Beowulf-ppt

心灵论 一元论
“我有一个思想：心灵在思想的时候，它是在和内心说 话……我认为思想就是说话，判断就是说出来的陈述， 只不过在无声的对自己说，而不是大声的对自己说。”
亚里士多德
“形式逻辑”、“思维范畴决定语言范畴”的思想 和《工具论》一书
语言只是思想的符号， 思维不等于语言。
“口语是内心经验的符号，文字是口语的符号。 人类不会有相同的文字，也不会有相同的发音。 但是这些文字和声音所代表的心理经验以及这些 经验所反映的事物，对人们来说都是共通的。”
形成“语言世界观”的论题，被 后人看作是沃尔夫假说的源头
博厄斯的传统
博厄斯——对沃尔夫假说具有最直接影响的美 国人类学家、结构主义语言学派代表人物。
1911年在《美洲印第安语言手册》对印第安语 言的调查和研究的初步理论进行总结。
语言描写的原则：描写一种语言只能根据它本 身结构对语言事实做客观的描写，不能也不应 该用其它语言结构来套这种语言。
卡罗尔在书中首次将语言相对论观点称为萨 丕尔-沃尔夫假说。在前言中他说“语言相对 论至少是一个假设，根据这一原则，语言影 响人对现实的理解方式，以及由此而来的行 为。”称其为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说是“因为萨 丕尔无疑参与了这一思想的建构”。
沃尔夫时代的心理学科背景
心理学科经由冯特创立心理学实验室使心理学从 哲学中独立出来成为专门的学科，已经发展出诸 多分支流派，如的思想里已有 语言影响思维的萌芽
洪堡特
“一个民族精神特性和语言形成这两方面的 关系极为密切，无论我们从哪方面入手，都 可以从中推导出。另一方面，……语言仿佛 是民族的外在表现：民族的语言及民族的精 神，民族的精神及民族的语言，两者的同一 程度超过了人们的任何想象”
“人同事物生活在一起，主要按照语言传递事 物的方式生活，人从自身中造出语言，而在创 造语言的同时，他也把自己束缚在语言当中， 每一种语言都在它所隶属的民族周围设下一道 藩篱……”

An epic is a quest story on a grand scale.
Beowulf
Literary Focus: The Epic Hero
Beowulf is one of ancient England’s heroes.
Other times and other cultures have had other heroes.
Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.
Grendel gongan,
godes yrre bær;
mynte se manscaða
manna cynnes
Beowulf
The Poetry of Beowulf
Find examples of alliteration in Burton Raffel’s translation of lines 1-5:
Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.
Punctuation reproduces pause effect of the caesura.
Beowulf
The Poetry of Beowulf

•
The crash in the banqueting-hall came to the Danes,
• the men of the guard that remained in the building, • with the taste of death. The deepening rage • of the claimants to Heorot caused it to resound. • It was indeed wonderful that the wine-supper-hall • withstood the wrestling pair, that the world’s palace • fell not the ground. But it was girt firmly, • both inside and out, by iron braces • of skilled manufacture. Many a figured • Gold-worked wine-bench, as we heard it, • started from the floor at the struggles of that pair.
•
• • • •
The men of the Danes had not imagined that any of mankind by what method soever might undo that intricate, antlered hall, sunder it by strength – unless it were swallowed up in the embrace of fire.
Targets of Comments

Beowulf
Prologue: The Earlier History of the Danes Beowulf and Grendel The Hall Heorot Is Attacked by Grendel The Fight with Grendel
The Earlier History of the Dane）
设计：李智勇 宋林峰 设计： Jack Jerry
Beowulf 第一页
剧照1
剧照2
The Song of Beowulf
England’s national epic about hero Beowulf (be discovered at 1705)
Questions
4 What kind of social surroundings has the work-Beowulf reflected? And what’s the attitude of people towards the story? What can we infer from that?
Questions
2 What’s the function of the use of kenning (double metaphor)? Sun-the world’s great candle Heart-treasure chamber conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry 3 What effects has religion caused on literature? Is the coming of this kind of effect natural or by purpose? Why?