英美文学史下册

外国文学史复习19世纪现实主义文学 * ：指的是19世纪30年代继浪漫主义文学运动之后出现的一个主要的具有强烈的社会批判性的文学思潮，属于资产阶级文学X 畴。

特征：真实性〔生活、历史、细节〕；批判性〔社会、内部心灵〕；典型性〔再现典型环境下典型人物〕。

1、法国是欧洲19c现实主义文学的策源地：a司汤达的《拉辛与莎士比亚》〔宣言书〕“反映当代生活〞；b《红与黑》奠基之作。

2、法国现实主义小说分期：1850前，脱胎于浪漫主义小说，带有其痕迹〔司汤达、巴尔扎克、梅里美〕；1850后，福楼拜：如实反映平庸时代里平庸的人和平庸的事，叙事上重大革新。

3、《红与黑》 * ;〔1〕书名的意义：a从生活道路看，红代表军服，黑象征教士道袍，于连谋取前程的两种道路；b历史背景，红-拿破仑时代，黑-封建统治，于连活在两者交接的时代；c创作意图，两个预言性场面：血红的圣水和写有“第一部〞的纸片。

2〕解读：a历史小说b政治小说—副标题[1830年纪事]c爱情小说d命运小说〔一平民青年奋斗史〕。

3〕于连悲剧：平民出身、才华横溢——封建复辟，性格特征—平民意识、矛盾、反抗、激情、傲骨。

4〕艺术成就：a心理描写，心理独白：以冷漠态度分析人物心理活动，着力表现人物内心挣扎和对外部社会的态度；b人物塑造，性格鲜明：例如乞丐收容所所长瓦勒诺从外貌到品行的塑造都非常鲜明，身居急需社会责任感的职责却有着虚伪贪婪的特质；c从传统封闭结构向现代开放结构过渡：继承《汤姆·琼斯》的布局手法，，又向“空间〞长篇小说过渡，时间地点迅速变化，人物若隐若现，呈现现代因素。

4、巴尔扎克的文学贡献：时代历史的书记员；金钱时代人类灵魂的发掘者特征——由外而内地反映生活5、《人间喜剧》1〕名词解释：19世纪法国批判现实主义作家巴尔扎克创作的90余部篇幅不等的小说联成一体，构成一幅完整的，包罗法国社会，尤其是巴黎上流社会的历史画卷，标志法国现实主义文学发展的顶峰。

外国文学史教案(下)章节一：20世纪美国文学教学目标：1. 了解20世纪美国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析美国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响。

教学内容：1. 20世纪初的美国文学：自然主义、现实主义；2. 20世纪中叶的美国文学：现代主义、荒诞派；3. 20世纪后期的美国文学：postmodernism、女性主义、少数族裔文学。

教学活动：1. 讲解20世纪美国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析美国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响；3. 引导学生阅读相关文学作品，进行感悟和讨论。

章节二：20世纪英国文学教学目标：1. 了解20世纪英国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析英国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响。

教学内容：1. 20世纪初的英国文学：现代主义、表现主义；2. 20世纪中叶的英国文学：荒诞派、魔幻现实主义；3. 20世纪后期的英国文学：postmodernism、女性主义、后殖民主义。

教学活动：1. 讲解20世纪英国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析英国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响；3. 引导学生阅读相关文学作品，进行感悟和讨论。

章节三：法国文学教学目标：1. 了解法国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析法国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响。

教学内容：1. 19世纪末至20世纪初的法国文学：象征主义、超现实主义；2. 20世纪中叶的法国文学：存在主义、结构主义；3. 20世纪后期的法国文学：后现代主义、女性主义、后殖民主义。

教学活动：1. 讲解法国文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析法国文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响；3. 引导学生阅读相关文学作品，进行感悟和讨论。

章节四：俄罗斯文学教学目标：1. 了解俄罗斯文学的主要流派及其代表作家；2. 分析俄罗斯文学的发展趋势及其对现代社会的影响。

教学内容：1. 19世纪末至20世纪初的俄罗斯文学：象征主义、阿克梅主义；2. 20世纪中叶的俄罗斯文学：社会主义现实主义、荒诞派；3. 20世纪后期的俄罗斯文学：后现代主义、女性主义、后殖民主义。

浪漫主义流派：产生于18世纪末繁荣于19世纪上半叶欧美文坛的文学运动和流派。

个人独立和极端自由是其核心思想，特征：a浪漫主义文学崇尚自我，具有强烈的个人主义倾向。

使“人”的形象拥有了更丰富的内涵和鲜明的主题意识。

b浪漫主义强调感情的抒发，偏重理想的追求，有很强的主观性。

反对运用理性观念来认识概括现实，主张从情感和想象等主观意志出发，追求创作的绝对自由；文学作品是一种表现而不是模仿和再现。

c浪漫主义作家反对古典主义只注重描写历史题材和宫廷生活，她们接受卢梭“返回自然”的主张和泛神论思想，着力于表现自然景物和乡间的淳朴生活，歌颂和赞美大自然。

d浪漫主义善于用夸张手法，追求强烈的艺术效果。

e浪漫主义重视民间文学和民族传统。

批判现实主义：批判现实主义文学，是流行于十九世纪欧洲等地区的一种文学流派。

批判现实主义作家在自己的作品中，广阔而深刻、真实而生动地反映了社会风俗、人情、国民性和社会矛盾；深入地批判了资本主义社会的精神童话，把人间的一切苦难，形象地昭示给人们。

这一文学流派，在艺术上多有创见，既是写实的，又具有倾向性。

其中在典型环境中再现某一阶层人的典型性格的创作方法，使作品达到了思想性与艺术性的高度统一，具有深刻的认识价值和审美价值。

F司汤达：《红与黑》F巴尔扎克：《人间喜剧》Y狄更斯：《艰难时世》E托尔斯泰：《复活》现实主义：指文学艺术对自然的忠诚，作品的逼真性或与对象的酷似程度成为判断作品成功与否的准则。

侧重如实地反映现实生活，客观性较强。

它提倡客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。

继承了19世纪批判现实主义文学前辈们广泛、深入地批判资本主义社会、着力塑造典型环境中的典型人物等传统，同时又吸收了现代主义文学的营养。

特征a继续揭露批判垄断资本主义的种种罪恶之外，战争文学或反法西斯文学成为20世纪现实主义文学的一个重要题材。

b在表现人与社会关系的同时，更加重视对人的主观精神世界的探索和开掘。

第一章20世纪欧美现实主义文学♋20世纪欧美现实主义文学思想变化特点（19、20世纪现实主义文学创作区别）：20世纪现实主义文学是19世纪现实主义的继续和发展。

1.十月革命的胜利和国际无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃展开，社会主义思想不同程度地影响了他们，使他们对现实有了更深刻的认识。

同情和支持社会主义革命和人民群众，揭露和批判社会的黑暗和垄断资本的罪恶；正视现实发展变化，真实的反映时代的风貌，具有传统现实主义的广阔性。

真实性和深刻的批判性；人道主义精神依然是基本武器，但或多或少的用节及观点或者社会主义思想观察和描绘现实。

2.不少现实主义作家借鉴19世纪现实主义文学的经验，力图全面地反映一个时代的社会生活。

有解剖一个家族的发展史，有局限一两个家庭中各式各样的人物，表现社会的变化。

3.无产阶级的生活和斗争越来越多地成为他们反映的对象。

4.两次世界大战，使人们更深刻的认识到战争灾难性的后果，战争或反法西斯成为重要主题。

5.由热衷于对社会的批判转向对自我深层意识的探讨，即强调对所谓人的真正本质的挖掘。

♋20世纪欧美现实主义文学的艺术特点：1.频频出现“长河小说”。

这种多卷本小说能够深入地反映每个历史时期的变迁，这种写法较为集中精练，内涵丰富，容量更大，气势雄浑。

2.受到现代主义思潮的影响，从而使现实主义文学产生了巨大变化。

创作明显表现出内向化、主观化特征，心理描写手法更为丰富，探索人物的潜意识反映人物完整的内心世界，丰富了艺术表现的技巧与形式。

3.淡化情节，淡化塑造典型人物。

注重心理变态的描写，而不是情节的曲折，这是向现代主义学习的结果。

导致有的作家很难界定是现实主义还是现代主义。

作家作品：英国：劳伦斯《儿子与情人》《虹》《查特莱夫人的情人》约翰·高尔斯华绥《福尔赛世家》三部曲威廉·索·默赛特·毛姆《人性的枷锁》乔治·奥威尔《动物庄园》威廉·拉杰尔德·戈尔丁《蝇王》约翰·福尔斯《法国中尉的女人》萧伯纳《鳏夫的房产》《华伦夫人的职业》戏剧法国：阿纳托尔·法朗士《克兰克比尔》短篇、《企鹅岛》《诸神渴了》长篇罗曼·罗兰《约翰·克利斯朵夫》《贝多芬传》《米开朗琪罗传》《托尔斯泰传》罗歇·马丁·杜伽尔《蒂博一家》玛格丽特·杜拉斯《情人》《来自中国北方的情人》《广岛之恋》米兰·昆德拉《生命中不能承受之轻》德国：托马斯·曼《布登勃洛克一家》布莱希特《大胆妈妈和她的孩子们》君特·格拉斯《铁皮鼓》奥地利：斯蒂芬·茨威格《一个陌生女人的来信》美国：海明威《老人与海》《太阳照常升起》《乞力马扎罗山上的雪》菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》玛格丽特·米切尔《飘》西奥多·德莱赛《美国悲剧》塞林格《麦田的守望者》纳博科夫《洛丽塔》重点作家作品：英国代表劳伦斯：20世纪英国文学史上最重要的作家之一。

外国文学史复习资料整理19世纪初浪漫主义产生：对资本主义现实的不满，贫富对立更尖锐，阶级压迫更残酷，资产阶级的恶德败行以更丑恶的形式表现出来特点：①浓郁的主观抒情性。

偏爱表现主观的思想，着重抒发个人的感受和体验，作品有着鲜明的感情色彩②传奇性。

追求新奇，不满现实，对一切非凡的事情有强烈的兴趣③在表现手法上，喜欢用夸张和对比的手法，以期达到形象鲜明、给人以强烈印象的效果。

辞藻华丽，作品中充满生动丰富的比喻。

④对民间文学的重视。

利用民间文学的题材进行创作，包括民间传说、民歌、民谣等⑤在体裁形式上多种多样，具有强烈感情色彩。

如抒情诗、抒情叙事诗、戏剧、历史剧雨果（法国浪漫主义文学运动的领袖）作品主题：鞭挞封建统治者的罪恶，揭露社会的不平，对受压迫者和贫苦人的同情《巴黎圣母院》：反映了作家对封建统治阶级的憎恨和对受压迫的下层人民的同情（弗罗洛、爱斯美拉达、卡西莫多）《悲惨世界》：现实主义与浪漫主义的结合，揭露了资本主义社会的尖锐矛盾和贫富悬殊，揭示了在资本主义社会里穷苦人注定要过悲惨的生活，指出了资产阶级的法律就是反对穷人的普希金（俄国浪漫主义文学的代表，俄国现实主义文学的奠基人）作品主题：表达诗人渴望自由，反映进步贵族青年寻求社会出路的情绪，揭示沙皇专制制度反人民的本质《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》：奥涅金是一个“多余人”的形象。

他既不随波逐流，也不奋起战斗；既接受了启蒙影响，想有所作为，又带有十二月党人脱离人民的弱点，同时不能克服贵族的懒散恶习。

他们聪明而有教养，自视清高，跟周围人格格不入，但不打算面对现实、深入实际，结果一事无成。

作品反映了俄国19世纪20年代贵族青年的彷徨苦闷和自私自利的品性，揭露与批判贵族社会的腐败和丑恶。

为俄国现实主义文学奠定了基础19世纪中期批判现实主义（是属于资产阶级范畴的文学。

其思想武器是以人性论为基础的人道主义，其社会政治主张主要是改良主义，其创作理论的哲学依据基本上是唯物论的反映论。

外国文学史大二下复习要点一、文艺复兴时期（14世纪至17世纪）1.文艺复兴的起源和特点：人文主义思潮、以人为本的艺术追求、古典文化的研究和模仿、对自然界的观察和描绘。

2.作家和作品：-但丁：《神曲》-伽利略：《星际密码》-莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》二、启蒙时代（17世纪至18世纪）1.启蒙思想的兴起和特点：理性主义、人性本善、追求真理和自由等思想。

2.作家和作品：-笛卡尔：《第一哲学沉思》-洛克：《人类理解论》-伏尔泰：《论文自由》-卢梭：《社会契约论》三、浪漫主义时代（18世纪末至19世纪）1.浪漫主义思潮的兴起和特点：强调个人情感和幻想、赞美自然和追求超越、批判社会现实和对传统权威的反叛。

2.作家和作品：-达·昆西：《非法的结婚》-弗拉戈纳尔：《玛尔图·斯图亚特》-歌德：《浮士德》四、现实主义时代（19世纪末至20世纪初）1.现实主义思潮的兴起和特点：关注社会现实和人民生活、追求真实和可信的描写、反对浪漫主义的虚幻和抽象。

2.作家和作品：-陀思妥耶夫斯基：《罪与罚》-托尔斯泰：《战争与和平》-巴尔扎克：《人间喜剧》-奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》五、现代主义时代（20世纪初至20世纪中期）1.现代主义思潮的兴起和特点：对传统文学规范的挑战、多样性和实验性的创作风格、对现代生活和心理状态的描绘。

2.作家和作品：-乔伊斯：《尤利西斯》-布莱希特：《死亡的生活》-普鲁斯特：《追忆似水年华》-笑傲江湖：《荒原狼》六、后现代主义时代（20世纪末至21世纪）1.后现代主义思潮的兴起和特点：质疑固有的真理和意义、游离于传统框架之外、强调语言和符号的作用。

2.作家和作品：-卡尔维诺：《看不见的城市》-塞林格：《麦田里的守望者》-伍尔夫：《到灯塔去》。

外国文学一、名词解释1、拜伦式英雄：指拜伦作品中经常出现的一类一是艺术典型。

他们的共同特点是具有反叛性，与社会相对立，坚决与社会相抗衡；具有孤独性，高傲不羁，唯我独尊，鄙视一切；具有孤独性，大都有热烈奔放的豪情，充满情感，为爱复仇。

最典型的形象是《海盗》中的康拉德。

在这些主人公身上，有着诗人本人生活遭遇的明显印迹。

2、湖畔派诗人：十八世纪末到十九世纪初，英国的第一代浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚赛等因憎恨资本主义工业文明而隐居在昆布兰湖地区，同时创作了大量歌颂大自然、缅怀中古，讴歌宗法制农村生活和诅咒城市文明的诗篇。

3、圣诞精神：狄更斯的人道主义精神，主张用基督仁爱和自我牺牲精神来改变人与人之间的关系，人类的爱比恨更伟大，通过爱和善可以调和阶级矛盾来代替暴力革命。

4、浮士德精神：，是指在追求真理过程中，自强不息，不断完善自我，勇于探索，永不满足的精神。

这种精神的实质和内容主要有三点：重视实践和现实；永不满足于现实；不断追求真理。

它既是人类积极精神的象征，也是欧洲资产阶级先进知识分子的典型代表。

二、简答题1、启蒙文学的特征第一，强烈的政治性和革命性。

第二，主人公的根本转变。

着重反映人民大众生活以第三等级的普通人作为描写和歌颂的对象，体现资产阶级愿望。

第三，鲜明的哲理性和政论性。

第四，创造了一些新的文学体裁。

如散文，小说形式多样。

2、浪漫主义文学的特征（1）强烈的主观抒情性，立足人的主观精神世界。

A、描写理想。

与现实主义文学比较，文学不是对现实的研究，而是对理想世界的追求，如乔治桑；B、抒发个人强烈情感，带着强烈的主观性，对古典主义的反叛。

如华兹华斯，“诗是自然情感的流露”；C、喜好忧郁伤感的情调，忧郁是当时的一种精神氛围和精神状态。

（2）长于想象，善用夸张和对比的表现手法。

浪漫主义共有的特点是大胆冲破古典主义所有规则，跨越现实的环境，真实的社会，创造出奇特的环境、人物，离奇的情节。

构成浪漫和足以超乎寻常，声、光、色、味杂糅在一起，这样一种神秘莫测的艺术世界。

Part Five Romanticism in EnglandⅠ. Choose the right answer.1.Romanticism fights against the ideas of ______.A. realismB. RenaissanceC. EnlightenmentD. feudalism2.The main literary stream is ____.A. poetryB. novelsC. proseD. periodicals3.____ has a another name called “The Daffodils”.A. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”B. “Tintern Abbey”C. “Revolution”D. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”4.Coleridge’s _____ is a “conversation” poem.A. Frost at MidnightB. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”C. ChristabelD. Biographia Literaria5.Byron’s ____ is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age.A. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageB. Hours of IdlenessC. LaraD. Don Juan6.Prometheus Unbound is ____ masterpiece.A. Wordsworth’sB. Byron’sC. Shelley’sD. Keats’7.____ lived the longest life.A. WordsworthB. ByronC. ShelleyD. Keats8.Keats’ first poem is ____.A. O SolitudeB. On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerC. PoemsD. Endymion9.Keats’ best ode is ____.A. “On a Grecian Urn”B. “To Autumn”C. “To Psyche”D. “To a Nightingale”10.The best works of William Hazlitt is ____.A. The Spirit of the AgeB. Table TalkC. The Characters of Shakespeare’s PlaysD. On the English Poets11.The publication of ______ marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement inEngland.A. “Tintern Abbey”B. Lyrical BalladsC. Frost at NightD. “The Daffodils”12.The Prelude has also been called _____.A. The Last BrazilB. The First ImpressionC. Growth of a Poet’s MindD. The Spirit of the Age13.Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” has also been called _______.A. “The Solitary Reaper”B. “The Daffodils”C. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”D. “O Solitude”14._____ is considered Wordsworth’s masterpiece.A. The PreludeB. EndymionC. Don JuanD. Biographia Literaria15.The prose writers in the English Romantic Age developed a kind of _______.A. models of classicismB. familiar essayC. rules of neo-romanticismD. ways of modernism16.The best essayist in the English Romantic Age is _____.A. KeatsB. Walter ScottC. Charles LambD. William Hazlitt17.The themes of Pride and Prejudice are _____.A. pride and prejudiceB. the writer’s own personalitiesC. love and marriageD. Both A and C18._____ is considered the father of historical novelist in the English Romantic Age.A.Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. William HazlittD. Waler Scottmb’s writings are full of ______for he is especially fond of old writers.A. romanticismB. conversationsC. inspirationsD. archaismsmb is a romanticist of ______.A. the cityB. the countrysideC. natureD. imagination21._____ is based on Boccaccio’s Decameron.A. EndymionB. Isabella D. Hyperion D. Lamia22.Critics agree that ____ is a great romantic poet, standing with Shakespeare,Milton and Wordsworth in the history English literature.A. KeatsB. WordsworthC. ColeridgeD. William23.The reader can get a broad panorama of the social life of the English RomanticAge from _____.A. Dun JuanB. The PreludeC. Kubla KhanD. Isabella24.Some critics think that some of Byron’s poems show his _____.A. individual heroism and pessimismB. love of nature and optimismC. love of old writersD. hatred for the imperialism25.One of Coleridge’s best “conventional” poems is _____.A. Kubla KhanB.Frost at NightC. ChristabelD. Biographia Literaria26.Coleridge’s best literary criticism is _________.A. Kubla KhanB.Frost at NightC. ChristabelD. Biographia Literaria27.____ is Shelley’s masterpiece.A. ZastrozziB. The Necessity of AtheismC. Queen MabD. Prometheus Unbound28._____ is a joint book by Charles Lamb and his sister.A. John WoodvilB.Essays of EliaC. Mr HD. Tales from Shakespeare29.Because of _______, Shelley was expelled from the Oxford University.A. The Masque of AnarchyB. A Defence of PoetryC. The Necessity of AtheismD. The Triumph of Life30.______ is Shelley’s first book written in ____.A. Zastrozzi; EtonB. The Necessity of Atheism; ItalyC. Queen Mab; GreeceD. Prometheus Unbound; Italy31.The Romantic Age began in____ and came to an end in _____.A. 1789...1821 B. 1778...1823 C. 1798...1832 D. 1768 (1819)32.Byron, Shelley and Keats belong to Romantic poets of ___ generation.A. the firstB. the secondC. the thirdD. the forth33.The Examiner is a famous _____ in the English Romantic Age.A. novelB. poemC. periodicalD. newspaperKey to the multiple choices:1-5 CADAD 6-10 CACDA 11-15 BCBAB16-20 CDDDA 21-25 BAAAB 26-30 BDDCA31-33 CBCⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1.In a sense, in English Romantic Age, “____” equaled “_____”.2.William Wordsworth was influenced by the _____ Revolution.3.Many subjects of Lyrical Ballads deal with elements of ____.4.Wordsworth’s The Prelude is an ____ poem.5.Writing The Prelude is a process of ____.6.Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage is an ____ poem.7.Shelley’s works reflect his interests both in _____ and in ____ ____.8.The theme of Keats’Hyperion is the ____ between the old and the new.9.Charles Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare is for _____.10.______ a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.11.The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the _____ inEngland.12.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a _____with the poor, simplepeasants, a passionate love of nature and the _____and ____of the language.13.The description of the book, ______ has been called a long journey home.14._____ was the only old romantic who never wavered in his devotion to the causeof the French Revolution.15.All his life, Hazlitt remained loyal to the principles of____, _____ and ______.16.Romanticism is applied to a European movement in the _____ to ____ century.17.The publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the break with ______.18.The Romantic Age is an age of romantic ______ and _______.19.The Romantic Age began in 1798 when William Wordsworth and Samuel TaylorColeridge published their joint work _______.20.The Romantic Age came to an end in 1832 when the last Romantic writer_______ died.21.Women as ____ appeared in the romantic age. It was during this period thatwomen took, for the first time, an important place in English literature.22.The greatest historical novelist ______was produced in the Romantic Age.23.The English Romantic period produced two major novelists: _____ and _____.24.____ is regarded as the best essayist during the Romantic Age.25.Among Wordsworth’s longer poems, the best-known one is _______.26.______ marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism whichfollowed it.27.In 1817, _______ finished his literary criticism, Biographia Literaria.28.At the turn of the 18th and 19th century _____ appeared in England as a new trendin literature.29.In contrast to the rationalism of the enlighteners and classicists in the 18th century,the _____ paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.30.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the _____ of his language.31.Queen Mab, Pecy Bysshe Shelley’s important poem, is written in the form of a_____.32._____ was the first poet in Europe who sang for the working people. His politicallyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.33.After his second book Endymion appeared in 1818, _____ gave up medicine forpoetry.34.____’s grave bears the epitaph: “Hear lies one whose name is writ in water.”35.The Eve of St. Agnes is a narrative poem written in ______.36.The theme of ____ is the conflict between the old and the new, and the story isderived from Greek mythology. In this work, the poet expresses the eternal law of nature—the passing of an old order of things and the coming of a new.37.Modern essay originated from Montaigne’s _____, which were translated intoEnglish by Florio and had an extensive influence upon English literature.38.The first poem in the collection The Lyrical Ballads is ____ ’s masterpiece. TheRime of the Ancient Mariner.39.On the death of Robert Southey in 1843, ____ was made poet laureate.40.In 1805, Wordsworth completed ______, containing all together 14 books.41.In 1807 George Gordon Byron published his lyric poems in a small volume calledHours of Idleness. The volume was sharply attacked in the influential Edinburgh Review. Byron responded with his first important poem, a biting satire called____.42.In 1824, the Revolutionary Romantic poet ___ went to Greece to help thatcountry in its struggle for liberty against Turks. Not long, he died of fever there.43.George Gordon Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems: One is ChildeHarold’s Pilgrimage, the other is ____.44.The poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage contains ____ cantos. It is written inSpenserian stanza.45.George Gordon Byron wrote ____ in Italy. It contains sixteen cantos.46.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is ______.47.____ is George Gordon Byron’s philosophical poetic drama.48.____ is Byron’s poetic drama with the material taken from Biblical story.49.George Gordon Byron’s first volume of poems is _____.50.____ was expelled after only six months at Oxford, because he had written thepamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.51.After the death of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s first wife, he was compelled to leaveEngland in 1818, and spent all the rest of his life in _____.52.____ is Percy Bysshe Shelley’s first long poem of importance. It was written inthe form of a fairy tale dream.53._____ , a lyrical drama, is Percy Bysshe Shelley’s masterpiece. The story wastaken from Greek mythology.54.The Masque of Anarchy is one of Shelley’s political lyrics. It deals with theinfamous ____ which happened on August 16, 1819.55.Shelley wrote an elegy ______ lamenting the early death of his fellow-poet_____.56.Ode to a Nightingale was written by ____.57.Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of the historical novelist ____.58.The prose-writers in the 19th century made the informal essay a pliable (flexible)vehicle for expressing the writer’s own personality, thus ringing into English literature _____.59.____ had a bitter hatred of the meaningless drudgery (toil) which wastedtwo-thirds of his lifetime.60.To Charles Lamb, ____ was a side-occupation. His daily drudgery left little timefor his literary work.61.Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare waswritten by ____.62.William Hazlitt is one of the representatives of ___ criticism, in which individualtaste took the place of universal reason as the foundation of literary criticism. 63.After the defeat of Napoleon, ____ was the only old Romantic who neverwavered in his devotion to the cause of the French Revolution.64.____ was sentenced to two years’imprisonment for denouncing the PrinceRegent, future George IV, as a rake and a liar.65.The importance of Leigh Hunt lies chiefly in his development of the lightmiscellaneous ___.66.In order to relieve the pains of facial neuralgia, ____ became “a regular andconfirmed opium-eater.”67.Thomas De Quincey is famous for the ornate descriptions of his fantasies anddreams. The major flow of his style is ____.68.____ has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of historicalnovel.Key to the blanks:1.literature; poetry2.French3.nature4.autobiographical5.self-exploration6.autobiographical7.politics; social justice8.conflict9.children10.Lyrical Ballads11.Romantic Movement 12.Sympathy; simplicity; purity13.The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet’sMind14.Hazlitt15.liberty; equality; fraternityte 18th; mid-19th17.classicism18.enthusiasm; poetry19.Lyrical Ballads20.Walter Scott21.novelist22.Walter Scott23.Water Scott, Jane Austen24.Charles Lamb25.The Prelude26.Scott27.Samuel Taylor Coleridge28.romanticism29.romanticists30.simplicity31.fairy tale dream32.Shelley33.John Keats34.John Keats35.Spenserian Stanza36.Hyperion37.Essais38.Coleridge39.Wordsworth40.The Prelude41.English Bards and Scotch Reviewers42.Byron43.Don Juan44.four45.Don Juan 46.Don Juan47.Manfred48.Cain49.Hour of Idleness50.Shelley51.Italy52.Queen Mab53.Prometheus Unbound54.Peterloo Massacre55.John Keats56.John Keats57.Scott58.the familiar essay59.Charles Lamb60.literature61.Charles Lamb62.Romantic63.William Hazlitt64.Leigh Hunt65.essay66.Thomas De Quincey67.discursiveness68.Walter ScottⅢ. Say true or false.1.English Romantic literature started from mid-18th to the early 19th century.2.Jane Austen is one of the greatest romantic woman novelists.3.After composing the Lucy poems, Wordsworth began his The Prelude .4.P.B. Shelley gained his nickname, “Mad Shelley”because of his independentand rebellious attitude.5.The rhythm scheme of “The Ode to the West Wind” is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.6.Charles Lamb is a romanticist of the village life.7.Lyrical Ballads begins with Coleridge’s long poem, “Tintern Abbey”.8.Many of the subjects of the poems in Lyrical Ballads deal with elements ofnature.9.Coleridge wrote the majority of poems in Lyrical Ballads.10.Wordsworth’s “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” has another name, Growth of aPoet’s Mind.11.The Prelude is a long and autobiographical poem considered as Coleridge’smasterpiece.12.Hazlitt’s life and career had been greatly influenced by the rise and fall of theFrench Revolution.13.Hazlitt became a master of novels in English Romantic literature.14.Some romantic writers stood on the side of the feudal forces and even combinedthemselves with those forces.15.Wordsworth and Coleridge are revolutionary Romantic poets.16.Byron and Shelley and Keats are known as the romantic poets of the secondgeneration.17.The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.18.The poets of the second generation described the beautiful scenes and thecountry people of that area in their writings.19.Jane Austen is a writer who regards novel writing as a sophisticated art.20.The story of Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound was taken from Roman mythology.21.Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poetin the English language.22.Byron’s Don Juan begins with descriptions of the hero’s childhood.23.Byron’s literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressivemovements of his age.24.Byron opposed oppression and slavery, and has a passionate love for liberty.25.But some critics think Keats lacks the care for artistic finish; many of his linesare harsh, rugged and not rhythmical;26.Byron’s leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.mb’s essays are intensely personal.28.Keats’ essays are marked by relaxed style, conversational tone and wide rangeof subject matter.29.Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes.30.Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey” tells a strange story in the form of ballad.Key to True/False statements:1. F (from late 18th to the mid-19thcentury)2.T3.T4.T5.T6. F (city)7. F (“The Rime of the AncientMariner”)8.T9. F (Wordsworth)10.F (“The Daffodils”)11.F (Wordsworth)12.T13.F (familiar essay)14.T15.F ( Passive Romantic poets) 16.T17.T18.F (the first generation/ The LakePoets)19.T20.F (Greek)21.T22.T23.T24.T25.F (Byron)26.F (Keats)27.T28.F (Lamb)29.T30.F (Coleridge’s “The Rime of theAncient Mariner”)Ⅳ. Terms:1.Romanticismke PoetsⅤ. Questions:ment on Lyrical Ballads.ment on Charles Lamb.ment on those Lake Poets.4.What are the features of Romanticism.ment on The Prelude.ment on Endymion.ment on all the writers of the Romantic Age.8.Tell the main idea of some representative works of the Romantic writers.Part Six English Critical RealismⅠ. Choose the right answer.1.____ is the greatest representative of English critical realism.A. Jane AustenB. ThackerayC. DickensD. Charlotte2.____ is Thackeray’s one of the best known works.A. Sense and SensibilityB. The Book of SnobsC. The Pickwick PapersD. The Song of Lower Class3.Pride and Prejudice’s first title is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion4.Vanity Fair has a sub-title. It is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion5.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And itflourished in the forties and in the early fifties.A. romanticismB. naturalismC. realismD. critical realism6.English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of ____ .A. novelB. dramaC. poetryD. sonnet7.______’s Vanity Fair is a satirical portrayal of the upper strata(阶层) of society.A. George EliotB. Elizabeth GaskellC. W. M. ThackerayD. John Buyan8.The ____ Movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.A. EnlightenmentB. RenaissanceC. ChartistD. Romanticist9.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature, the struggle of the_____ for its rights.A. soldiersB. peasantsC. bourgeoisieD. proletariat10.The greatest of Chartist poets was _____.A. Earnest JonesB. John MiltonC. Thomas HardyD. John Keats11.The story of ______ deals with the adventures of a retired old merchant.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Pickwick PapersD. Oliver Twist12.The novel _____ exposes the terrible conditions of English private schools.A. Nicholas NicklebyB. Oliver TwistC. Hard TimesD. Great Expectations13.The story of _____ deals with the sufferings and hardships of an old man namedTrent, and his granddaughter, Nell.A. Pickwick PapersB. The Old Curiosity ShopC. Great ExpectationsD. Hard Times14.Which novel makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education?A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities15.Which novel is a great satire upon the society and those people who dream toenter the higher society regardless of the social reality?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Great ExpectationsD. Dombey and Son16.In the novel ______, Dickens describes the Chartist Movement and shows hissympathy for the workers.A. Great ExpectationsB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Hard TimesD. Oliver Twist17.In the novel ___ , Defarge and Madame Defarge represent the revolutionaries.A. Dombey and SonB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Little DorritD. Bleak House18.In the novel _____, Dr. Manette is a typical bourgeois intellectual.A. David CopperfieldB. Wuthering HeightsC. Bleak HouseD. A Tale of Two Cities19._____ is often regarded as the semi-autobiography of the author Dickens in whichthe early life of the hero is largely based on the author’s early life.A. The Curiosity ShopB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations20.In 1864, Dickens published his last complete novel _______.A. The Old Curiosity ShopB. The Pickwick PaperC. Our Mutual FriendD. Little Dorrit21.Which of the following is Thackeray’s masterpiece?A. The VirginiansB. The Books of SnobsC. The NewcomesD. Vanity Fair22.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is _____.A. The First ImpressionB. A Novel Without a HeroC. The Spirit of the AgeD. The Daffodils23.The title of the novel Vanity Fair was taken from Bunyan’s masterpiece _____.A. The Pilgrim’s Pr ogressB. Child Harold’s PilgrimageC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. The Canterbury Tales24.Emily Bronte wrote only one novel entitled ______.A. Jane EyreB. Agnes GreyC. Wuthering HeightsD. Emma25.Charlotte’s Villette is based on her sad days in_____.A. GermanyB. LondonC. ParisD. Brussels26.Dickens’ third literary period shows intensifying ______.A. optimismB. excitementC. irritationD. pessimism27.______is Dickens’ best of social satires.A. American NotesB. Martin ChuzzlewitC. Dombey and SonD. David Copperfield28.Tennyson’s In Memoriam is a collection of ____ short poems.A. 130B. 131C. 132D. 13329.The chief source of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King is taken from _____.A. The History of the King of BritainB. The History of PendennisC. The History of Henny EsmondD. Morte d’Arthur.30.The Chartists refer to those _____ in the early Victorian AgeA. Romantic writersB. working class writersC. realistic poetsD. bourgeois writers31.The Victorian Literature began in____ and ended in _____.A. 1837...1900 B. 1835...1901 C. 1832...1902 D. 1830 (1903)32.The conflicts between the capitalists and the proletarian in industrial Englandcaused the ______.A. Enlightenment MovementB. Industrial RevolutionC. Chartist MovementD. Romantic Movement33._____ is the greatest among the critical realists of the Victorian Age.A. Earnest JonesB. Emily BrontёC. Charlotte BrontёD. Charles Dickens34.Charles Dickens was impressive for his _____.A. wide spread of critical realismB. his spirit of democracy and humanismC.his unforgettable figures with satire and simple and clear languageD.including A, B and C35.“The pride of wealth” or “purse-pride” is the theme of _____.A. Dombey and SonB. Nicholas NicklebyC. The Old Curiosity ShopD. Martin Chuzzlewit36.The two cities in A Tale of Two Cities refer to ____.A. London and New YorkB. London and ParisC. Paris and New YorkD. Brussels and Washington37.____ is the major literary form in the Victorian Period.A. essayB. poetryC. novelD. drama38.____ is the main hero in the novel of Wuthering Heights.A. RochesterB. HeathcliffC. ManetteD. Martin39.Both Charlotte and Emily wrote about the ____ around them.A. familiar thingsmon peopleC. neighborsD. evils40.The most important poet in the Victorian Age was _____.A. Earnest JonesB. Elizabeth GaskellC. Mr. BrowningD. Alfred Tennyson41.______ made Dickens famous overnight.A. Sketches by BozB. The Pickwick PapersC. Oliver TwistD. The Old Curiosity Shop42._____ is Dickens’ first novel of social history reflecting the sharp socialcontradictions.A. Sketches by BozB. American NotesC. Martin ChuzzlewitD. Barnaby Rudge (《巴纳比·拉奇》)43.Which of the following Dickens’ works is not based on Christmas with religiouscoloring?A. Christmas Day in the MorningB. A Christmas CarolC. The Chimes（《教堂钟声》）D. The Cricket on the Heart (《灶上蟋蟀》)44._____ is an autobiographical novel and loved by Dickens himself most.A. Great ExpectationsB. David CopperfieldC. Bleak HouseD. The Pickwick Papers45.Dickens’ writing is an encyclopedic knowledge of _____.A. ParisB. New YorkC. LondonD. Portsmoth46.The head of the gang of thieves is _____.A. FaginB. GradgrindC. PecksmiffD. Manette47._____ has been called “the supreme epic of English life”.A. Nicholas NicklebyB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Hard TimesD. The Pickwick Papers48._____marked a great advance in Dickens’ art of novel-writing with closely knitand logical plot of his maturer works.A. David CopperfieldB. Dombey and SonC. Little DorritD. The Chimes49.In the ____ period, Charles Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalistworld would be remedies of only men who behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth50.____ is the most class-conscious book among the Christmas books.A. A Christmas CarolB. The ChimesC. The Cricket on the HearthD. The Battle of LifeKey to the multiple choices:1-5 CBABD 6-10 ACCDA 11-15 CABBC16-20 CBDBC 21-25 DAAC D 26-30 DBBDB31-35 CCDDA 36-40 BCBAD 41-45 BDABC46-50 ADBABⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1.Dickens’ writings from 1836 to 1841 show the characteristic of youthful _______.2.Dickens’ writings from 1842 to 1850 show the character of _______.3.Dickens’ writings from 1852 to 1870 show the feature of ______.4.Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of the time—the education of____ in private schools.5._____ is a great novel of social satire and famous for its criticism of both theBritish and American bourgeoisie.6.The theme of Dombey and Son is the pride of wealth, or “_____”.7.David Copperfield was written in the ____ person in a combination of ____, senseof ____ and artistic ______.8.The main butt (目标) of satire in Bleak House is aimed at the abuses of theEnglish _____.9.In Hard Times Dickens describes the ____ movement with great artistic power.10.Dickens used ______ as his pen name in his first book.Key to the blanks:1.optimism2.excitement and irritation3.pessimism4.children5.Martin Chuzzlewit6.purse-pride7.first; verisimilitude; familiarity;maturity8.courts9.Chartist10.BozⅢ. Say true or false.1.Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers gives a rather comprehensive picture of early 19th century England.2.Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller were two major characters in The Pickwick Papers which aroused the in3.In Oliver Twist, Dickens makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of country life under capitalism.4.The plot of Sketches by Boz is rather formless, but the novel fascinates the reader from beginnin episodes.5.The title Bleak House is not only the name of a house but is also an apt (贴切的) description of the so6.Hard Times is a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and ethics(论理学，道德学) and 义）.7.Dombey and Son is a novel with imprisonment, both matter-o-fact or symbolic, as its central theme.8. A Tale of Two Cities takes the Industrial Revolution as the subject.9.The theme underlying A Tale of Two Cities is the idea “Where there is oppression, there is revolution.”10.Pip is the major character in Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend.Key to True/False statements:1-5 TTFFT 6-10 TFFTFPart Seven Prose Writers and Poets of the Midand Late 19th CenturyⅠ. Choose the right answer.1.____is Oscar Wilde’s only novel.A. Lady Windermere’s FanB. A Woman of No ImportanceC. The Picture of Dorian GrayD. The Importance of Being Earnest2.____ is a description of the misery of man of letters.A. New Grub StreetB. The CurrentC. Charles Dickens: A Critical StudyD. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft3. A Dream of John Ball is a prose work which ____ recalled the peasants’ rising ofthe 14th century.A. MorrisB. GissingC. StevensonD. Wilde4.News from Nowhere is a prose work which ____ describes a dream of the futureclassless society.A. MorrisB. GissingC. StevensonD. Wilde5._____is famous for his translation of Rubaiyat.A. F. Scott FitzgeraldB. William FitzgeraldC. Robert FitzgeraldD. Edward Fitzgerald6._____ is Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s best-known poem.A. The Blessed DamozelB. Poems by D. G. RossettiC. The House of LifeD. Ballads and Sonnets7.____ is considered “the Sage of Chelsea”.A. Thomas CarlyleB. John RuskinC. Matthew ArnoldD. Tomas Macaulay8.____introduced German literature to England with his Life of Schiller.A. Thomas CarlyleB. John RuskinC. Matthew ArnoldD. Tomas Macaulay9.In ____, Carlyle contrasted the misery and confusion of industrial England with acertain Abbot Sampson’s admirable rule of his monastery in the 12th century.A. Past and PresentB. Heroes and Hero-WorshipC. Sartor ResartusD. The French Revolution10.Thomas Macaulay’s masterpiece is ___.A. History of EnglandB. Culture and AnarchyC. Heroes and Hero-WorshipD. Modern Painters11.Tennyson’s _____ expresses his optimistic attitude towards death when he is old.A. Break, Break, BreakB. Crossing the BarC. The PrincessD. Maud12.____remained a poet in his painting and a painter in his poetry.。