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汽车行业术语（下）nondispersive ultraviolet氢火焰离子化检测器flame ionization ditector总碳氢化合物分析仪total hydrocarbon analyzer气相色谱仪gas chromatograph化学发光检测器chemiluminescent detector臭氧发生器ozonator底盘测功机chassis dynamometer惯性模拟系统inertia simulation system功率吸收装置device for power absorption转鼓roller空气阻力aerodynamic resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance当量惯量equivalent inertia滤纸式测试仪filter-type measuring apparatus 转速表tachometer成套分析设备analytical train组合气室stacked cell参比室reference cell滤光室filter cell干扰滤光器interferential filter加热式氢火焰离子化检测器heated flame ionization detector 氮氧化合物转化器Nox converter(No2-NO)反应室reactive cell (chamber)催化燃烧分析仪catalytic combustion analyzer碳氢化合物响应度hydrocarbon response碳数当量carbon equivalent百万分率碳parts per million carbon (ppmC) 氧干扰oxygen interference氧校正oxygen correction湿度较正系数humidity correction (kh)factor拖尾tailing五氧化二碘法iodine penta-oxide method平衡气balance gas零点气zero grade gas (air zero gas)校正气calibrating gas量距气span gas拉格朗日拟合lagrangian fit二氧化碳干扰校正corrected for CO2 extraction袋式分析bag analysis柴油机排烟测定仪器diesel smoke measuring instrument排气烟度opacity of exhaust gas烟度计opacimeter全流式烟度计full flow opacimeter取样烟度计sampling opacimeter光线有效通过长度effective path length of light ray 吸光系数light absorption coefficient峰值储存器peak hold device烟室smoke chamber引进气体incoming gas排出气体outgoing gas色温color temperature人眼的感光曲线photoptic curve of human eye 光谱反应曲线spectral response curve光源light source光束light beam直接光线direct light ray反射光线reflected light rays散射光diffused light光通量light lux中性滤波仪neutral optical filter烟度计物理反应时间physical response time of opacimeter 电气响应时间electrical response time倍频程octave热时常数thermal time-constant烟柱smoke column标定用遮光片calibrating screen示踪气体tracer gas扫气scavenge air冷却装置cooling device膨涨箱expansion tank暗度刻度obscuration scale光学试验台optical bench热电偶thermocouple气密性gas tightness阻尼室dampling chamber烟度计smokemeter光学式烟度计optical smokemeter不透光式烟度计smoke opacimeter比尔-朗伯定律beer-lambert law不透光度opacity (lgiht obscuration )(N)透光度transmittance(t)光吸收系数coefficient of light absorption (k) 光通道有效长度effective optical path length(L) 滤纸式烟度计filter type smokemeter有效长度effective length抽气量swept volume滤纸有效面积effective filter area死区容积dead volume烟度单位smoke unit(index)滤纸式烟度单位filter smoke number (FSN)内装式烟度计built-in (in-line)smokemeter外装式烟度计mounted(end-of line) smokemeter全流式烟度计full-flow smokemeter部分流式烟度计part-flow smokemeter取样探头probe排气收集系统exhaust gas collection equipment稀释空气样气收集袋sample collection bag for dilution air稀释空气取样探头sample probe for dilution air稀释排气混合气收集袋sample collection bag for dilute exhaust mixture 取样方法和设备sampling method and device全流取样法full flow sampling部分流取样法partial flow sampling定容取样法constant volume sampling (CVS) 全量袋式取样法total bag sampling比例取样法proportional smapling直接取样法direct sampling method动态或连续取样法dynamic or continuous sampling 容积式泵positive displacement pump临界流量文杜里管critical flow venturi稀释系数dilution factor稀释用空气dilution air稀释排气diluted exhaust稀释风道dilution ratio取样探管dilution tunnel取样袋sampling bag逆向清洗back flush试验方法和限值testing method and limits 试验循环test cycle行驶循环driving cycle工况mode行驶监视仪driver aid中间转速intermediate speed加权系数weighting coefficient美国烟排放物试验循环US EPA smoke emission test cycle 全负荷法full load method自由加速法free acceleraton method加载减速法lug down method稳定单速法single steady speed method道路试验法road test method滑行法coastdown密闭室测定蒸发排放物法（SHED）sealed housing ofr evaporative emission determination (SHED) 运转损失running losses热浸损失hot soak losses昼间换气损失diurnal breathing losses美国LA-4C法USEQP A-4CH test procedure美国LA-4CH法US EPA 4CH test procedure美国九工况法US EPA 9 -mode test cycle美国十三工况法US EPA 13-mde test cycle美国重型柴油机瞬态法US EPA heavy duty diesel engine transient test cycle日本四工况法Japanese 4-mode test cycle日本十工况法Japanese 10/11-mode test cycle 日本六工况法Japanese 6-mode test cycle欧洲ECE十五工况法ECE 15-mode test cycle排放限值emission limits怠速排放限值idle speed emission limits浓度排放限值emission concentration limits质量排放限值mass rate of emission limits净化purifying净化率purifying rate在用车in-use vehicle无铅汽油unleaded gasoline务化系数（DF）deterioration factor(DF) 车辆类型vehicle type道路车辆road vehicle商用车辆commercial vehicle机动车辆motor vehicle电动车辆electric vehicle摩托车motorcycle轻便摩托车moped轿车passenger car微型轿车minicar普通级轿车subcompact car中级轿车compact car中高级轿车intermediate car高级轿车limousine (pullman saloon)活顶轿车convertible saloon旅行轿车station wagon短头轿车forward control passenger car 小型轿车coupe敞蓬小轿车drop head coupe跑车sports car赛车racer (racing car)单座小客车one-seater七座小客车seven-seater越野车off-road vehicle轻型越野车light-off-road vehicle中型越野车medium off-road vehicle重型越野车heavy off -road vehicle超重型越野车extra heavy off- road vehicle 吉普车jeep硬顶吉普车hard top jeep客车bus微型客车minibus轻型客车light bus中型客车medium bus大型客车large bus客货两用小客车estate car (estate) 多用途客车multipurpose vehicle 厢式小客车closed car出租小客车taxicar城市客车urban bus大客车coach城间大客车intercity bus长途大客车long distance coach旅游客车sightseeing bus(touring bus) 铰接客车articulated bus无轨客车trolley bus双层客车double-deck bus团体客车private coach货车truck(lorry)微型货车mini-truck轻型货车light truck中型货车medium truck重型货车heavy truck公路货车highway vehicle小型货车pick-up平板货车platform truck(flat bed truck) 通用货车general -purpose vehicle短轴距货车short-wheel base truck长轴距货车long-wheelbase truck集装箱运输货车container carrier客货两用车cargo-bus厢式货车van牵引汽车towing vehicle全挂牵引汽车towing vehicle牵杆式牵引车full-trailer towing vehicle 半挂牵引车semi-trailer towing vehicle 道路列车road train客用道路列车passenger road train铰接式道路列车articulated road train双挂式道路列车double road train混合式道路列车composite road train天然气车辆natural gas vehicle(NGV)压缩天然气车辆compressed natural gas vehicle 液化天然气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle液化石油气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle双燃料车辆duel fuel vehicle单燃料车辆single fuel vehicle专用车special vehicle垃圾车dust car (refuse collector)冷藏车refrigerated van洒水车street sprinkler (street flusher) 囚车prison van殡仪车hearse售货车mobile store(mobile shop)图书馆车mobile library宣传车mobile louderspeaker商业广告车spiel truck展览汽车demonstration car博览会专用车fairground vehicle流动艺术展览车artmobile邮政车mobile post office运油车fuel tanker加油车refueller飞机牵引车aircraft tractor救护车ambulance (medical vehicle) 病院汽车clinic car医疗急救车rescue ambulanceX射线诊断车mobile-x-ray clinic防疫监测车mobile epidemic control vehicle 计划生育车mobile family -planning clinic 伤残者运送车handicapped person carrier炊事车kitchen vehicle餐车mobile canteen沐浴车mobile shower bath保温车insulated van电视转播车TV relaying vehicle电视录像车video recording vehicle摄影车mobile photographic studio电影放映车film projection vehicle邮件运输车mail carrier农用车farm vehicle种子检测车plant seeds inspection van植物保护车plant pest control vehicle计量检测车metrology inspection vehicle环境检测车mobile environment monitor畜禽防疫车mobile animal eqidemic control 交通监理车traffic control car刑事勘察车mobile crime investigation vehicle 气卸散装水泥车bulk-cement pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装煤粉车bulk-coal powder pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装电石粉车bulk-calcium carbide pneumatic delivery tanker 气卸散装化学粉粒车bulk-chemicals pneumatic delivery tanker食用植物油运油汽车edible oil tanker食用植物油加油车edible oil pump delivery tanker活鱼运输车life fish carrier气卸散装面粉车bulk-flour pneumatic delivery tanker吸尘车vacuum sweeper高压清洗车high-pressure sewer flushing vehicle吸污车suction -type sewer scavenger 真空吸粪车suction -type tumbrel tanker 自装卸垃圾车refuse collecting truck旋转板自装卸垃圾车compression refuse collector 航空食品装运车aircraft caterer's delivery truck 散装粮食运输车bulk-grain carrier散装饲料运输车bulk-fodder transport truck牲畜运输车livestock carrier家禽运输车poultry carrier养蜂车mobile bee-keeper原木运输车logging transporter管材运输车pole transporter车辆运输车car transporter锅炉车mobile boiler除雪车snow sweeper机场客梯车mobile aircraft landing stairs 消防车fire-fighting vehicle水罐消防车fire-extinguishing water tanker 泡沫消防车fire-extinguishing foam tanker 救火泵车fire pumper消防水罐车fire tanker泡沫灭火车foam vehicle消防指挥车fire service commanding car 云梯消防车fire-fighting truntable ladder 厢式汽车van厢式零担运输车break bulk cargo carrier罐式汽车tanker酸罐车acid tanker液化气罐车liquified gas tanker奶罐车milk tanker食品液罐车beverage tanker背罐车demountable tanker carrier装卸机械loading (unload)machine叉式装货机fork-type loading (unlaod)machine 刮板式装货机scraper type loading machine单斗式装货机single bucket loading machine带升降塔架车辆tower crane塔式超重机tower crane汽车吊车truck crane移动式起重机mobile crane固定式起重机stationary crane起重举升汽车crane/lift truck特种结构汽车special construction vehicle随车起重运输车truck with loading crane后栏板起重运输车tail-lift truck高空作业车hydraulic aerial cage（公路事故或故障车辆的）急修车breakdown truck修理车mobile workshop救险车recovery vehicle技术服务车service car现场用小车spot dolly工具车tool car故障检修车trouble car勘测工程车recording bus筑路工程用车road machine压路机road roller推土机ball dozer平路机motor grader铲运机wheeled loading shovel 轮式装载车wheeled loader轮式挖掘机wheeled excavator混凝土搅拌车concrete mixer truck焊接工程车mobile welding workshop沥青洒布车asphalt distribution truck沥青路面养护车asphalt pavement maintenance truck 沥青运输车heated bitument tanker建筑大板运输车prfab building panel transporter电信工程车telecommunicatin field service truck 工程机械运输车construction machinery transporter 仓栅式汽车storage/stake truck钻孔立柱车pole drill and erection truck油田试井车oil-well testing vehicle井架运输车derrick transporter修井车well maintenance vehicle地锚车mobile ground anchor vehicle灌注车oil well cracking acid pumping truck 照明车flood lighting vehicle后翻倾式自卸汽车rear dump truck两侧翻倾式自卸汽车side dump truck三面翻倾式自卸汽车three-way dump truck重型自卸汽车heavy duty dump truck 矿用自卸汽车mining dump truck专用自卸汽车special dump truck摆臂式自装卸汽车swept-body dump truck 车厢可卸式汽车roll-off skip loader全挂车full trailer半挂车semi-trailer特种挂车special trailer栏板货厢式挂车cargo trailer平板式挂车flat platform trailer低架式挂车low-loader trailer厢式挂车trailer van自卸式挂车dumper trailer旅居挂车caravan动物集装箱live-stock container 干货集装箱dry cargo container 保温集装箱isothermal container 框架集装箱flat rack container 散货集装箱bulk container罐式集装箱tank container冷藏集装箱refrigerated container质量mass净底盘干质量bare chassis dry mass净底盘整备质量bare chassis kerb mass底盘与驾驶室干质量chassis and cab dry mass底盘与驾驶室整备质量chassis and cab kerb mass整车交运质量complete vehicle shipping mass 整车整备质量complete vehicle kerb mass最大设计总质量maximum design total mass最大允许总质量maximum autohrozed total mass最大设计装载质量maximum design pay mass最大允许装载质量maximum autohorized pay mass厂定最大总质量manufacturer's maxumum total mass 载重量payload车辆自重kerb weight总重量gross weight轴荷axle load最大设计轴荷maximum design axle load最小设计轴荷minimum authorized axle load最大允许轴荷maximum design axle load轮胎最大设计拖挂质量maximum design tyre load最大设计拖挂质量maximum authorized tyre load最大允许拖挂质量maximum authorized towed mass汽车列车最大设计质量maximum design mass of vehicle combination汽车列车最大允许质量maximum authorized mass of vehicle combination铰接车最大设计质量maximum disgn mass of articulated vehicle铰接车最大允许质量maximum authorized amss of articulated vehicle半挂牵引车承受的最大静载荷maximum design static laod borne by semi-trailer towing vehicle 作用在挂接装置上的最大设计静载荷maximum design static laod on coupling device作用在挂接装置上的最大允许静载荷maximum authorized static load on coupling device比功率power/mass ratio比扭矩torque/maximum total mass ratio 重量利用系数factor of weight utilizaton汽车型谱chart of automotive model后驱动汽车rear drive automobile前驱动汽车front drive automobile发动机后置式客车bus with rear engine四轮驱动车辆all wheel drive automobile发动机前置式客车bus with front engine发动机底置式客车bus with underfloor engine计算机辅助设计computer aided deisgn(CAD)有限寿命设计design for finite life累积疲劳损伤原理theory of cumulative damage in fatique优化设计optimum deisgn汽车尺寸控制图sketch on layout ofr dimenshion's control of assembly 汽车总装配图automobile assembly drawing汽车总布置草图sketch for automobile layout汽车设计的技术经济分析technical -economic analysis in automobile design设计任务书design assignment系列化、通用化、标准化seriation ,universalization and standardization总布置设计calculation for layout 运动校核correction of motion 侧视轮廓side outline前视轮廓end outline顶视轮廓plan outline车长vehicle length车宽vehicle width车高vehicle height轴距wheel base轮距track前轮距track front后轮距track rear双胎间距space between twin wheels前悬front overhang后悬rear overhang离地间隙ground clearance纵向通过角ramp angle接近角approach angle离出角departure angle车架高度height of chassis above ground驾驶室后车架最大可用长度maximum usable length of chassis behind cab 车身长度body work length车厢内部最大尺寸maximum internal dimension of body货厢内长loading space length货厢有效长度loading length货厢内宽loading space width货厢有效内宽loading width货厢内高loading space height货厢有效内高loading height货台高度loading surface height车架自由长度frame free length栏板内高inside board hegiht货厢容积loading surface门高door height门宽door width车架有效长度chassis frame useful length货厢全长body length牵引杆长drawbar length牵引装置的位置position of towing attachment 牵引装置的悬伸overhang of towing atachment牵引装置的高度heigth of towing attachment牵引装置牵距distance of towing attachment牵引座前置距fifth wheel lead长度计算用牵引座前置距fifth wheel lead for calculation of length质量分配用牵引座前置距fith wheel lead for calculation of mass distribution牵引座结合面高度height of coupling face牵引装置至车辆前端的距离distance between towing device and front end of towing vehicle 牵引叉销至车辆前端的距离distance between jaw and front end of towing vehicle半挂车间隙半径rear tractor clearance radius of semi-trailer半挂车前回转半径front fitting radius of semi trailer车轮垂直行程vertical clearance of wheel车轮提升高度lift of wheel转弯半径turning circle静止半径static radius碰撞collision (crash,impact)正碰撞frontal collision (frontal impact) 侧碰撞side collision (side impact)后碰撞rear collision (rear impact)擦碰撞sidewipe collision碰撞方向collision direction碰撞角度collision angle倾斜的oblique(tilt)成角度的angled纵向的longitudinal垂直的perpendicular对中centered偏置offset重叠overlap碰撞轴线排列collision axis alignment 纯正撞pure frontal impact。
目录第一部分专业外文翻译材料原文 (2)第二部分专业万文翻译材料译文 (8)参考文献 (14)专业外文翻译材料原文Automotive power transmission device between the engine and the wheel drive train car called. It should ensure that the car has a variety of driving conditions necessary for traction, speed, and to ensure coordination between the traction and speed changes and other features that make the car has good power and fuel economy; also ensure the car can reverse, and left and right drive wheels can adapt to the requirements of the differential，And power transmission can be smoothly bonded or completely, the rapid separation as required. Driveline including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, main gear, differential and axle and other parts of the drive train in different ways according to the energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on. First, the composition of the transmission systemClutch function: 1, the clutch can gradually combined to ensure a smooth start car engines and automotive drivetrain. 2, the clutch can temporarily cut off the engine and drive train, easy engine starting and transmission shift, in order to guarantee smooth drivetrain shift work. 3, the clutch can limit the transmitted torque, to prevent overloading the driveline.Composition: active part, the driven part, the pressing means, separating means and control mechanism.Universal transmission function:in the car any angle and relative position between a pair of shafts to transmit power between changes often occur shaft.The universal drive axleDrive axle gearing (or transmission)power came through deceleration by twisting, changing the direction of power transmission power by deceleration by twisting, (when the engine is longitudinal) after changing the direction of power transmission, assigned to the left and right wheels, making the car running, and allows the drive wheels to the left and right at different speeds. Drive axle assembly is the last of its drivetrain from the main reducer, differential, axle and axle components.Transmission functions: (1)change the transmission ratio: expanding the scope of variation of torque and speed of the drive wheel to adapt to frequent changes in driving conditions, such as start, acceleration, uphill, so that the engine work in favorable conditions. (2) in the direction of rota0 tion of the engine under the same premise, so the car can travel backwards. (3) the use of neutral, interrupt the power transmission, to allow the engine to start, idling, and to facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Second, the transmission consists of：the speed change transmission mechanism and operating mechanism Most ordinary transmission gear and some planetary gear drive. Ordinary gear shift mechanism for general use gears and clutch slip. How associated gear slip displacement gear and gear points. With triple sliding gear shift, a large axial dimension; with displacement sliding gear transmission, compact structure, but smaller than the gear change. There mesh type clutch and friction points. When using the clutch is engaged, the transmission speed difference should stop or very hour, with a friction clutch for shifting in operation at any speed difference, but small carrying capacity, and can not guarantee strict two-axis synchronization. To overcome this drawback, the engagement clutch friction plate tops to, when the first gear wheel driven by the friction plates to the synchronous speed and then joined. Planetary gear transmission brake control gear available.Third, the structural characteristics of the transmission Automatic transmission automatically selects the gear .and has the following salient features: 1.Good driving performance.2.manipulate simple.3.high traffic safety.4. to reduce emissions. 5. You can extend engine and driveline life. 6.increase productivity. but the automatic transmission drawback is:Its structure is more complicated, but also more difficult to repair. Another automatic transmission transmission efficiency is not high enough, of course, by matching engine optimization, lockup, and other measures to increase the number of gears, thetransmission efficiency can be close to the efficiency of the automatic transmission manual transmission level.Fourth, the transmission Category:1), according to the gear ratio change the way: a stepped, stepless and comprehensive formula①stepped: a step-most widely used transmission, which uses a gear drive, with a number of valuation ratios.a gear train used by different: there is a fixed axis (ordinary gear transmission) and the axis of the rotary transmission (planetary gear transmission) two.b. At present, the transmission drive cars and light and medium trucks than the usual 3 to 5 forward gears and one reverse gear.c. In the heavy-duty vehicles using a modular transmission, the use of more stalls, usually made of a combination of two transmissions.②stepless: stepless transmission ratio within a certain range can be varied by an infinite number of levels.a. Are common type and a hydraulic power (dynamic liquid) two.b. Electricity formula also used in the driveline trend widely used, its variable transmission member for DC series wound motor.c. A hydraulic drive unit is a hydraulic torque converter.③comprehensive type: integrated gearbox is defined by the torque converter and gear-type stepped transmission consisting of hydraulic mechanical transmission. Transmission ratio can be made infinitely variable within a few discontinuities between the maximum and minimum range, the current is widely used.2), by manipulating points: Forced manipulation, automatic and semi-automatic actuated actuated①. Forced actuated transmission shift lever operated directly by the driver, used for most cars.②. Robotic gearbox gear ratio selection (shift) is automatic. The driver simply manipulating the accelerator pedal, you can control the speed.③. Semi-automatic gearbox, there are two forms of manipulationa.Kind of common robotic several stalls, the rest of the stalls operated by the driver;b.The other is a preselected type, i.e., the driver in advance with the button selected gear, when the clutch pedal or the accelerator pedal is released, turned an electromagnetic device or hydraulic device to shift.3), by using the method points: manual transmission (MT), the automatic transmission (AT), manual transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), double-clutch gearbox and EMT, AMT sequence transmission, etc.Fifth, the transmission worksCar needs transmission, which is by the physical characteristics determined by an automobile engine. First, any engine has a speed limit, speed exceeds this maximum, the engine will explode. Secondly, if read horsepower and its application, you will know when have reached the maximum horsepower and torque, low speed range of the engine. For example, the engine may at 5,500 r / time to produce maximum horsepower. In the vehicle acceleration or deceleration, so that the presence of the transmission gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels can be changed. By changing the gear ratio, the engine speed can be maintained below the speed limit, and the engine rotation speed zone close to optimum performance. Ideally, the range of the transmission gear ratio change is very large, and thus the engine always operates in the best performance of a single speed. This is a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the CVT gear ratio range of the concept is virtually no limit. Past, CVT will not work with a four-speed and five-speed transmission contend in cost, size and reliability, so they are not visible in production cars. Currently, the improvement of the design of CVT has been so popular. Toyota Prius is a hybrid car using CVT.A transmission connected to the engine through a clutch. Thus, the same transmission input shaft speed and the engine.Six, synchronizerSince the transmission input shaft and the output shaft to the respective speed of rotation, there will be a "synchronous" change gear problems. Two rotation speed is not the same gear meshing force is bound to happen impact collision damage gear. Therefore, the transmission shift to adopt the old "feet clutch" approach, upshift stay a while in the neutral position, the downshift to refuel door in the neutral position, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is more complex and difficult to grasp accurate. So the designers to create a "synchronizer", by synchronizing allows gear to be engaging to a consistent speed and smooth engagement. There are pressure-type synchronizer, inertial and other types of self-energizing type. Currently on all synchronous transmission inertia synchronizer is used, which is mainly composed of clutch, synchronization lock ring and other components, it is characterized by relying on friction to achieve synchronization. Clutches, synchronized to be joined on the lock ring and ring gears are chamfered (locking angle), the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outer ring gear to be engaged in contact friction cone. Locking cone angle have been made in the design of appropriate choice, conical friction makes meshing gear sets to be quickly synchronized with the ring, but will produce a locking action to prevent the gear meshing before synchronization. When the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outside the ring gear to be engaged cone contact, the role of friction torque gear speed quickly reduce (or increase) to synchronous speed lock ring is equal to both synchronous rotation, gear relative to the genlock loop speed is zero, and thus the moment of inertia also disappeared, then under the force of the push, the clutch unimpeded synchronization lock ring engagement ring, and further engagement with the ring gear to be engaged and to complete shifting process. Transmission and synchronizers implementations from different manufacturers in different ways, but the basic principle is the same. Acting synchronizer is in contact with the canines before, so that the collar and the gear friction contact occurs. Thus, before the canine bonding, you can make the collar and the gear speed to achieve synchronization, as shown: blue cone axis gear engagement ring cone friction between the cone and the collar of the shaft ring and gear synchronization. Slide along the outer collar, so that theengagement gear canines. Automatic transmission fluid coupling function why no increase in torque effect: fluid coupling, only the pump and turbine, turbine oil without changing the flow direction of the guide wheel. When working pump oil to pass turbine wheel, and then through the turbine wheel return pump, oil pump through the turbine wheel return changed the direction of rotation, the flow direction and the opposite direction of rotation of the pump impeller. Engine crankshaft while being rotated, the need to overcome the resistance from the reverse of the turbine oil. Engine power has been weakened. Therefore, only the coupling fluid coupling condition, and never have increased torque conditions.When the car started and low speed high torque is required, and fluid couplings can not meet this need. So early production car with hydraulic coupling has started slow, slow-speed zone speed obvious shortcomings.In order to meet the needs of the car started and needs more torque at low speeds, and Hyundai have all switched to the torque converter. When the torque converter pump wheel fast moving, turbine load and driving resistance by the slower speed limit, between the pump and turbine produces a speed difference. This speed difference exists in the entire variable torque area. This speed difference on the formation of residual energy. That is, since the number of pump rotation is faster than the number of revolutions of the turbine, so that the oil pump to the turbine in turn drives the turbine in addition to, but also the remaining part of the energy, which is the residual energy. The difference between the number of revolutions of the pump impeller and the turbine, the greater the greater the residual energy. This residual fluid coupling in energy become an obstacle to the resistance of crankshaft rotation, and finally converted to heat, wasted. Torque converter is different, the speed difference between the pump and turbine is larger, the better residual energy only when the pump is higher than the number of vortex rotation revolutions to produce residual energy in order to increase the torque. Turbine braking (when the stall point and the starting point) of its maximum torque ratio. Fluid from the pump to turn a turbine, and then by changing the direction of the guide wheel and then return to the pump wheel, between the pump and turbine oil circulation formation. Only the presence of oil in circulation,in order to produce the torque conditions. With the increase in the number of revolutions of the turbine, the torque of the linear decline. After a critical point, the same number of turbines and rotary pumps, oil pump drive rotation of the turbine wheel in addition to, but has no residual energy, oil flow angle is changed to a minimum point, turbine oil returned toward the guide wheel on the back. Because of the one-way clutch is only responsible for the lock, turn left, turn right and not lock, so when the oil shocks on the back of the guide wheel is fixed on the one-way clutches, guide wheels began to rotate, the guide wheel starts spinning the moment is called the critical point . Prior to the critical point after coupling conditions for variable torque conditions, the critical point. Torque converter torque ratio increases with the turbo speed decreases, and decreases the number of revolutions of the turbine increases. I.e., with the running resistance torque increases, according to the running resistance of the automatic stepless variable torque in the low speed region. Torque converter transmission efficiency is increased with the number of revolutions of the turbine increases: only when the pump and turbine speed is close, will have a coupling conditions. Coupling conditions only in the car at high speed only, no coupling conditions at low speeds. As a guide wheel torque-device remains stationary while the torque conditions, the coupling conditions began to rotate. If the guide wheel rotating at the moment when they condition, it shows that the occurrence of a one-way clutch slip faults. When the guide wheel coupling conditions must be rotated, so when you do not spin, there is a one-way clutch catching fault occurred. The automatic transmission has been able to achieve automatic shift work because the driver depresses the throttle position or engine intake manifold vacuum and the traveling speed of the car can command the automatic shift system working, automatic shifting system, the control valves different working conditions will control the transmission gear mechanism and the brake is separated and combined with the release of the brake clutch, and changing the power transmission path of the transmission gear mechanism, transmission gear to achieve transformation.A conventional hydraulic automatic transmission according to changes in traveling speed of the car and the throttle opening degree, the automatic transmissiongear. Its shift control is mechanically converted vehicle speed and the throttle opening signal to control the oil pressure and the oil pressure is applied to both ends of the shift valve, to control the position of the shift valve, thereby changing the shifting actuator elements (clutches and brakes) of the oil. Thus, the work of hydraulic oil into the corresponding actuator, the clutch combination or separation, or release the brake, the control of the planetary gear transmission upshift or downshift to achieve automatic transmission.Electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission is added an electronic control system based on Automatic Transmission formed. It does this by monitoring the operating state sensor and switch and automobile engine, the driver's instructions to accept, and the obtained information into an electric signal is input to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit based on these signals, the shift control valve via the solenoid valve of the hydraulic control apparatus to open or close access shift clutch and brake oil passage, thereby controlling the gear shift timing and transformation, in order to achieve automatic transmission .Torque converter utilizing flow of the liquid, the torque from the engine is transmitted to the rear planetary gear mechanism is increased, at the same time, the hydraulic control apparatus according to the travel required (throttle opening, vehicle speed) to manipulate the planetary gear system to obtain the corresponding The gear ratio and rotational direction, to achieve upshifts, downshifts, forward or backward. The above process, the torque is increased, the throttle opening degree and the vehicle speed signal to the hydraulic control means to manipulate, and change the direction of rotation than the planetary gear transmission mechanism, are performed automatically inside the transmission, the driver does not need to operate, namely, automatic shift (shift). Electronically controlled automatic transmission system: Many modern vehicles equipped with electronically controlled automatic shifting device, can more effectively control the transmission shift, to enhance driving performance, fuel consumption saving effect.专业万文翻译材料译文汽车发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递装置称为汽车的传动系。
第1单元课文B 汽车的历史1.概况尽管以前曾经做过这样努力，但是人们还是认为德国的汽车工程师卡尔²弗雷德里奇²本茨发明了最早的一种汽车。
这种汽车是单缸、水冷、958cm3、0.75hp（560W）的三轮汽车。
本茨的夫人贝莎²本茨1885年最先驾驶着这辆汽车穿过曼海姆。
同时，在斯图加特的哥特里布²戴姆勒和威廉²梅巴赫也制造了汽车。
哥特里布²戴姆勒和威廉²梅巴赫也被称为是最早的摩托车发明家。
这里是汽车发展历史的年代时序表（英国分类）。
所有的汽车都被分为两大类：古代汽车（1885~1979年）和现代汽车（1980~现在）。
古代汽车又可分为四个时代：古董时代（1885~1904年）、黄铜时代或叫做爱德华七世时代（1905~1918年）、古老时代（1919~1930年）和古典时代（1931后、超过25年以上的汽车）。
另外，古典时代又分两个阶段：战前（1931~1948年）和战后（1949~1979年）。
古老时代是最有趣的，每年都有新技术发明问世，汽车速度越来越快，价格越来越便宜，安全性越来越好。
在古董时代就开始了汽车的批量生产。
到1900年，在法国和美国，就已经有汽车制造公司。
1889年成立的法国的帕卡德（Parhard et Levassor）就是最早的汽车公司之一。
就在两年之后，又出现了标致（Peugeot）公司。
在美国，1893年创办的杜里埃汽车公司（Duryea Motor Wagon Company）成为最早的一家美国汽车公司。
此外，当时最大的汽车制造厂家有奥兹莫比尔（当时占有优势地位）、凯迪拉克、温顿和福特。
汽车发展的下一个时代叫做黄铜时代或叫做爱德华七世时代。
在这个时代，汽车技术发展最快，许多小的制造厂家应运而生，大部分销量从个人嗜好者和狂热者转向了一般使用者。
像雪弗莱和五十铃这样的公司就是在这个时期创办的。
凯迪拉克的前任负责人亨利²利兰德创办了林肯汽车公司。
英文中文备注Acura讴歌Aeolus东风风神AIWAYS爱驰Alfa Romeo阿尔法・罗密欧ALPINA雅宾纳Amarok阿马洛克ARCFOX ARCFOXAston Martin阿斯顿・马丁Audi奥迪BAIC Motor北京汽车BAOJUN宝骏BAW北汽制造Beetle甲壳虫Beijing北京Bentley宾利Benz奔驰Mercedes-BEST宝斯通BESTUNE奔腾BISU比速汽车BJEV北汽新能源BMW宝马BORDRIN博郡汽车Borgward宝沃BRABUS巴博斯Bugatti布加迪Buick别克BYD比亚迪BYTON拜腾BYVIN比德文汽车Cadillac凯迪拉克Carlsson卡尔森Changan长安汽车Changhe北汽昌河Chery奇瑞Chevrolet雪佛兰China中华Chrysler克莱斯勒CHTC恒天Ciimo思铭Citroen雪铁龙Citroën CIWEI刺猬汽车COWIN凯翼DEARCC电咖汽车DENZA腾势汽车DODA北汽道达Dodge道奇Dongfeng东风Dongfeng东风瑞泰特Dorcen大乘汽车DS谛艾仕ENOVATE天际ENRANGER潍柴英致EVERUS理念EXEED星途Faraday法拉第未来FAW一汽Fengdu东风风度Fengguang东风风光Fengnuo风诺Fengxing东风风行Ferrari法拉利Fiat菲亚特Foday福迪Ford福特Foton福田FQT福汽启腾Fukang东风富康G.PATTON乔治・巴顿GAC NE广汽新能源Geely吉利Genesis捷恩斯Geometry几何汽车Gleagle全球鹰GMC吉姆西Golden金旅Golf高尔夫Gonow广汽吉奥Great Wall长城Green Wheel陆地方舟Grove格罗夫Hafei哈飞Haima海马Hanlong汉龙汽车Hanteng汉腾Haval哈弗Hawtai华泰Hawtai EV华泰新能源HIGER海格HiPhi高合HiPhi Honda本田Hong Qi红旗HORKI华骐HOZON合众汽车HUANGHAI黄海Huasong华颂Huizhong汇众Hybrid Kinetic正道汽车HYOSOW北汽幻速Hyundai现代Icona意柯那ICONIQ艾康尼克Infiniti英菲尼迪Isuzu五十铃Iveco依维柯JAC江淮Jaguar捷豹Jeep吉普JETOUR捷途Jetta捷达Jinbei金杯JMC江铃JMCGL江铃集团轻汽JMEV江铃集团新能源Jonway永源Joylong九龙JUN TIAN钧天汽车Karma KarmaKarry开瑞Kasheng卡升Kawei卡威Kia起亚KING LONG金龙Koenigsegg科尼塞克KTM KTM Kuayue长安轻型车Lamborghini兰博基尼Land Rover路虎Land Wind陆风LARK云雀汽车LEAHEAD领志LEAPMOTOR零跑汽车Leopaard猎豹汽车LEVDEO雷丁Lexus雷克萨斯Li Xiang理想汽车liderar领途Lifan力帆Lincoln林肯LITE LITELong River EV长江EVLotus路特斯Lotus青年莲花汽车Lucid Motors Lucid Motors Luxgen纳智捷LYNK&CO领克Maserati玛莎拉蒂MAXUS迈克萨斯Maybach迈巴赫Mazda马自达McLaren迈凯伦MG名爵Mingjun明君汽车MINI MINI Mitsubishi三菱MITSUOKA光冈Morgan摩根NEVS NEVS国能汽车NIO蔚来Nissan日产Oley欧朗Opel欧宝Ora欧拉汽车Oushang长安欧尚Pagani帕加尼Passat帕萨特Peugeot标致Phaeton辉腾Polestar极星Polo波罗Porsche保时捷PROJEN铂骏Proton宝腾QIANTU前途QING EV北京清行QOROS观致QYEV清源汽车Ranz朗世Red Star红星汽车RELY威麟Renault雷诺RIICH瑞麒Roewe荣威Rolfhartge罗夫哈特Rolls Royce劳斯莱斯RUF如虎Saab萨博Saleen赛麟Sciricco尚酷Seat西雅特SERES赛力斯SGMW五菱Sharan夏朗Shouwang首望Shuanghuan双环Singulato奇点汽车SINOGOLD国金汽车SITECH新特汽车Skoda斯柯达SMA华普Smart精灵Sokon东风小康DFSKSOL思皓Soueast东南SPIRRA思派朗Spyker世爵Ssangyong双龙Subaru斯巴鲁Suzuki铃木SWM斯威汽车Taraf拉共达Techrules泰克鲁斯・腾风TESLA特斯拉Tiguan途观TONGJIA陕汽通家Touareg途锐Touran途安Toyota丰田Traum君马汽车Trumpchi广汽传祺UAZ瓦滋汽车Valkyrie战神Venucia东风启辰Victory成功汽车Volvo沃尔沃VW大众Volkswagen W Motors W Motors WELTMEISTE威马汽车Wevan北汽威旺WEY魏派Wiesmann威兹曼Xinkai新凯Xpeng小鹏汽车YEMA野马汽车Yinlong银隆新能源YOGOMO御捷新能源YOUXIA游侠Yuan Cheng远程汽车YUDO云度Yulu Motor裕路汽车Yutong宇通客车ZD知豆ZEDRIV国机智骏ZINORO之诺ZOTYE众泰ZXAUTO中兴汽车。
1.我强烈推荐买这辆车。
因为这辆车操作灵敏.I strongly recommend buying this car,for it responds well to the controls.2.汽车在美国如此受欢迎主要有三大原因。
There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States.3.汽车赋予美国人的自由是他们想要的东西The freedom a car gives them is wah America want most to have.4.汽车给人们提供了最舒适最廉价的交通方式。
The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of taraffic .5.与欧洲的出品价相比，优点是他们出场价合理。
Compared to the factory price of European cars,the advantage is that they come with a reasonable factory price.6.与美国一家汽车公司合作，这家公司推出一款新的紧凑型车.The company launched the new model of subcompact car in cooperation with an auto company in America.7.这家跨国公司采用最先进的技术生产混合动力型车。
This international company employed the most advanced technology in producing the hybrid cars.8.王博士提出几条改进现有汽车燃油效率的建议。
Doctor Wang put forward several suggestions on improving the fuel-efficiency of the existing cars.9.每个车标都蕴含丰富的含义。
汽车相关词汇中英翻译（5）车长 vehicle length车宽 vehicle width车高 vehicle height轴距 wheel base轮距 track前轮距 track front后轮距 track rear双胎间距 space between twin wheels前悬 front overhang后悬 rear overhang离地间隙 ground clearance纵向通过角 ramp angle接近角 approach angle离出角 departure angle车架高度 height of chassis above ground驾驶室后车架最大可用长度 maximum usable length of chassis behind cab车身长度 body work length车厢内部最大尺寸 maximum internal dimension of body货厢内长 loading space length货厢有效长度 loading length货厢内宽 loading space width货厢有效内宽 loading width货厢内高 loading space height货厢有效内高 loading height货台高度 loading surface height车架自由长度 frame free length栏板内高 inside board hegiht货厢容积 loading surface门高 door height门宽 door width车架有效长度 chassis frame useful length货厢全长 body length牵引杆长 drawbar length牵引装置的位置 position of towing attachment牵引装置的悬伸 overhang of towing atachment牵引装置的高度 heigth of towing attachment牵引装置牵距 distance of towing attachment牵引座前置距 fifth wheel lead长度计算用牵引座前置距 fifth wheel lead for calculation of length质量分配用牵引座前置距 fith wheel lead for calculation of mass distribution牵引座结合面高度 height of coupling face牵引装置至车辆前端的距离 distance between towing device and front end of towing vehicle牵引叉销至车辆前端的距离 distance between jaw and front end of towing vehicle半挂车间隙半径 rear tractor clearance radius of semi-trailer 半挂车前回转半径 front fitting radius of semi trailer车轮垂直行程 vertical clearance of wheel车轮提升高度 lift of wheel转弯半径 turning circle静止半径 static radius碰撞 collision (crash,impact)正碰撞 frontal collision (frontal impact)侧碰撞 side collision (side impact)后碰撞 rear collision (rear impact)擦碰撞 sidewipe collision碰撞方向 collision direction碰撞角度 collision angle倾斜的 oblique (tilt)成角度的 angled纵向的 longitudinal垂直的 perpendicular对中 centered偏置 offset重叠 overlap碰撞轴线排列 collision axis alignment纯正撞 pure frontal impact碰撞位置 impact location碰撞角度 impact angle主要力 principal force主要力方向 direction of principal force (PDOF) 交通事故 traffic accident热电偶高温计 thermocouple pyrometer事故原因 accident cause单原因事故 single event accident多原因事故 multiple event accident单车事故 single vehicle accident多车事故 multi vehicle accident死亡和重伤事故 fatal and seevere accidenet 折头 jack-knife翻车 rollover火灾 fire驶离道路 run off the roadway变形 deformation撞车地点 crash site试验场 proving ground试验场地 testing site撞车模拟装置 crash simulation test set-up汽车模拟碰撞滑车试验装置 auto crash simulation test sled 壁障 barrier胶合板 plywood五轮仪法 fifth wheel method第五轮仪 fifth wheel method光电屏障 photoelectric barrier发射器 transmitter接受器 receiver传感器 sensor振荡器 oscillator数字计时器 digital chronometer电磁束栏障 eelctromagnetic beam barrier单轴加速度计 uniaxial accelerometer三轴加速度计 triaxial accelerometer速度测量典型方法 typical methods of velocity measurement 多普勒效应法 doppler effect method运动波 wave in motion视在频率 apparent frequency发射波频率 emitted frequency环境介质 ambient medium电磁波 electromagnetic vaves超短波（厘米波） centimetric waves微波 micrometirc waves激光 laser模拟/数字（ A/D）转换器 analog/digital converter (A/D converter)模拟磁带记录器 analogue magnetic recorder数字式磁带记录器 digital magnetic recorder 纸带记录器 paper tape recorder数据处理 data processing滤波 filtering数字化 digitalisation取样频率 sampling frequencies幅值分辨率 amplitude resolution光学数据通道 optical data channel失真指数 distortion index分析系统 analysis system扫描时基系统 time-base ssytem热电偶高温计 thermocouple pyrometer显象率 imaging rate试验标靶 test target电影摄影法 cinematographic procedure高速电影摄影 high speed cinematorgrphy 高速摄影机 high speed camera胶片分析仪 film analysis system胶片颗粒 grain of the film摄影机 camera长焦距镜头 long focal lengh lenses摄像标志 photographic marks车载摄像机 on-board camera假人 dummy混合型假人 hybrid dummy仿真度 biofidelity Hyge滑车架 hyge sled fixture滑车 sled座椅 deceleration sled刚性座椅 rigid seat座椅调节器 seat adjuster上部躯体 upper torso骨盆 pelvis臀部 hip带约束系统 belt restraint ssytem斜挎肩带 shoulder belt (diagonal belt)。
汽车工程专业英语全文翻译一当今的汽车一般都由15000 多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。
这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。
Body：车身Engine：发动机Brakes：制动器Power train ：传动系Steering：转向系Electrical：电器及电子设备Suspension：悬架Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置Layout of a commercial vehicle ：商用车总布置1.1 车身汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳发动机发动机作为动力装置。
最常见的发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。
直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。
这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。
在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6 缸，汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。
当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。
解决这个问题的办法就是采用V 形（汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V 形）发动机。
这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。
前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。
后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。
发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。
1.4 电气系统电气系统为起动机、点火系统、照明灯具、取暖器提供电能。
该电平由一个充电电路维护。
1.4.1 充电充电系统为所有汽车电子元件提供电能。
充电系统主要包括：蓄电池，交流发电机，电压调节器，即通常是交流发电机上不可或缺的，充电警告或指示灯和金属丝连成一个完整电路。
蓄电池为起动提供电能 ,然后发动机工作，交流发电机就为所有的电子元件提供电能。
同时也给蓄电池充电即用来使发动机起动。
电压调节器有过充保护作用。
1.4.2 起动起动系统包括：蓄电池、电缆、起动机、飞轮和换向器。
起动时，有两个动作同时运行，该起动机齿轮与飞轮齿圈啮合，并起动电机，然后运行传输到发动机曲轴。
起动机电机将起动机安装在发动机缸体上并由电池供电。
常用英语词汇以及它们的中文翻译1.Hello -你好2.Goodbye -再见3.Thank you -谢谢4.Sorry -对不起5.Yes -是的6.No -不是7.Please -请8.Hello/Hi -你好/嗨9.How are you? -你好吗？10.Fine -很好11.Good morning -早上好12.Good afternoon -下午好13.Good evening -晚上好14.What's your name? -你叫什么名字？15.My name is... -我的名字是...16.Nice to meet you -很高兴认识你17.See you later -待会儿见18.See you tomorrow -明天见19.Love -爱20.Like -喜欢21.Apple -苹果22.Banana -香蕉23.Orange -橙子24.Book -书25.Pen -钢笔26.Paper -纸27.Map -地图28.Chair -椅子29.Table -桌子30.Sofa -沙发31.Bed -床puter -电脑33.Phone -电话34.Key -钥匙35.Watch -手表36.Car -小汽车37.Bus -公交车38.Train -火车39.Plane -飞机40.Ship -船41.Hat -帽子42.Shoes -鞋子43.Shirt -衬衫44.Pants -裤子45.Coat -外套46.Glasses -眼镜47.Cup -杯子48.Plate -盘子49.Fork -叉子50.Knife -刀51.Spoon -勺子52.Bottle -瓶子53.Umbrella -雨伞54.Hatchet-斧头55.Camera-照相机56.Picture-图片；照片57.Song-歌曲58.Movie-电影59.Game-游戏；比赛ugh-笑；发笑61.Cry-哭泣；喊叫62.Happy-快乐的；幸福的；满意的；乐意的；心甘情愿的。
