语言文化与社会英语

Historical Linguistic Techniques



When tracing the history of language, linguists have no writing to rely upon Several techniques have been developed to trace the probable changes Glottochronology: the reconstruction of past languages on the assumption that 14% of a language changes every 1000 years Core vocabulary: Comparison of words for common objects based on similarity A list of words is compiled for each of two languages that refer to objects that are common everywhere: body parts, sun, rain, stones, trees, and others The closer the vocabulary—cognates or similar words between two languages, the more closely related the two languages are thought to be.
Language Origins: Interspecies Comparison
When
language began is anyone‟s guess Defining communication and comparing different communication systems is a first step Chimpanzees have used American Sign Language and computer buttons to convey messages somewhat like languages But speech organs have long since deteriorated, so we have at best indirect evidence.

• 3、语言是文化的传播方式。不同民族的文
化差异，鲜明的体现在各民族所使用的语
言中。
• 4、语言的形成和文化的发展相互影响。
The relationship between language and culture
语言与文化的关系
语言是文化 的一部分
语言是文 化的载体
语言是文 化的传播 方式
语言的形成 和文化的发 展相互影响
1、语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着传承作用
• 2、语言是文化的载体。语言反映一个民族的 特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景， 而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和 思维方式。深刻反映着民族心理和民族文化。 • 语言现ture
第一组
What is language？
• Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
What is culture？
• Culture ,in a broad sense , means integrated pattern of human knowledge , belief ,and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.

Language
• Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so ween language and culture
• (3).Language is the foundation of the development of culture. When we said the cultural development, it's pointing to the development on the original basis which is preserved and spread by language. The development of culture cannot do without thinking, and thinking activity cannot do without the language: the development of culture must rely on the collective of creation of social members. Only by using language which is a good communication tool, can social members communicate and achieve mutual understanding. Different culture should learn from each other through language. Above all, culture must use language as tools to develop. So, the language is the foundation of the development of culture.

第六章语言、社会、文化第一节语言、社会、文化的关系一、语言与社会社会语言学(sociolinguistics)作为一门独立的学科兴起于本世纪六十年代的美国。

它的出现，无论是在语言观上还是在方法论上都给语言学界带来了新的生机，同时也为其增添了许多新的内容。

从目前看，社会语言学的研究队伍日渐扩大且稳定发展，其研究对象明确，成果显著。

在进行相当广泛的社会调查中，社会语言学家总结了一些切实可行的调查方法，并且提出了具有相当水平的理论。

社会语言学的总任务是要解决语言在社会生活使用中的种种问题(陈松岑: 1985)，其包括内容极其广泛，几乎涉及一切与语言学有关的社会因素及语言在各种社会因素影响下产生的变异。

祝畹瑾(1992)把社会语言学的主要研究内容概括为五大类：1) 一个国家或地区的语言状况如双言制、双语多语或多方言状况，按种族、民族、阶级、阶层、性别、年龄、职业、文化程度等属性划分的各类言语共同体使用语言的状况和特征；2) 各种语言变体包括地域方言和社会方言、标准语和土语、正语体和非正式语体等构造特点及其社会功能；3) 交谈的情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人际关系的相互作用；4) 社会和不同社会集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价和态度以及由此产生的社会效应；5) 由于社会的、文化的、经济的、政治的种种原因以及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律。

二、语言与文化语言与文化的关系十分密切。

语言是人类行为发生的工具, 又是文化传播的载体。

人们的物质活动和精神交往都离不开语言, 人类的信仰及世界观，生产经验及文化知识的世代相传, 也是由于语言, 否则我们的历史将是一片空白。

同时语言本身又是一种文化, 不同文化系统的人, 语言活动有不同的特色。

西方人直率, 东方人含蓄, 代表了东西方两种不同的文化。

同样, 未开化民族的语言粗糙,缺乏抽象, 也表现了一种文化模式。

人们见面, 彼此打招呼, 西方人说“早上好” , 中国人问“吃了没有” , 也代表两种不同的文化。