剑桥A-LEVEL化学教材Chapter 2 Atomic structure

alevel化学知识点整理A-level化学知识点整理是每个化学学生必须掌握的技能。

化学作为一门复杂的学科，需要学生对知识点进行深入了解和掌握，以在考试中取得成功。

以下是在A-level化学考试中常见的知识点整理步骤。

第一步：了解原子结构了解原子结构是化学学习的第一步。

学生需要熟悉原子的三个主要部分：质子、中子和电子。

学生需要能够了解原子各部分的位置、带电性和质量。

此外，学生还需要了解质子和中子的相对重量，并解释它们在原子核中的作用。

学生还需要掌握与原子有关的其他术语，例如量子数和元素周期表。

第二步：化学键的类型化学键是分子和离子的基本组成部分。

学生需要熟悉不同类型的化学键和它们的特性。

共价键是A-level化学考试中非常常见的化学键类型，它涉及共享电子。

学生需要了解原子之间共享电子的过程，并能解释电子轨道和轨道杂化。

离子键是另一种常见的化学键，它牵涉到正离子和负离子之间的相互吸引。

第三步：了解化学反应了解化学反应并知道如何预测不同化学反应的结果是A-level化学考试的关键部分。

当学生掌握了配平化学方程式的基础知识之后，他们可以开始预测不同化学反应的产品。

学生需要了解反应类型，例如敏化和还原反应，以及它们的特性和条件。

学生还需要了解诸如化学平衡和速率方程式等其他重要概念。

第四步：学习酸碱反应酸碱反应是A-level化学考试中一个关键的知识点。

学生需要了解不同的酸和碱，并知道如何预测它们在溶液中的行为。

学生还需要了解酸度和碱性的概念，并能够解释它们对化学反应的影响。

第五步：了解有机化学有机化学是化学学习的另一大部分。

学生需要了解不同的有机分子，它们的命名和属性。

学生还需要了解不同的功能基团和它们在化学反应中的作用。

综上所述，A-level化学考试需要学生熟悉和掌握许多不同的知识点。

学生可以通过按顺序学习上述步骤来更好地准备考试。

只有当学生可以解释并应用这一系列知识时，才能在A-level化学考试中得到优异的成绩。

初中化学双语教案课题：原子结构Lesson Topic: Atomic Structure教学目标 Objectives:1. 理解原子的基本概念和组成。

2. 了解原子的结构及其不同部分的功能。

3. 掌握原子结构的基本模型和构成。

4. 能够描述原子内部的结构和不同部分之间的相互关系。

Teaching Aids: PowerPoint slides, textbook, whiteboard, markers教学过程 Teaching Procedure:Step 1: Introduction to Atoms- Begin the lesson by asking students what they know about atoms. Explain that atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.- Show a visual representation of an atom on the PowerPoint slides and explain the different parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons).- Discuss the concept of atomic number and atomic mass with the students.Step 2: Atomic Structure- Use the whiteboard to draw a diagram of an atom and label the different parts (protons, neutrons, electrons).- Explain the role of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, and how they are arranged in the atomic structure.- Discuss the significance of the nucleus and electron shells in an atom.Step 3: Atomic Models- Introduce the different models of the atomic structure, such as the Thomson model, Rutherford model, and Bohr model.- Explain how each model contributed to our understanding of the atomic structure and the limitations of each model.Step 4: Activity- Divide the class into small groups and provide each group with a set of materials to build a model of an atom.- Instruct the students to work together to construct the atom model and label the different parts.- Have each group present their atom model to the class and explain how it represents the atomic structure.Step 5: Conclusion- Summarize the key points of the lesson and review the basic concepts of atomic structure with the students.- Encourage students to ask questions and clarify any misunderstandings they may have about atoms.Homework:- Ask students to research the contributions of different scientists to the development of atomic theory and write a short summary of their findings.教学反思 Teaching Reflection:本节课的教学目标是帮助学生理解原子的基本结构和组成，掌握原子结构的基本模型和构成。

A-level化学知识点梳理系列（二）原子结构与摩尔的概念在上一章的讲义中，我们主要介绍了原子的基本结构，还有摩尔的概念。

应该说，摩尔是学习化学的人遇到的第一个化学这门学科所独有的、也是非常重要的概念，它的重要性是怎么强调都不为过的。

在本章讲义中，我们重点介绍与摩尔这个概念有关的计算（包括固体，液体和气体），从应付考试的层面讲，往往会出现分值很高的计算题，难度通常不大，但是如果因为没有理清摩尔计算的各种公式而丢分，就实在太可惜了。

一、经验式，分子式，化学式和化学反应方程式以下这些概念需要梳理清楚。

经验式(empirical formula)：显示的是一个化合物中各元素的最简整数比，例如双氧水(H2O2)的经验式就是HO，值得注意的是，经验式是分子化合物和离子化合物都有的。

分子式(molecular formula)：显示的是一个分子中各种元素的原子个数，例如双氧水的分子式就是H2O2，值得注意的是，分子式只有以分子形式存在的物质才具备，离子化合物没有分子式。

化学式(chemical formula)：对于离子化合物来说，化学式是由阴阳离子所带电荷决定的，阴离子所带的负电荷总数必须与阳离子所带的正电荷总数相等，由此可以确定阴阳离子的最简整数比；而对于共价化合物来说，化学式取决于各原子需要多少电子来形成稳定的外层电子结构。

这些概念需要结合后面的轨道电子排布和化学键的知识点，才能够充分理解，所以对于初学者来说，熟练掌握常见的物质的化学式及其命名更加重要。

化学反应方程式(chemical equation)：用一个方程式代表化学反应的过程。

箭头左边是反应物的化学式，箭头右边是生成物的化学式，根据质量守恒定律，在化学反应过程中，原子既不能被创造，也不能被消灭，所以当箭头左右各种类型的原子数目都相等时，我们就说这个化学反应方程式配平了。

各个化学式前面的系数，代表的是各种物质的物质的量的比例。

物态(state symbol)：在书写某些特定的化学反应方程式（比方说热反应）时，需要标注物质的状态，一般就有四种，固态用s (solid)，液态用l (liquid)，气态用g (gas)，溶液用aq (aqueous) ，结合英文名字更加好记。

第一单元化学的基本原理1) 公式、方程和物质的量1. 理解原子、元素、离子、分子、化合物、实验式和分子式的定义。

2. 能写出简单反应的平衡方程式（全方程和离子方程），包括状态符号的使用。

3. 理解相对原子量、物质量、分子量、百万分率的定义，比如大气、废弃和水污染中的气体。

4. 计算已知浓度溶液中物质的量（不包括滴定计算）。

5. 用化学方程计算反应量，反过来利用物质量和摩尔量的定义计算。

6. 用化学方程计算气体的体积，反过来利用物质量和气体摩尔体积的定义计算。

7. 用化学方程和实验结果推测百分产率、实验室原子经济和工业过程，并理解它们为何重要。

8. 用阿佛加德罗常数计算。

9. 制盐并计算产物的百分产率。

10. 进行一些简易的试管反应并分析结果，如置换、酸的反应、沉淀，练习写完整的化学方程和离子方程。

2）能量学1. 理解焓变的定义。

2. 构建简易的焓级图体现焓变。

3. 放热反应和吸热反应。

4. 复述反应、生成、燃烧、中和和原子化中标准焓变的定义；用实验数据计算反应中转换的能量以及焓变。

5. 复习赫斯定律并将其运用于计算提供数据的反应中的焓变，理解为什么标准数据用于这类型的计算是必要的。

6. 转换能（焦耳）=质量X特定热容量X温差，用此公式估算从实验中会得到的结果。

需要做的实验有：在一个绝缘容器内将物质混合并测量升高的温度；简易的燃烧焓实验；做一个焓变不能直接被测量的实验。

7. 证明对键焓和平均键焓定义的理解，将键焓运用于计算赫斯周期并能说出它的局限性。

3）原子结构和元素周期表1. 复习相对原子量、相对同位素质量和相对分子量的定义。

理解他们是通过测量一个12C 原子的1/12的质量。

2. 证明对质谱仪基本原理的理解，并能从质谱仪中分析数据去推测一个元素的同位素组成，相对原子量和测量一个化合物的相对分子量。

3. 描述质谱仪的用途。

4. 复习并理解气体原子的电离能定义，它们是一个吸热过程。

5. 复习电子结构：理解连续的电离能为量子层的存在以及元素属于哪一族提供了依据；理解连续元素的第一电离能为电子子层提供了依据。

第一章原子结构1（2008） Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. The graph represents the variation of a property of the Group II elements.What is this property?A ionic radiusB ionisation energyC neutron / proton ratioD rate of reaction with water2 （2008）In which pair do both atoms have one electron only in an s orbital in their ground states?A Ca, ScB Cu, BeC H, HeD Li, CrUse of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.Hard water contains calcium ions and hydrogencarbonate ions arising from dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2.How many electrons are present in the hydrogencarbonate anion?A 30B 31C 32D 333(2010) Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. What could be the proton number of an element that has three unpaired electrons in each of its atoms?A 5B 13C 15D 214（2008）（2010）(a) The diagram below represents the energy levels of the orbitals present in atoms of the second period (Li to Ne).(i) Label the energy levels to indicate the principal quantum number and the type of orbital at each energy level.(b)（2010）(i) Use the Data Booklet to state the value of the first ionisation energy of nitrogen and of oxygen.N ........................... kJ mol–1O ....................... kJ m–1(ii) Explain, with reference to your answer to (a)(iii), the relative values of these two ionisation energies.(a)On the axes below, sketch the shapes of a 1s, a 2s, and a 2px orbital.（2008）The Periodic Table we currently use is derived directly from that proposed by Mendeleev in 1869 after he had noticed patterns in the chemical properties of the elements he had studied.The diagram below shows the first ionisation energies of the first 18 elements of the Periodic Table as we know it today(a) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the first ionisation energy of fluorine. ...................................................................................................................... .(b) Explain why there is a general increase in first ionisation energies from sodium to argon. .......................................................................................................................(c) (i) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium.............................(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is less than that of phosphorus................................第二章，原子分子和化学计量法（2009）2（2009）0.200 mol of a hydrocarbon undergo complete combustion to give 35.2 g of carbon dioxide and 14.4 g of water as the only products .What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?A C2H4B C2H6C C4H4D C4H83（2008）Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, is brilliantly white and much of theoxide produced is used in the manufacture of paint.What is the maximum amount of TiO2 obtainable from 19.0 tonnes of the ore ilmenite, FeTiO3?A 10.0 tonnesB 12.7 tonnesC 14.0 tonnesD 17.7 tonnes 4（2008）In the Basic Oxygen steel-making process the P4O10 impurity is removed by reacting it with calcium oxide. The only product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.In this reaction, how many moles of calcium oxide react with one mole of P4O10?A 1B 1.5C 3D 65（2008）Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.A typical solid fertiliser for use with household plants and shrubs contains the elements N, P, and K in the ratio of 15 g : 30 g :15 g per 100 g of fertiliser. The recommended usage of fertiliser is 14 g of fertiliser per 5 dm3 of water.What is the concentration of nitrogen atoms in this solution?A 0.03 mol dm–3B 0.05 mol dm–3C 0.42 mol dm–3–3D 0.75 mol dm(c) In a redox reaction, 0.83 g of lithium reacted with water toform 0.50 dm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide.2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium that reacted. …………………………………………………………(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced at room temperature and pressure………………(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the LiOH(aq) formed……………………第三章化学键和化学结构1（2007）This question is about the bonding of covalent compounds. (b) Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Covalent bonding may also be described in terms of orbital overlap with the formation of σbonds.(i) How are the two atoms in a covalent bond held together? In your answer, state which particles are attracted to one another and the nature of the force of attraction. ...................................................................................................................... .(ii) Draw sketches to show orbital overlap that produces the σbonding in the H2 and HCl molecules.(c) The bond in the HCl molecule is said to be ‘polar’.(i) What is meant by the term bond polarity?...................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain why the HCl molecule is polar.（2010）Copper, proton number 29, and argon, proton number 18, are elements which have different physical and chemical properties.In the solid state, each element has the same face-centred cubic crystal structure which is shown below.The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In thediagram above, the particles present are represented by .(a) Which types of particle are present in the copper and argon crystals?In each case, give their formula. element particle formulaCopper----------------------------------Argon------------------------------------[2]At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.(b) Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure.-----------------------------------------------------------------（2008）（2008）201（2010）1 Elements and compounds which have small molecules usually exist as gases or liquids.(a) Chlorine, Cl 2, is a gas at room temperature whereas bromine, Br 2, is a liquid under the same conditions.Explain these observations. (2)(b) The gases nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic,that is they have the same number of electrons in their molecules. Suggest why N2 has a lower boiling point than CO. (2)(c) A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a CO molecule is shown below. Only electrons from outer shells are representedIn the table below, there are three copies of this structure. On the structures, draw a circle round a pair of electrons that is associated with each of the following.(d) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a gas which is also isoelectronic with N2 and with CO.Each molecule contains a strong triple bond with the following bond energies.Although each compound contains the same number of electrons and a strong triple bond in its molecule, CO and HCN are both very reactive whereas N2 is not.Suggest a reason for this. ...................................................................................................。

一、前言英国高中课程（General Certificate of Education Advanced Level）简称A-Level课程，是英国学生的大学入学考试课程，其地位等同于我国的高考。

该课程被誉为国际教育界的“金牌教育体系”，凭借该成绩的学生可以直接申请进入包括美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和所有英联邦国家在内的全世界100多个国家和地区的正规大学学习，同时还可以直接报读我国香港、澳门地区的大学［1］。

因此，该课程受到了我国的外国语学校、普通高中国际部的青睐。

A-Level课程体系的课程标准、课程设置及其考试分别由英国四个主要考试局Cambridge International Examinations （CIE），Assessment and Qualifications Alliance（AQA），Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations（OCR）和ED⁃EXCEL等设计并组织，其权威性得到了国际上的广泛认可［2］。

本研究以英国Coordination Group Publica⁃tions（CGP）出版社于2015年出版的最新版AQA《A-Level Chemistry》教材［3］为研究对象，系统介绍该教材有机化学主题的内容选择及编排特点，为我国的外国语学校、普通高中国际部的化学教学提供参考，以期促进未来的课程和教材改革。

二、英国《A-Level Chemistry》教材简介英国CGP出版社的最新版AQA A-Level Chemistry 教材由物理化学（Physical Chemistry，9章）、无机化学（Inorganic Chemistry，4章）、有机化学（Organic Chemistry，9章）和实验技能四个版块，共计23章构成。

并且教材标注了AS考试内容（AS考试是学习A-Level课程第一年参加的考试，成绩合格会颁发AS证书）、A-Level考试内容，方便学习者针对性地选择课程内容。

第一单元化学的基本原理1) 公式、方程和物质的量1. 理解原子、元素、离子、分子、化合物、实验式和分子式的定义。

2. 能写出简单反应的平衡方程式（全方程和离子方程），包括状态符号的使用。

3. 理解相对原子量、物质量、分子量、百万分率的定义，比如大气、废弃和水污染中的气体。

4. 计算已知浓度溶液中物质的量（不包括滴定计算）。

5. 用化学方程计算反应量，反过来利用物质量和摩尔量的定义计算。

6. 用化学方程计算气体的体积，反过来利用物质量和气体摩尔体积的定义计算。

7. 用化学方程和实验结果推测百分产率、实验室原子经济和工业过程，并理解它们为何重要。

8. 用阿佛加德罗常数计算。

9. 制盐并计算产物的百分产率。

10. 进行一些简易的试管反应并分析结果，如置换、酸的反应、沉淀，练习写完整的化学方程和离子方程。

2）能量学1. 理解焓变的定义。

2. 构建简易的焓级图体现焓变。

3. 放热反应和吸热反应。

4. 复述反应、生成、燃烧、中和和原子化中标准焓变的定义；用实验数据计算反应中转换的能量以及焓变。

5. 复习赫斯定律并将其运用于计算提供数据的反应中的焓变，理解为什么标准数据用于这类型的计算是必要的。

6. 转换能（焦耳）=质量X特定热容量X温差，用此公式估算从实验中会得到的结果。

需要做的实验有：在一个绝缘容器内将物质混合并测量升高的温度；简易的燃烧焓实验；做一个焓变不能直接被测量的实验。

7. 证明对键焓和平均键焓定义的理解，将键焓运用于计算赫斯周期并能说出它的局限性。

3）原子结构和元素周期表1. 复习相对原子量、相对同位素质量和相对分子量的定义。

理解他们是通过测量一个12C 原子的1/12的质量。

2. 证明对质谱仪基本原理的理解，并能从质谱仪中分析数据去推测一个元素的同位素组成，相对原子量和测量一个化合物的相对分子量。

3. 描述质谱仪的用途。

4. 复习并理解气体原子的电离能定义，它们是一个吸热过程。

5. 复习电子结构：理解连续的电离能为量子层的存在以及元素属于哪一族提供了依据；理解连续元素的第一电离能为电子子层提供了依据。

A-level化学知识点梳理系列(一)原子结构与摩尔的概念A-level化学的AS阶段主要涵盖了三大块的内容，分别是化学理论、元素化学和有机化学。

与物理和数学不同，要学好化学，不仅需要深刻地理解化学理论，还需要熟练记忆各种化合物的性质（颜色、气味，特殊的反应条件等），所以光靠聪明是不行的，还需要下苦功夫。

但是化学是一门非常有趣的科学，可以帮助我们了解自然的诸多奥秘，也与生活息息相关。

就拿我们住的房子来说，化学可以告诉我们钢筋水泥是怎么制造出来的，玻璃又是怎么制造出来的，煮饭的天然气从哪里来，冰箱和空调为什么可以制冷，又与热门的“南极臭氧层空洞”有什么联系……本系列讲义讲详细梳理各个章节的重要知识点，帮助同学们形成一个清晰的知识体系，同时配以真题讲解，迅速提高解题能力，向高分冲刺。

本期将对原子结构与摩尔的概念（CIE版第一、二章）进行专题讲解。

这一期将会引入很多化学的基本概念，让大家逐步适应化学的思维方式。

一、原子的基本结构大家需要知道原子的基本结构（如下图所示），知道各种亚原子微粒的名称和基本性质（如下表所示）。

记住了各种微粒的性质，我们就能解释粒子在电场中的偏转行为（偏向正极或负极，偏转角度的大小）。

下面两个公式非常重要：原子序数=质子数=电子数质量数=核子数=质子数+中子数同时我们还需要理解同位素的概念。

这里的“位”是指在元素周期表中的位置，同位素就是质子数相同而中子数不同的同类原子。

真题解析：W10这道题看似简单，但是计算量很大，需要考生沉稳，不能急躁。

A中质子数为5，中子数为6，电子数为5。

B中质子数为9，中子数为10，电子数为10。

C中质子数为11，中子数为12，电子数为10。

D中质子数和中子数均为12，电子数为10。

因此选择C。

二、原子与分子的质量，摩尔的概念在日常生活中，我们使用的质量单位是克和千克。

原子虽然非常微小，但是也有质量。

可是如果使用克和千克作为单位，单位前的数字一定非常小，使用起来很不方便，因此有必要创造一种新的单位，这就是相对原子质量的由来。

1. Introduction to MaterialsAtomsAn atom is the smallest piece of a substance that is still that substance.Virtually everything is made of atoms, but since there are only about 100 different atoms, how come there are millions of different substance in the world?The answer lies in the fact that atoms may form groups, called molecules, or structures called lattices in which they are held together by special forces called atomic bonds.Atomic history/ theorySolids, liquids and gases behave differently owing to the different arrangement of their particles. Ice, water and steam are each made from the same particles, but each have their own properties. Why do the particles behave as they do in each of these three states? What are the particles actually made of?Atomic theory attempts to explain the microscopic structure of materials. According to this theory, all matter is made of atoms. Atoms are so small that it was not until 1981 that their images could finally be seen using the newly invented scanning tunnelling microscope. Ideas about the atom had been refined over many centuries. These new images were very exciting to the scientific community at the time they were developed.1. About 400 BCGreek philosopher Democritus first suggested that all substances consisted of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.[ atoms, cannot be divided, in Greek]2. 1808John Dalton’s atomic theory proposed that:▪All matter consisted of tiny particles called atoms▪Atoms could not be divided into smaller particles▪Atoms of the same element were alike▪Atoms combined in simple whole number ratios.3. 1897English scientist Sir J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron showed that atoms were not indivisible. Thomson’s model prop osed that atoms were positively charged spheres with negatively charged particles called electrons embedded in them like the fruit in a plum pudding.4. 1911Ernest Rutherford proposed a nuclear model for the atom. In this model, the atom consisted mostly of empty space with a dense nucleus containing positively charged protons in the centre. Most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in the nucleus, which was orbited by negatively charged electrons. Although Rutherford’s model of the atom was essentially the same as the today’s accepted model, its one flaw was that it proposed that the orbiting electrons would eventually lose energy and spiral in toward the nucleus.5. 1913Niels Bohr, a scientist who had studied with Rutherford, modified the model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at different energy levels. Only electrons with specific amounts of energy could exist at each level. His model proposed that electrons could move from one level to another by gaining or losing p ackets’ of energy. Although Bohr’s model explained why electrons did not spiral in toward the nucleus, it did not explain all of the known properties of atoms.6. 1932Sir James Chadwick discovered that the nucleus contained particles called neutrons, as well as positively charged protons. Neutrons had no electric charge and a mass about the same as a proton.7. Present dayThe modern theory of quantum mechanics, which has been further developed from the work of Rutherford and Bohr, explains much of the structure of atoms and their behaviour. These ideas continue to be modified. The three basic particles(protons, neutrons and electrons) may be further subdivided into over 50 other unstable particles, including quarks, leptons, antiparticles, gluons and photons.There have been serveral theories about the structure of atoms and several Nobel Prizes awarded to researchers;(i) Solid ball Model(ii) Plum pudding Model(iii) Nuclear Model(iv) Nuclear Model with electron shellThe Structure of atomsThe most powerful microscopes can not yet give detailed pictures of atoms, so chemists use models to represents them. One very useful model is the nuclear model of the atom proposed by Rutherford in 1911. This describes an atom as being mostly empty space, with a dense central structure called a nucleus. The nucleus, though its volume is very small relative to the atom as a whole, contains most of the mass of the atom. The nucleus is made up of positively charged particles called protons. The simplest nucleus is that of the hydrogen atom, which contains just one proton. All other atoms have nuclei that also contain neutrons. A neutron has no charge but has virtually the same mass as a proton.The empty space around the nucleus contains negatively charge particles called electrons. Electrons take up most of the space occupied by the atoms and move very rapidly around the nucleus in orbits. Each electron has a definite energy and moves in a specific energy level. The mass of an electron is very much less than that of a proton or a neutron.Protons, electrons and neutrons are called sub-atomic particles. Table 1.1 summarises the properties of these particles.Table 1.1 Particles in an atom and their propertiesAtoms that are neutrally charged have the same number of electrons and protons. If an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes charged and is then called an ion.Atoms are not all the same. To date, chemists have identified about 111 different types of atom. Some substance contain only one type of atom. These substances are called elements. The atoms of each element have special characteristics, and these are used to classify them.Atomic numberEach of the 111 or so elements known to chemists has its own atomic number. The atomic number of an element is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. When an atom is neutrally charged, the atomic number of the atom will correspond to the number of electrons, because the number of positive charges must be the same as the number of negative charges.Mass numberProtons have approximately the same as neutrons. The electron’s mass is negligible. Therefore, the mass of an atom depends on the number of particles in the nucleus. The mass number is defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element.The model of the atom used today is the Rutherford Bohr model in which a central nucleus made up of positively charged protons and neutrons which have no charge is orbited at high speed by much smaller negatively charged electrons. Protons and neutrons have the same mass, while electrons have about 1/200th the mass of protons and neutrons. Though the proton(+) and electrons(-) have opposite charges, the size of the charge is the same for each.An atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, so the positive and negative charges balance each other to produce a neutral atom.The simplest atom is hydrogen, whose nucleus contains only a single proton(p +), orbited by a long electron(e -)Scientists use two special numbers to describe atoms.The atomic number of atom is the number of protons and the mass number is the number of particles in an atom’s nucleus.K 3919Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This means there are twenty neutrons in the nucleus. Because the number of electon is the same as the number of protons, there must be 19 electrons whizzing around the outside of the atom.The mass number of 39(K 3919) tell us there are 29 particles in the nucleus but since weknow 19 of these are protons, the other 10 must be neutrons.IsotopesAll atoms of a particular element contain the same number of protons. However atoms of the same element can contain different numbers of neutrons, and these atoms are called isotopes.e.g O 168, O 178, O 188Oxygen 16, 17, 18Al 2713(only one isotope)C 126, C 136, C 146(Pure carbon has three isotopes)e.gRevision:Models of the atom have changed as chemists and physicists have learned more about atomic structure.(a) The plum pudding arrangement of electrons(b) Electron orbit around the nucleus like planets circle around the sun(c) Electrons orbit around the nucleus in different energy levels. The Bohr model ofthe atom suggest that electrons orbited the nucleus in shells. Atoms emit a quantum of energy in the form of a photon(a specific quantity of energy) of light if they move from the ground state to an excited state.(d) Electrons as clouds of negative charge inside orbitals.。

英国剑桥A-Level 教材“原子与分子结构”内容分析收稿日期：2017-05-11课题项目：课题1：儿童英汉双语学习的认知过程研究，吉林省教育厅“十二五”社会科学研究项目，吉教科文合字[2015]第277号；课题2：小学科学双语教学建模研究，吉林省教育学会“十二五”规划课题，立项编号12511B55；课题3：长春师范大学2017年年度研究生创新计划项目（项目编号：cscxy2017051），阶段性研究成果作者简介：韩阳（1993-），女，长春师范大学化学学院2016级硕士研究生；林世威（1973-），通讯联系人，男，长春师范大学化学学院副教授，博士，硕士研究生导师。

近年来越来越多的中国学生选择出国留学，同时在中国的一些经济发达地区也创办了很多国际学校或国际班，这些国际学校和国际班都引用外国教材来进行教学，剑桥大学出版的A-Level 教材在中国的使用最为广泛，所以本文选用剑桥大学出版的化学教材为例来进行分析。

英国的A-Level 教材中有关“原子与分子结构”的内容在第二、三、四章，都属于AS 部分（A-Level 化学中的基础部分，学生在学习A-Level 化学课程的第一年学习）的内容。

一、教材中“原子与分子结构”内容框架设计和内容呈现方式分析1.教材的框架设计分析。

教材框架有如下特点：（1）在每一章的开篇会首先向学生介绍本章的学习目标；（2）正式开始本章学习内容之前会有一个学习导入，如：第二章原子结构主要介绍了现代纳米技术、第三章原子中的电子主要介绍了电子运动方面的应用、第四章化学键介绍了本章内容与上一章内容的联系以及会学习哪些新的内容，它们的共同点是在介绍时都配有插图；（3）在正文中用红色的字体突出重点词汇和知识点。

针对学生之前没有学习过的知识点，会将定义单独书写在段落下方带有颜色的矩形框中。

如果有涉及到后面章节的内容也会标注出在哪一章中以及具体的页数；（4）每部分内容介绍完后会有1-2道练习题并且多以简答题的形式出现；（5）每章的最后有关于本章要求学生掌握内容的总结以及本章的练习题，练习题主要的形式是简答题，且每一道题都标注了每个小问题的分数和总分；（6）教材中不同的栏目颜色也不相同，如：章末总结部分是淡紫色的，章末习题部分是蓝色的，教材的颜色很丰富；（7）教材内容中有涉及到化学史和一些现代先进科学实验仪器时，教材中会有专门的介绍板块。

AP化学双语版原子的结构原子是构成物质的基本单位，它由细胞组成，是化学反应和物质性质的关键部分。

原子主要由质子、中子和电子组成。

质子是原子的重要组成部分，其电荷为正。

质子位于原子的中心，被称为原子核。

质子的质量约为1.673x10^-27千克。

中子是原子的另一部分，其电荷为中性，不带任何电荷。

中子同样位于原子核中，并与质子一起组成原子核。

中子的质量约为质子的质量。

除了质子和中子外，原子还包含电子。

电子是原子中负电荷的粒子。

它们围绕在原子核的外部以高速运动，以维持原子的稳定性。

电子的质量非常小，约为9.109x10^-31千克。

根据电子的能级和排布方式，原子可以被分为不同的壳层或能级。

最内层被称为K壳，其次是L壳，然后是M壳，以此类推。

每个壳层可以容纳一定数量的电子。

K壳最多容纳2个电子，L壳最多容纳8个电子，M壳最多容纳18个电子，以此类推。

这个顺序符合原子的能级排序规则。

原子的化学性质取决于其电子结构。

当原子中的电子满足壳层规则时，原子较为稳定。

当外层壳层不完全填充时，原子倾向于通过化学反应与其他原子发生相互作用，以达到更稳定的电子结构。

原子的结构对于化学反应和物质性质的理解非常重要。

通过了解原子的结构，我们可以预测元素的化学性质，以及它们如何在化学反应中相互作用。

双语版：Atomic Structure（原子的结构）Protons are an important part of the atom, carrying a positive charge. Protons are located in the center of the atom, kn own as the nucleus. The mass of a proton is about 1.673 ×10^-27 kilograms.In addition to protons and neutrons, an atom also contains electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles in the atom. They orbit around the nucleus at high speeds to maintain the stability of the atom. The mass of an electron is extremely small, about 9.109 × 10^-31 kilograms.According to the energy levels and arrangement of electrons, atoms can be divided into different shells or energy levels. The innermost shell is called the K shell, followed by the L shell, then the M shell, and so on. Each shell can hold a specific number of electrons. The K shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, the L shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons, the M shell can hold a maximum of 18 electrons, and so on. This order follows the rules for the arrangement of electron energy levels in atoms.Understanding the structure of an atom is important for understanding chemical reactions and the properties of substances. By understanding the structure of atoms, we can predict the chemical properties of elements and how theyinteract with each other in chemical reactions.。