Fishing and rights

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Fishing and rights捕鱼和权利How to stop fishermen fishing如何阻止渔民捕鱼Of all the sea’s many problems, overfishing should be the most fixable. Here’s how所有海洋的众多问题中,过度捕捞尤可修复。

原因如是Feb 25th 2012 | from the print editionACIDIFICA TION, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global warming behind these troubles, they will grow. By comparison, overfishing, another great curse, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year.酸雨,全球气候变暖,珊瑚礁的破坏是海洋最头疼的几大难题,这几大难题就如同海洋本身一样巨大,深邃,难以驾驭。

全球气候变暖是造成这些问题的罪魁祸首,只要世界各国不停止排放造成气候变暖的温室气体,这些问题将会更加严重。

与之相比,过渡捕捞则是另一个相对容易治理的祸患,特别是在捕捞活动频繁的近海区域。

然而其却在一年年的进行着。

Fishermen have every reason to do something. Many fisheries are hurtling towards collapse; stocks of large fish have been reduced by up to 90%. When stocks are overfished, they yield a smaller catch. The cost of mismanagement, in lost economic output, is huge: some $50 billion a year, according to the World Bank.渔民总能为这样做找到各种借口。

许多渔业公司正急速走向衰亡;海洋中可供捕捞的鱼量减少了90%。

由于过度捕捞,渔民的捕获量也随之变少。

根据世界银行的数据显示,由于海洋渔业管理不当,在经济产值方面每年损失的数额高达500亿美元。

One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor, especially in developing countries. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals (see article), from the University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome—even if that is not true of its findings, that stocks are even more ravaged than previously thought. The study found that better-understood fisheries are likelier to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology (developed, aptly enough, for battlefields), which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and refrigeration have spread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and hoovered up larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting.产生这种掠夺的原因之一是渔民对渔量资源知识的匮乏,特别是在发展中国家。

加利福尼亚大学的Santa Barbara做的一项调查,旨在估计海洋中的剩余渔业资源,尽管得到的数据并不准确,但仍然受到欢迎,海洋渔业资源状况预想的更糟。

研究发现,对渔业资源越了解对其健康发展就越有利。

过渡捕捞的另一个原因是新技术的运用(技术经过发展,巧妙的应用,在捕鱼方面),这使得更易发现鱼群。

由于大型船只和冷库的广泛应用,捕鱼船队可到达更远海域捕捞更多鱼量。

科技的运用让渔民捕鱼劳作更加容易,这恰恰说明了为什么鱼量急剧下降。

Fishermen generally understand the risks of overfishing. Y et still they flout quotas, where theyexist. That is often because they take a short-term view of the asset—they would rather cash in now and invest the money in something else. And it is invariably compounded by a commons-despoiling feeling that if they don’t plunder, others will.渔民都知道过渡捕捞所带来的风险。

却仍不顾规定的区域配额大肆捕捞。

因其只顾眼前利益,所以他们把获得的钱财投在其它地方而非渔业资源方面,并始终认为如果他们不去抢其它人也会去。

In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it should be possible to incentivise them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries, where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a co-operative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based fisheries are generally healthier.在大多数捕鱼区渔民愿意通过节用鱼量资源来赚更多的钱财,而且鼓励他们这样做是可行的。

最可取的方法就是给他们事先规定好的长期捕捞份额。

在冰岛,新西兰和美国的工业化捕鱼区,采取配额的捕鱼形式,该配额可交易及私有。

而在执法相对薄弱的发展中国家,似乎将这片水域的一系列管理权交由合营组织或渔民船队效果更好。

原理是相同的:处于主人翁角色的渔民更易对自己的行为负责。

新的数据研究显示基于捕鱼区域制定的权利更有利于渔业的健康发展。

The rights stuff权利主体Y et only a few hundred of the oceans’ thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates; not everyone is as law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available. 因为这种运营模式很难得到批准,所以在上千海域的捕鱼区中仅有几百个以这种方式运营。

由于许多人没有获得公共资源的使用权,因此就产生了分歧和不满。

文化差异影响成功的机率;并不是所有人都像冰岛人一样遵纪守法。

几乎在每个地区都要花费大量时间来说服以捕鱼为生的渔民改变他们的习惯。

虽然对他们警告不断,但唯有基于权利的方法才最可行。

In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making monitoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organisations. Another promising idea is to incorporate rights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding-stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recovering, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest. In the end, that may be the only hope.在许多富裕国家利用卫星图像监测渔业资源以降低成本并达到更好效果。