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非谓语动词三种形式一、现在分词形式现在分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，通常由动词的原形加上-ing构成。
它可以作为主语、宾语、定语、状语等，表示与谓语动词同时或连续发生的动作或状态。
下面将分别从不同角度介绍现在分词的用法。
1. 作主语现在分词可以作为句子的主语，表示一个普遍、一般性的事实或状态。
例子：Running is good for your health.（跑步对健康有益）2. 作宾语现在分词可以作及物动词的宾语，表示被动的、连续进行的动作或状态。
例子：I enjoy reading books on weekends.（我喜欢在周末读书）3. 作定语现在分词可以作名词的前置定语，修饰名词。
例子：The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.（哭闹的婴儿把整个附近吵醒了）4. 作状语现在分词可以作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果等。
例子：Feeling tired, I decided to take a nap.（感到疲倦，我决定小睡一会儿）二、过去分词形式过去分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，通常由动词的原形加上-ed或不规则变化构成。
它可以作为表语、定语、状语、宾语等，表示被动、完成或状态。
下面将分别从不同角度介绍过去分词的用法。
1. 作表语过去分词可以作为系动词的表语，表示主语的特征或状态。
例子：The door was closed.（门是关着的）2. 作定语过去分词可以作名词的前置定语，修饰名词。
例子：The broken glass needs to be cleaned up.（破碎的玻璃需要清理）3. 作状语过去分词可以作状语，表示原因、条件、时间等。
例子：Having finished my homework, I went to bed early.（完成作业后，我早早就睡了）4. 作宾语过去分词可以作及物动词的宾语，表示被动或完成的动作。
高中非谓语的三种形式和用法（一）非谓语动词一、定义非谓语动词（Non-Finite Verbs）是指动词形态上不能用作谓语或表语的各种动词，它不能表示完成形式、时态和语态，它包括动名词、不定式、分词和现在分词。
它们都可以做主语、宾语或补足语。
二、分类（1）动名词动名词（Gerund）是动词词尾加 -ing 构成的名词，它是动词的名词化形式，一般能起主语、宾语及补语的作用，作主语时通常用来表示某种动作被一般进行着。
（2）不定式不定式（Infinitive）是由 to 加上动词原形构成，能作主语、宾语及补足语，表示某种未完成的动作或态度。
（3）分词分词（Participle）是现在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）的统称，它的形态类似形容词，但可作简单句中的状语，也可作定语、表语和宾语补足语，有时也能作主语。
现在分词（Present Participle）的形式结尾常常是-ing，例如 working，它在现在完成时态中往往作定语，表示时间先后次序。
三、用法动名词可以作主语、宾语和补足语，在简单句中可以作主语，如：Studying other culture is quite interesting. 学习其他文化很有趣。
也可以作宾语，如：I like studying other culture. 我喜欢学习其他文化。
还可以作补足语，如：He was seen studying in the library. 他被看到在图书馆里学习。
不定式可以作宾语、宾语补足语及表语，但不能作状语，它可以用来表示时间、条件、原因、让步等，如：He agreed to help me. 他同意帮助我。
We came here to visitthe museum. 我们来这里参观博物馆。
分词可以用作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语和宾语，用作定语时表示定语所修饰的名词发生的先后顺序，如：A broken cup was found on the ground. 地上发现了一个破杯子。
非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词和分词Ⅰ不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的性质一作主语1.To see is to believe.2. It’s difficult (for us) to learn English.3. It’s foolish of h er to believe him.= She is foolish to believe him.二作表语1. His aim is to win the first prize.2. All we can do is (to) wait.One’s dream / aim / ambition / wish / The first step / What I want to do is to…三作宾语1. He demanded to be told the truth.2. He pretended to be doing his homework / to have fallen asleep when Mother came in.（decide / fail / manage / refuse / pretend / choose / agree / hope/ plan / promise / make up one’s mind + to do）3.I don’t know what to do.（decide / find out / know / learn / consider etc + 疑问词+ to do）4. Anyone can become a better scholar if he wants to.5. ---Are you on holiday? ---No, but I’d like to be.四作宾补或主补1. I’ll have him say something at the meeting.have sb do = get sb to dofeel; hear / listen to; let / have / make; see / watch / look at / notice / observe sb do但被动语态要+ to, let 例外Listen to me read the text.He is often listened to to sing the song.He was let go by the police.2. He ordered his men to fire.wish / advise / persuade / allow / permit / want / tell / ask / expect / order / require / request sb to dosuggest / hope / agree / demand / arrange sb to do3. He is said to be doing the work of next year.It’s said that he is doing the work of next year.sb + seem / appear / happen / be said / be reported / be known /be found / be believed + to do / to be doing / to have ( been) doneIt + seem / appear / happen / be said … / be believe that….六作定语1. I have a lot of work to do / no pen to write with.2. the first to come / to be awarded the Nobel Prize3. the last person to do such a thing 最不愿意做…的人4. the house to be built next year比较: the house being built now / build last year七作状语(目的、原因、结果或条件）目的to / in order to / so as to结果enough to / too…to / so…as to / such…as to / only to1. The bus stopped to pick up passengers.2. He set out early in order to / so as to catch the first bus.= In order to / To catch the first bus he set out early.3. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.4. I hurried to school only to be told it was a holiday.only to do sth 表示出于预料之外的结果不定式的否定形式She kept silent about the accident so as not to lose his job.不定式的完成和被动式The book seems to have been translated into English.但是: The book is difficult to understand.I have a letter to write / a lot of work to do.He is to blame for the accident.Ⅱ动名词具有名词的性质一作主语1. Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.2. It’s no use / no good / useless doing sth. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.3. Being forced to leave the classroom made him feel embarrassed.二作表语1. My job is teaching English.比较: One’s dream / aim / ambition / The first step is to do sth.动名词作表语, 可与主语交换位置, 句子成立; 现在分词则不能。
非谓语动词及相关真题训练1. 非谓语动词作主语*不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，但分词却不可以。
不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。
*不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语。
动名词常用在"It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a goodpleasure等名词+doing"结构和"It is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile等形容词+doing"结构中作主语。
例如：It is useless-speaking．光说没用。
*动名词也可在“There is（was) no+doing"结构中作主语，例如：There is no standing still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.在这样的生活中没有原地不动的。
一个人要么前进，要么后退。
*不定式虽然不能有自己的主语，但在意思上仍有履行该动作的人或物，称为逻辑主语，如：She taught me to read.中的me.。
当不定式和它的逻辑主语有被动关系时，不定式就需用被动形式，例如：She was sent there to be trained as an astronaut.她被派到那里接受宇航员的训练。
不定式前面有时有一个由介词for引导的短语，来表示它的逻辑主语，例如：The simplest thing is for him to resign.最简单的办法就是他辞职。
It is not uncommon for there＿problems of communication between the old and the young.「真题2007]A. beingB. would beC. be D: to be【译文】老年人和年轻人普遍存在沟通上的问题。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do2、动词的ing : doing3、动词的过去分词：done。
其中不定式表示目的和将来;动词的ing表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。
非谓语动词三种形式在句中充当不同的成分，表达不同的意义，具体如下表：非谓语动词的时态和语态：一般式：不定式：主动to do ，被动to be done ; ing 形式：主动doing ，被动being done ;过去分词：被动done完成式：不定式：主动to have done ，被动to have been done;ing 形式：主动having done，被动having been done进行式：不定式to be doing1、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do 如：(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
(2)作表语：动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别。
如：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?(4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema．他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
⾮谓语动词有3种形式⾮谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（⼀）不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的性质。
动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有⼈称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
不定式可做主语、宾语、状语、标语和定语，但不能单独做谓语。
不定式的逻辑主语有时⽤“for/of +名词或代词宾格”构成。
⼀作主语。
不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语之后，⽤it做形式主语。
1. To see is to believe.2. It?s difficult (for us) to learn English.3. It?s foolish of her to believe him.= She is foolish to believe him.⼆作表语1. His aim is to win the first prize.2. All we can do is (to) wait.One?s dream / aim / ambition / wish / The first step / What I want to do is to…三作宾语1. He demanded to be told the truth.2. He pretended to be doing his homework / to have fallen asleep when Mother came in.（decide / fail / manage / refuse / pretend / choose / agree / hope/ plan / promise / make up one?s mind + to do）3. I don?t know what to do.（decide / find out / know / learn / consider etc + 疑问词+ to do）4. Anyone can become a better scholar if he wants to.5. ---Are you on holiday? ---No, but I?d like to be.四作宾补或主补1. I?ll have him say something at the meeting.have sb do = get sb to dofeel; hear / listen to; let / have / make; see / watch / look at / notice / observe sb do但被动语态要+ to, let 例外Listen to me read the text.He is often listened to sing the song.He was let go by the police.to dosuggest / hope / agree / demand / arrange sb to do3. He is said to be doing the work of next year.It?s said that he is doing the work of next year.sb + seem / appear / happen / be said / be reported / be known /be found / be believed + to do / to be doing / to have ( been) doneIt + seem / appear / happen / be said … / be believe that….六作定语1. I have a lot of work to do / no pen to write with.2. the first to come / to be awarded the Nobel Prize3. the last person to do such a thing 最不愿意做…的⼈4. the house to be built next year⽐较: the house being built now / build last year注意（1）做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、⼯具等，不定式后应有相应的介词。
非谓语动词(3)—现在分词现在分词既有动词的特征，又有形容词和副词的句法功能。
在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语一、作定语［规则1］现在分词短语作定语，必须置于被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。
1. The young man who is sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.=The young man __________ between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.2. Those who wish to join the club should sign here.=Those _____ to join this club should sign here.3. The factory that makes these pens is a small one.= The factory _____ these pens is a small one.4. Did you see the girl who was dancing with your brother?=Did you see the girl __________ with your brother?［难点1］如果现在分词与被修饰词之间有被动关系，且强调动作正在进行，需用现在分词的被动式。
5. The problem which we are discussing now is very important.=The problem ____________________ now is very important.6. The building which is being built now will be a hospital.=The building ____________________ now will be a hospital.［规则2］现在分词的完成式一般不直接放在被修饰词后面作定语，若要作定语，必须用逗号与被修饰词隔开，或用定语从句。
非谓语动词三种形式用法的区别：1. 做主语：v-ing & to do 都可以做主语，大多数情况两者没有区别。
注意：但是v-ed不可以做主语。
Exploring the Amazon River deserve s courage. ( doing 表抽象的概念)To explore the Amazon River deserve s courage. ( to do 表具体的/将来的动作)其余注意事项：1）Seeing is believing.To see is to believe. (即：主语与表语的形式要一致)但是不能说：Seeing is to believe; 或者To see is believing.2）Lincoln said it was not right for the south to break away from the union.Linda said it was nice of you to lend her money.The childre n’s loving nature can surely inspire their love for their familymembers.3) It is no good / no use / useless + doing sth 句型It’s no use crying over spilt milk.4) There is no + doing. 句型There is no knowing what will happen next. 谁也不知道下一步会发生什么。
There is no telling w hat will happen.谁也无法判断、辨别将要发生什么。
2. 做表语：My favorit e hobby is to collect / collect ing old coins. (一般概念to do/doing 可以互换)Our aim is to help the old lead a happy life. (表具体的/将来的动作用t o do)We were all greatly amazed at the childre n’s wonderf ul perform ance.The childre n’s wonderf ul perform a nce was amazing.3. 作宾语：用哪种形式做宾语往往跟动词的搭配用法有关like / love to do & like / love doing;begin / start to do & begin / start doing;prefer t o do & prefer d oing;continu e to do & continu e doing;try to do VS try doing;mean to do VS mean doing;can’t help doing VS can’t help (to) dogo on to do VS go on doing;stop to do VS stop doing;forget to do VS forget doing / forget having doneregret t o do VS regret d oing / regret having done;remembe r to do VS remembe r doing / remembe r having done;sth need doing & sth need to be done (需要)sth require doing & sth require to be done (需要)sth want doing & sth want to be done (需要)sth deserve doing & sth deserve to be done (值得)需要注意的重要形式：特殊疑问词(how / what / when/ where…) + to do = 宾语从句Hearing the sad news, I didn’t know what to do.= Hearing the sad news, I didn’t know what I could do.I couldn’t decidew hether to work another year or changemy job.= I couldn’t decidew hether I could work another year or change my job.2）it 做形式宾语，to do / doing做真正的宾语I though it an honor to have been invited to dinner. ( to be invited to dinner的完成式) I found it no use attempt ing to lose weight by going on diet.3）I’m looking forward to seeing you again.I have no choice but to stay home for another hour.I have nothing to do but stay home for another hour.I can do nothing but stay home for another hour.4. 作宾语补足语：（考试重点）I often noticea littleboy pass this corrido r and enter the garden.I found a strange r walking nearby our shop.( doing 强调动作正在进行；（看到、注意到）动作的一部分)( to do强调动作已经完成；（看到、注意到）动作的全过程请注意下列句子的区别：We heard her singing next door. (听到她唱歌动作的一部分；听到她正在唱歌) （主动正在进行）We heard her sing next door. (听到她唱歌动作的全部分；听到她唱过歌) （主动完成）We heard the song sung by her. (听到这首歌被她唱过) （被动完成）We heard the song being sung by her next door. （听到她这首歌正在被她唱）（被动正在进行）Don’t have the water running all the day. (让…一直做) （主动，一直进行）The teacher had him read the text three times. （让...做…）(主动，做具体一件事情)I had my hair colored last Friday.（让…由别人做；遭遇到不好的事情）（被动，有别人完成）注意跟I have a lot of homework to do today. (有) 的区别。
直接在此页测试，看看你能答对多少题。
每题下方都有答案，但一定要做了以后再对答案。
.1. He walked up and down, ________(lose) in thought.2. I sat before the desk until after mid-night, ________(absorb) in writing.3. ________(surround) by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.4. Greatly ________(disappoint), some staff decided to leave the place.5. ________(take) by surprise, the enemy surrendered.6. ________(throw) to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later7. ________(give) more time, the slow learners would have done better.8. When ________(ask) about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motormechanic.9. Susan seldom speaks in class until ________(speak) to.10. Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated(除掉) where ________(find).11. Retirees(退休人员) in good health should be invited to return to work wherever ________(need).12. If ________(keep) for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.13. We have made a point of not ________(attack) unless ________(attack).14. Though ________(warn) of the danger, they still went mountaineering.15. Even though ________(defeat) for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.16. With the water pipe ________(choke), there wasn't any more water for use17. Without anything ________(leave) in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.18. It is no good ________(expect) me ________(overlook) careless mistakes.19. What time would it be convenient for me ________(call) you again?20. It is worthy ________(read) the question through at least twice.21. I promise ________(return) your bike in good condition.22. He explained what ________(do) if the car broke down.23. You must stop ________(wish) and start ________(think) practically.24. Your watch is always slow; it needs ________(repair).25. On ________(step) out of the station my brother found himself face to face with an old friend of his.26. He had no choice but ________(give) up the plan.27. Nothing can make him ________(change) his mind.28. The police had everybody ________(write) down his name and address.29. The police office had every detail ________(write) down.30. ________(never see) him before, I didn’t know what he looked like.31. I di dn’t hear a single word ________(speak) in that classroom that day and I could feel my heart ________(pound).32. The earthquake sent everything ________(crash) to the ground.33. ________(walk) slowly down the road, he saw a woman ________(accompany) by two children.34. An icy wind blew from the great plain, ________(cut) to the bone.35. I don’t argue with you. You’ll never get me ________(agree).36. I know him ________(be) innocent, but I can do nothing ________(help) him.37. I showed him where ________(find) the best specimens.38. They failed in their attempt ________(climb) up the mountains.39. She was the first woman ________(fly) solo across the Atlantic Ocean.40. ________(enter) the room, he flung open all the windows, ________(let) the warm summer air ________(blow) in from the scented garden.41. I can't give my mind to ________(read) with the noise ________(go) on.42. The plane was ________(take) off, but something went wrong with it.43. I meant ________(tell) you about it, but I forgot ________(do) so.44. ________(know) him, I was distressed ________(hear) of his death.45. His guilt ________(prove), he knew he had nothing ________(hope) for.46. ________(keep) what belongs to another is equal to ________(steal).47. What upset the child was his ________(not allow) ________(visit) his mother in the hospital.48. My taxes ________(pay), the amount ________(leave) in the bank is hardly worth ________(mention)49. The gang of thieves were caught ________(steal) from the shop.50. I went to the airport, ________(attempt) to see her off, only ________(tell) that her flight had already taken off.二． 1.lost 2.absorbed 3.surrounded 4. disappointed 5. Taken /Having been taken 6. Thrown 7. Given 8. asked 9.spoken 10. found 11. needed 12. kept 13. attacking ;attacked 14. warned 15. defeated 16. chocked 17. left 18. expecting ; to overlook 19. to call 20. to read 21. to return 22. to do 23. wishing; to think 24. repairing 25. stepping 26. to give 27. change 28. write 29. written 30. Never having seen 31. spoken ;prounding 32.crashing 33. walking ;accompanied 34. cutting 35. to climb 39. to fly 40. Entering ; letting; blow 41. reading ; going 42. to have taken 43. to have told ;to do 44. Having know; to hear 45. proved ; to hope 46. keeping ;stealing 47. not being allowed ;to visit 48. paid ; left; mentioning 49. stealing 50.attempting; to be told。
