 磁感记录纸magnetically soft steel 软磁钢magnetically suspended gyroscope 磁悬浮陀螺仪magnetite ore磁铁矿砂magnetite 磁石magnetized drink water cup 磁化杯magnetized-water health-protection cup 磁化水保健杯magnetizer 磁化器magnetizing apparatus 充磁机magneto bell磁石电铃magneto breaker arm磁电机断电臂magneto coil磁电机线圈23magneto collector ring 磁电机集电环magneto coupler电磁耦合器magneto crank磁电机摇把magneto detector 磁检波器magneto distributor磁电机配电器magneto exchange磁石交换机magneto field scope 磁场示波器magneto gasket磁电机垫片magneto grease磁电机润滑脂magneto gyrocompass 磁力回转罗盘magneto microphone电磁式送话器magneto optic camera 磁光照相机magneto optic isolator 磁光隔离器magneto optical disk editor 磁光盘编辑器magneto optical disk 磁光盘magneto optical drive 磁光盘驱动器magneto optical laser 磁光激光器magneto optical semiconductor laser 磁光半导体激光器magneto optical switch 磁光开关magneto plasmadynamic generator 磁等离子体发电机magneto resistance displacement transducer 磁致电阻位移换能器24magneto resistance microwave wattmeter 磁阻微波功率表magneto resistance oscillator 磁致电阻振荡器magneto resistive amplifier 磁致电阻放大器magneto resistive magnetometer 磁阻效应磁强计magneto resistor磁控电阻器magneto striction cookie cutter 磁致伸缩曲奇切割器magneto striction cutter 磁致伸缩切割器magneto striction echo sounder磁致伸缩回声测深器magneto striction filter 磁致伸缩滤波器magneto striction microphone 磁致伸缩传声器magneto striction pressure gauge 磁致伸缩压力计magneto striction strain gauge 磁致伸缩应变仪magneto striction subaqueous microphone 水下磁致伸缩传声器magneto striction transducer 磁致伸缩换能器magneto striction transmitter 磁致伸缩发射机magneto striction vibrator 磁致伸缩振动器magneto strictive cutting machine 磁致伸缩切割机magneto strictive drill 磁致伸缩钻机magneto strictive hydrophone 磁致伸缩水听器magneto strictive microphone 磁致伸缩传声器magneto strictive oscillator 磁致伸缩振荡器25 magneto strictive receiver 磁致伸缩接收器magneto strictive resonator 磁致伸缩谐振器magneto strictive sensor 磁致伸缩传感器magneto strictive transceiver 磁致伸缩式收发机magneto strictive transducer 磁致伸缩传感器magneto switch磁电机开关magneto synchronizer 磁石同步器magneto telephone set 磁石式电话机magneto telephone switchboard 磁石电话交换机magneto therapy apparatus 磁疗仪magneto永磁发电机magneto-dependent sensor 磁敏传感器magneto-encephalograph 磁脑电描记器magneto-generator 永磁发电机magneto-ohmmeter 摇表magneto-optic modulator 磁光调制器magnetoelectricflowmeter 磁电流量计magnetoelectric generator 磁电发电机magnetoelectric machine 磁电式电机magnetoelectric relay 磁电式继电器magnetoelectric tachometer 磁电式转速表magnetograph地磁记录仪26magnetoheliograph 太阳磁象仪magnetometer sensor磁力仪传感器magnetometer 磁强计magnetophone磁录声机magnetoscope 验磁器magnetosphere explorer 磁化层探查器magnetostatic electron lens 静磁电子透镜magnetostatic focusing lens 静磁聚焦透镜magnetostatic lens 静磁透镜magnetron amplifier磁控管放大器magnetron beam-switching tube 磁控电子束开关管magnetron heater磁控管加热器magnetron oscillator 磁控管振荡器magnetron seasoning instrument 磁控管老炼仪magnetron磁控管magnetting machine 吸铁屑机magnevist solution马根维显溶液magnevist马根维显magni-scale放大比例尺magnifier放大镜magnifying glass 放大镜magnifying laryngoscope 喉放大镜27magnifying lens 放大透镜magnifying mirror with ceramic foot 瓷座放大镜magnifying shape projector 投影放大仪magnistor磁变管magno马格诺镇镒电阻合金magnolia bark 厚朴magnolia flower 玉兰花magnolia tea木兰花茶magnolia vine fruit 五味子magnox马格诺克斯核燃料包覆用镁合金magnum大酒瓶magnuminium马格努米纽乌姆镁铝合金magoya silk 细双绉magrabine默格拉比恩粗亚麻平布magron氯酸镁magruder cotton马格鲁德棉magslip无触点式自动同步机mahjong set 麻将牌mahlaing cotton 马来因棉mahle alloy马勒铝硅活塞合金mahlida马利达羊绒呢mahogany桃花心木28maholtine fibre马霍廷纤维mahout轻质缩绒织物maikac迈卡克牌手表mail and luggage van 邮政行李车mail boat由飓台mail carriage 由R政车mail cloth蜂窝纹绸mail facsimile apparatus 信函传真机mail plane邮政飞机mail streamer 由飓台mail train邮政列车mail truck 由阵mail van 邮车mail-cart 邮车mail-chute滑槽邮筒mailcar 邮车mailing machine 姓名29。

1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。

第11章有益品和有害品第⼗⼀章有益品和有害品Merit goods and demeritgoods第⼗章介绍了企业、家庭以及政府产⽣外部性时发⽣市场失灵的情况。

负外部性导致⼈们在⼀项（经济）活动中承担太多，⽽正外部性导致的结果却相反：即⼈们在⼀项活动中承担太少。

本章将展开分析各种外部性，揭⽰烟草等有害品是如何既伤害吸烟者、⼜伤害吸⼊烟⽓的其他⼈的；同时揭⽰医疗等有益品是如何既让病⼈收益、⼜让整个社区收益的。

学习要点Learning outcomes本章将：-阐述有益品和公共物品之间的差别-区分有益品和有害品-说明有益品和有害品的外部性如何导致市场失灵-运⽤边际分析说明外部性导致市场失灵的原因-介绍关于有益品消费不⾜和有害品消费过度的信息问题-说明在判断⼀件商品是有害品还是有益品时价值判断的重要性。

有益品和公共物品之间的差别The difference between a merit good and a public good学⽣们经常将有益品与公共物品的混淆，很⼤程度上是因为国家常常通过税收制度，同时提供这两种物品。

有益品和公共物品确实是典型的政府物品，起定义见前⾯章节。

考试建议Exam tip学⽣应确保不混淆有益品与公共物品。

但有益品不同于公共物品。

正如上⼀章所述，公共物品具有两个特征：⾮排外性和⾮递减性。

这两⼤特点导致市场不能提供国防等纯公共物品。

相反，市场能够并且也确实提供了医疗和教育等有益品。

公共物品能导致市场却失或完全市场失灵（complete market failure），⽽有益品（及与其相对的有害品）能导致部分市场失灵(partial market failure)。

医疗和教育等有益品已清楚表明，市场能提供有益品，但是所供商品数量是“错误的”。

同样，市场提供烟草、酒精饮料和硬性毒品（可卡因）等有害品，但是供应过量，所供商品数量再次“出错”。

有益品，有害品及外部性Merit goods, demerit goods and externalities教育或医疗等有益品属于有益的商品或服务，消费该商品或服务让整个社区享受到的社会效益超过消费者收到的所有私⼈效益。

The Words For Examation:1、Microeconomics :Microeconomics focus on individual markets and decisions by individual households and firms.2、Private sector:The resources owned by private individuals3、Public sector:The resources owned by the state.4、Primary sector:The extractive industries,e.g.forestry,fishing,coal5、Secondary secto r:The converts materials into goods,e.g.manufacturing6、Tertiary sector:The service sector,e.g.finance,tourism.7、Opportunity cost:Opportunity cost is the sacrifice foregone in the next best alternative,If a firmInvests more in project A rather project B,for example then project B is the opportunity cost.If we useour income to buy X not Y,Y is the opportunity cost.8、Factors of production: Land; Labour; Capital; Entrepreneurship9、Disadvantages of free market: public goods; merit goods; externalities; instablity.10、Demand curve: A demand curve shows the quantity that consumers are willing and able to purchase at each and every price, all other things unchanged. If other things do change the consumers are likely to want more or less each and every price and the demand curve shifts11、Advantages of planed economy: The Government can influence the distribution of income to make it more equal; The Government can determine which goods are supplied.12、Types of goods: Capital goods; Consumption goods; Free goods13、Substitution effect: With the fall in price of good A, A becomes relatively cheaper than other goods and inevitably switch to the relatively cheaper good14、Market demand curve:The horizontal summation of individuals demand curve.15、Marginal utility: is the extra satisfaction gained from consuming another unit of a good16、Total utility: is the total satisfaction gained from consuming a given number of goods.17、Price elasticity of demand: Measures the sensitivity of demand to a change in price.18、Cross elasticity of demand: Measures the sensitivity of the demand for one good to a change in price of another. Cross elasticity of good A with respect to good B= percentage change in quantity demanded of good A / percentage change in the price of good B19、Income elasticity of demand: Measures the sensitivity of the demand to a change in income20、Uses of cross elasticity: Firms can estimate the effect on their demand of a competitors price cut; Firms can estimate impact on demand for their product if they cut price of a complement.1.Supply curve:shows the quantity that producers are willing and able to supply at each and everyprice,all other things unchanged.2.Equilibrium:occurs when the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.3.Equilibrium price: the price at a level where supply equates the demanded.4.Short run:fixed factors are not changed.5.Long run:all factors are variable.6.Indirect taxe s:the taxes are placed on the supplier and have the effect of raising costs.7.Consumer surplus:is the difference between the price the consumer is willing to pay and the price the consumer actually pays.8.Producer surplus:is the difference between the price the producer is willing to supply and the price they actually receive.munity surplus:is the welfare of society which is made up of consumer surplus and producer surplus.10.Externalities:occurs when there is a divergence between social and private costs and benefits.11.Marginal cost:means the extra cost of producing another unit.12.Marginal revenue:means the extra revenue from selling another unit.13.Merit goods:these are goods which are socially desirable.14.Demerit goods:these are goods which are not socially desirable.15.The price elasticity of supply: measures the responsiveness of supply to a change in price .1.Marginal: 边际the extra ;marginal cost is the extra cost of producing another unit, the marginal revenue from selling another unit..2.Average: 平均divide the total into number of units3.Average product : 平均产量the average output per unit of the variable factor4.fixed costs : 固定成本the costs which do not change with output5.variable costs: 可变成本the costs which do vary with output6.average costs:平均成本the average costs per unit of the total output7.short run cost curve: 短期成本曲线the minimum cost per unit for different levels of output given a fixed factor8.internal diseconomy of scale: 内在规模不经济the unit cost per unit rises with more output9.bulk buying:大量购买larger firms tend to buy larger quantities of inputs and so are in a position with advantage10.specialization:专业化the repetition that employees can be undertake as specialist , which lead to higher productivity11.financial economy: 金融经济the industry that often borrow money at some rate , lubricate the economy.12.Cost minimization: 成本最小化the situation lead cost combination that made per pound of each factor of production is equal13.Input:投入goods and services that used to produce the goods or services14.Marginal revenue: 边际收益the extra revenue from selling another unit15.Normal profit : 正常利润pay the remuneration to the manufacturer who provided the entrepreneurial talent16.Abnormal profit:超额利润the part of the profits that more than the average market normal profitc when the other conditions in social average17.Productive efficiency：生产效率the firm obtain the high productivity the produce at the lowest cost per unit ,vice versa.18.Theory of second best : 次佳理论if a distortion or inefficiency exists in one market it is inefficient to treat other market as if that distortion did not exist.19.Perfect competition: 完全竞争the market structure in the situation without any block up and interference20.Barrier:壁垒the price must be paid that the other manufacturers which want to access this industry.1．long-run supply curve： The long-run supply curve in a perfectly competitive market shows the relationship between market price and quantity supplied.2．constant cost industry ：A constant cost industry is an industry in which the typical firm’s average total costs do not change as the industry expands. This means that the firm will have a horizontal long-run supply curve.3．increasing cost industry ：An increasing cost industry is an industry in which the typical firm’s long run average total cost increases as the industry expands. This means the firm will have an upward sloping long run supply curve.4．decreasing cost industry：A decreasing cost industry is an industry in which the typical firm’s average total costs decrease as the industry expands. This means that the firm will have a downward sloping long run supply curve.5．Monopoly： A monopoly is a firm that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute.6．barrier to entry： A barrier to entry is anything that keeps new firms from entering an industry in which firms are earning economic profits.7．patent： A patent is the exclusive right to a product for a certain period of time from the date the product was invented.8．Product differentiation: By making their product seem very different from the competition through their marketing and branding,a firm can establish a monopoly position.9．natural monopoly：A natural monopoly is a situation in which one firm can supply the entire market at a lower average total cost than can two or more firms.10．Monopolistic competition : Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which barriers to entry are low, and many firms compete by selling similar, but not identical, products.11．Price discrimination : Price discrimination is the practice of selling the same good or service at different prices not because of the cost of production, but the consumers’ willingness and ability to pay.12 short run monopolistic competition: In monopolistic competition firms can behave like monopolies inthe short-run, including using market power to generate profit.13 long run monopolistic competition: In the long-run, other firms enter the market and the benefits ofdifferentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like perfect competition where firms cannot gain economic profit.14perfect Price discrimination: the consumer is charged the maximum he/she is willing to pay for each unit.the price is different for every single unit.this removes all consumer surplus.15oligopoly： An oligopoly is a market structure in which a small number of interdependent firms compete. 16Duopoly: the duopoly occur when two firms dominate a market.17Nash equilibrium.：An equilibrium where each firm chooses the best strategy, given the strategies chosen by other firms, is called a Nash equilibrium.18Collusion： Collusion is an agreement among firms to charge the same price, or to otherwise not compete. 19Game theory ：Game theory is the study of how people make decisions in situations where attaining their goals depends on their interactions with others.20payoff matrix for pricing strategy: A payoff matrix is a table that shows the payoffs that each firm earns from every combination of strategies by the firms.21Non price competition: Non-price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design andworkmanship".22Concentration ratio:the N firm Concentration ratio measures the market share of the largest N firms. 23full line forcing: full line forcing making retailers buy the whole product range even if they only want to one product.24Exclusive supply:selling to only one outlet in an area.25sole trader : A sole proprietorship also known as a sole trader, or simply proprietorship is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. All profits and all losses accrue to the owner (subject to taxation).26Partnership: individuals work together and share joint responsibility for any decisions; unlimited liability.1.Marginal product of labou r 劳动的边际产量Marginal product of labour is the extra output produced by an additional worker.2.Demand for labour对劳动力的需求The demand for labour is derived from the marginal revenue product of labour.3.Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand is the total planned expenditure on final goods and services in an economy.4.Marginal cost of labour劳动的边际成本Marginal cost of labour is extra cost of hiring another employee5. Elasticity of demand for labor劳动力的需求弹性Elasticity of demand for labor is the labor demand (and supply) of the change on the influence of changes in wage levels.6.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论Saving is a good thing for the individual and is a commendable virtue, but for the whole country is concerned.It is a bad thing which will lead to the decline of national economic depression7. Price level价格水平Price level is a weighted average of the prices of various goods and services in the economic society,8.Trade unions行会，商会Trade unions are organisations which represent employees.9. Labour immobility 劳动力的不流动性Workers cannot move from one job to another due to geographical or occupational immobility10. Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场There are many firms and many employees;each firm is a wage taker.11. Bilateral monopoly 双边垄断This accurs when a monopoly buyer of labour faces a monopoly seller,the outcome depends on the bargaining strength of each side.12. Transfer earnings转让收益This is the amount that a factor of production must earn to keep it in its present usage in the long run.13.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product shows the value of final goods and services produced by factors of production withina country.14. Gross National Product 国民生产总值Gross Domestic Product shows the value of final goods and services produced by factors of production owned by a country’s citizens,regardless of where in the world this is earned.15.Lorenz curve洛伦茨曲线Lorenz curve illustrates the distribution of incomes in an economy.16.Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand is the total planned expenditure on final goods and services in an economy.17.Planned injections 计划注入Planned injections represent spending in addition to that of the households in the economy.18. Planned withdrawals 计划漏出Planned withdrawals represent income which the households have earned which they do not want to spend within the economy.19.Consumption 消费The level of consumption in the economy is the planned level of spending on final goods and services by households.20.Savings 储蓄Savings are related to consumption.If we are spending more of our income,we are saving less. investment :it is the increase in the capital stock-some investment simply replace capital which has worn out.2.Planned investmen:it is the level of investment which firms intend to undertake at the beginning of the period.3.Actual investment；it is the level which had occurred an the end of the period.4.Marginal efficiency of capital (MES) :it shows rate of return on each additional unit of capital.5.Accelerator :it shows the relationship between net investment and the rate of change of national output.6.Interest : it shows that the return generated on capital and the cost of borrowing money.7.Real interest rate s :means that the interest have been adjusted for inflation.8.The multiplier :it shows how a increase in the planned injection into the economy leads to a large increase in output and income.9.Stable price :that is to keep inflation under control.This is important to keep Uk firm competitive abroad and to help firm plan.10.Full employment s : that is when all those willing and able to work at the given real wage are working .11.A balance of the balance of payments : a deficit means more money is leaving the country than is coming in;a surplus means another country has a deficit.A ‘balance’ may be desirable.12.Regional :Aim to reduce unemployment and increase the income of depressed regions or areas.13.Demand side policies：attempts to influence aggregate.14.regulation :the government can make it difficult for firm to expand in richer areas and easier to expand in poorer regions.15.Enterprise zones:they are very small districts in the urban areas.Major incentives are given to th firm setting up here.16.Reflationary policies:increasing aggregate demand.17. Deflationary policies:decreasing aggregate demand.18.Inflationary gap:this occurs where the level of aggregate demand exceeds the level of output at all full employment.19.Deflationary gap:this occurs where the level of aggregate demand is low the level of output at all full employment.20.Discounted cash flow:technique of assessing investment,firms estimate future expected revenues and costs and discount these to get their present value.1 Property tax(财产税): A tax on property. This is a popular tax at the local level for cities, counties, and school districts. In many places it has been a primary source of funding for public schools. Because this invariably leads to tremendous differences in school funding, with wealthy areas getting the most funding, schools have moved toward income taxes and sales taxes for revenue.2 Automatic stabilizer(自动稳定器)：A feature of the federal government's budget that tends to reduce the ups and downs of the business cycle without the need for any special legislative action, that is stabilization policies. The two key automatic stabilizers are income taxes and transfer payments.3 Expansionist police(扩张政策)：A stabilization policy consisting of an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in taxes (fiscal policy) and/or an increase in the amount of money in circulation (monetary policy). This policy is designed to avoid or correct the problems associated with a business-cycle contraction.4 Contractionary policy（紧缩政策）：A stabilization policy consisting of a decrease in government spending and/or an increase in taxes (fiscal policy) and/or a decrease in the amount of money in circulation (monetary policy). This policy is designed to avoid or correct the problems associated with a business-cycle expansion.5 Keynesian fiscal policy(凯恩斯财政政策):the economy will not necessarily be in equilibrium at fullemployment,and that the Government need to intervene to get it to full employment.6 Stabilization policies(稳定政策)：Economic policies undertaken by government to counteract business cycle fluctuations and prevent high rates of unemployment and inflation. These are also termed counter-cyclical policies. To counter a business cycle contraction and high rates of unemployment, expansionary policies that promote increasing economic activity are appropriate. To counter an inflationary expansion, contractionary policies are recommended.7 Money multiplier(货币乘数):The magnified change in money, both checkable deposits and currency, resulting from a change in bank reserves. Compared to the simple deposit multiplier, the money multiplier builds on the inverse of the required-reserves ratio, but also takes into consideration that banks keep excess reserves, and the public transfers some checkable deposits into cash and savings.8 Monetary base（货币基础）：Also termed the high-powered money, the total of currency held by the nonbank public, vault cash held by banks, and Federal Reserve deposits of the banks. This contains the monetary components over which the Federal Reserve System has relatively complete control and is often used as a guide for the Fed's money control ability and monetary policy.9 Money market(货币市场)：A financial market that trades U.S. Treasury bills, commercial paper and other short-term financial instruments. This market is often used by businesses when they need short-term funds to bridge the gap between paying operating costs and collecting revenue from product sales. As such, the term "money" in money market indicates that businesses are using highly liquid instruments to raise the money need for operating expenses.10 Financial asset（金融资产）: A legal claim to or ownership of a physical asset. Common financial assets are stocks, bonds, money, and government securities. These are also termed paper assets.1.monetary transmission mechanism货币传导机制This shows how changes in money supply or demand can influence the level of national income.2.capital goods market 资本货物市场The extent of the increase in investment will depend on how sensitive investment is in relation to changes in the interest rate.3.investment project投资项目Investment project is within prescribed time limit performs a development goal (or a group of target) and planning, investment policies and institutions aspects and other activities Mosaic.4.liquidity trap流动性陷进It occurs when an increase in the money supply does not affect the interest rate(and so does not affect investment or aggregate demand).5.general price index一般物价指数Reflect an average of change of all commodities prices.6.cost-push inflation成本推动型的通货膨胀Higher costs forcing firms to increase prices.7.retail price index零售价格指数A kind of economic index which reflect urban and rural commodity retail price trend of change.8.redistribution of income收入再分配Some groups whose earnings are too linked to inflation will find their real earnings fall;also borrowers may gain whilst lenders lose unless loans are index linked.9.velocity of circulation流通速度The number of average turnover in certain period of times10.unemployment benefit 失业津贴To provide material helps the unemployment worker who suspends source of income temporarily.11.natural rate of unemployment 自愿失业率This is the rate of unemployment when inflation is correctly anticipated.12.job acceptance可就业量Number of workers willing and able to accept a job at each real wage.As the real wage increases, so does the number of people willing to accept jobs.13.classical unemployment自然失业If the real wage is above equilibrium because of union power,it could be argued that ‘ab’ is ‘voluntary’-the unions have volunteered workers for unemployment.14.trade off 相机抉择，权衡利弊The government according to certain period of economic and social status, selects different types of anti economic cycle fiscal policy tools flexibly, intervene in the economy operation and achieve financial goals.15.planned expenditure计划支出This aggregate demand schedule shows the total level of planned expenditure on final goods and services at different prices.16.full capacity能力充分利用At this level of output the economy is at full capacity.No more can be produced in the short run even if price increases.Supply is totally inelastic.17.money illusion货币幻觉It is a psychological illusion which refers to people just react to monetary the notional value, and ignore the actual purchasing power changes.18.new classical新古典主义In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and styles of expression of classical literature.19.menu cost调配成本The costs of changing the prices in publicity material,displays,and slot machines20.Phillips curve菲利蒲斯曲线It shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment.floating exchange rate system（浮动汇率制度）：price is determinedby market forces of supply and demand.2. fixed system(固定汇率制度)：the government intervenes to maintain the external value of the currency. 3．trade weighted index（贸易加权指数）：measures the value of sterling against a basket of currencies which are weighted according to their importance in UK trade.4.hot money(游资)：speculate on the currency in the hope that the pound will become more valuable in the future, these are short term capital movement.5.effective exchange rate(有效汇率)：takes into account how much tradeThe country does with the other countries, and weights movements accordingly.6.managed exchange rate(管理汇率)：government intervenes on occasion to influence the price, but does not fix it.7.a tight monetary policy(紧缩的财政政策)：which increases interest rates and reduces aggregate demand.8.balance of payments(国际收支)：a record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world, it consists of the capital and the current account.9.expenditure switching policies(转换支出政策)：these are attempts to make imports relatively expensive compared to exports.10.policy package(一揽子政策)：it may be necessary to use a combination of policies.11.expenditure reducing policies(消减支出政策)：the government attempts to reduce spending throughout the economy.12.absolute advantage(绝对优势)：a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a good if anequal quality of resources can produce more of the good than another country.parative advantage(相对优势)：if a country can produce good x with a lower opportunity cost than another country, it has a comparative advantage in the production of x.14.free trade(自由贸易)：no barriers to importing or exporting, so trade occurs unhindered.15.economies of scale(规模经济)：by specializing countries may increase their output and gain lower unit costs.16.quotas(配额)：these place a limit on the number of foreign goods and services allowed into a country.17.exchange controls(外汇管制)：these place a limit on the amount of money which can be changed into foreign currency18.infant industry(新生工业)：small firms need to be protected to give them time to expand and gain economies of scale, which will allow them to compete on an international basis.19.no tariff barriers(非关税壁垒)：administrative procedures which makes it difficult for foreign firms to sell their goods in the country.20.voluntary export restrain(自动出口限制)：one government may pressurize another to reduce its exports.1.Visible trade (有形贸易)：two sides traded products is tangible, such as clothing, food, etc2.Tariff（关税）: a kind of tax when some country input or output e their goods3.Income per capita（人均收入）: domestic income divided by the native population, namely average everyone income4.Inward investment (内部投资):Enterprise develop an investment for their own such as foreign exchange purchase equipment etc5.Weighted average(加权平均)：Give each value a weight, then calculated the average6.Business cycle(贸易周期): a country appear economic expansion and economic tightening in the period7.single market(单一市场)：enterprise develop a single product to override the single market8.gold reserve(黄金储备)：a country monetary authorities held gold as a financial asset to balance international payments, exchange rates, maintain or effect exchange rate.mon external tariff(共同对外关税)：two or more countries concluded a customs union, become unity of the customs territory, mutually cancel tariffs and trade restrictions from the alliance of national import products execute unified common external tariff.10.free trade area(自由贸易区)：Two or more states reach a certain agreement or treaty in order to cancel tariffs11.custom union(关税同盟)：two or more countries concluded agreement, establish a uniform customs territory, in the unity between the customs boundary contract or cancel tariffs, outside the unity country or region's merchandise imports are a common tariff rate and foreign trade policies.12.cpital goods(资本产品)：investment in capital goods increases productivity and leads to future growth13.savings(储蓄)：saving enable investment by providing the funds for firm to invest14.The EU(欧盟)：custom union，i.e. free trade between member countries and common external tariffs with non members15.terms of trade(贸易条件)：the rate of exchange of one good for another between trading partners16.quotas(配额)：these place a limit on the number of foreign goods and service allowed into a country17.dumping(倾销)：prevent foreign firms selling goods at loss to destroy the domestic industry18. Trade creation(贸易创造)：new trade is created between member countries which can benefit form free trade19.inventory cycle(存货周期)：firm are often slow to adjust to changes in the level of economic activity.20. Exchange controls(外汇管制)：these place a limit on the amount of money which can be changed into foreign currency。

第九章市场失灵介绍Introducing market failures前几章我们学习了市场运行的规律。

接下来四章是介绍市场失灵的规律，其中本章是开始的第一章。

本章是市场失灵的入门章节，将会简要介绍市场失灵的一般概念。

具体的市场失灵情况（如公共物品与垄断）将会在第十、第十一、第十二章中详细介绍。

考试建议Exam tip由于本书第一章的标题是市场与市场失灵，你应该期望第一章考试中的数据分析题大多数是围绕市场失灵的。

市场失灵的含义The meaning of market failure市场机制或价格机制发挥的作用较差，或产生的结果令人不满意，或完全失去作用时，就会出现市场失灵（market failure）。

市场失灵的主要方式有两种：-市场运行不公平。

-市场运行效率低。

市场不存在时，就会出现完全市场失灵（complete market failure）；市场还在发挥作用，但生产的货物或服务在量上是错误的，则会出现部分市场失灵（partial market failure）：区分这两个概念对于我们的学习非常有用。

前者存在市场缺失（missing market），后者的货物或服务由于过度生产、过度消费，价格过于便宜。

与之相反的是垄断的情况下，货物生产不足、消费不足，货物价格过于昂贵。

关键术语Key terms市场失灵market failure: 市场完全无法供应货物或服务，或市场提供的货物或服务在量上是错误的（导致经济体系中资源的分配不合理）。

市场运行不公平Markets functioning inequitably公平（equity）的意思就是公正、平等（尽管在房地产市场等环境中，公平意思又尽然不同，公平即财富）。

一旦经济学分析中引入公平的概念，我们就会立刻做出标准判断或价值判断，讨论收入分配的“社会公平性”，并提出关于人们应该生产和消费的货物和服务的问题。

关键术语Key terms公平equity：即公正、平等。