懂你英语LU

L e v e l3·U n i t 3 Part·1Listening Life & Conditions 1There are many forms of life on Earth, including human beings.地球上有多种形式的生命，包括人类。

Life exists in a variety of conditions.生命存在于各种各样的环境中。

Some forms of life live in a watery environment, like the oceans.有些生物生活在水环境中，比如海洋。

Other forms of life can be found in very dry areas like deserts.在非常干燥的地区，如沙漠，也可以找到其他形式的生命。

However, for any form of life to exist, conditions must be right.然而，任何形式的生命存在，条件必须是正确的。

When conditions are not right, that form of life will become extinct.当情况不佳时，这种形式的生命就会灭绝。

To become extinct means to die out completely.灭绝意味着完全灭绝。

Conditions must be right for life to exist.环境必须是生命存在的权利。

Millions of years ago there were forms of life that no longer exist.数百万年前，有些生命形式已经不复存在。

When conditions changed, these forms of life died out.当条件改变时，这些形式的生命就消失了。

Unit 3-1 ListeningThere are many forms of lives on earth, including human beings. Life exists in a variety of conditions. Some forms of live live in the watery environment, like the oceans. Other forms of lives can be found in very dry areas like desserts. However, for any form of live to exist, conditions must be right. When the conditions aren’t right, that form of lives can extinct. To become extinct means to die out completely.Conditions must be right for life to exist. Millions of years ago, there were forms of lives that no longer exist. When condition changed, this form of life died out. One extinction event happened about 250 million years ago. This is the largest extinction event of all time. Many forms of lives become extinct. 96% of all lives in the oceans died out. Most insects also became extinct. This event happened over a period of several million years. The causes of this extinction event are still unknown. Possible causes include largest volcanic eruptions and global warming. Some scientists believe that there were several causes. They believe that a series of events caused the extinctions. Scientists are working for better understand what really happened.In modern times, we human beings face changing conditions. For humans to live, we need clean air and clean water. Pollution is now a growing problem around the world. Pollution poisons the air and water that we depend on. Polluted air makes people sick and afraid to get outside. Polluted water poisons our food supply. As a result, we never know which foods are safe to eat. Human beings can be not live in a poisoned environment. Therefore, pollution is a major threat to our existence.Humans need temperature to be in a comfortable range. To be in a comfortable range means to be neither too hot nor too cold. With global warming, global temperatures are rising. As global temperatures rise, the polar icecaps will melt. As the polar icecaps melt, ocean levels will rise. Areas of some countries will soon be under water. People would be forced to relocated from flooded areas.In nature, even small changes can sometimes have large effects. It’s difficult to predict what’s going to happen. The entire ecosystem that we depend on is changing. Some of these changings are irreversible. Irreversible changes cannot be undone. Let’s hope the humans are smart enough to understand how the world is changing. With more understanding, we make better choices about what to do. We c an face the challenge of the pollutions and global warming. We need to do this before it’s too late. This planet of earth is our only home and we need to protect it.Unit 3-1 vocabularyLizard 蜥蜴Mammals are covered by hair or fur, have a backbone and warm-blooded. All mammals produce milk for the young.Reptiles are covered by s, includes snakes, lizards and turtles. Reptiles have a backbone and are cold-blooded, which means they often rely on the external resources of heat.Birds are covered by feather and are warm blooded. Most of the birds can fly and many types of bird migrate great distances.Most insects such ants and bees have a small 3 parts body with 3 pairs of legs. Some insects, such as mosquitoes, spread diseases that cause the deaths of many humans.Unlike animals, plants get the energy that they need from the sun. Plants convert light energy along with carbon and water into chemical energy.Scales and rulers are used to measure weight and length. Units of weight includes kilograms and pounds and units of length includes centimeters and inches.These instruments are used to observe very large and very small objects. Telescopes are used by astronomers and microscopes are used by biologists and doctors.These appliances are used in the kitchens of almost every home. Stoves are used to heat food and refrigerators are used to keep foods cool or cold.House tools like these, are used to build or repair things. Hammers are used to pound in the nails and screw drivers are used to turn a screw.Mammals include some of the most intelligent animals on earth, such as elephants and human beings. Mosquitoes cause the death of more human than any other animals.Rulers are used to measure lengthWe can use a telescope to see objects that are far way.Unit 3-1 dialogueDo you know what date is it today?What do you mean, it’s the special day?Oh, so you don’t remember.Remember what? What’s the special?It’s our anniversary. W e started dating a year ago today.Oh, really. Sorry.Just a minute, what do you think this is.Oh, it’s a necklace.Do you like it?Yes, I do. It’s lovely. Especially the red heart. May I put it on?No, let me do it.So you did remember.Of course I remember. It’s very special for both of us.I have something for you too.You do?Yes, but you have to wait until later.Oh, I can’t wait. Tell me what is it.Can you guess what it is?Could you give me a h?We went there 3 months ago.Oh, you mean Alfredo’s.Yes, are you excited? You said you really like the food there.Yes, that’s true. I also remembered the dessert. Do you?Yes, but let’s not talk about that now. let’s now view in the surprise.That restaurant looks nice.Yes, but it looks expensive.Let’s go in and look at the menu.Wow, the menu looks great, especially the fish.Yes, it looks good but look at those prices.Let’s try somewhere else.Sometime it’s ok to spend a little money.Yes, but this price is a bit too high. Don’t you think?Yes, they are a bit high. But don’t you think it worth? Let’s enjoy ourselves.Em, ok, if you put it that way. Let’s see if we can take the table.I’ve got you have a credit card.I sure hope the food is good.Stop worrying, let’s just enjoy.Unit 3-2 ListeningQuick serve is a home repair company. It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes. Quick serve handles plumbing and electrical issues 24 hours a day. It also cleans the roofs, fixes internet connections and replaces broken windows. For a small fee, customers subscribe to the service. Its main customers are elders, which means older people. Whenever customers have problems, they can call for help. There is also small charge for each service call.The company was established 5 years ago and is growing rapidly. It started in 1 city but it’s now in 5 cites. The company plans to expand to 10 cities within the next 24 months. In each city, there is small central office in a low rent area of the city. The central office handles the businesses, advertising, payroll and billing. It also takes calls by customer either online or by telephone. It takes call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.60% of the company’s employees work from their homes. When a customer calls into the central office, a service employee is contacted it. The service employee then contacts customer and sets up an employment. These employees are highly trained and provide excellent services. In emergencies, such as a serious plumbing problem, service can be provided within an hour. One reason for this is that the ser vice employees live in different parts of the country. They are not central located so it’s quick and easy for they to travel to customers ‘home.Quick serve has an excellent reputation. Its prices are reasonable and it services are quick and efficient. T he company’s service employees are clean, polite and efficient. In this type of business, person to person contact is the key to success. With each satisfied customer, more customers subscribe. Satisfied customers recommend quick serve to their friends. This kind of word-of-mouth advertising is very cost effective. Cost effect means that the results are good without paying a high price. In other word, quality service provides its own rewards to the company.The company take great pride in being honest with the customers. There are no hidden charges for their services. As a result, the number of customers in each city is growing rapidly. With the aging population, there are more elderly people who need home repair services. These people need to have confiden ce in the service provider. They don’t want to cheated.These people don’t mind paying a reasonable fee for high quality service. High quality services should be rewarded.The company provides a range of service plans, each with a different subscription price. The least expensive service plan is called the basic plan. This plan provides non-emergency service with a very low service charge. The most expensive service’s plan is th eir VIP plan. The VIP plan providesemergency services 24 hours a day with no additional service charge. It also provides rebates for customers who don’t call for any service during the year. In addition, quick serve gives bonus points to customers for each year they subscribe. These bonuses can be used to buy new appliances such as stoves and refrigerators. If the business continues to grow, the owners may decide to take the company to public. This means that the public can buy shares of the company. It would then change from private-owned company to a public company. The owners believe that their business is successful and can expand around world. They also believe that taking their company public can make them rich.Unit 3-2 vocabularyBiology is study of life, including its structure and evolution. Biology study how life survives and reproduces.Chemistry is the study of matter, including the structure of its atoms and molecules. Chemists study how various substances interact with each other.Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Astronomers study the structure and evolution of the universe, including the study of stars, planets and galaxies.Geologies is the study of structure of history of the earth and other planets. Geologist study different types of rocks, earthquakes and different layers of the earth.Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, patterns and change. Mathematics is used by all other branches of science.Here are some types of terrible events that hurt or kill people. Earthquakes are cause by forces deep within the earth. During earthquakes, many people are often killed by collapsing buildings and bridges. Flood happens when rivers rise and overflow their banks. Floodwaters damage or destroy many houses and businesses.Fires destroy building, land, and forests. There are many causes for fire, including lightning.In a hurricane, high winds destroy building and sometimes cause flooding. Some hurricanes have winds of more than 200 miles an hour.Car accident when car collide or drivers lose control of their cars. One of the main causes of car accidents is driving too fast.Unit 3-2 dialogueWhat’s in that big box carried in?It’s a new desk. I just brought and now I have to put it together.Do you need any help?No, I don’t think so.I just need to get my tools. I need a screwdriver and maybe a hammer.Don’t forget to read the instructions.How were things going?I’ve almost finished.Something doesn’t look right to me. The right side is higher than the left side.Oh, you’re right. It looks like I put a couple of screws into the wrong places.So now you have to take it apart.Great, and I thought I was almost finished.I told you to read the instructions. Did you read them?No, I didn’t read them. I hate to read the instructions. I looked at them but they were confusing. Well, this is what happen when you don’t. You were to inpatient. Anyway, what can I do to help you? Could you get another screwdriver and help me in screw some of these screws?Ok, but next time please read the instructions.Do you ever look up at the sky and think about the lives in the universe?I did when I was a kid. But I don’t do that very much anymore. Why do you ask?Sometimes I think I’m lost in day-to-day details. Then I look up at the sky and see a big picture. I appreciate things more even the little things.You sound that a philosopher or a poet. I felt like too when I was a kid.Don’t you feel like that anymore?No, I don’t. in fact, I try not to. When I think about thing too deeply, I get depressed. It’s even a bit frightening.Really, for me it’s just the opposite. Everything seems like a wonderful miracle.Doesn’t that frighten you a bit? The univers e is so large and we are so small.What I realize is how little we understand. We just need to appreciate our life and not get lost. Sometimes being lost isn’t so bad. You know the expression, ignorance is bliss.Sure, I’ve heard it many times. To be ig norance is to be happy.Maybe it’s true. Maybe it’s best not to think or know too much.Not, that’s not for me. I want to understand as much as possible. That’s why I became a scientist. Well, I respect your choice but it’s not for me. If understanding is painful, I’d rather not understand.Unit 3-3 ListeningHarry is on the business trip. Yesterday he was supposed to fly from San Francisco to Shanghai. However, things didn’t turn out the way they are supposed to. In fact, nothing went the way it was supposed to. Everything went wrong and he didn’t get on his flight. As a result, he stayed in San Francisco. The following is summary what happen.Yesterday he got up at usual and had breakfast. Everything seemed to be fine and he was looking forward to the trip. He was just about to check out of his hotel when he felt the pain. It was a pain on his lower back. It was a dorm pain at first, not too bad. So he didn’t worry about it and he checked out the hotel. Then he got on a shuttle bus to the airport. About half way to the airport, the pain in his back started to get worse. It was a growing pain and he was beginning to worry. Soon it was difficult for him to sit in his seat. The pain was getting worse. He wanted to lie down. He started to swear and breathe quickly. He was in real pain then. As a scale of 1 to 10, the pain was an 8.When the bus got to the airport, the bus driver helped him to get off. It was difficult for him to walk but he finally made it to the terminal. Inside the terminal, he went to the men’s bathroom. He went to the toilet but that didn’t help. Instead of improving, his felt dizzy and he threw up. By now, he was wet from all his sweating. He knew he couldn’t get on his flight. He used his phone to call airline. He explained the situation and cancelled his reservation. Then he called 911 for an emergency help. 911 is the emergency number to call for help in the United States.An ambulance arrived about 10 minutes after he called. By then, he was in so much pain that he could barely walk. Once inside the ambulance, they gave him oxygen to help him to breathe. But the pain was still terrible. Then they drove to a hospital near the airport. Luckily, the hospital was on his health plan. That means his health insurance is supposed to pay for everything. Medical costs in the United States are very high. When he arrived to the hospital, he was taken to the emergency room. After some tests, a doctor told him he had a kidney stone. It was a very small stone, but it caused a lot of pain. It was passing through a small tube in his body from his kidney to his bladder. The pain will go away once it got to his bladder. Until then he had to get pain medicine to reduce the pain. Harry didn’t have to stay in hospital for very long. With the pain medicine, the pain went away very quickly. He took a taxi back to his hotel and checked in for another night. Then he called the airline and made a reservation for another flight. The flight will leave tomorrow. Until then, he will just rest in his hotel. There may be a good movie to watch. So when you’re traveling, please prepare for the emergencies. Make sure you had a medical insurance. You never know when something like this can happen to you. So be prepared.Unit 3-3 vocabularySolar energy is one of the cleanest and most plentiful sources of energy. Solar power depends on sunlight, so in cloudy weather or at night, no power generated.Wind energy is non-polluting but it’s only useful in places where there is a lot of wind. Windy turbines convert the kinetic energy by wind into a mechanical power.Nuclear energy is efficient and doesn’t produce carbon gases as waste products. The dangerous of nuclear power included deadly radioactive waste products.A major source of energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. When we burn the fossil fuels, waste gases such as CO2 are produced. Fossil fuss remain the large sources of energy from most counties.Hydro power comes the kinetic energy of falling water. Output is reliable and can be regularly to meet the demand except during the period of drought.Here are different types of words in English. Words that are nouns and pronouns are used to represent objects. A noun or a pronoun can be a person, an animal or a thing including an idea.Verbs are used to express action such as to sit down or stand up. We also use verbs to express relationships such as to love someone or to own something.We use adjective to describe objects such as a tall building. Adjective are used with noun or pronoun but not used with verbs.We use adverb to describe actions such as to run fast or to walk slowly. Adverbs express the quality of an action such as how well or poorly something is gone.We use conjunctions to connect things or actions such as to read and write. Conjunctions include words such as and, or, because, but and yet.Dams are expensive to build and affect wildlife such as fish.Unit 3-3 dialogueHey, I’ve got some news, some good news and some bad news.Ok, give me the bad news first.We were moving to a new office.When was this going to happen?We were supposed to move at the end of next month.How far away is the new office?We are not sure yet but we will mean a longer commute for most of us. The new office will probably be on the other side of the city.The commute is already too long for me and I’m not going to change flats. We just brought one. Anyway. What’s the good news.The good news is that is going to expand. The company is growing so we’re going to hire more people.Well, I’ve got some news for you too.I hope it’s good news.Well, that depends on your points of you.I’m planning to start my own business.Why, I thought you were happy working here?I like to work but I’m not learning anything new. I think I can d o better on my own. I was planning to wait a few months. But now that the office is moving, I’m already to make the change.Why is your wife think?She is in favor of it and she’ll hope me. She’s already designing a website. We’ll work from home first. So you really are serious about this. You are taking a big risk.Most new businesses fail.Yes, I know. But if I don’t do it now, I will never know it.I’m tired of working for others.I know what you meet.Don’t tell anyone about this ok?It’s still a secret.Sure, I won’t say anything to anybody.I’m sure this will come with kinds of surprise for anyone.I’m sure changing offices will also come with surprises to people. This is exactly why I want to work on my own. I don’t like this kind of surprise s.You’re right about that. When are you going to let people know?I’ll make the announcement at the beginning of next month.Unit 3-4 ListeningLeonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest geniuses of all time. He was a painter, an architect, an engineer and a scientist. He was born in Vinci, Italy in 1452. Vinci is a town just outside of the great Italian city, Florence. His name Da Vinci means a Vinci. Leonardo’s father was lawyer and landowner and his mother was a peasant. Leonardo’s parents were never married to each other.Leonardo lived with his mother until he was around 5 years old. When he was 5, he moved into the home of his father. By then, his father had married a 16-year-old girl. Leonardo’s mother married with other person and moved to another town. She had many more children after that with several men. Inthe end, Leonardo had more than 15 half-sisters or brothers. As a young man, Da Vinci didn’t go to school. He was educated at home at reading, writing and mathematics. In other subjects, he was mostly self-educated. He had access to books at his father’s home. Leonard o spent a lot of time outdoors and developed a strong interest in nature. He loved to observe things especially birds. He was also interested in the properties of water.Leonardo’s early drawings are paintings demonstrated a rare talent. His father and his father’s friend s recognized his talent and encouraged him. When he was 15, he was sent to Florence. In Florence, he became an apprentice to a famous master painter. For the next few years, Leonardo worked at his master’s workshop. It wasn’t long before his ability surpassed that of his master. Some people said that his master became jealous of Leonardo’s great talent. They said the master v owed(发誓) and never painted again. In 1478, with his father’s help, Leonard o set up his own workshop. In 1482, he entered the service of powerful man in the city of Milan. This man was the Duke of Milan. For the next few years, Leonardo designed buildings, machineries and weapons of war. Weapons were important, because Italy was constantly at war during this period. From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced designs for a variety of weapons.In his notes, he predicted the development of advanced weapons such as submarines and flying machines. In 1499, the French invaded Italy and Leonardo left Milan. Altogether, Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan. During this period, he spent much of his time studying nature. He dissected(解剖) bodies both human and animal to study or illustrate anatomy(解剖). his detailed illustrations are masterpieces Leonardo filled many notebooks with drawings and ideas. He wrote backwards so he need a mirror to read them.After 15 hundred, Leonardo spent times in a number of Italian cities. He worked very slowly and the range of interests was very wide. As a result, Leonardo left many paintings and projects unfinished. One painting that he did finish, was the Mona Lisa, one of world’s most famous paintings. People are still interested in this painting 500 years after he painted it. Thought there are many theories, nobody knows who the woman in the painting really was.In 1516, Leonardo left Italy for good when the French King, Francis the first, offered him a position. There, he had the freedom and draw whatever he wanted. Leonardo died in 1519 at the age of 67. Some said that the French King, who had become a close friend was with him when he died. He was buried in the church which was destroyed during the French revolution. The exact location of his remains is unknown.Unit 3-4 vocabularyWaste water and carbon gases from farm animal are bad for the environment. Animal wastes and other chemicals flow into the ground and pollute water supplies.Exhausted gases from automobile are a major cause for air pollution and global warming. As a result, many companies are trying to produce more efficient and cleaner cars.Pesticides and fertilizers are used by farmers to grow crops such as foods and vegetables. These chemicals pollute water supply when it flows to the ground and rivers.Factories like this one, allow harmful chemicals to get into the air or water. Companies need to try harder to protect the environment and our health.Nuclear waste products are radioactive and can pollute the environment for thousands of years. They need to be safely transported and stored in the safe place.The British writer, Jame, was born in England in 1775, 1 of 7 children. She wrote some of most popular love stories of all time.One of most famous female rulers in the history, has affair with j and later with Mark. She was known for her great beauty and charming voice.Born 1756, Mozart composed and performed some of world’s greatest classical music. He was youngest of 7 children and by the age of 5, he was already composing music.The sun of the king, Alexander the Great, was a military leader who created one of the largest empires in the ancient world. As a youth, Alexander was taught by the Greek philosophy, Aristotle. Mahatma Gandhi was 20th century leader who used non-violence resistances to led India to independence. Gandhi dedicated his life to the pursuit of truth.Unit 3-4 dialogueI’d like to speak to Mr. Bennett please.I’m sorry but he’s not here right now. would you want to leave a voice message?It’s urgent that I speak with him. It’s an emergency.Oh, I see. What kind of emergency?It’s very personal so I can’t give you any details.Without more details, I’m afraid I can’t give you his number. Give me your number, and I’ll let him know about your call. Then he’ll call you back and would that be ok?Sure, my number is 583 4987. It would be great if he could call me within the next half hour.That’s a great dinner.Here, put the way I want. I’ll pay the bill.You paid last time. This time is my turn to pay.Hey, you don’t have a j oke. And I do. Let me pay.Thanks for the offer but I can handle it.Wait, let’s throw for it.Throw for it? What’s that mean.Do you see this coin? This side is head and the opposite side is tails. I’ll throw it up in the air. If it comes down with hea ds facing up, I’ll pay. If tails is up, you can pay.Ok, let’s fight with me.Look, it’s heads up so I’ll pay.Thanks, it’s very nice of you.It’s my pleasure.Do you want anything else sir? Would you like to see the dessert menu?No, thanks, I’m already for the check. Here is my credit card.I’m sorry sir, but we don’t take credit cards.You’re joking, right.No, sir, I’m not joking. Did you see that side? it says cash only.I didn’t see it when I came in. I don’t have enough c ash to pay the bill.There is a bank down the street, sir. If you let me hold your driver’s license, you can go and get the cash.Ok, I hold the bank is open.The bank is closed but you can use the ATM to get your cash.。

L4 Unit 1-1Listening 旅游Christina was on the 2 weeks’ vacation. This is the first vacation she’s had for a long time. the last vacation she took was more than 2 years ago. Now she is visiting her friend in San Francisco. Her friend and her husband are living in the center of the city. He works at a start-up company at Silicon Valley. While he was working, she worked part time at the department store.Christiana hasn’t seen her friend for long time. The last time they saw each other was 3 years ago. At that time, they were both working at a department storeThen Christina quit her job and started her own business. She designs women’s clothing. She has 2 employers now and her company is slowly growing.Christina has come to San Francisco by herself. Her husband didn’t come because he has to work. He tried the company 2 years old but it didn’t work out. His company failed only after only few months. So he works in an another company and save money. Once he saved enough money he plans to start another company. He doesn’t want to give up.This is the second time Christina has been to San Francisco. The first time was when she was a high school student. That was 10 years ago. During that trip, she was only in San Francisco for few days. After that, she went to Los Angles and New York. This time, she and her friend plan to relax and have fun.Christina arrived 2 days ago, the day before yesterday. Her friend met her at the airport and drove her to her apartment. Her apartment is just north to the airport about 20 minutes from San Francisco. It’s a small apartment but it’s on a hill and it has a great view.Yesterday they went downtown and rode the cable cars. Christina was surprised by how steep the hills are. Then they walked along the ocean and ate lunch at the seafood restaurant. From the restaurant they could see the Golden Gate bridge.Tomorrow they plan to drive to Yosemite National park. By car was only 4 hours away. Christina has never been there before so she was excited. She has heard the park was very beautiful. Her friend has been to Yosemite several times. She says it’s one of the most beautiful places in the world. Christina just hopes that her friend is a good driver.L4 Unit 1-1 vocabulary 伤病和地貌地形Headache can be very painful and can last for a long time. If you had, your head hurts.A sprained ankle can be so painful that you can’t walk. Someone with a sprained ankle may need to the crutches to walk.Crutchesn.拐杖;支持物;精神上的寄托;胯部vt.支撑;支持sprainvt.扭伤（关节）n.扭伤ankle n.踝，踝关节;脚脖子if you had a sore throat, it may be painful to swallow. A sore throat can be caused by viruses or bacteria.A burn is an injury to the skin, cause by fire or heat. If you get too close to a fire, you will be burned.An earache is a sharp, dull or burning pain in the ear. Common causes of an earache include an infection, a changing air pressure or water in the ear.Mountains are landforms higher than 2000 feet or about 600 meters above sea level. Hills are like mountain, but not as tall. Mountains are formed by the forces deep within the earth and are made of many types of rocksRivers are stream of water that usually begin at mountains and flow into the sea. Many early cities were built alongside rivers.Most of the world’s water is in the ocean, which are the large bodies of salt water. The oceans are also an important source of oxygen.Deserts are areas of land that receive little or no rainfall. The amount of rainfall in some deserts is so low that only a few plants can survive.A valley is low, relatively flat area between hills and mountains, often with the river running through it. Some valleys are formed by flowing river and others are formed by glaciers.L4 Unit 1-1 dialogue 谈论吃饭和预约Have you eaten yet.Not I haven’t and I’m hungry.Me too. Let’s go out for dinner.Where toWhat about joe’s Italian.How many times have you eaten there.I eat there a lot. It’s one of my favorite places.I went there two weeks ago and the service was terrible.Really, then let’s go some places e lse.What do you suggest?How about the royal Indian. It’s not far from here.I’ve never heard of it. Is it good?Yes, I have been there several times and I’ve never been disappointed.Ok, let’s try it. I’ve never eaten Indian food for a long time.You won’t be disappointed and the prices are reasonable.Ah, so you mean I’m going to pay.Well, that will certainly be nice.What about reservations.If you get there early enough, we won’t need them.I hope you’re right.Don’t worry, if I have to wait, I‘ll pay the bill.L4 Unit 1-2 Listening 旅游2Today, Christina and her friend are enjoying themselves. This morning they got up very early and drove out of San Francisco. They crossed the Bay Bridge before the early morning commute and drove south. Because it was so early, there was not cars. After driving an hour and a half, they stopped to have breakfast. They ordered pancakes and coffee. They also had some fresh fruits. When they finished eating, there was 7:00. Then they got back into the car and drove south. Christina wanted to listening to music, so she turned on the radio. An hour later, they stopped for gas. They noticed that there was a charging station for electric car. It’s now 1:15 and they are in Yosemite Park. They’ve been there for 2 hours since 11:15. They are looking at the Yosemite falls, which is the highest waterfall in the park. The water dropped total of 740 meters from the top of upper fall to the base of the lower fall.In another 15 minutes, they planned to eat dinner at the magnificent old hotel in the park. It was built in 1927 and has a great view. They wanted to stay there but they couldn’t get the reservation. To get a room at that hotel, you usually need to make reservation several months in advance.They planned to stay in the park until around 4:00. By then, they will have been in the park for nearly 5 hours. Then they will get back into the car and drove back to the San Francisco. They planned to eat dinner somewhere along the way. If the traffic isn’t too back, they should be back in San Francisco by 10:00.Early tomorrow morning, they’re going to cross the Golden Gate bridge and go north along the coast. From some places, you can look out on the ocean and see whales and other sea lives. Christina has never seen a whale before, so she is looking forward to it. And tomorrow night, they have something special plan. They are going to watch a baseball game. Christina has never seen a baseball game, but she has heard that it is very popular in the US. And the San Francisco baseball team is one the best.L4 Unit 1-2 vocabulary 力学、几何The force is the push or a pull on the object. A force changes the motion of a moving object.A force can be strong or weak and it always has a direction.The earth is a planet that goes around the sun in the circular orbit. The speed of its motion doesn’t change and the direction of its motion does. The earth has a layer of gas above its surface, which helps to support life.Atoms are the building blocks of matter. At the center of an atom is its nucleus, which has a positive electric charge. Outside the nucleus are electrons, which have a negative charge. Asteroids and comics are object that orbits our sun, but are smaller than planets. Asteroid that pass close to the earth are called the near-earth objects. The layer of gases, just above the earth surface, is our atmosphere. The layer of atmosphere is made up of gases, such as oxygen and hydrogen. Without an atmosphere, there would be not life on the earth. Asteroidn.[天]小行星;海盘车;海星adj.星状的orbitn.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;（人生的）旅程，生活过程vt.& vi.在…轨道上运行，环绕轨道运行vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行vt.绕轨道而行;进入轨道The two lines on the left intersect each other at a right angle which is 90 degrees. The 2 lines on the right are parallel, which means they never cross. The adjacent sides of rectangle are perpendicular, which means they meet at a 90-degree angle. The opposite sides of the rectangle are equal a parallel, which means they never cross. The area of a rectangle is the length times the width.Intersectvt.横断，横切，横穿vt.& vi.（指线条、道路等）相交，交叉a circle is the 2 dimensional figures with radius and circumference which is the distance around the circle. The area of the circle is π R square, where r is the radius and π is the ratio of the circle’s circumference to its diameter.Radius n.桡骨;半径范围;半径（距离）;用半径度量的圆形面积Dimensional adj.维的;尺寸的;<物>量纲的;<数>因次的A sphere is a 3 dimensional figure with the a ratio the same the volume, which is the three-fourth πR cube. All points on the surface of the sphere are equidistance from its center.Cuben.立方形，立方体;立方，三次幂;小房间vt.求…的立方;把（食物）切成小方块;测定…的体积equidistance 等距离的A right triangle is a 2 dimensional figure with 3 sides, 2 of which are perpendicular. To find its area, multiply the length of the 2 perpendicular sides, A andB and divided by 2, A equates one half A B.Perpendicularadj.垂直的，成直角的;直立的，险陡的;[建]垂直式的;〈谑〉直站着的n.垂直线，垂直面;直立，直立姿势，廉直;垂直测器，锤规;[建]垂直式建筑，绝壁Equatevt.等同;使相等;相当于the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons holds the atom together.L4 Unit 1-2 dialogueHave you finished eating yet.Not, I haven’t.Why are you in such a hurry.I’m sorry, but you are such a slow eater.A low eater? Well I try to enjoy my food. You just eat and swallow. I don’t see how you can even taste it.Ok, I’m sorry. Do you mind if I get another glass of vine.No, go ahead. I don’t want you to sit there putting pressure on me. I thought we were goingto have a relaxing evening.Yes, you are right. I’d like to relax, but I had a lot on my mind.What created?Yes. it is. I’ve been getting some strange emails from my boss. He wants me to cut down on my expenses. Maybe he wants to fire me.Is business bad?Yes, it is. But I don’t want to talk about it.Ok, but I’m a good listener. You can tell me if you’d like to.Thanks, maybe some other time.I’ll try to start thinking about it and deal with it tomorrow.Good idea. You need to take a break from work. Your health is important and so am I. Yes, you are.I don’t know what would I do without you.L4 Unit 1-3 listening 旅游3Harry is American businessman. His job requires him do a lot of travelling. He takes 9 or 10 trips a year. In the late 6 months, he has made 5 trips. 3 were to Asia and 2 were to Europe. The purpose of his trip is to attend meets and make presentations. Harry loves to travel and he has travelled to many countries. Most of his trips are for one or 2 weeks.His first international trip was 15 years ago, when he was 20 years old. He really wanted to see Asia so he and his friend flew from Tokyo, Japan. From Tokyo, they travelled around Japan for 2 weeks.The people they met very nice, but most of them didn’t speak English. Harry tried to speak a little Japanese, but it was difficult. He didn’t do very well.When he spoke to people, most of them just looked at him. They didn’t understand what he was trying to say.From japan, they went to Korea for a week and then they went to China. In China, they visited the Great Wall in Beijing. He stayed in Beijing for a few days and then they boarded a train for shanghai. It was an overnight train, with sleeping cars.During the journey, they enjoyed looking out of the window at the countryside. The view from the train was wonderful. Harry would never forget watch the sun go down in the evening.It was a beautiful sunset.The journey to shanghai took many hours, but it was an unforgettable experience. On the train, he met a Chinese Professor who spoke English. He was middle-age man, whose hair was turning grey. He told them about how things were changing in China. It was wonderful to watch him as he was speaking. His eyes were full of energy and excitement.They only stayed in shanghai for a couple of days. Then they returned to US and went back to school. They had one more years to finish their studies.Harry’s next new trips were to different parts of the world. They went to Europe twice, each time to different countries. On one trip, he travel through the UK and France. On the next trip, he went Italy and Greece. After the Europe, he travel to Mexico and south America. In southAmerica, he went to Argentina and Brazil. He enjoyed watching some great soccer matches. Then he decided to go back to Asia. But this time, he went to southeast Asia. He visited Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore. Each country had a charm of its own.After this travel, harry decided to make travel part of his career. He didn’t want to work only in th e US. He didn’t work only with Americans. he wanted to experience other countries and other cultures. His dream was to work for international company.5 years ago, his dream came true. Now he was working for a German high-tech company. As part of his job, he has to travel a lot. As a result, he has been to many cities and counties. And he has met many interesting people.L4 Unit 1-3 vocabulary 牙齿、人体器官cavity n.腔，洞;蛀牙，龋洞A dental cavity is a hole in the tooth. A cavity is caused by bacteria in the mouth. Brushing your teeth frequently and regularly can help prevent cavities.cracked adj.有裂缝的;声音沙哑的;精神失常的v.破裂;崩溃(crack的过去分词);发沙哑声A cracked tooth can be caused by biting down on some hard. Dentists the treat cracked tooth by covering it with a crown(牙冠).crown n.王冠;花冠（有时象征胜利）;王权;（某物的）顶部vt.（尤指通过增添成就、成功等）使圆满;为…加冕;使圆满完成;给…以荣誉vi.露顶A dental X-ray is a picture of your teeth and gums. An X-ray shows what can’t be seen on the surface of teeth and gums.Braces are used by dentists to straighten teeth over a periods of years. Those braces are usually for children. they can also be used for adults with crooked teeth.Bracevt.支撑;系紧;准备，预备;振作起来vi.准备好;支持;打起精神n.支持物;铁钳，夹子;[语]大括号;绷紧（身体部位的）肌肉Straightenvt.& vi.变直，把…弄直;整理，整顿;使…改正;使…好转vi.变好起来crookn.骗子;弯曲;钩;诡计vt.使成钩状;使弯曲vi.弯曲adj.不正当的;骗人的crooked adj.弯曲的;不正当的;歪扭的;用不正当手段得来的To extract tooth means to remove it from the mouth. Dentists have to pull hard to extract tooth.The heart pumps blood to all parts of bodies through a system of arteries and v ein. It’s located in the chest, between the lungs and it beats about once per second.Artery n.[解剖]动脉;干线，要道toxin n.毒素;毒质The kidneys remove waste and toxins from the blood. They have been shaped and about 10 cm long, and 6 cm wide.The lungs exchange oxygen from the air with CO2 from the blood. They expand when inhaling air and contract when exhaling air.Inhale vt.& vi.吸气;吸入;〈非〉狼吞虎咽Exhale vt.发散出;放出，放射;使蒸发;[医]渗出vi.呼气;发散;放出The stomach is below the heart and it’s part of the digest system. It uses acids to digest food before passing it to the small intestine.Small intestine n.小肠The bladder is a balloon-shaped organ that collects urine from the kidneys. In an audit, the bladder can hold about half a liter of urine.urine n.尿;小便;下泉a liter of 公升L4 Unit 1-3 dialogue 谈论贿赂Good evening, sir. You were driving too fast.Really. Was i.Yes, you were going well above the speed limit.I’m sorry, officer.Ok, I need to see your driver’s license.Here is my driver’s license.Your license is expired. Are you aware of that?No, sir. That’s a surprise. I didn’t know.It expired more than a year ago.Is this your car.No, sir, it’s a friend’s.I’m borrowing it for the night.Get out of the car and put your hands behind your back.Why officer, what have I done.Just do as I say.Ok, officer, I’m cooperating. Please don’t push me.Get your hands behind your back.Ok! ok!I’m not asking you. I’m ordering you.Please officer, I haven’t done anything wrong.Stand still and don’t say anything. This is a stolen car, are you aware of that.Are you going to arrest me.What do you think. That’s what we do with car thieves.If you let me go, I will give you a couple of thousand dollars. I haven’t hurt anybody.So now you’re trying to bribe me. How stupid can you be.I just don’t want to go back to jail. Give me a break.Sure, you are a nice guy. I’d like to give you a break. But that’s nothing I can do.Please officer.Ok, where is the money. Let me see it and I will think about it.L4 Unit 1-4 listening 家政服务Quick service is successful home repair company. It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes. It was established 5 years ago and has been expanding rapidly. In the last 2 years, it has opened offices in 3 new cities.Because of its rapid growth, it has to hire many new employers. In the last 6 months, it has hired 50 new employers. The total number of the employers in the company is now over 500. And the number of the customers has increased to more than 5000.The company has only improved its business model. Instead of offering only repair services, tit can now help customer upgrade their appliances. Quick service does this by giving a choice. Customers can choose repair their appliances or upgrade it by buying a new one. If they choose to buy a new one, they would get a discount in price. So a customer can either repair a broken refrigerator for a small fee or buy a new one. If they buy a new one, they will get a discounted price, along with free installation. This is possible because several appliance manufactures have agreed to give quick service big discounts. Quick service then installs the new appliance and remove the old one. Feedback from customers has been positive.A high percentage of customers have taken advantages of this new service. As a result, quick service has dwell the great reputation. Its dedication to the high quality service has proved to be successful. Its word-of-mouth approach to advertising has been cost-effective. The appliance manufactures have also been happy with the results. Their growing relationships with quick service help increasing themselves.The world population is growing. There are over 7 billion people in the world. During the 2000, the population growth from 1.65 billion to 6 billion. It’s now going at a rate of around 1.1% per year. That means the increase is about 80 million per year. By 2024, the population is expected to be around 8 billion people.The growth rate used to be higher. In the last 1960, the rate of growth was about 2%. Since then, the growth rate has declined. It’s estimated that the growth rate will be less than 1% by 2020. By the year 2050, the growth rate should be even less.Even with the declining growth rate, the population would continue to grow. But it will grow at a slower rate. In the pass 15 years, the world’s population has more than doubled. It is doubled from around 3 billion in 1960 to more than 7 billion in 2011.The rate of growth varies by country. The growth rate in India is more than twice than that of china. And the growth rate in Nigeria ,which is Africa, is more than twice than India’s growth rate. Russia, one the other hand, has had negative growth rate in some years.When the country has a negative growth rate, its population is decreasing.L4 Unit 1-4 vocabulary 名人和性格Co-funder of apple, this entrepreneur was a major figure in the computer industry. He was self-center and difficult to work for, but he led the development of many great products. He died of cancer when he was just 56 years old.Jack Ma is one of the richest and most famous men in china. He comes from a poor family and failed his college entrance exam twice. Despite of many failures, he has built one of the world’s largest internet companies. David Beckham is one of world’s richest and famous athletes. he stared playing professional football when he was just 17. Much of his successful at an athlete, is because he practice hard than many other players.As a young girl in Pakistan, Malala became famous for her writing some women education. In 2012, she was shot in the head and nearly killed. She survived the injury and became the world’s most famous teenager.Born in 1942, Stephen Hocking is one of the world’s most famous scientists. When he was 23, he was diagnosed with AIS, a rare disease of the nerves. Because of his disease, he is unable to walk and talk.Shy people are quiet and usually uncomfortable around other people. They generally dislike going to social events such as party. It’s often difficult to make friend with shy person because they won’t open up.Outgoing people are enjoying being with other people and are comfortable in social situations. They are friendly and pleasant to be with, though sometime they cannot be trusted. Self-center people like to be the center of attention. They like people to look at them and pay attention to them. Self-center people often talk too much and don’t listen enough.Selfish and greedy people don’t share things with others. They take things for themselves and always want more. People who are responsible and trust-worthy, are important in almost any situation. They can be depended on to get things done. These people can be trusted.L4 Unit 1-4 dialogue 女朋友Hey, steven, you know I’m your friend, right.Sure, I know that. What are you trying to say.I’m sorry to say this. But I think you’re making a fool of yourselves.How am i make a fool of myselfYou girlfriend are taking advantage of you.Taking advantaging of me?Yes, I think so. She just using you.So, maybe she is. But I don’t mind. Even if she is using me, it’s ok. I’m using her too.What do y ou mean. Aren’t you in love with her?Yes, I’m in love with her. But that doesn’t mean that I’m not using her too.I don’t understand. What do you mean.Maybe I’m using her because I enjoy being in love. I can’t imagine life without her. Even if she hurts me sometimes, I love her.Do you trust her.Yes, I trust. She tells me what’s important to her. She’s honest with me. She is never lied to me about anything important.Are you honest with her?Yes, we are honest with each other, even when it hurts. And because we’re honest with each other, we trust each other.Ok, so you don’t think you’re being taken advantage of.No, I don’t, as long as she is honest with me. The day she isn’t honest with me, will be the end of our relationship. And when that happens, my heart will break. But until then, I’m her man.Ok, I think I understand. I didn’t think you knew what was going on.I’m as stupid as my look, my friend. Being in love with her, makes my life exiting.Well, I hope you’re right.。

懂你英语Lv6-Unit1L6 Unit 1-1 Listening 事故和身体恢复Harry Beecham works for a hi-tech German company based in the Munich. Last month, he was in an automobile accident. He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City. He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city. The weather was terrible and the road was icy. He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him intothe city as soon as possible. The taxi driver agreed and sped up but just as they left the airport, the car was out of control. It spun around and skidded into(滑入) the path of an oncoming truck.Fortunately, the truck was going too fast, so nobody was killed. But the taxi was severely damaged and both passengers were injured. The taxi driver survived with only a few injured because he was wearing a seatbelt.The car accident wouldn’t have been happened had the weather been better. Had he put on his seatbelt, he might not have been injured so badly. Had the weather been better, the accident wouldn’t have been happened.The taxi airbag had also been deployed(使展开), absorbing much of the impact. However, Harry, who was in the back seat, having put on his seatbelt. As a result, he was severely injured, and had to be rushed to the hospital.Now, a month later, Harry still can’t remember much of what happened. When he first woke up in the hospital, it was several hours after the accident and he wasn’t sure where he was. The bad news was that he couldn’t move his legs. This was because his back had been broken in the accident. The doctor later told him that he might never regain the use of his legs. Some of his nerves in his spine(脊柱) and legs had been damaged but everything else was OK. Now, Harry is trying to figure out what to do. If he works hard and exercises every day, there will still a chance that he legs will recover on their own. There are also some new treatments that might help his nerve regenerate. Still, he should be prepared for the long recovery and possibility that he mightnever walk again. Without the use of his le gs, he wouldn’t be able tocontinue working in the same way. it wouldn’t be possible to travel, so he would have to find another way to attend the meeting. Either that or he would have to look for another way to make a living. Harry has a good disabilityi nsurance, so money won’t be problem for a while. But sooner or later, he wants to be able to earns a living again. Of course he isn’t planning to giveup on his legs. If he works hard, he might still be able to regain the use and learn to walk again. Some of his nerves had been damaged but there was a chance that they were healed. The new drugs being developed might make it possible for the nerves to grow back. Still, he has to face the possibility that nothing will work. Whatever happens, Harry is determined to think positively. Even he can’t walk, he can still attend the meeting all over the world. With technology, he could be anywhere and there is much that he canstill do. Luckily, he still has to use his arms and hands and his brain isstill functioning. With the right attitude, he can find a way forward. Thereis no reason to despair in or feeling sorry foroneself. That kind of think won’t solve anything. He just hopes that his company or another will get him a chance to prove himself. He could still be a valuable asset for them, come or make. Spun around使…旋转( spin的过去式和过去分词 )L6 Unit 1-1 Dialogue衣着和礼仪Hey, what do you think? do you like it?No, it’s too short. We can’t wear that to the office. If you do, nobody will be able to concentrate. What about this one?That’s the right length but I hate the color. I hate pink.Ok, I’ll see if they have it in another color but it isn’t cheap. It’s ok if you don’t buy anything for a while. Sure, this will last for a while.Well, I’m glad you like your dress. It looks great on you.You should get some new clothes too. You never buy anything for yourself.I have an expensive girlfriend now so I can’t afford it. but besides, I don’t have the time to go shopping.What are you doing? Are you staring at that woman? What? No, of course not.Yes, you were. You were staring at her. How do you think it makes me feel?I was looking in that direction.No, you were staring at her for several seconds. I’m sorry but I could help it.I’ve told you many times to stop that. And you’re going to stare, you shouldn’t do it like that, so obvious and rude.Ok, what’s the best way to stare?Don’t stare for 4 or 5 seconds. Just take quick look, 2 seconds long. Then it isn’t so obvious. Sorry, my eye just went that. I’m program like that. That’s no excuse.and don’t ever tell me you don’t like pink again. She’s wearing pink. Why is it that pink is so bad on me when you can’t help staring at someone else who is wearing pink? I didn’t notice that she is wearing pink.Ah, so the clothes don’t matter. She’s more attractive than I am. Why don’t you go sit with her? Hey, come on. Let’s not get into a fire.I thought you were get better. But you never change. You just have in ruin in the evening. Hey, come on. I’m sorry.No, don’t say anything, I don’t want to hear it.L6 Unit 1-1 reading狼来了和野外生存Once upon a time there was a mischievous(淘气的) young boy who was given the task of tending a herd of sheep on a hillside near a village. The boy grew tired(厌倦) and bored while watching the sheep, so he found ways to amuse himself, such as climbing trees or chasing sheep. One day he came up with what he thought was a brilliant idea. He climbed to the top of a tree and shouted toward the village: “wolf! Wolf! Help me please!”When the villagers heard his cries for help, they rushed up the hill to rescue him and chase(追捕) the wolf away. Of course, when they got there, there was no wolf to be seen, and the boy, who was still in the tree, was laughing. The sheep were grazing(吃草) peacefully. Annoyed. The villagers returned to the village and back to their normal activities.A few days later, the boy grew bored again and played the same trick on the villagers. This time the villagers were furious at the boy. That night he was punished by his mother for his bad behavior.For a while after that, life went on as normal and the boy behaved. He didn’t want to be punished again. Then, one afternoon while he was tending the sheep, he noticed that the sheep were bleating(小羊的叫声) and nervous. Hedidn’t know what was causing their strange behavior, so he climbed a tree to see if he could determine what was going on. What he saw from the tree was a frightening sight, a big, hairy wolf chasing after the sheep. Terrified, he screamed for help: “wolf, wolf! There’s a wolf chasing the sheep!”This time, when the villagers heard his cries for help, they wereconvinced that it was another one of his pranks(恶作剧). Nobody believed that there was really a wolf, so they ignored his frantic(发狂的、发疯的) calls for help. The wolf, having nothing to fear, feasted(大吃大喝) on several of the sheep and then slipped back into the forest.Feast on 尽情享受What would you do if you ever found yourself lost in the wild? To find out, you can join a weeke nd survival course in Australia’s Outback Desert(内陆沙漠). This vast area is famous for its harsh(残酷的、严厉的) desert climate.To survive, your first task will be to find water, a rare commodity in the desert. Animals such as ants and seed-eating birds are strong indicators of water. You can also cut and suck moisture from the roots and leaves of plants. Trees like the desert oak(橡树) have roots near the surface. But becareful. The branches of gum trees are a rich source of water, but the leaves are poison ous, so don’t eat them. The best place to build a shelter is in an area with the least amount of(最少的) sunlight, like between sanddunes(沙丘) or trench(沟). To make a trench, dig a hole enough to lie down in and use the extra sand to create a barrier or wall on each side. This can help to shield you from the glare(刺眼) and scorching heat(炎热的) of the sun.nights can be cold, so knowing how to make a fire is essential. One way tobuild a fire is to use the hand drill(钻头) method. This is one of the oldest and simplest ways to start a fire. It involves rolling a stick between your hands while pressing it onto a notched(凹口的) piece of wood with drytinder(引燃物) below. The idea is to use friction to create enough heat to ignite the tinder, this can be a lot of work.As for food, you’ll have to be open-minded. Some forms of life can beugly to look at but can provide you with enough protein to survive. They may even taste good, like scrambled eggs(炒鸡蛋). Shieldn.盾;护罩;盾形奖牌;保护人 vt.保护;掩护;庇护;给…加防护罩scorchvt.& vi.烧焦，烤焦vt.使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯;使成焦土;痛骂 vi.烤焦;高速行驶n.烧焦处，焦痕;枯萎，植物褐色斑点scramblevi.攀登，爬;争夺，抢夺;（植物）蔓延;[航]紧急起飞 vt.攀登，爬;把…搅乱;炒（蛋） n.抢夺;混乱;攀登;[航]紧急起飞L6 Unit 1-2 Listening 过去时和虚拟语气Now that you have studied English at a high level, you need to be able to talk about the language itself. One of the biggest areas of confusion for students is the difference between the pass tense and present prefect. Thepass tense is indicated by use of pass tense marker, represent V(d). here are some regular verbs and their pass tense forms. So, as you can see, for regular verbs, the pass tense form is indicated by the addition of “ed” at the endof the verbs. However, some of the common verbs in English is irregular, soit’s important to learn them. Here are some examples. Altogether, there are over 200 irregular verbs in normal use. Many people think that the pass tense form only indicates the pass time. However, there is only one of the possible meanings. The pass tense form is also used to express something that isunlikely or imaginary, from the speaker’s point of view.Here is an example,He wishes he had a car.The fact is that he doesn’t have a car, so the use of had indicates thatit isn’t real, it’s imaginary. If he had a car, he could drive us to school. Again, he doesn’t have a car, so he can’t drive us to school. This condition expresses something that isn’t a fact. It’s a counterfactual condition,which means it goes against what we know or believe. Look at these two sentences,If she waits another week, she can save money.If she waited another week, she could save money there is going to be a sale.both sentences are correct, but they have different meanings. In the top sentence, the condition that she waits is more likely from the speaker’spoint of view. In the bottom sentence, the speaker thinks that it’s lesslikely that she’s going to wait.If that flight leaves on time, we are going to miss it, so let’s run.If the flight left a few minutes later, we could take the next shuttle bus.When we talk about the experience of result, we use the present perfect form. This form uses have followed by the participle. for regular verbs, this participle(分词) is identical to the pass tense form. For irregular verb, this participle is different. When we use the perfect form, the primary focus onthe subject of the sentences, not the verbs. It emphasizes its condition, experience of results, rather than action or event. In these 2 examples, we see the contrast.She has already left the hotel.She left the hotel a few minutes ago.The top sentence gives the condition or state of subject, and the bottom sentence expresses the感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Unit 3-1 listening 偷窃They were locked up the safe and the only way to open the safe was with an 8-digits access code. Whoever got in the safe, must have back code.As far as he knew, nobody else had it, or have ever asked to use it to get something from the safe.Only 2 people in the company were authorized to have the code. He had the code of course, and so did his assistant, Sylvia. There was no reason for Salvia to take the documents, so he couldn’t imag ine that it was her. That would make sense and she was completely trustworthy.So somebody else must have the code and stolen the document.She had a notoriously bad memory so she kept a lot of notes.But Sylvia wasn’t that careless or irresponsible.She had probably stored the code somewhere on her computer and the theft was able to get it from there.But who could he have been. Suddenly, he realized that there was a new IT guy in the office. He maintained the company’s computer network and provide technical support for the staffs. Perhaps he was the guilt he wanted. If anyone could have done it, he certainly had the skills. He was a security expert and he had helped Sylvia stored something on her computer last week.Then john realized that nobody had done a proper background check on the guy. One of other engineers in the company had recommended him and he seemed nice. They had been in a hurry to hire someone for the position so they didn’t check this background very carefully. Suddenly, he had a b ad feeling. immediately, he used his smartphone to check the company’s bank accounts. To his horror, he found that a large amount of money was missing from one of his accounts. There had a large withdraw earlier that morning, more than 75 thousand dollars. He then discovered that the money had been wired to an account in another country. So not only did the IT guy get the access code for the safe, but he also got the lodge information from the bank. This was a disaster. John immediately called the police and reported the incident. He also called the bank to see if they could stop the transaction. Unfortunately, they said it was too late. the transaction had gone through. Just then, john got an email with the subject line, from the IT guy. It showed smiley face and said thank you for being so stupid. Don’t waste your time trying to find me. I’ve left the country and will never return. Be thankful that I didn’t everything in the account. This should a good lesson for you. It was signed, your IT guy.Unit 3-1 dialogue 评论和建议Well, what did you think of my presentations.Did you want me to be frank? I know we work very hard on it.Yes, give me to it straight. I have my own opinion too. But I appreciate your comments and suggestions.You said you had your own opinion about it. so how do you think of them.I thought it went ok at first. But I could feel there were some bad transitions(过渡).I think I spent too much time on some slides and didn’t express them well.I agree on most points. But to me, it was flat. 5 minutes into it I had a hard time paying attention.Flat? Do you mean my voice?Yes, that’s part of it. there is very passion almost like you were reading it. I’m sure you can do better.Do you have any suggestions?First, let me say I like the slides themselves. The designs were nice and easy to read. But one thing you didn’t do was engage with the audience. You focus on your slides and didn’t address your audience.Oh, I was trying to but I guess I was too nervous. I didn’t want to forget anything.You have a great smile. You need to show that smile and expressions when you present. Make eye contact.When you present, I notice you always do that and your pause between ideas. But it seems so easy for you.For me, I look at the faces in the audience. I watch their expressions. I really try to communicate with them. Once I do that, it comes naturally, because it becomes real communication.You seem to enjoy it.Well, I’m always nervous too before I get started. But once I contact with the audience, I’m ok.So contacting with the audience is the key. Focus on them and not me, right?Yes, well put. In fact, if you do that, you will have to adjust your presentation. It has to flow like in a read conversation. We have to respond to each other. And the pauses are so that the presentation can breathe.Hmm, it seems so obvious. But I’ve never thought of it like that. That’s a great advice. I wish we had talked before my presentation.If we had, you may not have been open like you are now. anyway, I’m sure your next presentation will improve. It takes practice like anything. Don’t be too hard on yourself. No, I won’t. But next time I will do better and I hope you there.OK, well, let’s get back to work.Unit 3-1 Reading 化石能源和哲学悖论Depletion of fossil fuelsA number of scientists are emphasizing the tremendous challenges that will soon be faced when the depletion of fossil fuel supplies coincides with(恰逢) an alarming increase in the global population. They highlight agriculture which is heavily dependent not only on gasoline to fuel machinery, but also on the petrochemicals necessary to manufacture synthetic(合成的) fertilizers and pesticides. Without these petrochemicals, crop yields would be only a fraction of what they are today. To assume that an abundant source of renewable energy will address this challenge is to ignore the vital non-fuel uses of petrochemicals.Then there is the challenge posed to the current levels of mobility. As a fuel, gasoline is unrivalled(无敌的) in its portability. Electricity requires bulky batteries and hydrogen is notoriously difficult to store. Biofuels might seem like an alternative, but the energy consumed when converting corn into bioethanol, for instance, greatly exceeds the output when the fuel is utilized. In any case, once we reach a crisis in the food supply, it will not make sense to divert food crops to other uses.Although there seems to be a widespread belief that the era of oil dependency is coming to an end due to some technological remedy(补救方法), this may be mistaken. Relying on such an assumption can lead to complacency(自满) and a failure to take precautions(预防措施). Experts may not be able to come up with solution that can lead to a pain-free transition. Scientists warn that relying on alternative resources might only support half of the global population. The absence of realistic alternative to fossil fuels will mean that the first priority will be to curb the demand for food.Petrochemicals are used to manufacture pesticides, which are good for agriculture.The meaning of catch 22One of the most interesting books of the 20th century was the novel, Catch 22. In the novel, the term has nothing to do with catching anything. It has a much deeper meaning, and it describes a kind of logical conundrum(难题) that’s worth exploring.First, it’s important to put the phrase into context. In the novel, a group of American bomber pilots is on an island in the Mediterranean. They face death almost every day when they fly their bombing missions. Many have already lost their lives; the remaining pilots know that it is only a matter of the time before they will be the next victims.One of the characters in the novel is a doctor. It is his job to see that the pilots are fit to fly. In particular, there is rule that says he has to ground anyone who is crazy. To ground them means to remove them from active duty so that they don’t fly.Some of the men believed in the principles they were fighting for. They were willing to give their lives for their country. But to others, this was crazy. They thought the whole thing was insane. One of them, Yossarian, wanted out. He was friends with the doctor, and he wanted the doctor to ground him.When Yossarian asked the doctor to ground him, the doctor replied: “you’re wasting your time, you’re not crazy”.Yossarian told him to ask one of the other pilots, Clevinger, to tell him how crazy he was. “There is no point. He’s crazy.” The doctor replied.” Crazy people can’t decide whether you are crazy or not.”“Clevinger isn’t crazy! he’s one of the sanest pilots here.”“So he’s obviously out of his head,” said the Doc. “He’s got to be close calls he’s had.”“well, if he’s crazy, why don’t you ground him?”“I can’t unless he asks to be grounded. That’s part of the rule.”“So all he has to do is ask?”“no, then I can’t ground him.”“So there is a catch,” said Yossarian, trying to get things straight.“Sure, there’s a catch,” said the Doc, with a slight smile. “Catch 22. If he asks, then he can’t be crazy. Only those who are crazy are grounded.”“there’s some catch,” observed Yossarian.“it’s the best there is, ”the Doc replied.Unit 3-2 listening 流行病Despite advances in technology, one of the biggest threats to human survival comes from primitive(原始的) lifeforms. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, virus and parasites(寄生物). These organisms have no access to education or technology, but they present a huge challenge to humanity. That’s because they are adaptable. Just as adaptability has helped humans survive, it makes it more difficult to control infectious diseases. As conditions change, the organism which caused these diseases adapt and become stronger. There are several kinds of infectious diseases.Bacterial infections such as pneumonia(肺炎), are caused by bacteria. these infections can be treated by antibiotics(抗生素), which kill the bacteria. viral infections are caused by virus, such as the influenza virus. These can sometimes be treated by vaccines, such as flu vaccines. An example of parasitic(寄生虫的) infection is malaria(疟疾). Malaria is caused by parasites transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. Once inside the body, the parasites can be difficult to kill or control. And also, these parasites are also adaptable.How serious are infectious diseases. Considered what happened in 1918, the influenza pandemic(流行病). It started in the fall of 1918 with what seemed to be something no more serious than a common cold. In the next 2 years however, it infected a fifth of the world’s population. In fact, it turned out to be the most deadly epidemic in history, killing between 20 and 40 million people. The influenza virus that caused it was much stronger than previous influenza viruses. Its molarity rate was 2 and a half percent compared to a point 1 percent in previous epidemic viruses. Its stuck quickly with no mercy, sometime killing people within hours. School and business closed in many places, and people wore masks to prevent the transmission of the virus through the air. What was unusual about this pandemic was that it was most deadly for people age 20 to 40, rather than the elderly and young children. Now a century later, we have flu vaccines that have reduced the severity of the epidemics. These vaccines needed to be updated every year because the virus changes and new strange immerge. What researchers fear is that a new strange will develop and cause another pandemic. Once an outbreak occurs, transmission of the disease will be even faster than the before. An unattempt consequence of our improved transportation system will be the speed in which an epidemic can spread. Experts predict that the public health systems will be overwhelmed and unable to react quickly enough. So the best defense will be to prevent an outbreak from occurring. This will require global cooperation and the sharing of data. It may also require changes in how humans interact with animals. Animals such as birds and pigs carry viruses that may mutate(变异、突变) into a strain(一株) that can infect humans. Such a new strain could lead to another pandemic well before a new vaccine could be developed. Since diseases epidemic don’t stop at national boarders, this is a global issue requiring a global action. The threat of a global epidemic is another example of why we must learn to live together.Unit 3-2 dialogue 子女教育方式You know, my husband and I are having a terrific fight over how to rise our son.What about?He’s only 4 years old.My husband I’m putting too much pressure on him. He thinks it’s wrong thing to do.I wouldn’t know. I’ve not even married yet. That’s my problem. I wish I had a husband to disagree with.Well, he thinks it’s important for kids to have time to be bored.Bored?Yes, he really said that. Can you believe it?Why did he think so? Did he have time to be bored when he was a boy.Well, he grew up in the countryside. He said he had to find things for himself to do. He feel sorry for his kids these day because their days were so structured.Hmm, I see it’s point. But things have changed a lot since he was a boy.That’s exactly what I told him. Then he started to get angry.That does n’t sound like him. He’s usually so calm and reserved. In fact, I can’t ever remember he and his express in opinion.Well, the other day our boy said he didn’t like one of our teachers. It’s a English t eacher. And then that got my husband’s attention.What happened?He got angry and he said he wasn’t happy with all the emphasis on English and math. He said I should find some places for our boy to do more of what he wants to do. He said he’d find the class the teacher who encourages kids to explore things.That sounds a bit idealistic.That’s what I told him.Then he said it’s important to learn how to be independent and not always depend on being told what to do. He said that can develop creativity and the love of learning. Certainly. What happens when he is behind of other kids in school? won’t he be discouraged? He said he wanted the boy to deal with it and see what happens.Some people are more competitive and some aren’t.Anyway, it’s an intere sting point of view. It may work for some kids and not for others. What about your boy? What do you think?He has a good imagination. sometimes he talks oneself that he really likes music and dancing. He has a lot of energy. Sometimes it’s exhausting to be around him.I guess if I were you, I just give him a lot of choices and see what he is interested taking in. and he needs a place where he can use all that energy.Yes, that’s what my husband wants to do. I just get nervous because all his friends are t aking classes. I don’t him to fall behind.I don’t know what to say. Maybe you do some researches and what others advis e. I’m sure you are not the only one facing this problem.At least your husband is taking an interest.If I ever get married, I hope my husband will be as involved as yours. But he has to help youwith this and just complaint.Yes, that’s what we are fighting about. I can’t be expected to do this on my own. You have to do this together.Good luck. And wish me luck in finding a husband, ok.Unit 3-2 Reading Wi-Fi诞生和人工智能Hedy Lamarr a Hollywood star and mother of Wi-FiHedy Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Naria Kiesler in 1914 in Vienna, Austria. By the time she was a teenager, she had decided to drop out of school and seek fame as an actress. She first appeared in a German film in 1930. She was attractive and talented enough to be in three more films in 1931, but it was her controversial film “Ecstasy”(入迷) that brought her worldwide fame as an actress.In 1937 she fled from her country and secretly moved to Hollywood, where she reinvented herself. She changed her name to Hedy Lamarr, with the nick name” the most beautiful woman in films”. However, Lamarr defied(挑战) the leading-lady stereotype by also pursuing an interest in mathematics and engineering. She soon took up inventing. Her earliest inventions included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink(碳酸饮料).With the ongoing world war, Lamarr was inspired to contribute the war effort. She designed a radio guidance system for torpedoes(鱼雷). With the help of composer(作曲家) George Antheil, whom she met in 1940, she discovered a way to break up signals and transmit them over different frequencies. Using a method similar to the way player piano work, they designed a frequency-hopping system(跳频系统) that would continually change the radio signals sent to a torpedo. While others, including Nikola Tesla, had explored similar ideas of frequency hopping, Lamarr and Antheil obtained a patent for their invention in 1942 for what would become known as spread-spectrum(扩频) technology.Although the US Navy did not adopt the technology during the war, it was used during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. For decades Lamarr’s technology remained behind the scenes, but ultimately it led to the creation of today’s spread-spectrum communication technology, such as Wi-Fi networks, mobile phones, GPS and Bluetooth technologies.Lamarr and Antheil eventually received several awards for their lifetime creative achievements that contributed so much to society. They were inducted(就任;授予) into the national investors Hall of Fame in 2014, after her death in 2000.The challenge of AIThe internet and smartphones have changed the world and how we relate to each other. Instead of meeting in person, we increasingly interface through handheld devices. In a sense, real people are being removed, replaced by technology and virtual friends. Some people even say that they prefer to confide in(信任) their virtual friends rather than their real friends! AI, or artificial intelligence, is another technology that is highly disruptive(破坏的). With AI, smartphone are other devices will have even more capabilities. They will be able to converse with us and tell us jokes. They may even become personal tutors. They will know what kind of problems we have, our preferences, and any content we want to learn or practice, they will be able to adapt to our needs and be available at any time. And all this will be at less cost than using a human.In fact, the substitution(替换) of AIs for human labor has the potential to transform our world. Experts warn that smart machines may cause widespread unemployment. Many works willbecome redundant(多余的), replaced by machines that can perform cognitive tasks better than people. An even greater danger is that they will develop personalities and become more interesting than people. Work us already underway(起步的) to produce AI companions for lonely people.Are these development something to worry about or something to welcome? How are they different than developments in the past, such as the industrial revolution? Cars replaced horses; machines and industrial robots replaced factory workers.Since the shift to AI is inevitable, the challenge for policy makers will be to help existing workers acquire new skills. Future generations must be prepared for a workplace populated by AIs that will continue to develop and take on new tasks. Are we up to the task?Unit 3-3 listening 斯坦福监狱实验In 1971, psychologist created one of the most important experiment in psychology. The experiment known as the Stanford prison experiment, look at the impact of situation in human behavior. The researchers, led by Philip Zimbardo, wanted to know how situations could affect how people behave. In participle, we wanted to know if good people would change their personalities and lose their values. In the experiment, participants were divided into 2 groups. One group became prison guards and the other group became prison inmates. The experiment was set up in Stanford university’s psychology building. A group of 24 students was chosen to play the roles, 12 guards and 12 prisoners. The participants came from a large group of volunteers who wanted to participate in psychology experiment. Those who were chosen had no criminal background and had no significant medical or psychological problems. They agreed to participate in the experiment for 1 to 2 weeks’ period. The prisoners had to remain in prison 24 hours a day during the experiment. Guards are * into 3 and were assigned to work in 8-hours shrifts. Unlike the prisoners, they were free to return their homes between shrifts. Hidden cameras and microphones were used to observe the prisoners and guards. The simulated(冒充的) prison included 3 small prison cell, 6 feet by 9 feet. Each cell had 3 small beds and held 3 prisoners. There was a closet that served as a solitary confinement room(禁闭室). This was used to isolate prisoners who needed to be punished for bad behavior. Guards were instructed not to physically harm the prisoners by any way. prisoners were to be addressed by assigned numbers and never by name. to prevent eye contact with the prisoners, guards wore mirror sunglasses. This was done to dehumanize the relation between guards and prisoners. Though the experiment was designed to last for 14 days, it had to stop after just 6th days. It had to stop because what was happening to the participants. The interactions between the prisoners and guards had become hostile and degrading(有辱人格的). The guards had become aggressive and brutal and the prisoners were passive and depressed. As a result, five of prisoners had to be released early because of the severe negative emotions. Even the researchers were affected and they began to overlook what was happening. Instead of halting the experiment, they led it continue. They themselves, had become dehumanized by the situation he had designed. Finally, they realized the experiment had to be stopped. What the experiment demonstrated is the powerful effect that situation can have on human behavior. Given a position of power, human can begin to behave differently than they normally were. They can become to behave in an aggressive manner while those with no power can became passive and depressed. In other words, the experiment shows that situation can cause abuse of behavior.There are some important criticism s of this experiment. One criticism was that it is an example of unethical research. It went on longer than it should have. It is also unrepresentative since the participants were mostly white, middle-class, males. Despite the criticism, the experiment remains an important study of human behavior. Recent example of the Stanford effect may include the treatment of prisoners of war by American soldiers in the Iraq War. Other possible examples including boiling in school and gun behavior. According to the head researcher, *, it helps to explain how ordinary people sometimes turn bullying evil. If situation do influence people behavior, then managing situations can be a way of controlling people.The prisoners had to remain in prison for the duration of the experiment.Unit 3-3 dialogue 跳槽和忠诚Hi, what’s so urgent. When you message me, you seemed really upset.Yes, i was. I was confused and I still am. I need your advice. You’ve known me for a long time. You are my best friend. So what did it?I’ve been offered another job.Oh, that’s usually a nice thing. So what’s the problem?The problem is that they are as stronger as competitors.Oh, you mean Beta Crop.Right, there may be a great offer. More than double than my present salary.Ah, i see. So the dilemma you’re facing is whether to take it or not.Yes, that’s it exactly. It will be a betrayal of everyone I’ve been worked with for more than 10 years. It makes me sick to even think about it. But I’m really tempted. It’s a lot of money. Look, I’ve known you since our student days. If you took that job, you would be betraying yourself.Yes, i know that. I’m with they hadn’t made me such an offer.So why are you asking for advice? If i were to said it’s OK to take the job, will that give an excuse to take it? You otherwise have to live with yourself.Honestly, what would you do?If i were in your situation, i would probably feel the same way. And to be honest, i hope i would be able to stay true to myself. I suppose if my family were very poor and in trouble, I’d be tempted. But even then, to betray my friends and colleagues, who would I be. It’s a real test of character.Yes, those are my thoughts. And I’m not sure what my wife will think.Look, i know your wife. I think she will be proud of you if you do the right thing.Yes, she probably will. And in the end, I’m not sure i can treat the *. they are a branch of cutthroats. They have no a*.So i think the answer is clear. And one more thing, i hope you can do the right thing even for me. We need the people to stand up and do the right thing. If you were to betray yourself, it would discourage everyone who knows you. You have a lot of influence and people look up to you. I don’t want to lose faith in humanity.Thanks. That’s what i thought you would say.I would be disappointed if you thought i say anything different.I will do the right thing whatever the consequences. I know there will be people who will think i being a fool for turning it down.Yes, but there are the ones who matter.Cheers! To you and saving the world. Ha Ha...Unit 3-3 Reading 电影&数字科技Whatever happened to characterMedia and technologies are reprogramming the human brain, changing how we think and live in significant ways. Nobody really knows how this will affect the future, and few seems to care. The tendency is to let it happen and go with the flow, despite warnings from some that all is not well. Nobody can stop progress. Still, it’s fun to reflect on changes to see what might be lost.Looking back to classic movies and comparing them with what we have today, we see many similarities. However, there are major differences. In particular, classic movies succeeded with few if any special effects. The camera focus more on faces and expressions, like in the movie Casablanca. Violent actions were seldom shown in gruesome(可怕的) detail but were inferred(推断) from the situation. Storylines focus on character and personal; dilemmas. Much was left to imagination. And of course, sex was hinted at(暗示) , but never shown, except in seedy(破旧的) theaters.Some of the best movies too place in a single location, such as on a lifeboat or in a jury room. Would such movies draw an audience today? Those movies depended on writers who could build drama into the interactions between characters who had psychology. It also required audiences to have a similar interest, who could empathize and be moved. Do those audiences exist today?Flash forward to the present. So many movies are filled with fast-moving special effects, explicit violence, and lots of sex. We have become voyeurs(窥淫癖者), addicted to getting thrills(兴奋感) through the experiences of others. Subtle emotions? Psychological dilemmas? Or just plain escape! Of course, there have always been escape movies - Bollywood movies with stars dancing in the streets. It’s just the balance which has shifted.Classical music and jazz players for more than a few minutes. People concentrated and took time to enjoy and savor(品味) it. But now, immersed in media, there is no time. Experiences are quick and shallow, measured by the number of likes. We flee into the noise, perhaps to escape from ourselves.What do you think? Or has it always been this way?Digital intelligenceThe impact of technology is widespread and accelerating. Experts predict that 90% of the world’s population will connect to the internet within 10 years or less. Evolving technology has become an unstoppable force. Reshaping our societies, ignoring national borders, and interconnecting economics. There doesn’t seem to be any way to control it. However, one fact is certain: our kids are at the center of it. Today’s children are born into a digital world. They use technologies and media from the time they begin to walk. Sometimes they have difficulty distinguishing between the virtual and the real worlds. In fact, children spend more time immersed in technology than they do with people, including their parents. It is estimated that they spend an average of hours a day in front of some sort of digital device. With the ever increasing amount and flow of information, digital proficiency(精通) may be the。

L2-U3-1/4 listeningBus schedule 1 / about EarthA1.Here is a bus schedule at a bus stop.2.It has schedule for three buses between eight and nine thirty in themorning.3.Bus No. 38 has a regular schedule.4.It comes every fifteen minutes.5.Eight ten, Eight twenty-five, eight forty, eight fifty-five, nine ten,night twenty-five.6.Bus No. forty-seven comes less often.7.It comes at eight twenty, eight forty-five, nine twenty-five.8.Bus No. sixty is the earliest bus.9.It comes at eight o-five, eight thirty, and nine o’clock.10.Bus No. thirty-eight has stops at the main train station and theairport.11.Bus No. sixty stops at the main train station, but does go to theairport.12.Bus No. forty-seven doesn’t go to either the main train station orthe airport.B1.This is our planet earth.2.It has shape of a sphere, like a ball.3.The equator(地球的赤道) device the earth into two halves equator.4.The northern half is the northern hemisphere(半球体).5.The southern half is the southern hemisphere.6.Europe and Asia are both in the northern hemisphere.7.Australia and a third of Africa are in the southern hemisphere.C1.The earth moves in two ways.2.First, it’s been and rotates.3.It’s rotates around its axis.4.The axis is a line through its center.5.It takes the earth twenty-four hours to complete a rotation.6.That is the length of one day.D1.Second, the earth travels around the sun.2.It takes about three hundred sixty-five days for the earth to go aroundthe sun.3.That is the length of one year.4.It’s average speed during the year is about thirty kilomet ers persecond.E1.The earth’s axis is not perpendicular to the sun.2.The earth’s axis is tilted.3.It is tilted at an angle of around twenty-three point five degrees.4.This tilt causes the seasons of the year.F1.During part of the year, northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.2.When the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, its summer.3.When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, its winter.4.This is why the seasons are opposite for the northern and southernhemispheres.5.When it’s summer in Australia, it’s winter in Europe.G1.What would happen if the earth’s tilt were different than it is now.2.If the earth tilts were larger, summer would be hotter.3.If the earth tilts were smaller, summers would be cooler.4.If the earth had no tilt at all, there would be no seasons.5.Therefore, the angle of the tilt is very important for life on earth.H1.The earth is ninety-three million miles from the sun.2.The sun is at the center of our solar system.3.Our solar system has several planets which orbit around it.4.Our planet is the third planet from the sun.I1.If the earth were closer to the sun, our planet would be hotter.2.If the earth were further from the sun, our planet would be colder.3.Therefore, the distance between the earth and the sun, it’s veryimportant.练：1.We have to wait until 9:00, which is ten minutes from now.2.Which bus doesn’t go to the main train station.3.The northern half is the northern hemisphere.4.The length of one year is about three hundred sixty-fix days.5.What causes the seasons of the year?6.In winter, the earth tilts away from the sun.L2-U3-1/4 vocabularySeasons / difference disease1A1.Winter is the coldest time of the year.2.Winter night are long and the days are short.3.Summer is the hottest time of the year.4.Summer nights are short and the days are long.5.Spring comes after winter and before summer.6.Spring is when trees turn green.7.Autumn or fall comes after summer and before winter.8.Autumn is when trees turn many colors and leaves fall to the ground.9.Some countries have a rainy season.10.In rainy season it rains almost every day.B1.This boy has a broken leg.2.He can’t walk without crutches.3.This girl has a sore throat.4.She doesn’t feel good because her throat hurts.5.This girl is vomiting(呕吐)6.She ate something bad, so she’s throwing up.7.This boy has a fever.8.His temperature is thirty-nine point five degrees Celsius.9.This girl has a headache.10.She doesn’t feel good because the headaches.练：1. In spring the days become warmer each day.2.He broke his leg in a skiing accident3.He needs to drink plenty of liquids.L2-U3-1/4 dialogueTalk about seasons / take bus to train stationA1.I really hate this cold winter weather.2.Really, I don’t mind it, it’s not so bad.3.First, it’s really cold.4.Second, I don’t like the short days and long nights.5.It’s always dark.6.Sure, but what’s the else thing?7.Spring is coming and warmer weather.8.Yes, and longer day.B1.What about summers?2.Do you like hot weather?3.I don’t like summer weather too.4.Is it too hot for you?5.Yes, it’s too hot.6.Every day is hot and humid(潮湿的).7.So, I always feel tired and thirsty.8.Yeah, me too.9.I take a shower twice a day.C1.So, which is worse, summer or winter?2.Good question.3.I guess I prefer winter.4.What about you?5.Well, I prefer winter too.6.I don’t mind the long night.D1.Of course, the best seasons are spring and autumn.2.Which those do you prefer?3.That’s between those to, I prefer autumn.4.Why do you prefer autumn?5.I love it when the leaves turn different colors.6.I agree with you.7.I guess autumn is my favorite season too.E1.I surprise, Tom.2.I thought you prefer spring.3.Why is that?4.Everything is young and new in spring, right?5.Well, maybe I’ll change my mind.F1.Excuse me, when is the next bus?2.To where?3.To the train station.4.Let’s look at the bus schedule.5.Which bus goes to the train station?6.Buses forty-eight and sixty both go to the train station?G1.It’s eight fifty-nine now. So, I just miss the number thirty-eight.2.Right, it come a few minutes ago.3.The next bus to the train station comes at nine o’clock.4.Yes, I hope it isn’t late.5.The traffic is heavy.H1.Oh, look, the NO. sixty is coming now, right on schedule.2.Great, thanks for your help.3.You’re welcome.4.Have a good day.5.You too.练：1.The weather gets warmer in spring.2.Winter has the shortest days and the longest nights.3.She takes a shower twice a day.L2-U3-2/4 listeningDen’s workday / Ben’s lunchA1.Den is a pilot.2.He flies airplane to all parts of the world.3.This was his schedule yesterday which was Sunday.4.He woke up at six-thirty.5.After waking up, he got out of bed and brush his teeth.6.After that, he took a shower.B1.He and wife ate breakfast together at seven fifteen.2.He had a big breakfast of eggs, potatoes and fruit.3.They finished eating at seven thirty.4.After eating, he put on his uniform.5.At eight o’clock, they left their house, and his wife drove him tothe airport.6.The traffic was heavy, so it took forty-five minutes to get to theairport.C1.They arrived at the airport at eight forty-fifteen.2.After going through security, he checked the weather along the flightpath.3.At nine-thirty, he boarded the plane.4.He and co-polite talked about the flight.D1.By ten-thirty the passengers are all on board.2.They pushed back from the gate at ten forty-five.3.From the gate it took ten minutes to go to the runway.4.There were two airplanes in front of them, so they had to wait.E1.They finally entered the runway at eleven-ten, which was five minutesbehind schedule.2.Two minutes later, at twelve, they took off for Beijing.F1.The flight from San Francisco to Beijing took twelve hours.2.They landed in the afternoon one day later.3.In Beijing, it is already Monday.G1.After leaving the aircraft, he took a bus to hotel in Beijing.2.He checked in at six pm and went up to his room.3.When he got to his room, he took a shower.4.Then he went downstairs ate dinner.H1.After eating, he went back to his room and watched some TV.2.At ten o’clock, he went to bed and fell asleep.3.The day after tomorrow, he’ll fly back to San Francisco.4.His wife and children will be happy to see him.5.They always miss h im when he’s away.I1.Ben often buys lunch at school.2.He usually spends around five dollars for lunch.3.Here are the prices of some of the things on the menu.4.Sandwiches are one dollar fifty cents.5.Ben likes sandwiches but yesterday he had two slices of pizza.6. A slice of pizza costs the same as a sandwich.J1.He also had some fruit,2.He had banana, which was a dollar.3.He was hungry so he also had a salad.4.The salad costs one dollar twenty-five cents.5.He had a bottle of water from home, so he didn’t buy anything to drink.6.Altogether his lunch cost five dollars and twenty-five cents.7.He enjoyed his lunch, because the pizza was good.练：1.What was the total cost of his lunch?2.After going back to his room, he watched some TVL2-U2-2/4 vocabularySeveral vehicle(交通工具) / difference disease2A1.Airplanes are the fastest way to travel a long distance.2.Airplane travel is one of the safest ways to travel.3.This is a truck or lorry.4.Trucks carry and deliver many of the things we buy and use each day.5.Buses are a good way to travel in a city.6. A bus can carry many passengers and is less expensive than a taxi.7.Buses can carry more passengers than a taxi or trunk.8.Ships transport freight, such as oil or automobiles across the oceans.9.Some ships carry passengers on ocean cruises.10.Ambulances carry sick or injured people to a hospital.11.If someone is in an accident, call for an ambulance.练：1.One very famous passenger ship was the Titanic.B1.This boy has a cut on his finger.2.He cut his finger with a knife, so now it’s bleeding.3.This girl is coughing(咳嗽).4.She is coughing because she has a bad cold.5.This boy has diarrhea(拉肚子)6.He ate something bad so his stomach hurts.7.This person is dead.8.He is dead, because he was hit by the car.9.This man is drunk.10.He’s drunk because he drank too much wine.练1.He has to go to the toilet again and again.2.He wasn’t careful crossing the street.L2-U3-2/4 dialogueLisa’s question about earth / her lunchA1.Can you help me?2.Here’s my homework question.3.Sure, I’ll help you if I can.4.What’s the question?5.What would happen to the seasons, if the earth stopped to rotating.6.Stop to rotating?7.You mean the earth would always face the same direction?8.Right, so a day would be a yearlong.9.Wow, that’s a difficult question.10.So, each season would be one fourth of the year.11.I do n’t know, I am not sure.B1.During the summer, the sun would always be up.2.It will be very hot.3.And during the winter, it will always be dark, right?4.Yes, I think that’s right.5.Maybe there wouldn’t be any spring of fall.6.Hey, I don’t know.7.Ok, let’s check t hat on the internet.C1.Hey, why are you sitting there?2.Where’s your lunch?3.I left it at home.4.What’s going to the cafeteria and get lunch together?5.No, I can’t.6.Why not.7.I don’t have any money.8.I left my money at home.9.That’s ok, I have enough money.10.You can pay me back tomorrow.11.Thanks, I’m hungry.D1.What would you like?2.That pizza looks good.3.I had pizza yesterday and it wasn’t very good.4.It didn’t have much taste.5.How about the sandwiches?6.Sometimes they’re ok.7.But hot dogs are usually good, and never bad.8.So, what are you going to get?9.I think I’ll have a hot dog and a banana.10.I’m tired of pizza and noodles.E1.What about something to drink?2.Oh, just water.3.The soft drinks have too much sugar.4.I don’t want to gain weight.5.Ok, I’ll have the same thing.6.Great, so the total coast is how much?7.Two hot dogs, two bananas and two bottles of water.8.That’s six dollars.F1.Do you have enough?2.No problem. I’ve gotten ten dollars.3.Thanks again. I’ll pay you back tomorrow.4.No problem, don’t worry about it.G1.My mothe r isn’t going to be happy.2.Why is that?3.She made my lunch and I left it at home.4.Oh, I see. My parents like that too.L2-U3-3/4 listeningLisa got a cold / a man got an accidentAst night, Lisa come home later than usual.2.It was raining, and she didn’t have her umbrella.3.When she got home, she was cold and wet.4.She was tired and she didn’t feel well.5.She got out of her wet clothes and went to bed.6.She just wanted to sleep.B1.This morning she woke up with a bad cold.2.She had a headache and a sore throat.3.Her mother took her temperature.4.Her temperature was thirty-nine degrees, so she had a fever.5.Her mother told her to stay in bed.C1.Lisa sore throat hurt a lot. So, her mother called the doctor.2.She made an appointment for eleven o’clock.3.Lisa got out of t he bed at ten o’clock and got dressed.4.At ten fifteen, they left their apartment.5.It was still raining, so they took a taxi.D1.They got to the doctor’s office at then forty-five.2.Her mother gave Lisa’s name to the receptionist.3.Then they sat in the waiting room.4.They waited for ten minutes.5.Then a nurse came and took Lisa into another room.6.The nurse weighted Lisa and took her temperature.7.Then Lisa waited for the doctor.E1.When the doctor came, he looked down her throat.2.He listened to her heart beat.3.Then he gave her a shot in her arm.4.The shot hurt a little, but Lisa didn’t mind.5.She wanted it to help her feel better.F1.After leaving the doctor’s office, they went to a pharmacy.2.Her mother bought some medicine.3.Then they took a taxi home.G1.For the rest of the day, Lisa stayed in bed.2.She took some medicine and drank a lot of liquids.3.She slept for a couple of hours.4.Then she listened to some music.5.By six o’clock, she was feeling much better.H1.Now, she’s thinking about tomorrow.2.She’s looking forward to going to school.3.She doesn’t want to stay home again.4.But she may have to stay home.5.She can’t return to school until her cold is gone.6.She doesn’t want her friends to catch a cold.I1.Yesterday, there was a terrible accident.2.It happened in front of a subway station.3.There was a crosswalk, and the light was red.J1.Cars were coming from all directions.2. A young man wanted to cross the street.3.He didn’t want to wait for the light to change.4.He looked both ways and then started to run across the street.5.But he didn’t see one car and it hit him.6.He flew up into the air and came down on the road.7.His head was injured and he was bleeding.K1.Several people used their phones to call for an ambulance.2.It arrived a few minutes later and took the man away.3.We still don’t know if he lived or died.4.Hopefully, he’s alive and will get better soon.5.So be careful when you cross the street.L2-U3-3/4 vocabularyWhat people need/ water’s difference stateA1.Everyone needs food and water.2.Without food and water, we not live.3.People need a place to live in and sleep.4.We need a place to keep us dry in rainy weather.5.We need good heath to keep us strong.6.Daily exercise is a good way to stay in good health.7.We need skills to find a good job.8.Without good job skills, we can’t keep a good job.9.We need money to buy things, such as food.10.Without money, it’s very difficult to have a good life.B1.Ice is the solid state of water.2.The freezing point of water is zero degree Celsius.3.This is the liquid state of water.4.Liquids take the shape of their container such as this glass.5.Water vapor is the gas state of water.6.Water becomes a gas at a hundred degree Celsius which is its boilingpoint.7.We use the scale like this to weight things.8.One kilogram is equal to two point two pounds.9.This is a thermometer.10.We use thermometer like this to measure temperature.L2-U3-3/4 dialogueTalk about Angela / talk about traffic accidentA1.I didn’t see Angela today.2.Did she come to the office?3.No, she didn’t.4.She stays at home, she sick.5.Sick, what’s wrong with her?6.She’s a bad sore throat and a headache.7.She’s staying in bed.8.Oh, that’s too bad.9.She looked fine yesterday.10.She was fine yesterday, but last night she got wet in the rain.B1.Didn’t she have an umbrella?2.No, she didn’t, so she really wet.3.It’s a long walk from the subway to her home.4.She didn’t get home until late.C1.It was really raining last night.2.I got wet too, and I had my umbrella.3.It was that strong winds.4.My umbrella was not much help.5.Still, it was better than nothing.D1.Anyway, when you see her? Tell her to get better soon.2.We miss her at the office.3.There is also an important meeting the day after tomorrow.4.I hope she can be there.5.Ok, I’ll call her and let her know.6.If she can’t be here, we could set up a conference call.7.So please let me know.8.I will.E1.I saw a terrible accident yesterday.2.What happened?3.I was waiting to cross third street and the light was red.4.Yes, many people don’t want to wait for that light.5.It takes a long time for that light to change.6.So, there is a young man did not want to wait.7.He ran out into the traffic, and a car hit him.F1.So, he didn’t see the car?2.Right, he didn’t see it, and it was going too fast to stop.3.So, what happened to him?4.The driver got out of the car and stayed next to him.5.He was just lying there.6.I went out to direct traffic and several other people called for anambulance.G1.How long did it take for the ambulance to arrive?2.It didn’t take along.3.I think it only took ten minutes.4.How was the young man when the ambulance arrived?5.His eyes were open, but there was blood coming out of his mouth.6.It didn’t look good.H1.Did the police come?2.Yes, they got there just before the ambulance.3.Did they ask you any questions?4.Yes, they did, they ask a lot of questions.5.So, I told them what happened.I1.What about the driver of the car?2.When the ambulance left, he was sitting in his car.3.The police were talking to him.4.What happened after that?5.I don’t know, because I had to get home.J1.How did you feel?2.I kept thinking about it.3.From now on, I’ll be more careful crossing the street.4.Me too.L2-U3-4/4 listeningComparison people’s weight and height/Cathy’s one dayA1.Here are four people.2.Two of them are tall.3.The man on the top left is very tall.4.He is six feet three inches tall, which is about one point nine meters.5.The woman on the top right is five feet eleven inches tall.6.She is tall, but not as tall as the man on the left.B1.The girl on the bottom left is short.2.She is less than five feet tall.3.She is four feet ten inches, which is about one hundred forty-sevencentimeters.4.The boy on the bottom right is taller than the girl.5.He is five feet one inches tall. Which is about one hundred fifty-fivecentimeters.6.He is three inches taller than she is.C1.Now let’s look at the weight.2.The man on the top left is the heaviest.3.He weights two hundred twenty pounds which is a hundred kilograms.4.The woman weights less than he does.5.She weight a hundred and thirty pounds which is fifty nine kilograms.D1.The girl on the left is very thin.2.She doesn’t weight very much.3.Her weight is just seventy pounds.4.The boy is much heavier.5.He weights ninety pounds, which is about forty-one kilograms.E1.This is what Cathy did yesterday.2.She got up at six thirty and cooked breakfast for her family.3.At seven thirty, she drove her two children to school.4.I took about forty-five minutes to take them to school.F1.After driving them to school, she returned home.2.For the next hour she cleaned the house.3.Then she talked to a friend on the phone.4.They decided to meet at a shopping mall.G1.She arrived at the mall at eleven forty-five.2.She met her friend in a coffee shop.3.They ate lunch together and then they went shopping.4.There was a big sale at one of the stores.5.There were discounts of up to fifty percent so they bought clothesfor their kids.H1.At one thirty here friend wanted to go to a fitness center(健身中心).2.They usually worked out three times a week.3.But yesterday, Cathy had a headache.4.She decided not to work out.5.Instead, she decided to go home.I1.When she got home, her headache was worse.2.She took some medicine and had a short nap.3.After her nap, she felt a bit better.4.Her headache was gone.J1.Her kids came home at five o’clock.2.They were all hungry, but she did not feel like cooking.3.Instead, she decided to order some food.4.She ordered some Chinese food.K1.Forty-five later, the delivery man came.2.She paid him for the food and then they ate dinner.3.The food was good and not very expensive.4.It was a nice change.5.Her husband didn’t come home until late.6.That was good, because he doesn’t like Chinese food.练：1.She weights ninety pounds less than he does.2.The man on the top left weighs the most.3.The girl is very thin and light.4.The boy is twenty pounds heavier than the girl.5.After she paid for the food, they ate dinner.L2-U3-4/4 vocabularyDifferent voice/ different subject1.Here are some things to listen to.2.Most people enjoy listening to music.3.There are many types of music, including classical and jazz.4.Listening to the radio.5.We can listen to the news, music and conversation on the radio.6.Listening to the sounds of the city.7.The sounds of the city are often loud and noisy.8.Listening to the sounds of nature.9.Early in the morning, we can often hear the sound of birds singing.10.Listening to other people.11.Sometimes listening to others is interesting.B1.Here are some school subjects.2.In science class, we learn about our world.3.Science is where we learn about forces such as gravity(重力，地心引力).4.In the math class we learn about numbers and shapes.5.We learn how to count and how to find the area of different shapes.6.In history class, we learn about the pass.7.We learn about how our country began and how it has changed.8.In geography(地理学) class we learn about the land and people of ourplanet earth.9.We learn about oceans, mountains and rivers.10.In literature(文学) class, we read and study great books and poems.11.We learned to write down our ideas and we learn how others think andfeel.练：1.Some people are very interesting, so we enjoy listening to them.2.Some people talk too much so we want them to stop talking.3.If we don’t know math, we can’t do business or build things.L2-U3-4/4 dialogueL isa’s morning /make reservation with doctorA1.Lisa, don’t forget to take your things to school today.2.I won’t mum, I’m sorry about yesterday.3.And remember to pay back your money your own.4.Do you have enough money?5.I won’t forget, and I have enough money.6.How much is that?7.I have fifteen dollars.B1.Do you need anything else?2.No, I don’t think so.3.Are you ready for your history test?4.Yes, I’m ready.5.I did all the homework.C1.What about your iPhone?2.Do you have it?3.Oh, thanks, it’s in my room.4.Could you get it for me?5.No, you have to get it for yourself.6.Then maybe you won’t forget it again.D1.Hey, I can’t find it.2.It’s not in my bed.3.could you call me?4.Ok, I’m calling you now, and it’s ringing.5.Do you hear it?6.No, I don’t. I don’t hear it.E1.Why don’t you look in the bathroom.2.Maybe you left there.3.Ok, I’ll look in the bathroom.4.It’s getting late, so hurry or you’ll miss your bus.5.Yes, I hear it, it’s in the bat hroom.6.I put it there when I brush my teeth.F1.Good, now, hopefully you have everything you need for today.2.Thanks mom.3.I think I have everything.4.Good luck with your test.5.I won’t be here when you come home this afternoon.6.Ok, have a good day.G1.Good morn ing, doctor’s office.2.Hello, my little girl has a bad sore throat.3.We’d like to see the doctor as soon as possible.4.Can it wait until tomorrow?5.No, it can wait until tomorrow.6.If the doctor can’t see her today, could we see someone else?H1.Let me check his schedule.2.Yes, he has time to eleven o’clock.3.She may have to wait.4.That’s Ok, we can wait.5.Ok, your last name, please.6.Jackson.7.Ok, Mrs. Jackson.8.Does your little girl have a fever?9.Yes, she does. It’s around thirty nine.I1.Please stay in bed and drink plenty of liquids.2.Some tea may help with the pain.3.Thank you, we’ll be there at eleven o’clock.。

Unit 2-1 listening 退休和投资Walter wants to retire within the next few years. He has been working at the same company for over 15 years as an accountant. During that time, he’s been saving his money and paying off that debt. However, even with his savings and investments, he isn’t sure that he will have enough money for retirement. If it doesn’t, he will have to keep on working, which depends on the company. For now, the company is ok. But it’s no longer growing as fast as it used to. Whether or not he can keep on his working will also depend on his health. Fortunately, he is in good health. But he knows that that could change in any time. If he fell down or had a stroke, it could force him to stop working. If that happened, he would have to rely on his savings and other assets to survive. Soon or later, he knows his health will decline and he will have to stop working. So he needs to prepare.Most of his wealth is in the form of company stock and the value of his home. Both of these are at risk. The company stock may go down and the value of his home may also fall. The company he works for is a pharmaceutical(制药的) company. It develops new drugs which is risky business and sells them worldwide. It’s expensive to develop new drugs and it can take a very long time to get a new drug approved. Without government approval, it can’t be sold, which can result in a huge loss. Another threat the company comes from foreign competition, which is getting stronger. The company has also started to move some of its researches and production facilities oversees. Salary level is lower there, and the quality of the foreign workers is getting better. As a result, the company has to reduce its local hiring and it’s no longer giving large bonuses.One thing he is considering, is to sell his share in the company. He could begin to sell a little at a time and reinvest the money in somewhere else. But where would he invest? He doesn’t know much about investing and several of his friend have lost a lot by making a bad investment. Investing in real restate or the stock market could be very risky. In the best case, he will make a lot of money. If that happened, he could finally retire and enjoy a comfortable life. On the other hand, in the worst case, his investments could result in a huge loss. If that happened, he wouldn’t be able to enjoy his retirement. He wouldn’t be able to travel or do any of things that he’s dreamed about doing. So now he has to de cide what he should do. Should he begin to sell his stock in the company or should he wait until he actually needs the money. If he sold now, he will have to decide what to do with the money. His investment could turn out well or it could turn out to be a disaster. On the other hand, if you decide to wait, anything will depend on his company. The one advantage he has with this options is he’s being on the inside of the company. With his insider information, he can predict the company’s shot-term future. This is especially true because as an account, he has an access to the company’s financial data. If things start to go badly, he can begin to sell his stock and avoid a big loss. Otherwise, it’s probably safer to keep the stock and hope that the company does well even if its growth rate declines. So for now, that is probably what he should do. If you were he, what would you do?Unit 2-1 dialogue 非洲和巴黎旅行So, where should we go on our vacation. What about Africa?Africa, no, that’s not for me. Why do you wa nt to go the Africa?I’d like to get out and see the wildlife, the drama of nature! We could see some of the great migrations.Wow, you are adventurer. What about food and diseases? What about terrorism.Sure something that could happen. But if we never take any risks, we won’t have an interesting life. I don’t want to have a boring life.So, you think I’m boring then, right.Well, you’re certainly not the most exciting person. What plays thing safe and secure.I don’t mind take a few risks but it’s got to be worth it. Watching animals migrate is something I could see in a documentary. And I don’t like the idea of being around predators(肉食动物), like lions and hyenas(鬣狗).Ok, my brave man. What would you like to do?Well, I’ve been thinking about it. I think it’s nice to go to Paris in the fall and visit some museums. We can go to a concert and go to see a ballet.Ah, we’ve been to Paris before. That’s exciting about it and I’m tired of museums. Any other ideas?One place that might be interesting is in South America, Machu Picchu. It’s an abandoned city way up in the mountain Peru.Yes, I’ve heard of it. that might be interesting.Should we look into it?Sure, you look into it and I’ll get some information about tri ps to Africa.So your heart is ready set on Africa, isn’t it?Yes, it really is. I need something exciting in my life now. all I do work and be with you. I need a change. Don’t you ever feel that way?OK, I hear you. Let’s go to Africa. And don’t blame me if you get sick along the way. Great, you are not so bad after all. I can always depend on you.Be careful. Maybe one of these days I will surprise you.Unit 2-1 reading 在线相亲和运动受伤Is online dating killing loveA fair maiden is guarded by a dragon. A handsome prince must slay(杀) the dragon to save her. Then, magically, they fall in love and live happily ever after.Traditional stories tend to emphasize the fantastic, magical side of love. Fate plays matchmaker(媒人). Strangers see each other from across a room and instantly know that they are destined to be together.It isn’t difficult to imagine two strangers coming together and falling in love despite their differences. It suggests that love is challenging, uncertain and incomprehensible.But with more people using online dating services, a very different kind of love has emerged: one that is scientific, convenient, and self-directed. It minimizes risk and provides a choice, like on a menu. There is anonymity and avoidance(逃避) of immediate rejection. Meeting terms are negotiated online.Online dating also allows the setting of preconditions. Computer algorithms(程序) exclude undesirable traits(个性/特征) such as the wrong hair color, race or age. But they also exclude randomness. They reduce the chances of meeting someone different, or someone who could challenge one’s romantic ideals. Instead, they find the partner we think we want and exclude everyone else. As a result, we could be missing the opportunity of a lifetime, to meet someone we would never have expected to fall in love with.Perhaps this new way represents a more efficient form of romance. Traditional ideas of love may be enchanting(迷人的) – but are they useful? Loneliness and boredom are less exciting than chance encounters, but they represent the more realistic side of love. All too often people have suffered through had dates and humiliations(羞辱).If they could just choose what they wanted. Wouldn’t it save time and reduce suffering? However, by choosing partners based on our preconceived ideas, we may be indulging in our illusions. Instead of letting ourselves grow with someone, love becomes more about looking for ourselves in the other. What if we don’t know ourselves as well as we think? Perhaps love isn’t about knowing what we want. Perhaps it’s about being open to unimagined possibilities.Sport injuriesSport injuries are injuries that happen to athletes participating in sporting events. In many cases, these types of injuries are due to overuse of a p art of the body. For example, runner’s knee is a painful condition associated with running, while tennis elbow is a form of repetitive stress injury at the elbow. Other types of injuries, such as a broken bone, can be caused by hard contact with something. Injuries are a common occurrence in professional sports, and most teams have a staff of trainers and close connections to the medical community. Controversy has arisen at times when teams have made decisions that could threaten a player’s long-term health for short-team gain.Sport injuries can be classified as either traumatic(外伤的) or overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries account for most injuries in contact sports such as soccer, rugby(英式橄榄球), and American football. This is of course due to the dynamic and high collision nature of these games. These injuries range from bruises and muscle strains to fractures and head injuries.A bruise is damage to small blood vessels which causes bleeding within the tissues. A muscle strain is a small tear of muscle fibers and a ligament sprain(韧带拉伤) is a small tear of ligament tissue. The body’s response to these injuries is the same in the initial five-day period immediately following the incident – inflammation(发炎). Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling, heat, redness and a loss of function. Inflammation is the first phase of healing, and typically lasts for around five days. However, too much of an inflammatory response can mean that the healing process will take longer, and a return to activity is delayed. Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize the inflammatory phase of an injury so that the overall healing process is accelerated.Runner’s knee is a painful injury that’s due to overuse.Inflammation is the first phase of healing and typically lasts for around 5 days.Unit 2-2 listening 情态动词Now that you have studied in English at a high lever, let’s get a better understanding of the models. By now, you should already have a good understanding of what they meant. There are the models which are used to express the degree of certainty.Will shall may canThese models are used to make predictions, judgements and speculations. They indicate how much a speaker knows about the likelihood of an event.First, the model will express certainty as in if you heat water, it will boil. Based on what is known, the speaker is certain it would happen.The model may express possibility, as in it may rain this evening, but I’m not sure. Based on what is known, the speaker asserts that event is possible rather than certain or impossible. The model can express the potentiality or ability, as in he can afford it, but he may decide not to buy.The model “shall” is a bit different from others. Tina shall be there means the speaker is determined that Tina will be there. In other words, the speaker is determined to get her to come and would try to influence events to make it happen. We would never say it shall rain. Nobody can make it rain so whether it rain or not is beyond one’s control. If some were to say that, it would seem as they were claiming the power to control or influence nature. Know that the question shall I open the door invites the person who is asked to make a decision. Whether or not the door is open depends on the person’s answer. In contrast, will I open the door ask for a prediction rather a decision.Know what these models can be weakened or removed or by some of these pass time form. Would should might couldWe would go if we had more money but we don’t. this sentence expresses the speaker’s certainty of going if they had more money, which they don’t. so the certain prediction exists but in an imaginary or unreal situation. The model might express less possibility than may so might go is less likely than may go. The models could express less potentiality than can and it’s often used in conditiona ls(从句). If he could come expresses less potential than if he can come. If he could come, we would all be happier expresses the feeling that in fact he can’t come.Here are the second sets of model.Must, should, had, better oughtThese models express degree of logical force or social expectations. Know that none of them has a past time or weakened form.The first one must indicates logical or social necessity. It expresses the strongest logical or social force.The model should and ought to assert that something is probably or expected but not necessary.The model had better expresses advice or ability. In other words, if someone had better do something, they should do it or there may be negative consequences. Therefore, had better has a feeling of t hreat, as in you had better be there. This isn’t the same as you should do it, which means you are expected to do it but without an applied threat if you don’t.One interesting rule is that no more than one model can be used with any verb. There are no exceptions to this rule. Therefore, it’s incorrect to say “he will must be there”. To avoid breaking this rule, there are other words that have the same meaning but are not models. The case of must, for example, we use have to, as in we will have to be there. Similarly, we cannot say he may can come. Instead, we say he may be able to come.One last thing to know about models. We use the same form regardless of what the subject is. If the subject is I, it, we or they, we use the same form will. We would never say “we wills be there”. But with non-model form, such as have to, we must change the form to match the subject. He has to be there and I have to be there.We shall overcome all obstacles express determination to make it happen.We don’t know for sure but there is still a possibility that they can leave on Friday.Unit 2-2 dialogue 感情和分手What’s wrong? You look awful.My boyfriend and I had just had another fight. I think I’m going to break up with him. Hey, you’ve said that before. Calm down. Is that really what you want to do?Yeah, I think so. I don’t see any future in our relationship.Is that anyone else you’re interested in?No, but there are some guys on the internet who have sent my messages.What? You’ve been online.Sure, just for fun.It’s nice to know that I can meet people if I want to.Does your boyfriend know about it?No, if he knew, he would be furious. He can be very jealous and he has a violent temper. Anyway, what was your fight about?It’s just the way he talked to me. He never shows any interested in what I’m doing or in what I’m feeling. if I had a bad headache or anything he says nothing.So who started the fight?He came over and wanted to kiss me and I turned away. I told him I didn’t feel anything for him right then. So then he got angry and we both blew up. Now we are not talking to each other.Oh is that all? That kind of thing is normal. Maybe you’re overreacting.No, it’s just that I’m beginning to realize that I don’t feel anything for him anymore.Our relationship is getting cold. We don’t feel appreciated.Well then maybe you should break up for a while and start seeing other men. But be careful. If I were you, I wouldn’t start seeing anyone else until I break up first.What do you think so?If he sees that you’re serious about breaking up, he may change.Maybe, but I doubt it.It could be that he feels the same way about you. Maybe he has lost interest. So it’s best to find out. You need to have a serious conversation with him.You’re right. Maybe it’s time to really find out.Unit 2-2 reading 爱情和旅游胜地马丘比丘The love labHow we communicate with our romantic partners can have a strong impact on the quality of our relationships. Psychologists John and Julie Gottman run the “Love Lab”, where thousands of couples have been studied over the last 30 years. The purpose of their research is to determine the factors that lead to happy and unhappy relationships. From their data, they have concluded that contempt(轻蔑), criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are the most significant factors that can hurt a marriage or relationship.Among these, contempt is the biggest predictor of divorce. People who feel contempt for their partner often convey disapproval without addressing the issue. They sometimes label their partner with insulting words such as “lazy”, “stupid” or “emotional” which is particularly damaging.Many couples try to address issues by criticizing their partner’s flaws or mistakes directly. Being too direct with criticism can hurt your partner’s self-esteem. Some people may react to criticism by stonewalling, where they refuse to acknowledge and respond to their partner for a period of time. Unfortunately, fighting back or ignoring your partner can make it difficult to determine th e root of your problems. If your partner feels that they aren’t valued, it may lead to increased dissatisfaction with the relationship. The Gottmans maintain that being aware of these factors in communication is the first step to improving a relationship. It is important to acknowledge that all relationships have issues. The goal shouldn’t be to avoid these issues, but to learn to resolve them. In particular, we should avoid communication in ways that hurt our partner’s self-esteem. It is better to discuss problems in a way that is less confrontational and can better help your partner sympathize with your perspective. For example, rather than saying why are you ignoring me. It’s rude! One could say I feel hurt and undervalued when I don’t get a response from you. By being conscious of how we communicate with our partner, we can begin to build a healthier relationship.Their research has given us insight into how to make our relationships better.The lost city of the IncasMachu Picchu is one of the world’s most impressive historical sites. It was built around 1450 by the Incas, who ruled most of south America at that time. They called themselves children of the Sun, the powerful god they worshipped as the source of light and life. Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, at 8000 feet above sea level, the “City of the Incas” was mysteriously abandoned just 100 years after its construction. This was when the Spanish were beginning their conquest of the Inca Empire, in the 1530’s. there is no evidence that the Spanish invaders ever attacked or even reached the mountaintop city, so many believe that the city’s inhabitants deserted(抛弃) the site because of a small pow epidemic.The city was almost forgotten until 1911 when it was discovered by an American historian, Hiram Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence. Bingham was led to the site by localfarmers and was amazed by what he saw, which seemed like an unbelievable dream. He wondered if anyone would believe what he had found.Though the surrounding jungle had overgrown the site, what remained was impressive. The city had been built on a remote and nearly inaccessible mountaintop, often shrouded in clouds. Forty rows of farming terraces(梯田) hued the steep mountainside, each over 10 feet high and liked together by over 3000 stone steps. Among the city were what appeared to be neighborhoods of homes and exquisite(精致的) stone buildings that are thought to be temples. Even today, the mystery remains as to the purpose of these temples, how the city was used and what its citizens did.Despite its remote location, Machu Picchu has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Every year, thousands of people travel to Peru to admire its magnificent stonework and breathtaking design. What they see is a wonderful harmony between the city and the landscape around it that is captivating.Unit 2-3 listening 凯撒和肯尼迪之死In this course we have tried to prepare you to understand and discuss important topics that are often in the news. Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises. Once in a while, an event is extraordinary and will change the word. In this lesson, we focus on 2 events that changed history forever.One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar. At the time of his death in 44 DC, he was the leader of Roman empire. His title was Dictator for life, which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived. He had gain this power through his successes as a military commander. In fact, historian considered him to be one of greatest military commanders in history. Once gaining in power and fought against the corruption and began to restructure the government. For example, he increased the number of senator and changed how they were chosen. Instead of being elected, they could be appointed, even if they are not from Rome. This action reduced the power of individual senators and shifted it to Caesar himself. In doing so, he created several of enemies, especially the aristocracy. However, he also had many admirers, who supported his efforts to end the corruptions. Caesar was s to death by a group of Roman senators, at March 15, 44 BC. He was scheduled to lead Rome, 3 years later, to fight in another war. He had appointed members of his enemies to rule the empire while he was away. This action angered many of Roman senators, who didn’t want to take orders from Caesar’s subordinates. He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed the security force not long before his assassination. If he hadn’t dismissed it, the assassination attempt might not have succeed. On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning notes as he entered in senate. If he did receive such a note, he didn’t read it. it seems that he was at the state of denials and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him. Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives. The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood. Then and other senators joined in and stabbed him repeatedly, until he fl to the floor and died. In total, he suffered 23 knife wounds. with his death, power shifted to his adopted son Octavian, who vowed revenge against the event of assassins. Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide. After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and ruled the empire for years. In the end, Caesar’s attempts to end corruption failed.Another event that shocked the world, was the assassination of the U.S president, Jack Kennedy. He was shot while riding in a motorway in a city of Dallas tax. Kennedy and his wife was sitting in an open car, waving to a large crowd of people when he was shot. They were sitting in an open car with no protect because the sky was clear. It had rained until about 10 am but then the sun came out. If the sky hadn’t cleared, they wou ld have been a bubble car or clear roof, on the car. This would have prevented the assassination. Kennedy wanted it down so that he could be closer to the crow through they agree him. Another factor that contributed to his assassination was the round of motorcade through the city. The round was published several days earlier in the local newspapers. The motorcade was passing throughthe downtown Dallas and round the shot corner near the building where the assassin worked.From that building, there was a clear view of president’s car. If the round had been different, the assassination probably wouldn’t have taken place. The president was struck by 2 bullets but it was the second one that probably killed him. That was the fatal shot. It opened a massive of room in this head. Sitting beside him, his wife’s last words to his husband were, Jack, Jack, can you hear me, I love you Jack. The assassin’s quick shots were incredibly accurate. If the fatal shot had been off by just a little, Kennedy might have survived. So if any of these factors had been different, history would have changed. Kennedy’s death disillusioned Americans who have been inspired by his vision for the future. With his death, a whole generation of Americans woke up to a reality where their dreams for a brighter future had been shattered.He might have been overconfident and unaware of the magnitude of the dangerous facing him.Unit 2-3 Dialogue 亲人去世I’m sorry to hear about your father. I hope he died peacefully.Emm. He knew it was coming and he had a good life. He’d been sick for about for about a year. Luckily, there wasn’t much pain.So how is your mother?She hasn’t taken it well. Even know she knew it was coming, she has a hard time without him. She just the house seemed so empty and she felt she’s useless.I can imagine. Does she have many friends?She has a few but she has never been very social. Maybe she’ll get out a bit more now but I don’t think that’s very likely. She’s also beginning to lose her memory.Oh, that’s too bad. My mother is losing her memory too. Sometime she doesn’t know who I am. She mixed me up with my sister.Does she live by herself?She did until about a year ago. Then we had her come and stay with us.How is that working out.It was ok at first but now with her memory problems, it isn’t working. We are thinking about putting her into a senior living community. It was expensive but they can provide her with spon.You may have to do that too. My husband and my mother don’t get along at all. You can’t relax when she’s around. When I mentioned it to him, he said he would consider it but only if it were for a very short time.Well, I’m sorry you have to deal with it. it doesn’t seem that there are any good choices. Emm, I’m afraid that’s right. We are getting older too. This is another reminder of our mortality. You are no longer children so now it’s our turn to take care of our parents.The way I see is a reminder for us to enjoy life while we can. If you like, I can send you information about some senior communities.Please do. We need to start to making plans.There are waiting list to get into some of senior community.Unit 2-3 Reading 凯撒和印度的老年化Should a good leader be loved or feared? This question is as relevant to leaders today as it was to Julius Caesar when he took control of Rome in 44 BC. How Caesar treated his enemies is a valuable lesson on forgiveness, arrogance, and absolute power.After Caesar seized power, he had to decide how to handle those who opposed him. Roman politics had always been bloody. The previous dictator(独裁者) had murdered 5000 of his rivals and confiscated(没收) their property after coming to power. Caesar’s enemies expected a similar punishment.But Caesar was determined not to rule through fear. If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people. So he made a fateful decision: rather than punish or kill his enemies, he offered them mercy and ince ntives. He didn’t seize their property, and he even rewarded some of them with high-ranking government positions.However, not all of his enemies wanted to be forgiven. Caesar’s rivals came from the aristocracy. Many had held power in the senate for centuries. By expanding and reforming the senate, Caesar had shifted power away from the aristocracy and taken it for himself. The high-ranking positions he had given as rewards had no real authority. For the aristocracy, to live without power was not forgiveness, but humiliation.Caesar should have known that many senators hated him, but his arrogance seems to have blinded him. After he made himself dictator for life, he proclaimed(正式宣布) himself a god and consolidated more power. These actions infuriated(激怒) his enemies and even his allies. However, he still considered many senators to be his loyal friends. He even dismissed his personal security force. Ironically, when he was assassinated, it was his good friend, Brutus, who led the plot.Perhaps it is better for a leader to be feared. If Caesar hadn’t let his rivals live, he might not have been murdered. But was forgiveness the problem? Caesar’s reforms took power from the aristocracy, and his arrogance angered both friends and enemies. Perhaps if he hadn’t been so arrogant, or acted like a god, he would have survived.Lack of adequate care for senior citizens is a real issue in India that cuts across economic and social strata(各阶层). Many of us have personally lived through and experienced it with our parents and elders. Most senior citizens, especially those who live independently, are unable to get the care and trusted support they need. As a result, they compromise on their needs and lifestyle. Their children or caregivers are forced to spend disproportionate(不成比例的) time, and/or resources to support them. So much so, that many women are forced to stay away from the workforce to take care of elders at home.The imminent(迫在眉睫) demographic(人口统计学的), economic, and social changes that accompany the growing population of senior citizens, together with the rising aspirations of the young, leading to more women in the workforce, are rapidly driving up the magnitude(量级) of this problem.If we look at numbers, India is home to 115 million elderlies, which is more than 8% of the。

L5U n i t2-1L i s t e n i n g One of the most important human emotions is love. However, there are many different kinds of love. Romantic love is certainly one of most interesting kinds of love. It can be beautiful, wonderful and heart breaking, sometimes all of the same time. Romantic Love can make our lives full and meaningful but it can also be an escape from loneliness and suffering. If romantic love has a purpose, neither phycologist nor biologist has discovered it. however, throughout history, philosopher have offered opinions about it. The Geek Philosopher Plato said love makes us complete. He relates a comic story in which humans originally had 4 arms, 4 legs and 2 faces. Then, when they angered the Gods, they were cut in half. Since then, every person has been searching for their soulmate, the other half of his or her self.Another philosopher believed that love is an illusion. In his view, people fall in love because they believe the other person can make them happy. But in fact, this is just an illusion designed to make us have children(省略that定语从句). Once we have children, we are right back to where we were, still searching for happiness. For nature, this is a success because we have children to maintain our species. But it leads us still searching for something more.In Buddhism, romantic love is seen as an attempt to satisfy to our desires. These desires are defect, something we need to overcome. The way we free ourselves from suffering, isto remove desires. Once free of desires, we can reach a state of peace and wisdom. This states of freeing are called *.In one of China greatest classical novels, Dream of the Red Chamber, love is presented as a state of foolishness. A young man falls in love with a beautiful woman, who tricks and makes fool of him. This results in the conflicting emotions of love and hate which tear him apart(使心碎). To cure him, a priest gives him a magic mirror. The priest tells him to look into the reverse side of the mirror but never look at the front side. When the young man looks i nto the mirror, he doesn’t like what he sees, so he looks into the forbidden side, the front side. There he sees the lovely image of his love, who invites him into the mirror, to be with her. He does it several times, until he has finally dragged away(拖走)in chains. He dies while looking into the mirror. Perhaps the point of the story is that all such attachments should be avoided.A famous French writer, Simone de Beauvoir has another point of view. For her, love is the desire to integrate with another, like in a great friendship. However, it’s important that the lovers not become too dependent on the other person. Becoming too dependent on the other person can lead to boredom or power games. Lovers should support each other in discovering themselves and developing their potentials. In this way, romantic love can reach the world. Falling in love can be exciting and frightening. Maybe we lose ourselves and maybe we find ourselves. Would you dare to find out?Other kinds of love include the love between a parent and child.If something is an illusion, it isn’t what it seems to be.L5 Unit 2-1 vocabularyForbidden or prohibited to be against the law or not allowed. Smoking is prohibited on many airplanes. Athletes are forbidden from taking certain kinds of drugs. If something is allowed, it isn’t forbidden or prohibited.Risky to be a big dangerous or unsafe. A risky investment may not be a good idea for people who worry too much. If you make a risky investment, they may lose a lot of money. What level of risk are you willing to take?Ridiculous to be foolish or not make any sense. Their proposal is ridiculous because it requires too much time and money. Without enough quality practice, it’s ridiculous to expect much progress.Innovative to come up with good idea or way of doing things. Innovative people are often clever and creative. Too innovate means to come up with a new way of doing something. Innovative thinking can lead to the development of new products and services. Conservative, to be conservative means to avoid taking risks. Conservative investor tries to make safe investments. A conservative investor wants to minimize risks. A conservative of approach to management may discourage innovation.To disguise, to change something’s appearance so t hat it can’t be recognized. He was n’t good at disguising himself so we knew who he was right away. She wore and disguise so it wasn’t sure who she was.To clarify, to explain or make something clea r. We weren’t sure what he meant until he clarified his ideas. Everyone was confused until she clarified what she meant.To confuse, to make things difficult to understand. The opposite is to clarify. Everyone isconfused, because the presentation is so disorganized. He confuses people because he keeps changing his ideas. The instructions were confusing so nobody knew what to do. To ignore, to try not to notice or deal with something. To act as if something isn’t there. We tried to ignore her but she finally stood up and told everyone to shut up. People don’t respect or like her so they ignore her in the office.To confirm, to indicate that something correct or completed it as susceptive. We won’t sure if he’s going to accept the offer until he called and confirmed it. we can’t start the project without written confirmation that we agree on the details.Meeting something on the internet can be risky, so be careful.There were forbidden from going to that website, because of its content.Assess to that part of the factory is prohibited for security seasons.Ignorant; confusionL5 Unit 2-1 dialogueWhat’s so funny? what are you writing about?I’m wri ting about something I saw earlier this morning.Really, do you keep a journal?Yes, I do. Very weekend I write about things that happened during the week.How long have you been doing it?I’ve been doing it fairly regularly since high school.Are you going to turn it into a book?I don’t know. Maybe I will something but for now it’s just for me.So what was so interesting about what you saw this morning?I was in the same coffee shop I usually go to and a group of teenagers came in.I couldn’t help watching them and try to hear some of their conversation.That must have been interesting.Yes, it was. The more I watched them, the more I realized how g lad I am that I don’t have to go through that state of life again.So it brought back some memories, right?Yes, it did. It was so clear how I’m uncomfortable some of them were. Yet, they were pretending to have good time. At least, there was seemed to me.Why did you think they were pretending?It was just the way they smiled and laughed. It seemed unnatural and overdone as if they were bad actors.A couple of boys were really awkward around the girls and two of the girls were wearingtoo much makeup. I had to stop myself and laughing.Yes, I can imagine it. I can remember wanting to be popular when I was in high school. Now that you mentioned it, it was n’t a great time, thought I had so fun too.I guessed it wasn’t so bad at the time, except when I w as preparing for my university entrance examinations.Yes, that was awful. My parents put tons of pressure on me so I thought I was going to go crazy.What about girls? Did you have any girlfriends?There was one girl I had a crush on, but I thought she was interested in somebody else. I didn’t find out until much later that she was interested in me too. It was a lost opportunity, one of many.Really? You should become a writer or make a movie. You had a great imagination.To be honest, it’s much easier to imagine things than actually do things.You can say that again.It seemed unnatural and overdone, as if they were bad actors.L5 Unit 2-2 listeningPeople have wondered about the nature of light and color since ancient times. Some people thought that light came from the eyes rather than coming into the eyes. To see, light was projected(投射) from our eyes, to illuminate(照亮) things as we look at them. Now we know that what we see is mostly reflected light, like the light from the moon, which is reflected sunlight. Light comes from light source and either enters our eyes directly or after reflecting off thing.In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton showed that when light past through a prism, it’s separated into all the other colors. It clearly demonstrated that light is composed of many different colors. The difference between colors i s due to their wavelength. A prism separates light into different colors because each color has different wavelength. the angle in which a color bends in a prism depends on its wavelength. Colors with shorter wavelengths bend more than colors with longer wavelengths. It explains why red light bends less than yellow light. The reason is because its wavelength is longer. Of the visible light, violet light has the shortest wavelength, so it bends the most.If you have ever painted, you knew that different colors can be combined to create new colors. For example, if you add white to a color, you lighten it. however, the three primary colors, red, blue and yellow cannot be made by mixing other colors. It isn’t possible to mix any combination of colors to create red, blue or yellow. Mixing two primary colors creates a secondary color, such as purple, which is a mixing of blue and red. Mixing three primary colors create a tertiary (第三的)color such as brown or grey.Color are wonderful to look at. But they also affect people in ways besides sight. Theyhave a powerful effect on who people feel and behave. Artists notice and so do business people, who want to influence on how they feel about their products and advertisement. For example, researches have shown that people can be productive if they are working at a blue room. The color purple is often linked to wealth and loyalty and it seems as a mysterious, spiritual(精神的)color. Some colors have even been associated with the changes in blood pressure. Though color can influence how we feel and act, these effects may depend on personal or cultural factors. Therefore, it’s important not to believe everything you hear about the effects of colors.Though there are differences between cultures, there is general agreement about some colors. The color red, for example, is a warm color, associated with energy and excitement in many cultures. In china, red is associate with fire, energy and good fortune. On the other hand, one experiment show that exposing students to red before taking a text can have a negative effect. In fact, of all the colors, research shows that red has the most powerful effect on human behavior. Certainly, it’s interesting and import ant to better understand the psychological effect of light and color. To gain a better understand of these effects, more research is needed.L5 Unit 2-2 vocabularyTo promote, to move someone up in an organization, usually he has done a good job. We are going to promote her to manager. If we don’t promote him, he will probably be upset. The opposite of promote is demote.To transfer, to move someone or something from one place to another. The company was going to transfer him to Shanghai next month. She doesn’t want to be transferred because her husband is against moving to another city.To motivate, to get someone interested and excited about doing something. She’s really good at motivating her employees. One way to motivate someone is to encourage them by giving them constructive feedback.To postpone, to delay or put off something until a later date. We had to postpone the presentation because she wasn’t ready to give it. we can’t continue to postpone the meeting where they would cancel it completely.To evade, to escape or avoid something. They are trying to evade taking responsibility for their failure. He was arrested for tax evasion.To assign, to give someone a text to do. His boss assigned him to increase sales by 15%. Her company assigned her to find out more about the competition.To penalize, to fine or punish someone for doing something wrong. They were penalized for breaking the rules. You would be penalized for fewer late.To lay off, to fire or sack a worker because business is bad. The company was failing so he was laid off. Our company had to lay off 50% of the employees. A company may have to lay off workers when business was bad.To recruit, to look for new employees to hire. They are expanding their business and recruiting new employees. She joined to company after she was recruited at a job fair.To resign, to voluntarily to quit one’s job. His boss doesn’t like him, so he was asked to resigned. She resigned from her job because of the health reasons.It wouldn’t hurt to b e a little less formal and to smile once in a while.L5 Unit 2-2 dialogueWow, you look different today.You mean I’m beautiful?What’s the makeup?I felt like dressing up today. Don’t you like it?Do you want me to be honest?Of course, but I know you. You are so old-fashion.I just think you don’t need so much makeup to look beautiful. That at least like a v??Well not everyone agrees with you. And I like looking different once in a while.I glad that I’m not a woman. There are too many things to deal with.Yes, you wouldn’t be good at it.You always wear the same old clothes, it’s boring.Maybe it’s boring, but it’s comfortable.You’re never going to find a new girlfriend if you don’t change.I’m not interested in woman anymore. You know tha t. They are nothing but trouble.Am I trouble?You and I are just opposites. You are always doing something new and I would rather just relax.You sound like an old man. You need to act younger. You need to be more exciting.And then what? Find my soulmate?Really, you sound so cynical(愤世嫉俗的). Don’t you believe in love?Sure, and the movie may be.Love is an illusion. It never lasts and once it starts, it’s difficult to break off.Your problem is that you expect too much from love. You are too romantic. You need to be more practical.I thought you were the romantic one.I had a romantic side yes, but I’m practical. My man has got to be good looking, well dress and hopefully rich.Ha-ha, but that lets me out.Yes, you’ve got a lot to learn.Now, where are we going for dinner? Somewhere expensive?Ok, you’ve convinced me that your makeup isn’t so bad. But I think it’s your turn to pay. That’s what you think.They’ll split the bill.L5 Unit 2-3 listeningOne of the most interesting people in history is probably someone you’ve never heard of. We would call him iceman because his body was frozen in ice for several thousand years. His body was discovered in 1991 by 2 hikers in mountain near the border of Australia and Italy. The lower part of his body was still frozen in ice but the upper part was uncovered and visible. Once a body was extracted from the ice, it was taken in for the examination. Upon examination, scientists determined that the iceman lived around 53 hundred years ago. This was at the end of stone age, nearly 1000 years before the great pyramids were built. This made him the oldest mummy ever found. Ice man’s bo dy was in good condition when it was found. People believed that the body was one of many hikers who have been lost in recent years. Nobody suspected that the body was as old as it was. It had been preserved by the ice for thousands of years. Given its good condition, studying it was like opening a window in time. Scientist could learn a lot about how people lived 5 thousand years ago.The iceman lived at the end of stone age, a time of great change in human history. Hunting was still major source for food but people were beginning to farm. People were settling down and forming communities. These communities were claiming territory and setting up boundaries. As a result, sometimes they had to fight to defend their territory from outsiders. The village where the iceman lived was probably not far from where he died. Perhaps, he was killed in the battle with outsiders.Iceman was about 45 years old when he died. He was 1.6 meters tall and weigh about 50 kilograms when he was alive. Along with the body was the mother objects. These includedsome weapons, including a broken arrow, a knife and an axe. He was still wearing one of his shoes and he had a backpack with the wooden frame. He also had some plants that may have been used for medical purposes. Further examination of the body showed that he was well fat with a diet of meet, bread and food. In fact, he had eaten several meals within a few hours of his death. From all the evidence, he probably had a good life. Perhaps he was hunting for food when he was caught in a sudden storm. For several years after the discovery of the body, scientist believed that he died from the cold. Weather is unpredictable in the area where he was found, so perhaps he was caught in an unexpected storm. However, 10 years after his body was found, new evidence pointed a new cause of death. In 2001, examiner X-rayed the body and found an arrowhead deep in t he iceman’s chest. Further analysis revealed that the iceman had been shot from behind. The arrow had cut through an artery and had cause severe bleeding. Clearly it was a case of murder, the oldest case of murder ever discovered.L5 Unit 2-2 vocabularyTo sue, to take someone to court in a legal disagreement. They broke our contract and didn’t pay so we sue d them and won. She sued that her employers for firing her but she lost because they had the right to fire her.To restrict, to put limits on something. This is a restricted area so stay away. We need to restrict them from talking to anyone about our project.To negotiate, to deal with a bargain with others to reach an agreement. Instead of starting a war, we should negotiate and find a way to compromise. We are trying to negotiate a better deal but it isn’t easy.Responsible for or responsible to, to be responsible for something means to have a job getting done or taking care of. If you are responsible to someone, it means that you’re working under their control.Oversee or supervise, to control or direct a process of a project. One of his responsibilities was to supervise the rescue operations and keep things under control. As a product manager, she oversees the work of several departments.To merge, to combine or come together. Those 2 companies used to be competitors, but now they have merged into one company. When the companies merged, many people were laid off.To acquire, to buy or take position. Some big company grows by acquiring other companies. One way to protect your business is to acquire your competitors.An agenda, a plan or a list of items to be discussed at the meeting. The agenda for the meeting was still unclear. What are the main points on the agenda for the meeting?A contrac t, a written document that defines the rule and relationship. A contract isn’t usually useful until things begins to go badly in the relationship. According to our contract, their first payment is due next week.Assets and liabilities, assets are what you own and liabilities are what you owe. Knowing the assets and liabilities of a company, help determine a company’s value. The company has more liabilities than assets so we decided not to invest.L5 Unit 2-3 dialogueGood morning, Lisa. What was it you wanted to see me about?Ah, good morning. Thanks for seeing me on such short work notice, I know it’s a busy time for you.That’s OK, Lisa. I can see that you’re upset about something. Is something wrong?Yes, actually there is and I’ve been thinking about a lot. To make it short, I’ve decided to leave the company.You’re going to leave?Yes, I think it’s best. I’m really not happy here anymore.Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. Have you found another job?No, it isn’t that. My husband and I have just decided that I really don’t need to work. Well, I’m sorry to hear that you want to leave. But I really want you to reconsider. You’ve only been here for a year. There isn’t very long and it won’t help you resume if you decide to look for a job in the future.Yes, that maybe true but staying here is really stressful. You may not be aware of it but I have real problems with my supervisor Bill.Oh, what kind of problems?He takes on projects and assigns them to me with no regard for my other responsibilities. It’s just too much. Then he takes all the credit from my work. Maybe I’m just too sensitive. Yes, I know he connected that way. And I have told him in some areas that he needs to improve. Anyway that all people like that in every organization.I know it’s difficult but you need how to deal with people like him.Well, I don’t know. It’s really stressful. It isn’t easy for me to talk to him.Listen, Lisa. You have great potential and I don’t want to lose you. If you already had job offer, I wouldn’t stand in your way. but since you don’t, I really want you to stay.I appreciate your saying that. It means a lot.So would you please reconsider your decision.Yes, I will talk to my husband.As for bill, please try work with him for a bit longer. This is your part of learning experience.Thanks, I really appreciate your advice. You are great sales person. I’m feeling better already.You are welcome, Lisa. I need you to stay. Please give it at least another year.She has sold Lisa on the idea of staying for another year.She has designed to quit because she’s not happy working there.L5 Unit 2-4 ListeningWhen the body of the iceman was discovered, nobody realized that he had been murdered. It was believed that he was got lost in storm and he died in the cold weather. However, with the discovery of the arrowhead in his body, it was clear that the iceman was murdered. Analysis has shown that an arrow had entered his body and cut through the arteries his chest. It would cause severe bleeding and weaken him. With the l oss of blood, he couldn’t have survived for very long after being shot. Further examination revealed something more about how he may have died. Using a CT scan, scientist found blood in his brain. This indicated that he was struck on the head before he died. Either he was hit on the head or he fell and struck his head on a rock. This probably happened when he was in a weakened condition after being shot by the arrow. Additional evidence showed that the arrow itself had been pulled out of the body. It had been pulled out with force, leaving just the arrowhead inside. Even more interesting was what was left behind, the copper ax. The technology needed to make such a weapon, was new at the time. As a result, scientist believe that there was a sign of great wealth and position. This suggests that the iceman may have been an important leader. It also raises a question of why the killer didn’t take it with him.If the iceman was important, he may have been the leader of his community. One leading theory of his death is that he had been assassinated. In ancient times, to take power, you often had to kill the leader. Perhaps the iceman was the target of assassination. The murdered may have followed the iceman and killed him from behind. Then to protect his identity, he pulled out the arrow and covered the body. He left the copper ax behind sothat he couldn’t be identified. According to this theory, the iceman was killed by a member of his own community. Therefore, the murder was probably someone he knew.Another theory is that the iceman was killed after a battle with outsiders. Since the community was located on an important trade route, it may have been attacked. the iceman may have been the military leader, fighting to defend his village. Perhaps he was in a battle with the attackers on the date when he died. According to this theory, he was fled from the battle and was caught from behind in an isolated area. However, from the analysis of his stomach, it is unlikely that he was running for many one. There was a half-pound of food in his stomach when he died. Since food only remained in stomach for about an hour, he must have eaten a large meal shortly before his death. Someone who was in a hurry, would never take the time to stop and eat such a large meal. And if he was killed by the outsiders, why didn’t they take the copper ax. So the question remains about what happened on that final date of his life. The truth is that nobody will ever know what really happened. The iceman’s murderer will rem ain a mystery forever.L5 Unit 2-4 vocabularyTo interfere, to slow something down and make worse by getting in the way. Having too many meetings is interfering with our work. I told her to let us alone, and not to interfere in our problems.To reflect, to think about or consider something or throw back the image as from the mirror. Before I make a decision, I like sometime to reflect. When you look into a mirror, your image is reflected back to you.To influence, to have an effect on something. I think she can help us influence the others.I don’t think we can influence the final result. They don’t care what we think so it would be difficult to influence their decision.To focus, to bring attention to something and make it clear. If we don’t foc us on something, we won’t get anything done. We aren’t sure what to focus on, so everyone was confused. To exaggerate, to describe something is larger or more important than it really is. It’s difficult to believe what he says because he always exaggerates. She says she can sell anything but of course that was an exaggeration.To be persuasive, able to cause people to do something by asking or giving reasons. She’s good at selling things because she is very persuasive. You can be more persuasive if you have facts to support you.To be convincing, to provide powerful support for a belief and to overcome doubts. The evidence that he was murdered was convincing. I couldn’t convince them that I was telling the truth, so they arrested me.To be misleading, to leave away from the truth, to give a false idea. Their advertisementsare misleading, so be careful not to be fooled. He tries to mislead me into buying it by exaggerating the benefits.To be unique, to be highly usual or different from others. I like th at design because it’s unique and attractive. She has a unique personality that some people don’t like.To be ordinary, to be just like others, not different from any other. The products are ordinary, with nothing except a low price to recommend them. The food in that restaurant was expensive but the taste was ordinary.There is nothing ordinary about her, so we should give her a promotion.L5 Unit 2-4 dialogueDid you see the beautiful sunset tonight? It was gorgeous(华丽).No, I didn’t. but I’m sur prised you even notice such things.Really, why are you surprise?You are so focus on you work. I did n’t imagine you have ro your mind for nature. Really, well, I’m just don’t show it. I make a point of it to notice such things as often as I can.You know I think you should try to show that side of yourself more often. It will improve your image.So you think my image needs some improving?Well, it wo uldn’t hurt to be a little less formal and to smile once a while. You may also improve the way you dress, maybe with a few more warm colors.I’m afraid I don’t know much about fashionable design and warm colors. Do you really think the way we dress influences the people?You must be kidding. The first impression you give is based on your appearance in cloth. Don’t you ever notice the kind of shoes someone is wearing.No, I hardly notice.Well then, that explains why your shoes are always the same. How old the shoes you wear now?This, I don’t know. Probably a year old.And I bet you’ve been wearing them a lmost every day. They look like it.That’s right. These shoes are comfortable and they weren’t expensive. I bet yours are。