Research on the particular temperature-induced surface shape of a NIF deformable mirror

2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。

sensor词根词缀1. 单词概述单词：sensor含义：“sensor”是名词，意思是传感器、探测设备。

它在科技领域，特别是涉及到自动检测、监控环境变化等场景中经常被用到。

比如说，在智能家居系统里，各种各样的传感器可以检测温度、湿度、光线等情况，然后根据检测结果做出相应的反应。

2. 词根词缀解析词根：sens - 来源于拉丁语，在拉丁语里表示“感觉、感知”的意思。

这个词根很关键，就像一把钥匙，能帮我们打开理解好多单词的大门。

3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：英文：You know what? My friend Tom is a real tech - geek. He's got this amazing home automation system that's full of sensors. One day, I went to his place. As soon as I walked in, the lights automatically adjusted to a warm, cozy brightness. "How does this happen?" I asked,pletely amazed. Tom just grinned and said, "It's all thanks to the sensors, man. They can sense when someone enters the room and adjust the lighting accordingly." I was like, "Wow, that's so cool!" It felt like I had stepped into some kind of high - tech wonderland. The sensors were like little invisible elves, constantly monitoring the environment and making everything work so smoothly. I mean, who wouldn't want such a smart system in their home? It's not just about convenience, it's also about that feeling of living in the future. And those sensors are the unsung heroes that make it all possible. Without them, Tom's high - tech home would be just an ordinary place.中文翻译：你知道吗？我的朋友汤姆是个十足的科技迷。

UNIT1Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。

Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。

At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals.20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。

研究海洋的重要性英语作文The Importance of Studying the OceansThe oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and play a vital role in the planet's ecosystem. They are home to a vast array of marine life, regulate the global climate, and provide essential resources for human activities. As such, the study of the oceans is of paramount importance, and it is crucial that we continue to expand our understanding of these vast and complex systems.One of the primary reasons why the study of the oceans is so important is the role they play in regulating the global climate. The oceans absorb a significant amount of the Earth's heat, and they also play a crucial role in the water cycle, with evaporation from the oceans providing much of the moisture that falls as precipitation on land. This means that the oceans have a profound impact on weather patterns and climate across the globe, and understanding these processes is essential for predicting and responding to the effects of climate change.In addition to their role in the climate system, the oceans also provide a wealth of resources that are essential for human survivaland well-being. The oceans are a major source of food, with millions of people around the world relying on seafood as a primary source of protein. They also provide a range of other resources, such as minerals, energy sources, and even potential sources of new medicines and other valuable compounds.Despite the importance of the oceans, they remain poorly understood in many ways. Much of the ocean floor remains unmapped, and there is still a great deal of uncertainty about the complex interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological processes that shape the oceans. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult to effectively manage and protect these vital resources, and it also limits our ability to predict and respond to the effects of human activities on the oceans.To address these challenges, researchers around the world are engaged in a wide range of studies aimed at expanding our understanding of the oceans. These studies involve a variety of techniques, including field observations, remote sensing, and computer modeling, and they cover a broad range of topics, from the physical and chemical properties of the oceans to the complex interactions between marine ecosystems and the human activities that impact them.One area of particular importance in the study of the oceans is thefield of marine biology. Marine biologists study the diverse array of organisms that live in the oceans, from microscopic plankton to massive whales, and they are working to understand the complex relationships and interdependencies that exist within marine ecosystems. This knowledge is essential for developing effective strategies for managing and protecting these ecosystems, which are under increasing threat from a range of human activities, including overfishing, pollution, and climate change.Another important area of study in the field of oceanography is the physical and chemical processes that shape the oceans. Oceanographers study the movement of ocean currents, the distribution of temperature and salinity, and the chemical composition of seawater, among other things. This knowledge is essential for understanding the role of the oceans in the global climate system, as well as for developing effective strategies for managing and protecting marine resources.In addition to these more traditional areas of study, there is also growing interest in the potential of the oceans to provide new sources of energy and other valuable resources. For example, researchers are exploring the possibility of extracting energy from the oceans through technologies such as wave and tidal power, as well as the potential of deep-sea mining to access valuable minerals and other resources. While these technologies are still in the earlystages of development, they hold the promise of providing new sources of energy and resources that could help to meet the growing demands of a rapidly expanding global population.Overall, the study of the oceans is a critical area of research that has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the planet and our ability to manage and protect its vital resources. By continuing to expand our knowledge of the oceans, we can better understand and address the complex challenges that we face in the 21st century, from climate change to sustainable resource management. It is clear that the oceans will continue to play a central role in the future of our planet, and the study of these vast and complex systems will be essential for ensuring a sustainable and prosperous future for all.。

纳米技术可以运用在衣服地方英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Nanotechnology: The Future of FashionAs a student passionate about science and technology, I find the field of nanotechnology absolutely fascinating. The potential applications of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level seem boundless, with the ability to revolutionize industries from electronics to medicine. However, one area that often gets overlooked is the fashion industry and how nanotechnology could completely transform the clothes we wear every day.At its core, nanotechnology for clothing is about engineering fabrics at the nanoscale to give them enhanced properties and functionalities. This could mean weaving nanomaterials into the fabric itself during production, or applying nanoparticle coatings and treatments to existing textiles. The unique physical and chemical properties that emerge at the nanoscale allow for incredible advances in areas like stain and water resistance, insulation, durability, and even embedded electronics and sensors.One of the most promising applications is making fabrics virtually impervious to stains and liquids through the use of nanowhiskers or nanotubes. These ultra-thin cylindrical structures can be woven into fabric or applied as a coating to create a tightly packed rough surface that causes liquids to bead up and roll off rather than penetrating the material. Companies have already developed nano-based stain-resistant dress shirts and pants that stay clean and fresh for weeks without washing.Building on this, nanotechnology could lead to self-cleaning clothes that use compounds like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide nanoparticles. When exposed to sunlight, these nanoparticles create powerfully oxidizing conditions that break down organic stains at the molecular level. Clothing brands are actively pursuing photocatalytic self-cleaning technology that could make manually washing clothes a rarity.Staying on the topic of cleanliness, one major issue with clothing is its tendency to absorb odors from sweat and environmental sources. Researchers are looking at embedding odor-fighting nanoparticles like silver, copper, or carbon-based compounds into fabrics. These have natural antimicrobial and deodorizing properties to keep clothes fresher for longer. Bonus:the nanoparticles can also help reduce bacteria growth that causes fabric deterioration.Regulating temperature and insulation is another huge potential benefit of nanotechnology in clothing. Nanoporous materials allow for extremely fine-tuning of air permeability, enabling garments that keep you cool by letting heat escape or provide warming insulation by trapping heat. Scientists have developed nanofiber insulation that is 10x warmer than traditional materials. Winter coats and athletic wear could be revolutionized.The nanoscale also opens up possibilities for smart fabrics embedded with electronics, sensors, and computing capabilities. Clothes could have tiny nanodevices woven into the threads that track biometrics like heart rate and body temperature. Or nanosensors could detect environmental conditions like UV exposure and automatically adjust for protection. Futuristic "smart clothes" may even be able to charge devices, change color based on your mood, or release medications through the skin.Of course, one concern with engineering clothing at the nanoscale is potential toxicity risks. After all, nanoparticles are able to penetrate cells and tissues in ways that larger particlescannot. There are open questions around how some nanomaterials may interact with the body and environment that require further research and safety testing. As with many emerging technologies, responsible development and regulation will be critical.However, the immense benefits and potential of nanotechnology in fashion seem to outweigh the risks. In addition to enhancing the functionality of clothes, nanoengineered fabrics could drastically reduce the environmental impact of clothing manufacturing and cleaning through reduced chemical usage, water conservation, and extended product lifespans. The apparel industry is notorious for massive waste, pollution, and energy consumption - so solutions like self-cleaning nanogarments could be a huge sustainability win.Furthermore, clothes enhanced with nanotechnology could have profound humanitarian applications by providing advanced protective properties. Imagine affordable uniforms for doctors and nurses that shield against pathogens and contaminants. Or gear for soldiers and first responders with smart insulation, integrated electronics, and self-decontamination capabilities.Nanotech apparel could even filter out pollution particles from the air in smoggy cities.As a student always trying to blend my interests in STEM fields with creative pursuits, I find the concept of nanoengineering fashion endlessly fascinating. I can't wait to see how clothing brands and research teams push the boundaries of what's possible by tapping into the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale. From rugged outdoor wear that never gets muddy to sleek business suits that stay impeccably clean, nanotechnology holds the potential to reinvent how we think about and utilize the clothes we wear.Just a few decades ago, nanotechnology belonged solely in the realm of science fiction. Now, it's very much a scientific reality poised to upend countless industries - including the multi-billion dollar fashion world. While many may associate nanotech with advanced semiconductors or cancer treatments, I believe the application of nano-engineered smart fabrics could be one of the most ubiquitous and impactful reviolutions. After all, clothing is something we all use every single day and nanotechnology promises to vastly improve its functionality, durability, and environmental footprint.As both a STEM student and self-professed clothes enthusiast, I can't wait to see what the future holds fornano-enhanced textiles and apparel. The ability to control matter at the atomic level is truly the next frontier of human ingenuity and design. The unique properties that emerge at these tiny scales open up realms of possibility - like coats that effortlessly insulate, shirts that clean themselves, and clothes that monitor our vitals. With continued research and innovation, mundane fabrics could soon possess almost magical qualities thanks to the power of nanotechnology. The clothes of tomorrow may very well outperform and outlast anything from today.篇2The Future of Fashion: Nanotechnology in ClothingTechnological advancements have revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, from communication and transportation to healthcare and entertainment. However, one area that has seen significant transformations due to the integration of cutting-edge technologies is the fashion industry. Nanotechnology, in particular, has opened up a realm of possibilities for innovative textiles and clothing that were once confined to the realms of science fiction.As a passionate student of both fashion and science, I find the convergence of these two worlds absolutely fascinating. Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular or atomic scale, has the potential to create fabrics with extraordinary properties that could change the way we think about clothing forever.Imagine a world where your clothes not only look stylish but also possess incredible functionalities. Envision a shirt that can regulate your body temperature, keeping you cool in the sweltering heat and warm in the biting cold. Or a dress that can repel stains and dirt, ensuring it remains pristine and fresh throughout the day. These seemingly futuristic concepts are rapidly becoming a reality thanks to the advancements in nanotechnology.One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology in clothing is the development of self-cleaning fabrics. Through the incorporation of nanoparticles with photocatalytic properties, these textiles can break down dirt and stains when exposed to sunlight or specific wavelengths of light. This technology could revolutionize the way we care for our garments, reducing the need for frequent washing and extending the lifespan of our clothing.Another exciting development is the creation of fabrics with enhanced durability and strength. Nanofibers, which are thousands of times thinner than human hair, can be woven into textiles, resulting in materials that are remarkably strong yet lightweight. This technology could pave the way for clothing that is resistant to tearing, abrasion, and other forms of wear and tear, making it ideal for outdoor activities, sports, and even protective gear.But nanotechnology's potential in clothing goes beyond functional benefits. It also offers exciting opportunities for aesthetic enhancements. Imagine clothes that can change color or pattern at the touch of a button, or fabrics that can display intricate designs or even moving images. This technology, known as electrochromic or electrowetting, utilizes nanostructures to manipulate the way light interacts with the material, creating dynamic and customizable visual effects.Furthermore, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach sustainability in the fashion industry. By developing textiles that are biodegradable or made from renewable resources, we can reduce the environmental impact of clothing production and disposal. Additionally, nanoparticles can be used to create fabrics with enhancedmoisture-wicking and antimicrobial properties, reducing the need for frequent washing and extending the lifespan of garments.However, as with any emerging technology, there are concerns about the potential risks and implications of nanotechnology in clothing. The long-term effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment are still being studied, and there is a need for rigorous testing and regulation to ensure the safety of these materials.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of nanotechnology in clothing are too significant to ignore. As a student passionate about both fashion and science, I am excited to witness the ongoing developments in this field and to contribute to the innovation and responsible implementation of these technologies.In conclusion, nanotechnology is poised to revolutionize the fashion industry, offering unprecedented opportunities for functional, aesthetic, and sustainable clothing. Fromself-cleaning fabrics and temperature-regulating textiles to dynamic visual effects and biodegradable materials, the possibilities are endless. As we continue to explore and harness the power of nanotechnology, we are shaping the future offashion, creating garments that not only look stunning but also provide remarkable functionalities and environmental benefits.篇3The Nanotech Clothing RevolutionNanotechnology is often discussed in relation to fields like computing, medicine, and engineering. However, one area where nanoscale materials and devices could have a huge impact that is less frequently talked about is the clothing and textiles industry. By integrating nanotech into fabrics and garments, we could see a revolutionary new generation of high-performance "smart clothing" emerge in the coming years and decades.At its core, nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the molecular or atomic scale to create new materials and products with enhanced properties. When applied to clothing, nanotech can improve fabrics in several key ways - making them stronger, more durable, better insulated, moisture-wicking, stain-resistant, anti-microbial, and even imbuing them with tech capabilities like integrated sensors, energy storage, and data processing.Let's take a look at some of the exciting potential applications of nanotechnology in clothing and apparel:Strength and DurabilityOne of the most obvious benefits nanotech could provide clothing is increased strength and resistance to tearing or fraying. This is achieved by incorporating high-strength nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes into the fabric fibers. Clothes made with nanotech-reinforced textiles would be much harder to rip or damage, greatly improving their lifespan.For example, researchers have already created cotton fabrics reinforced with carbon nanotubes that are over 10 times stronger than untreated cotton. Dresses, pants, jackets and other garments made with such super-strong nanotech fabrics could withstand rough use and heavy activity far better than today's clothing.Stain and Water ResistanceAnother awesome capability is making fabrics highlystain-resistant and waterproof using nanotech coatings and treatments. Clothes could literally have a nano-scale protective coating that causes water, oil, and other liquids to bead up and roll off rather than being absorbed into the fabric.The U.S. military is already issuing nanotech-treated combat uniforms to soldiers that are extremely water-repellent. Start-upshave also begun selling nanotech dress shirts for businessmen that can simply be rinsed under a tap to remove stains like red wine or grease. In the future, we may have suits, ties, dresses and more that never stain or get soaked, no matter what liquid spills on them.Odor and Germ ResistanceBody odor from sweating and bacterial growth is a perpetual problem with clothing, especially activewear. However, researchers are developing nano-coatings and nanoparticles that can be integrated into fabrics to neutralize odor-causing compounds and kill bacteria, fungi and other microbes.Some companies already sell "anti-odor" workout clothes utilizing nanoparticles of materials like silver that have natural antimicrobial properties. But even more advanced solutions could emerge, like responsive fabrics that only releaseanti-microbial nanoparticles when they detect sweat or bacterial growth. With nanotech, our clothes could stay fresher longer without odor build-up.Temperature RegulationAnother incredible potential is clothing that dynamically adapts to outside conditions to keep the wearer optimally warmor cool. This could be achieved by embedding smart fabrics with layers of different nanomaterials that change their thermal insulating properties in response to temperature fluctuations.For instance, you could have a jacket made of a fabric interwoven with two different types of nanomaterials - one that traps heat well, and one that allows heat to easily escape. When it's cold out, the heat-trapping nanomaterial expands to increase insulation. But when it's hot, the other nanomaterial takes over, opening pathways for body heat to vent outwards.We're already seeing early examples of this in "self-heating" winter jackets that use electrically-conductive nanofilaments to generate warmth without bulky battery packs or wiring. But in the future, our clothes could dynamically adapt to any climate or environment with perfectly tuned insulation and ventilation enabled by smart nanomaterials.Wearable TechnologyPerhaps the most sci-fi application of nanotechnology is using clothing and textiles as substrates for wearable electronics and computing devices. This could allow for tight integration of technologies like health sensors, communications, data displays, energy harvesting, and more right into the fabric of our shirts, pants, jackets, socks and other garments.Picture a dress shirt that not only resists stains and odors, but also contains flexible nanowire circuits interwoven throughout. These could continuously monitor your heart rate, body temperature, and other vital signs while displaying info on a shoulder-mounted fiber-optic display. Or workout clothes with integrated nanosensors tracking your exercise and calorie burn. Or a winter jacket with solar nanomaterials efficiently harvesting energy to power heated gloves or Bluetooth headphones built right into the collar.The possibilities of cloth-based wearable nanotech are mind-boggling and could change how we interact with devices and sensors in our everyday lives. Instead of wrist-worn wearables, the wearable could become the clothes themselves - a second skin of smart, responsive fabrics enhancing our comfort and capabilities.These are just a few examples of how nanotechnology could revolutionize clothing and apparel in the decades ahead. While much of this is still in the research phase today, the core nanomaterials and fabrication methods already exist. As they mature further, we're likely to see nanotech threads, coatings and electronics increasingly woven into our shirts, pants, jackets and more.Perhaps 20 or 30 years from now, we'll look back and marvel at how primitive and low-tech today's clothing was. Ourgreat-grandchildren may grow up never knowing scratchy, stain-prone fabrics, or clothes that can't automatically regulate temperature or monitor health. Instead, their ultra high-tech nanogarments could make today's athletic wear look as dated as a burlap sack.Of course, realizing the full potential of nanotech clothing isn't without its challenges - from high costs and scalability hurdles to toxicity concerns over the nanomaterials used. But if the breakthroughs continue, nanotechnology could spark a true revolution in what we wear and how clothing enhances our lives. We may barely recognize the smart, adaptive, multifunctional nanotech outfits of the future.。

Research proposal1.Research TitleOn the Translator's Subjectivity from the Reproduction of Artistic Conception in Strange Stories from A Chinese Studio by Giles2.Brief Background Introduction to the ResearchAs we all know that our national literature has gone through a long,glorious history and our previous studies made by scholars both at home and abroad achieved quite a good reputation in the world.As a leading field,Chinese ancient poetry is undoubtedly an extremely bright pearl in the whole world's literary palace hall,which has reached its top point during the Tang Dynasty.But the novel came to its summit hundreds of years later.The worldwide-known Four Classics:A Dream of Red Mansions,Pilgrimage to the West,Heroes of the Marshes and Romance of Three Kingdoms are famous for their unapproachable literary value and long lasting influence.Besides the four classics,there exists another masterpiece which has gained almost equal attention to the previous four ones-Strange Stories from A Chinese Studio(Giles),which is known to every household as Liao Zhai.It is the absolute peak of the development of Chinese classical short story.The author PuSongling,who is known to the Chinese people as "Sir.Liao Zhai",applies to various kinds of writing skills and combines others' merits to creates an extraordinary,fantastic masterpiece.It is so splendid that since its coming out it has caught great attention,both at home and abroad.According to Lin Huangtian(1997),Liao Zhai Zhi Yi,since its coming to the world,it has been translated more than 20 kinds of different languages after it was translated into Japanese in1784."It owns the most translations of different languages among Chinese classical novels."(Ma Ruifang) Of course, the most influential ones are the English versions and more than 50 versions has been published so far.But there is still no complete translated version.As to English translation,there are three most influential versions up to now:Thos. De la Rue in London published two volumes of Strange Stories from A Chinese Studiotranslated by the famous sinologist Herbert Allen Giles.It is the earliest English translation containing 164 stories taken fron Liao Zhai Zhi Yi,and it is the most well-known one in the English-speaking world.Another one,which consists of 17 stories,is translated by our native famous translators Y ang Xianyi and Gladys Y ang.They named it as Selected Tales from Liao Zhai. The third one is worked by two famous American sinologists Denis C. Mair and Victor H. Mair,which includes 51 stories and carries the title of Strange Tales from Make-do Studio.My study will focus on the first one-Giles' edition.Gilles is a famous sinologist coming from Britain,who had ever lived in China for 25 years and is proficient in Chinese and Chinese culture.So in my own opinion this version is the most excellent one among all those English translations,both in phraseology and the presentation of culture background. For a long time, translation studies have put too much emphasis on the nature, criteria and techniques of translation both at home and abroad. However, systemic studies of the practitioner of translation----the translator----have not been adequately performed. The previous research conducted are mainly focused on the introduction of translators’ translation activities and translation viewpoints, but translators’ cultural orientation, aesthetic preference and personalities as well as the influence of their translations on the target culture (TC) have not drawn enough attention.The "cultural turn" in Translation Studies in the west since the 1970s has brought about new dimensions and approaches. With the growth of the descriptive translation in the 1970s and 1980s, and later as the culture-oriented translation studies prevailed, the translator’s subject role in the act of translation gradually became visible. The influence of ideology and literary concepts on the translation at a particular time is mainly manifested through particular translators. On the contrary, translators’ choices of translation materials and strategies may reflect the social and cultural contexts in a particular era.Many scholars,both at home and abroad,make contributions to the study of translator's subjectivity, Xu Jun，Mu Lei，Yuan Li，Xie Tianzhen，Liu Miqing and western theorists Basil Hatim,Lawrence V enuti,Bassnet,Lefevere and so on.Although，they look at translation subjectivity in different terms and have different ideas the importance of translation subject and subjectivity has been highlighted andis no longer neglected.Image theory in Chinese aesthetics history is long standing and well established, it can be traced back to the pre-Qin period.Artistic conception is the most popular one in Chinese classical culture,especially in classical poetry and prose.So a great deal of researches have been done on the reproduction of artistic conception in translations of Chinese poetry.The reproduction of artistic conception has close contact with translator's empathy in literary translation,so during the process of translation,the subject status of translator plays an vital important role in reproducing the original artistic conception due to the differences between two languages and cultures.According to Wang Guowei,meaning and presentation of artistic conception are two most touching elements in literary works,and neither can be ignored.The process of artistic conception reconstruction in general is as follows: the writer places his implicative but rich aesthetic feelings in literary works, to create an aesthetic realm circle.The translator reads the source text, understanding and ponder aesthetic images the author creates,then result in aesthetic experience so artistic conception scene comes into being.The translator selects images same to the original connotation from target language, then through some integration work by the translator to build a considerable artistic conception, to reproduce the original feeling and scenery.During this process, the translators' feelings based on their own life experience will be the main emotion source.Through the transformation from the source language to the target language to construct a mood to prepresent the original aesthetic purport.So from the perspective of the original writers,artistic conception is to great degree their own sensations coming from experiences in real life;so accordingly,the representation of artistic conception in translation versions is also a result of combination of the translators' own understand of the original works together with their feelings and sense perception.So translator's subjectivity is obviously expressed and rooted in the reproduction of the artistic conception which prevails in literary works.3.RationaleThe motivation of this research comes from two aspects.One is my personal interest in Chinese classics especially Liao Zhai Zhi Yi,so due to my own preference I choose the extraordinary collection of short novels to study.Another one is the development of the study on the transmission of Chinese culture in western world.The spread of Chinese traditional culture has been especially expressed by literary flow,that is to say,the translation of Chinese classics into western languages.Artistic conception is of great significance in literary translation and the reproduction of artistic conception is one of the major tasks in literary translation.About artistic conception previous studies focus on the translation of Chinese ancient poetry,so little attention has been paid to the reproduction of artistic conception in the translation of Chinese classical novels.But the presentation of artistic conception is excellent in Liao Zhai as PuSongling is a master in word selection and writing,and so is Giles.So both Liao Zhai Zhi Yi and Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio have a preference to poetic inclination.PuSongling's words are unbelievable beautiful and create fantastic image and artistic conception,and Giles does a splendid job in reproducing this.Besides,the most outstanding advantage of Giles' work is the graceful style of writing,so I think it is important to study Liao Zhai from a new perspective combined with translator's subjectivity.4.Literature ReviewPrevious studies on the English translations of Liao Zhai Zhi YiBefore talking about Giles' translation,we need to take a general look at the studies on English of Liao Zhai. Liao Zhai,as a previous fortune we have in Chinese classical literature,is not only well-known in China,but also favored abroad.But few researches have been carried out on English translation of Liao Zhai,and native scholars didn't pay enough attention to this area before the 21st century.After entering the 21st century,especially during the period of 2003-2008,as the need of dissemination of Chinese classical culture is growing,relative studies increase accordingly,both academic journal and thesis.Up to now nearly forty papers about the English translation have beenpublished,and the research perspectives of these papers can be divided into six categories:general introduction including literature review and overview of English translations;translator;translating strategies;appreciation and comparison of different versions;culture study and linguistic study.As few studies have been made abroad,our Chinese scholars do some researches and make great contribution to the study of Liao Zhai Zhi Yiand its English translations,such as Li Haijun(2009,2010),Zhu Ruijun(2007,2009),Y angGuoqiang(2006,2008),ShangY anyan(2008),etc.These researches are mainly focused on the six issues,little attention has been paid to the artistic conception.Previous studies on Giles' versionAmong all those studies on English translations of Lizo Zhai,Giles' version is studied the most,far more than any other versions,This is not an accident but for definite reasons.Firstly,Giles' version is the most influential English version,even many other versions such as German version is translated from Giles' work.Then,as Giles is a famous sinologist and he had lived in China for so many years,he is quite good at Chinese,so the phraseology in Strange Stories from A Chinese Studio is excellent and exceeding to any other one.Thirdly,he is so familiar with Chinese traditional culture and literature that he does such a good job in preserving and transmitting Chinese culture to the English-speaking world.Although,we have to admit,there is another element that he gives great play to his subjectivity as translator,which is also a factor why he draws so much attention in the field and it is also this factor that brings about many criticisms to the translation.ZhuRuijun carried a systematic investigation into the subject status of the translator in Giles' version of Liao Zhai from George Steiner's Fourfold Translation Motion.Since 1990s,with the "cultural turn" in translation studies,increasing attention has been paid to the subject status of translator (Bassnet &Lefevere,1990),and translator has become one of the focal points.Based on the fourfold hermeneutic translation motion theory proposed by George Steiner,Zhu endeavors to research the translator's subjectivity embodied in Herbert Allen Giles' version of Liao Zhai Zhi Yi from four concrete steps of "trust","aggression","appropriation" and"compensation".She agrees that Giles' version has been controversial for a long time as a result of his innovation and change in translation,but the theory of translators subjectivity just provides a reasonable explanation for his "disloyalty" during the translating process.Researches show that Giles' version does a better job in effective dissemination of Chinese culture,custom,ideology and preservation of the original exotic charm than any other version.She holds the view that when the translator sees himself as the creator of target text rather than the imitator of the raw text , the translation will often be successful.And this is exactly reason why Giles' version is so successful and popular for so many years.In recent years, along with the studies from the perspective of translator's subjectivity rise,this angle is of a certain uniqueness and great referential value for the study of English translations of Liao Zhai Zhi Yi.Ren Qiuhong,through a thorough research by comparing three different versions of Liao Zhai from aspects of translating content,word and style,points out that a translator's cultural identity plays an important role in his translating process.People who favor foreignization or domestication have different views on how to translate cultural specifics．Foreignization is source language culture oriented，while the former is targetlanguage culture oriented.Nida is the most typical representative of domesticating method，he held that "translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the nguage message".(Nida，1964)thus put the target readers in the first place. "So if a translator is to try his best to introduce source language culture to target language,the translator's main strategy aims at transplanting source language cultural information into target language as possible as he can."Xian Hui analysed Giles' version from three perspectives including translator's choices in selecting materials and giving the book title.Xian rooted her study in characteristics of the original text and analysed the expressions in target text,and focused on the analysis of the factors that why the translator makes such decisions which are considered in the translating process.Previous studies on artistic conceptionWhen it comes to aesthetics,both western and eastern literature have their longdeveloped history on this point.The Italian aesthetician Vico said that in most languages expressions coming to lifeless things are completed through human body and every parts as well as human feelings and emotions by metaphor.A famous poet in Tang Dynasty Wang Changling firstly came up with the definition of artistic conception.Wang Guowei developed this conception in Jen-Chien Tz'u-hua..Most researches relative to artictic conception were carried out on translation of poetry,especially classical poetry.After talking about the relative studies and achievements have already made,there are still some deficiencies remain to be improved.First,many researches choose Giles' version to study,this is to some extent limited.Other versions are also have vast value for us to dig deeplier.Second,contrasted to other versions,Giles' version has got relatively sufficient attention,but still several translating theories have not been applied to our study such as deconstruction,relevance theory,cognitive theory and so on.Third,the range of research needs to be extended.5.Aims and Research QuestionsThe study aims at finding out what role the translator plays in the translating process and to what degree the subject status of the translator affects the target text.Besides,the study also attempts to analyse the reproduction of artistic conception and how the translator's subjectivity influences this,together with the translating strategies.Based on previous findings,the present study aims to undertake a systematic study on the relationship between representation of artistic conception and translator's subjectivity.What presented to the reader is the result of translator's understandings of the source text and his personal experience.The translator,reader and text are three major elements in translation,among which translator is the focal element as the central role in the process.Starting from the relationship between the three factors,there are several questions need to be addressed.Firstly,how the translator handles the issue of aesthetic factors transforming from Chinese to English ?Secondly,what is the circumstance that translator's subjectivity is applied during the translating process?Thirdly,how the translator's subjectivity affects the reproduction of artistic conception and to what degree?Finally,what strategies does the translator apply to achieve his goals and keep balance between source and target text?6.Research MethodologyThis study will be carried out with a systematical and historical line of thoughts of translator's subjectivity,which is based on previous studies and parative analysis is also going to be applied during investigation because there exist other versions which do splendid job on the issue of conception and translator's subjectivity prehensive search is the main methodology in this study,with detailed testing methods of reduction and comparison.7.Significance of the ResearchAfter talking so much above,a considerable number of researches have been done to study translator's subjectivity combined with Giles' versio n of Liao Zhai,and also many scholars focus their studies on the reproduction of artistic conception in poetry,still few systematic researches that combine these two issues together are conducted.Starting from concerning thee questions of the translator's subjectivity and artistic conception as the foundation of my basic point,this study will dig deeper on this point.As Liao Zhai Zhi Yi is not simply a collection of short stories but the author uses graceful phraseology and takes a poetic inclination,so artistic conception is well presented in this fabulous work.Then representation of artistic conception is obviously an important criterion to measure the translated version and translator technique.As is shown above,this study attempts to so some researches on concrete issue based on the translator's subjectivity,and it carries some theoretical and practical significance.As to the former it can provide new topic to study for later research;as for the latter,it will give some suggestions to or draw attention of the following translators to notice this issue as there is still not a complete translated version of Liao Zhai ZhiYi.8.Research OutlineChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background information1.2 Relative studiesChapter 2 Translator's subjectivity and Giles' version2.1 Translator's subjectivity and faith2.2 The fourfold translation motion2.3 The presentation of translator's subjectivity in Giles' versionChapter 3 The reproduction of artistic conception in Giles' version3.1 Studies of artistic conception in poetry3.2 Artistic conception in source text3.3 Reproduction in target text3.4 Translator's subjectivity and reproduction3.5 ConclusionChapter 4 Relative translating strategies4.1 General translating strategies in Strange Stories from Chinese Studio4.2 Translating strategies in representing artistic conception4.3 Interference betweenChapter 5 Conclusion5.1 New findings5.2 Significance of the present research5.3 Limitations of the present researchReferences【1】何劲. 从功能理论看翟理斯的《聊斋志异》译本[D] . 广州: 广东外语外贸大学英语语言文化学院, 2004.【2】查明建，田雨. 论译者主体性—从译者文化地位的边缘化谈起[ J ] . 中国翻译, 2003, ( 24) : 19- 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Atmospheric science and itsbranchesAtmospheric science is a branch of science that deals with the atmosphere of the Earth. It is an elaborative study of different systems and their impacts on Earth’s atmosphere. This field is the interdisciplinary field and encompasses different areas related to physics and chemistry. With the help of chemistry and physics, scientists and researchers study the dynamics of the Earth. In atmospheric science researchers extensively study the atmosphere, processes taking place in the atmosphere, and numerous systems of the atmosphere which are affecting the atmosphere.Different branches of the atmospheric science PaleotempestologyThe term Paleotempestology is first coined by Emanuel Kerry. In this branch, scientists study the ancient tropical cyclone using various tools and technologies and historical evidence and records. Sedimentary proxy records are the best paleotempestology method, other methods are makers in coral, historical documents and speleothems. Over the wash deposits conserved on coastal lakes are helpful in sedimentary proxy records.Atmospheric PhysicsAtmospheric uses the concepts of physics to study and research on the atmosphere. Scientists and researchers try to imitate the solar system with the help of various fluid flow equations, energy transfers, radiations, and chemical models. Meteorology and climatology are two disciplines which are in close association with atmospheric physics. It also involves designing and construction of tools and instruments related to the study of environment and interpretation of the data collected. Scientists use various elements from thetheories like cloud physics, scattering theory, spatial statistics and wave propagation models. Introduction of the sounding rockets helps in the study of the top layer of the atmosphere.Atmospheric ChemistryAtmospheric chemistry is a branch that comes under atmospheric science. It studies the chemical changes of the planet earth and other planets. This subject is a multidisciplinary field involving the areas such as volcanology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, oceanography etc. Atmospheric chemistry is a vital branch of atmospheric science for morethan one reason. It studies the interactions take place between different living organisms present in the atmosphere. How they interact with each other and with the atmosphere.This discipline also does a research study on how natural events such as thunder and volcanic eruption make an impact on the atmosphere. Numerous problems like global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, various greenhouse gases all such problems studied and tackle by the researchers and scientists from this field. Atmospheric chemistry knowledge provides a dominating hand toresearchers and scientists to understand the issue at a deep level thus they are able to find an apt solution.PalaeoclimatologyThis subject deals with the change in climate that took place in ancient times. We all know that we cannot do time travelling and visit our past, similarly to record climatic changes of past scientists uses microfossils, rocks, shells, coral, tree rings to find out the variations and other things related to the climate of ancient times. Scientists after doing proper research on the records reconstruct a similar climate which willfurther help in finding various things about climate change. Ancient climate study is helpful in understanding the changes taking place in today’s climate and how to tackle the issue of global warming. Climate understanding of past helps is predicting the future climate. The field of palaeoclimatology originated in the 19th century when various related to glaciers and natural climatic variations helped in understanding the greenhouse gases and their effects.ClimatologyThe word Climatology was originated from the Greek word KLIMA, means zone. Climatologystudies average weather conditions over a certain amount of time. Climatology is a division of atmospheric science and also studied under geography. Climate understanding helps in knowing the weather of a particular area. Mostly weather forecasting departments hire those who have a degree in climatology.MeteorologyThe term “methodology” has its inception in the word “meteor”. Meteor is referred for space and “ology” is the procedu re of studying things in our space. This implies that meteorology is a way of studying the atmosphere across the world whichalso involves weather forecast and relevant processes. Back in history, the efforts in this science used to depend on the available historical data. However, there were no major success records until the 18th century in spite of the fact that meteorology dates back to more than one thousand years ago.By the inception of the 19th century, this branch of atmospheric science saw slight growth with the development in networks of weather observation within various dimensions of the globe. The most favourable spot on weather observation which helps in predicting thepossible events on our planet is on the troposphere. Meteorology explains the weather events which can be observed, it is commonly referred to as “meteorological phenomena”. Meteorological phenomena include clouds, hurricanes, acid rain etc. which are explained and quantified with a number of variables such as:TemperatureWater vapourAir pressureMass flow Atmosphere.What atmospheric science experts do?People who are studying the atmosphere of the earth are well versed with “atmospheric science”. Some individuals misunderstand the whole concept with the study of weather, commonly termed as meteorology. However, meteorology is only a concept which lies under atmospheric science.So, those who become atmospheric science works on a broader concept. Let us discuss this concept with an example of El Nino, ameteorologist is limited to understanding and foretelling the impacts of El Nino. Whereas, an atmospheric scientist has ample knowledge to understand the cause which will act as a base to this phenomenon. They can also predict their time of occurrence.Other than this, they can work in the public health sector where they will have to study the quality of air and its impact. This is not limited to analysing and predicting short-term weather. They can predict longer patterns relevant to droughts and similar natural conditions and give suggestions on mitigation.The atmospheric scientists also study the previous data and portray a picture of atmospheric conditions, climate and weather of the past. Meteorologists basically focus on the present. Whereas the scientists will look at the relevant factors and study them all. It includes climatology, chemistry, dynamics of weather systems and physics of earth as well as other planets in this solar system.Atmospheric scientists have a lot of job prospects and this is why they can work in any field relevant to the atmosphere. Being an atmospheric scientist will not only give theopportunity to establish yourself as weather forecasters or meteorologists, but you can delve into research and study of the atmosphere.How to become an atmospheric scientist?If the subject and its nature has attracted your interest, then you may want to know how to build a top-notch career with the same. So, from here on, you can get all the details related to the most obvious and preferred career after studying atmospheric science – atmospheric scientist.Go ahead if you are interested in the job nature, description and the way to achieve it.Qualifications in Atmospheric science to become a scientist?Like many other subjects, you must gain a bachelor’s degree or a similar degree in atmospheric science. It is important because once you will acquire this degree you will grow an insight to your desire in terms of making a career. During this period you will get opportunities to learn more about meteorology, climate science, ancient climate dataIf your goal is not exactly to become an atmospheric scientist, a bachelor’s degree is enough to get a job as a high school teacher. Tobecome a university or college teacher a bachelor degree needs an add on –master’s degree. However, in the latter, the case, a master’s degree is only a minimum qualification required, many universities favour candidates with doctorates.When it comes to government jobs including fieldwork and monitoring, master’s degree will also act as a minimum requirement. In all, other than a high-school teaching job you will have to study hard and long in order to get your desired job.The jobs and job descriptions after doing atmospheric science degree programAfter being an atmospheric scientist a student has to study and foresee the conditions and events of the atmosphere in order to understand the patterns of climate and impact of air pollution. They also analyze the weather patterns and the procedures which cause them. If you are studying atmospheric science for choosing this career, you will have a number of opportunities. They will vary in different jobs, however, here are some common duties which you should know beforehand.Duties which atmospheric science students must know:Measuring temperature, humidity, dew point, atmospheric pressure and other elements of the atmosphere.Studying the atmospheric level and the physical interactions which occur during this period.Analysing the data acquired from meteorological and weather stations, radar images, GIS and computer simulations, satellite images.Studying various climates and gases along with their chemical reactions.Understanding and studying the clouds and the interaction of UV rays with the atmosphere.Studying the way terrain impacts climate and weather and the way oceans trigger turbulence.Considering the way solar events impact satellite navigation and communicationsUsing computer software in order to assess data related to the atmosphere, which is also known as meteorological data.Writing down computer programs which can aid the mathematical modelling efforts.Issuing warning in order to safeguard life and property during unusual atmospheric conditions and severe weather.Generating forecasts for the activities related to transportation which can impact the recreational consumers.Foreseeing the weather and climate trends based upon the present and previous data.Research the factors affecting change in climate and testing the available data and theories with reference to the present evidence.Finding out the way climate can influence the conditions of atmosphere across the globe.Suggest the policymakers the way atmospheric science can influence society, agriculture, economics and transportation on a local or national or international level.Communicate the research results via accessible and suitable channels.Responsibilities of senior atmospheric scientistsThe job duties and responsibilities expand even more when it comes to a senior position. For the senior scientists, the job duties include the below-mentioned things as well. They have to get involved in the managerial processes as well.Advise consumers about atmospheric data setsSuggest the consumers regarding data sets of atmosphereProducing and supplying scientific presentationsGetting involved in the development, designing and testing of devices, software and systems used for atmospheric data collection.Offering data interpretation of available data and consultation to the external agencies, researchers or other professionals.Draft and approve research findings, reports and articles for internal or external partners or the general publicVet programs to support the atmospheric modellingFacilitating funding of future projects by generating grant applicationsOverseeing deliverables and finances on behalf of the department or team.Report the findings and carry out analysis via appropriate mediums to the public and clients.Looking after every project and ensuring that each phase is meeting the milestones of a workgroup.Training or guiding the junior staff or subordinates in order to ensure a proactive environment for the whole staff.ConclusionIf you have planned to build a career wherein you can stay involved in the study of things in space and help people around you then atmospheric science can be your key to gain the same. The careful study of this subject enables you to be a researcher who stays involved with atmospheric phenomena. You will get to study climate and weather with an aim to identify how these factors and relevant atmosphericconditions impact our planet and living beings in general.Atmospheric science is all about the study of the atmosphere of Earth. It constitutes a study of all the physical characteristics atmosphere, it’s motions and processes and how all these factors impact the environment. The research in this field can be easily used in forestry, air transportation, defence, sea transportation, air-pollution control and the possible events in climate including droughts, ozone depletion and global warming.。

世界各地的气候特点英语作文200词The Climate Characteristics of Different Parts of the WorldClimate refers to the long-term weather conditions of a particular region, including temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements. Different parts of the world have diverse climate characteristics, which greatly influence the natural environment, ecosystems, and human activities in these regions. In this essay, we will explore the climate characteristics of various parts of the world without any specific formatting or section headings, adhering to an essay format.Firstly, let's discuss the tropical regions. Located near the Equator, the tropical regions have a hot and humid climate throughout the year. These areas receive ample rainfall, resulting in lush tropical rainforests and abundant biodiversity. The temperature remains relatively stable year-round, with little seasonal variation. Examples of tropical regions include the Amazon Rainforest in South America and the Congo Rainforest in Africa.Moving towards the temperate regions, we find a more moderate climate. These areas experience distinct seasons, with warm summers and cool winters. The temperature variation throughout the year contributes to the growth of deciduous forests, where trees shed their leaves during colder months. The temperate regions include parts of North America, Europe, and East Asia. New York in the United States and London in the United Kingdom are located in the temperate zone.Continuing to the arid regions, we encounter the deserts. Deserts have an extremely dry climate with very little rainfall. These areas are characterizedby scorching daytime temperatures and significant temperature drops at night. Due to the lack of water, vegetation in deserts is sparse and mainly consists of drought-resistant plants such as cacti. Examples of deserts include the Sahara Desert in Africa and the Arabian Desert in the Middle East.Moving on, we come to the polar regions, encompassing the Arctic and Antarctic. These regions have an extremely cold climate throughout the year, with long, dark winters and relatively short summers. The average temperatures stay well below freezing, making it inhospitable for most forms of life. Polar ice caps cover the majority of the land, and the area is home to unique species adapted to the cold, such as polar bears and penguins.Lastly, we have the mountainous regions. These areas display diverse climates depending on the altitude. As elevation increases, temperatures tend to drop, resulting in cooler and harsher conditions. Mountains influence local weather patterns and often create microclimates. High-altitude regions like the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South America exhibit a range of climatic conditions, from subtropical climates at lower altitudes to freezing conditions at higher elevations.In conclusion, the world's climate characteristics vary greatly from one region to another. Tropical regions experience heat and high rainfall, while temperate regions have distinct seasons. Arid regions are characterized by dryness and desert-like conditions, while polar regions are freezing and covered in ice. Mountainous regions display diverse climates depending on altitude. Understanding these climate characteristics is crucial forunderstanding the natural environment and planning human activities in different parts of the world.。

Unit Seven Concluding ResearchObjectives:─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in p araphrasing in academic writing─ Learn to restate your thesis statement─ L earn to draw a conclusionContents:─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a Conclusion section?─ Language Focus: How to su mmarize and paraphrase─ Writing Practice: How to r estate your research objectives─ Writing Project: How to outline your conclusion1. Reading ActivityThe conclusion of a research paper reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches a final judgment. It is a belief based on your reasoning and on the evidence you have accumulated. This is the place for sharing with readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research. A conclusions is usually a shorter section of an academic text. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. It should be a strong recapitulation of your major ideas.1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe following is the concluding section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates:1)What is the function of the concluding section in a research paper?2)What information elements does a concluding section normally include?1.2 Reading PassageOur experiment indicated that learners better comprehended English idioms sharing the same metaphoric themes as Chinese than those sharing different metaphoric themes, conforming to Boers & Demecheleer's (2001) study result with French-speaking subjects. NL (native language) played an important role, in that positive transfer appeared in most subjects' understanding of idioms with identical expressions and meanings in NL and TL (target language), and negative transfer appeared in the understanding of those with similar expressions and meanings or those with identical expressions but different meanings in NL and TL; besides, negative transfer occurred in the understanding of every kind of English idioms. Finally, though the idioms in the experiment were rated as having an intermediate level of semantic transparency and were listed without any contextual clues, 37% of the subjects’ responses were completely or partially correct, giving support to the point that a cognitive semantic view can facilitate the learning of idioms for non-native speakers.This study has several implications for teaching idioms. Firstly, it is important to inform learners of the different metaphoric themes in the target culture. Secondly, more attention should be given to idioms without NL equivalents. Thirdly, overt comparisons can be made to show learners which idioms can be transferred from their NLs and which idioms are likely to cause interference, thus taking advantage of positive transfer while avoiding the occurrence of negative transfer. Fourthly, while helping learners realize the absurdity of the literal meanings of some English idioms, encourage them to tackle the semantics of the idiom as a problem-solving task, andteach them strategies for dealing with figurative language to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms.However, there was an obvious limitation in this study: the number of the idioms selected was too small. We expect more studies to be carried out in more aspects including the strategies used in idiom comprehension and production, EFL learners', EFL teachers' and English-speaking people's attitude towards English idiom learning and the treatment of them in the existing teaching materials.( Liu, 2008 )1.3 Reading Comprehension1. Read the text carefully and decide what information elements a concluding section includes and how they function.2. What are the major findings of the experiment?3. What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of active voice verbs to passive voice verbs in this conclusion section?nguage Focus2.1 SummarizingThere are three ways to include source material in your research paper writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant elements and transforming large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Look at the following example.OriginalThis effort to communicate--first through spoken messages, then throughpictographs, then through the written word, and finally through printed words --- demonstrates people’s innate desire to share information with one another. Storability, portability an d accessibility of information are essential to today’s c oncept of mass communication. (Source: Shirley Biagi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2nd edition, p. 24 )SummaryIn Media Impact, Shirley Biagi explains that people have always had an inherent need to communicate. The ability to store, carry and have access to information is necessary in modern mass communication.How to Summarize?There are several techniques to be used while summarizing a text and they all stress full understanding of a text and require the reader to spot the main ideas in it. Here are some useful tips about summarizing:∙Start by reading a short text and highlight the main points as you read.∙Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples, evidence, etc.∙Restate or repeat the ideas of the source in different words and phrases.∙Do not add your own ideas, opinions or judgment of the arguments.∙Make it shorter than the source.Read the following text and write a summary.Original TextI come from Taiwan, but I have lived in Canada for several years now. I am surprised at how Canadian society respects the rights of women, both at work and home. Personally I believe women in Canada are better off than women in Taiwan. However, some of my female friends in Canada miss the good old days when women were treated in a different way. You see, in the past, gentlemen followed different rules of behavior. They would open the doors for ladies, pull out chairs for ladies to sit down, stand up when a lady left the table, and offer to pay the bill at restaurants. Now, however, most Canadian believe that men and women should be considered equal. For example, women now generally have to pay for their own meals.2.2 ParaphrasingThe Oxford English Dictionar y defines a paraphrase as “an expression in other words, usually fuller and clearer, of the sense of any passage or text; a free rendering or amplification of a passage. . . . [Paraphrasing is] to express the meaning of (a word, phrase, passage) in other words, usually with the object of fuller and clearerexposition so as to bring out the sense” (XI: 204). To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion ).Look at the following example.Source materialAggressiveness, present in many male teenagers, has often been characterized as having a biological base. However, social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) did a study which indicated that aggressiveness might be a product of environment factors and especially, social reinforcement. In this study, they found that aggressive boys had encouragement from their parents to be aggressive outside their home. Since their fathers experienced indirect pleasure from hearing about their son’s aggressive behavior, this provided reinforcement for the boys.Acceptable paraphrase:Social scientists have often described aggressiveness, which is evident in many adolescent boys, as having a biological component. However, research completed by social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) showed that aggressiveness might result from factors in the environment and, in particular, social reinforcement. It was found in the study that young males who were aggressive had been encouraged by their parents to be aggressive away from their home. Their fathers received vicarious gratification from learning of their son’s aggressive behavior. Consequently, the boys’ behavior was reinforced by their fathers’ experience. ( Cong, 2009 )There are basically two ways to paraphrase this: by making word-level transformations (and maintaining the original syntax) or by considering its “deep structure” and making more significant changes. Note how these paraphrases differ: Source sentence:The temperature in many parts of the world is gradually rising.Paraphrase:(1)The temperature in lots of places around the earth is slowly increasing.(2)Most parts of the world are getting hotter steadily.Example (1) represents a word-level paraphrase and example (2) is a deep-level transformation. It is usually believed that making word-level paraphrases is easier than deep-level transformations.Here are some guidelines for paraphrasing:● U se synonyms.● Change word forms.● Make necessary structural adjustments.● Change between the affirmative and the negative.● Include reference to the original source.Read the following text carefully and try to rewrite an acceptable paraphrase. OriginalStarting in the 15th century, the reality and the idea of the family were to change: a slow and profound revolution, scarcely distinguished by either contemporary observers or later historians, and difficult to recognize. And yet the essential event is quite obvious: the extension of school education. We have seen how in the middle ages children’s education was ensured by apprenticeship in adults, and that after the age of seven, children lived in families other than their own. Henceforth, on the contrary, education became increasingly a matter for the school. The school ceased to be confined to clerics and became the normal instrument of social initiation, of progress from childhood to manhood. ( Source: Aries, P. 1962. Contemporary Childhood: A Social History of Family Life )3. Writing Practice3.1 Reorder sentencesRead the following jumbled conclusion from a thesis in computer science and engineering: the topic is: The Steiner Tree Problem. Please rearrange the following sentences so that they make more sense and follow the logical order of a conclusion.A.An advantage of this algorithm is that the computations of the bead's movementcan be done in parallel, provided that there is a synchronization barrier to update their new positions.B.This can take advantage of some parallel computers, for example, mapping eachbead to a (virtual) processor.C.It is possible that these techniques can also be applied to solve the SMT if a goodmapping of the problem to an appropriate network architecture is found.D. The Steiner tree has been shown to be an optimization problem. Neural networkhas been successfully applied to solve many optimization problems, for example, TSP. Some of these techniques have been discussed. This could be an interesting area for research in the future.E. The Steiner minimal tree problem has been studied in the above discussion. Anode-splitting algorithm that finds a good heuristic solution to the problem has been developed. In some cases, it is better, for instance, than Korhonen's algorithm.F. Comparison shows that the node-splitting method is comparable to other heuristicmethods.( adapted from Zhou, 2009: 312)3.2 Restatement of research objectiveLook at your thesis statement again and rework it in a new way. Avoid repeating key words and phrases from the thesis statement because you don't want the summary statement to sound boring or repetitive. Using a thesaurus is a good way to find new, interesting words.This study set out to determine ...The present study was designed to determine the effect of ...In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...The purpose of the current study was to determine ...This project was undertaken to design ... and evaluate …Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …Here are some examples of research questions and summary statements:Research question: What is more important, competitive price, fuel economy, or high resale value when Chinese people buy cars.Summary Statement: The research was to determine what factors contribute more to Chinese people purchasing cars, competitive price, fuel economy, and high resale value.Rewrite the following thesis statements:1) What in San Francisco attracts visitors more, its magnificent location, its theaters and art galleries, or its fine restaurants?2) Do employees have to be trained for working in the Australian multicultural workplace? But managers also need to be trained. (It is clear, therefore, that both..)3) What is the 1994 rate of juvenile delinquency in the U.S.?4) Does education play a role in reducing juvenile delinquents' return to crime?5) What marketing strategies does the Coca-Cola company currently apply?6) Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with more highly developed language skills?7) How might the discovery of a genetic basis for obesity change the way in which we treat obese persons, both medically and socially?3.3 Summarizing the findingsRead the following text and identify major points and write a summary.Global Implications of Patent Law VariationA patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention.Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to-invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent –and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers. International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to-invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.3.4 Write a concluding sectionThe following is a research on the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using 4 macro-skills intended for public science high school students. Read the following paper and write a concluding section for it.The teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there might be lack or absence of English books.The main thrust of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using the 4 macro-skills intended for the public science high school students. Specifically, the study answered questions on the level of language proficiency of the freshmen science high school students with referenceto pronunciation and correct usage; mean pretest and posttest scores of the students based on the structured lessons of macro-skills' learning performance; significant difference in the mean pretest and posttest scores of the students in listening, speaking, reading, and writing; mean gain in the posttest; and module which can be proposed based on the findings of the study.The study used the Descriptive Survey Method and the main tool used was the research-made or self-made type of examination (questionnaire), including the record sheet as instrumentally utilized for the 75 students as selected freshmen in the first year. The data gathered in this study were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14--a computer program used for statistical analysis.FINDINGS1) Level of Language Proficiency of the Students’ PronunciationThe majority (81.9333) of the students got the highest rating scale of 80-89 which was rated Very Good. None of the students as counted individually obtained the rating scale of 50-59 (far below from the passing percentage).2) Correct UsageNone of the students was rated Excellent with the rating scale of 90 and above.The majority (77.5867) of the students got the average rating scale of 70-79 which was rated Good.3) English Difficulties of the Freshmen Students Based on the Macro-Skills ofEnglish Language TeachingThe teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there is lack or absence of English books; there is lack or absence of instructional materials; there is absence of printed materials at home; there are no television sets at home; teachers have faulty pronunciation; there is little emphasis on written communications and there are no cultural shows and public speaking activities.The teacher-researcher found out that the students experience the following difficulties in written English: writing dictation, taking down notes, outlining, theme writing, punctuating, quoting, and obtaining coherence and unity in paragraph writing. The causes for these difficulties were: no appreciation for reading materials; lack of exposure to writing; inadequate writing activities; no ear training; no patience to analyze the mistakes in writing; absence of contents that can harness their potentials in essays, letters, etc.; poor spelling; and useless board work.4) Mean Pretest and Posttest Scores of the StudentsIt is found in this study, based on the macro-skills, that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333. In standard deviation, the result of pretest is 10.95980 while the result of the posttest is 6.07959. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is 1.26553 while the result of the posttest is .70201; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 4.92455 while the result of the posttest is 3.42471.Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .56864 while the result of the posttest is .39545; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 3.28425 while the result of the posttest is 3.17649. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .37923 while the result of the posttest is .36679; the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 6.26732 while the result of posttest is 5.29467. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .72369 while the result of the posttest is .61138.It is found further that the posttest score in the speaking area got the 1st rank which is 87.1200 while the pretest is 80.5467 of which the difference is 6.5733; the posttest score in the reading area got the 2nd rank which is 86.7333 while the pretest is 84.4133 with the difference of 2.3200; the posttest score in the writing area got the 3rd rank which is 85.4400 while the pretest is 76.3333 with the difference of 9.1067.5) Paired Samples' Test/Paired Differences: the difference between the two means wassubjected to a paired t-test.5.1 Listening skill: the listening area was -7.57333, standard deviation was 10.63291,standard error mean was 1.22778, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.0974, the difference (upper limit) was -5.12692, and the c.v.result was -6.168 which was greater than the t.v. result which was -10.01974.Therefore, the macro-skill in the listening area was not significant.5.2 Speaking skill: the speaking area was -6.57333, standard deviation was 5.31742,standard error mean was .61400, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -7.79676, the difference (upper limit) was -5.34991, and the c.v. result was -10.706 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -7.79676. Therefore, the macro-skill in the speaking area was significant.5.3 Reading skill: the reading area was -2.32000, standard deviation was 2.98265,standard error mean was .34441, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -3.00625, the difference (upper limit) was -1.63375, and the c.v. result was -6.736 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -3.00625. Therefore, the macro-skill in the reading area was significant.5.4 Writing skill: the writing area was -9.10667, standard deviation was 7.38621,standard error mean was .85289, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.80608, the difference (upper limit) was -7.40726, and thec.v. result was -10.677 which was greater than the t.v. result which was-10.80608. Therefore, the macro-skill in the writing area was not significant.6) Mean Gain of the Pretest and Posttest Scores of the Students: mean gain is based on the macro-skills of language teaching, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Mean gain of singled-out freshmen students based on the macro-skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing as structured in the lessons, was used as a result in statistical analysis and computation of the mean pretest and mean posttest. It was disclosed upon interpretation of data that the mean gain in the listening area was obtained as the result of the subtraction of number from the mean pretest which was 75.5333 from the mean posttest which was 83.1067. The findings revealed that only the areas in speaking and reading got the highest posttest percentages. In the writing area, the mean gain was obtained as the result of the subtraction from the pretest which was 76.3333 from the mean posttest which was 85.4400.In the final results of the listening area, the posttest mean was 83.1067 while the mean gain was -7.57333 which had the lowest mean pretest and posttest percentages as compared to the other areas; in the speaking area, the posttest mean was 87.1200 while the mean gain was -6.57333 which got the 1st rank posttest percentage; in the reading area, the mean gain was -2.32000 which got the 2nd rank posttest percentage and also got the 1st rank pretest percentage among them; and in the writing area, the mean gain was -9.10667 which got the 3rd rank posttest percentage, next to the speaking and reading areas.It is also found that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133; and the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333.4.Writing Project4.1Getting information for writing a conclusionCreate a SWOT table summarizing your research findings of an environmental analysis.Strength OpportunityWeakness Threat4.2Outlining your conclusion1) State the research question and explain why it is interesting.2) Briefly describe the methods of research and data analysis.3) Describe the results.4) Explain the key implications of the results. Avoidoverstating the importance ofthe findings.5) The results and the interpretation of the results shouldrelate directly to theresearch questions, purposes or hypothesis.4.3Drafting your conclusion1) Begin with your research questions, purposes or hypothesis.2) Combine the thesis statement and your one-sentence segment summaries into aone-to-two-paragraph summary.3) Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.4) Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.5) Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.6) Use summary expressions.4.4Final checklist。

科技英语考试资料A(13)1.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。

2.An understanding of essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science.要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。

3.As we know, all matters consist of molecules, and molecules of atoms.众所周知，一切物质由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。

4.All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of proteins.所有这一切证明，我们必须深入地研究蛋白质特性。

5.A new kind of computer –small, cheap, fine—is attracting increasing attention.一种新型的计算机越来越引起人们的注意——这种计算机体积小巧，价格低廉，性能优越。

6.A computer system consists of a computer and some peripherals.计算机系统是由计算机和一些外部设备构成的。

7.Adverse to iron，mercury is in a liquid state at ordinary temperature.水银与铁不同，在常温下是液态。

8.AC can be changed into DC with great ease.交流电可以极其容易地被转变成直流电。

英语介绍天气作文六年级The weather is a fascinating and ever-changing aspect of our daily lives. As we go about our day, we are constantly aware of the conditions outside, whether it's the bright sunshine, the gentle breeze, or the heavy downpour of rain. For students in the sixth grade, understanding and appreciating the intricacies of weather patterns can be both informative and engaging.One of the most fundamental elements of weather is temperature. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the air, and it is influenced by a variety of factors, including the angle of the sun's rays, the presence of clouds, and the movement of air masses. In the summer months, the sun's rays strike the Earth more directly, causing the air to heat up and the temperature to rise. Conversely, in the winter, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a more oblique angle, resulting in cooler temperatures.Precipitation is another crucial component of weather. Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the sky, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Precipitation occurs when water vapor in theatmosphere condenses and forms droplets or ice crystals that become too heavy to remain suspended in the air. The type of precipitation that falls depends on the temperature of the air and the altitude at which the condensation occurs.Wind is another important weather phenomenon. Wind is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The speed and direction of the wind are influenced by factors such as the rotation of the Earth, the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, and the presence of physical barriers like mountains or buildings. Strong winds can have both positive and negative effects, as they can help to disperse pollutants and cool the air, but they can also cause damage to property and disrupt transportation.Clouds are another integral part of the weather. Clouds are formed when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses around tiny particles of dust, smoke, or other airborne particles. The type of cloud and its appearance can provide clues about the current and future weather conditions. For example, cumulus clouds, which are fluffy and white, often indicate fair weather, while dark, ominous-looking cumulonimbus clouds can signal the approach of a thunderstorm.Weather patterns and systems can also have a significant impact on the weather we experience. High-pressure systems, which are characterized by sinking air and clear skies, often bring stable andpleasant weather conditions. In contrast, low-pressure systems, which are characterized by rising air and the formation of clouds and precipitation, can lead to more unsettled and stormy weather.The study of weather is not just about understanding the immediate conditions outside; it also involves understanding the broader patterns and trends that shape our climate. Climate refers to the long-term, average weather conditions in a particular region, and it is influenced by factors such as latitude, elevation, proximity to bodies of water, and the presence of mountain ranges.Understanding climate is important for a variety of reasons, including the planning of agricultural activities, the design of infrastructure, and the preparation for natural disasters. Climate change, which refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and average temperatures, is a pressing global issue that has far-reaching implications for the environment, the economy, and human health.As students in the sixth grade, it is important to develop a solid understanding of weather and climate. This knowledge can not only help them to better prepare for and respond to changing weather conditions, but it can also provide a foundation for further study in the fields of science, geography, and environmental studies.One way to deepen this understanding is through hands-on learningand experimentation. Students can be encouraged to set up their own weather stations, tracking and recording data on temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and cloud cover. They can also learn about the various tools and instruments used by meteorologists, such as barometers, anemometers, and rain gauges.In addition to practical activities, students can also explore the science behind weather and climate through research and discussion. They can learn about the complex interactions between the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses, and how these interactions shape the weather patterns we experience. They can also explore the impact of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, on the Earth's climate.By engaging in these types of learning activities, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the natural world and the forces that shape it. They can also learn to think critically about the challenges and opportunities posed by changing weather and climate patterns, and to consider ways in which they can contribute to the sustainable management of the environment.In conclusion, the study of weather and climate is a fascinating and essential aspect of education for students in the sixth grade. By exploring the science behind these phenomena, students can gain a better understanding of the world around them and develop theskills and knowledge needed to navigate an increasingly complex and unpredictable future. Whether through hands-on learning, research, or discussion, the study of weather and climate can provide valuable insights and inspiration for young learners.。

六年级下册重点必背英语单词六年级下册英语单词是学习英语必不可少的部分。

在这个阶段，学生需要巩固并扩大自己的英语词汇量，为高中或更高级别的英语学习做好准备。

下面将详细介绍六年级下册重点必背英语单词。

1. astronaut（n.宇航员）- a person who travels in space例句：Neil Armstrong was the first astronaut to walk on the moon.2. galaxy（n.星系）- a system of billions of stars, along with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction例句：The Milky Way is our galaxy.3. launch（v.发射）- to send an object into space or the air例句：They will launch a new satellite next week.4. explore（v.探索）- to travel around a place in order to learn about it例句：We explored the ancient ruins and discovered many interesting artifacts.5. orbit（n.轨道）- the path that an object follows as it goes around another object in space例句：The Earth orbits around the sun.6. solar（adj.太阳的）- relating to the sun例句：Solar energy can be used to power homes and buildings.7. satellite（n.卫星）- an object that is sent into space to revolve around the Earth, collect information, or communicate例句：The satellite provides images of the Earth's surface.8. astronautics（n.宇宙航空学）- the science and technology of space flight例句：He has a degree in astronautics.9. telescope（n.望远镜）- an optical instrument used to view distant objects 例句：He looked through the telescope and saw the stars.10. crater（n.火山口）- a large, bowl-shaped hole on the surface of a planet or moon, typically caused by an impact of a meteorite例句：The moon has many craters on its surface.11. universe（n.宇宙）- all existing matter and space considered as a whole;the cosmos例句：Scientists are still trying to understand the origins of the universe.12. meteor（n.流星）- a small body of matter from outer space that enters the Earth's atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light例句：We saw a shooting star, which is actually a meteor burning up in the Earth's atmosphere.13. gravity（n.重力）- the force that attracts objects toward each other, especially the force that attracts objects towards the center of the Earth例句：Gravity keeps us grounded to the Earth.14. alien（n.外星人）- a creature from outer space例句：In science fiction movies, aliens often visit Earth.15. exploration（n.探索）- the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it例句：The team embarked on an exploration of the Amazon rainforest.16. mission（n.任务）- an important assignment carried out for a specific purpose例句：Their mission was to find a cure for the disease.17. module（n.舱段）- a self-contained unit or system within a larger system, often designed to be used in conjunction with other units例句：The lunar module landed safely on the moon.18. oxygen（n.氧气）- a colorless, odorless reactive gas that is necessary for respiration and exists as a diatomic molecule例句：We need oxygen to survive.19. atmosphere（n.大气层）- the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet例句：The atmosphere protects us from harmful radiation from the sun.20. discovery（n.发现）- the action or process of finding something new or previously unknown例句：The discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine.21. equipment（n.设备）- the tools, machinery, and furniture needed for a particular activity or work例句：The scientists in the lab used various equipment to conduct their experiments.22. laboratory（n.实验室）- a room or building equipped for scientific research例句：She spent most of her time in the laboratory working on her thesis.23. experiment（n.实验）- a scientific procedure conducted to make a discovery or demonstrate a known fact例句：The teacher conducted an experiment to show how plants grow under different conditions.24. variable（n.变量）- a factor that can change in a mathematical orscientific study例句：Temperature is a variable that can affect the growth of plants.25. hypothesis（n.假设）- a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, often one that is based on limited evidence and subject to further investigation例句：The scientist formed a hypothesis and designed an experiment to test it.26. conclusion（n.结论）- the end or finish of an event, process, or text例句：After analyzing the data, the researchers drew the conclusion that the experiment was successful.27. evidence（n.证据）- facts or proof used to support a theory or argument例句：The fingerprints on the window were the evidence that led the police to the culprit.28. research（n.研究）- the activity of investigating a subject in detail例句：She is conducting research on the effects of climate change on local ecosystems.29. conclusion（n.结论）- the end result of a process of reasoning or a investigation例句：Based on the evidence, the court reached the conclusion that the defendant was guilty.30. theory（n.理论）- a set of principles or ideas intended to explain something, especially one that has been widely accepted例句：The theory of evolution explains how species change over time.31. innovation（n.创新）- the act or process of inventing or creating something new例句：The smartphone was a innovation that changed the way we communicate. 32. problem（n.问题）- a matter or situation that is causing difficulty, typically one that needs to be addressed or solved例句：The lack of access to clean water is a problem that affects many communities.33. solution（n.解决方案）- a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation例句：The engineers developed a solution to fix the malfunctioning equipment.34. challenge（n.挑战）- a task or situation that tests someone's skills, abilities, or endurance例句：Adapting to a new environment can be a challenge for some people.35. opportunity（n.机会）- a favorable or appropriate time or occasion例句：She seized the opportunity to further her education.36. challenge（n.挑战）- to demand effort or skill to accomplish something例句：The climb up the mountain was a real challenge.37. success（n.成功）- the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted例句：Her hard work and determination led to her ultimate success.38. failure（n.失败）- the lack of success or the inability to achieve something例句：Every failure is a step towards success.39. effort（n.努力）- the exertion of energy to achieve a goal or complete a task例句：It takes a lot of effort to learn a new language.40.persistence（n.坚持）- the continued effort to achieve something despite difficulty or failure这些是六年级下册重点必背英语单词，通过学习和掌握这些词汇，学生可以更好地理解和使用英语，为进一步的学习打下坚实的基础。

科普气象知识作文英语Title: Exploring Meteorological Knowledge。

Meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, encompasses a wide array of fascinating topics that impact our daily lives. From weather patterns to climate change, understanding meteorology is crucial for comprehending the world around us. In this essay, we will delve into various aspects of meteorological knowledge.Weather and Climate:Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific area, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. It is what we experience on a day-to-day basis. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the long-term patterns and averages of weather conditions in a particular region over a significant period, usually 30 years or more.Atmospheric Circulation:The Earth's atmosphere is in constant motion due to various factors such as the sun's uneven heating of the Earth's surface, the rotation of the Earth, and the distribution of land and water. This movement creates atmospheric circulation patterns, including the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells, as well as prevailing winds like the trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies.Cloud Formation:Clouds are formed when water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets or ice crystals around microscopic particles like dust, salt, or pollution nuclei. The three main types of clouds are cumulus, stratus, and cirrus, each with distinct characteristics and implications for weather forecasting.Precipitation Processes:Precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets orice crystals in clouds become heavy enough to fall to the ground. This can take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail, depending on atmospheric conditions such as temperature and humidity levels.Severe Weather Phenomena:Severe weather events, including thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards, pose significantrisks to life and property. Understanding the formation and behavior of these phenomena is essential for predicting and mitigating their impact through early warning systems and preparedness measures.Climate Change:Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global or regional climate patterns, primarily due to humanactivities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The resulting increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, leads to global warming and various consequences, including risingtemperatures, melting glaciers, sea level rise, and extreme weather events.Weather Forecasting:Weather forecasting involves using observations from ground-based stations, satellites, radar, and numerical models to predict future weather conditions. Forecast accuracy has improved significantly in recent decades, thanks to advances in technology and our understanding of atmospheric processes.Meteorological Instruments:Meteorologists use various instruments to measure and monitor atmospheric conditions, including thermometers for temperature, barometers for pressure, hygrometers for humidity, anemometers for wind speed, and rain gauges for precipitation. Advanced instruments like Doppler radar and weather satellites provide valuable data for weather forecasting and research.Meteorological Careers:Meteorology offers diverse career opportunities, including broadcast meteorologists who deliver weather forecasts on television or radio, research scientists who study atmospheric dynamics and climate change, operational meteorologists who work for government agencies or private companies, and environmental consultants who assess the impact of weather and climate on ecosystems and human activities.In conclusion, meteorology is a multifaceted field that encompasses a broad range of topics, from weather andclimate to atmospheric dynamics and environmental impacts. By increasing our understanding of meteorological processes, we can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of our planet's atmosphere.。

准临界温度英语English:The term "pre-critical temperature" refers to the temperature at which a substance is on the verge of undergoing a phase change, such as the transition from a liquid to a gas. It is the temperature at which the substance's properties start to exhibit behavior that is characteristic of both the liquid and gas phases. At this point, the substance is very sensitive to pressure changes, with small variations in pressure causing significant changes in its properties. This temperature is of particular interest in the study of phase transitions and critical phenomena, as it represents a critical point where the distinction between different phases becomes less clear. Understanding the behavior of substances near their pre-critical temperatures is important not only for fundamental research but also for practical applications in fields such as chemistry, physics, and materials science.中文翻译:“准临界温度”这个术语指的是物质正处于即将发生相变的温度，比如从液态到气态的转变。

发育起点温度名词英文解释Developmental threshold temperature, what on earth is it? Well, let's break it down in a really easy - to - understand way.Think of a little seed. You know how a seed just sits there in the ground, not doing much until certain conditions are right? It's like it has a kind of internal thermometer that says "Hey, it's not warm enough yet,I'm not going to start growing." That temperature at which the seed says "Okay, now I can start my growth journey" is kind of like the developmental threshold temperature.For living things, whether it's a tiny bug or a big plant, there's a minimum temperature needed for important processes to start. It's not like they can just grow or develop at any old temperature. If it's too cold,it's like trying to run a car without any gas. The engine (in this case, the biological processes) just won't start.Let's take an insect for example. Insects are cold - blooded, which means their body temperature depends on the environment. There's a specific temperature below which the insect's growth, like molting (shedding its old skin) or laying eggs, just won't happen. This is the developmental threshold temperature for that particular insect. It's like a secret code that the environment has to crack for the insect to do its normal life things.Plants are the same way. You plant a flower seed in the spring, and it starts to sprout. But if you planted it in the middle of winter, chances are it would just stay there in the cold ground. Why? Because the temperature is below its developmental threshold temperature. It's as ifthe seed is waiting for the world to warm up to a certain level before it's willing to show its green leaves and beautiful flowers.This concept is super important in understanding how different organisms live and survive in different environments. If you live in a really cold place, like the Arctic, you'll find that the organisms there have a much lower developmental threshold temperature compared to those in a warm tropical place. It's like they've adapted to the cold by being able to start their important life processes at a colder temperature.Now, how do scientists figure out this developmental threshold temperature? They do a lot of experiments. They might take a bunch of the same kind of organisms, put them in different temperature - controlled environments, and then watch what happens. It's like being a detective, looking for the clues that tell when the organisms start to grow or develop.You might be thinking, "Well, so what if we know this temperature?" Well, it's a big deal! In farming, for example, if farmers know the developmental threshold temperature of the crops they're growing, they can better plan when to plant them. If they plant too early when the temperature is still below that threshold, the seeds might not germinate, and they'll lose a whole season of crops. It's like betting all your money on a horse that's not even ready to run.In the study of ecology, understanding the developmental threshold temperature of different species can help us predict how they'll respond to climate change. If the world is getting warmer, will the species be able to adapt? If their developmental threshold temperature is very specific and the temperature rises too much, it could be like throwing a fish out of water. The species might not be able to survive or reproduce as they used to.So, developmental threshold temperature is this really crucial concept that's like a key to understanding the life cycle and survival of organisms. It's not just some fancy scientific term that doesn't matter. It's like the starting gun for the race of life for all living things. Without understanding it, we're missing a big part of the puzzle of how life on Earth works.I think it's just so fascinating how nature has these built - in rules, and the developmental threshold temperature is one of those reallyimportant rules. It shows how every little thing in nature is connected to the temperature around it. It's like a dance where the temperature leadsand the organisms follow, starting their development when the music (temperature) hits the right note.。

英语作文游泳注意安全Swimming is a popular recreational activity enjoyed by people of all ages around the world. It provides numerous physical and mental health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, and overall well-being. However, swimming also carries inherent risks, and it is crucial to prioritize safety when engaging in this activity. In this essay, we will explore the importance of swimming safety and the various measures individuals can take to ensure a safe and enjoyable swimming experience.One of the primary concerns when it comes to swimming safety is the risk of drowning. Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death worldwide, and it can happen quickly and silently. To mitigate this risk, it is essential to learn and practice proper swimming techniques. This includes being able to float, tread water, and swim proficiently in various water conditions. Individuals who are not confident in their swimming abilities should consider taking swimming lessons from qualified instructors to develop the necessary skills and confidence in the water.Another crucial aspect of swimming safety is the awareness of one's surroundings and the potential hazards that may be present. Swimmers should always be mindful of the depth of the water, the presence of any underwater obstacles or debris, and the strength of currents or waves. In open water environments, such as lakes, rivers, or the ocean, swimmers should be especially cautious and aware of changing conditions that could pose a threat.It is also important to consider the role of supervision and supervision when it comes to swimming safety. Children, in particular, should always be under the close supervision of a responsible adult or a certified lifeguard. Even strong swimmers can encounter unexpected difficulties in the water, and having an attentive and vigilant supervisor can make a significant difference in preventing accidents and ensuring a safe swimming experience.Another crucial aspect of swimming safety is the use of appropriate safety equipment. This includes the use of life jackets or personal flotation devices (PFDs) for those who are not confident swimmers or for activities such as boating or water skiing. Life jackets can provide an extra layer of protection and can help to keep individuals afloat in the event of an emergency.Swimmers should also be aware of the potential risks associated with swimming in unfamiliar or unsupervised bodies of water. Swimmingin lakes, rivers, or the ocean can present additional challenges, such as the presence of strong currents, unpredictable weather conditions, and the potential for underwater hazards. In such situations, it is essential to research the area, consult with local authorities or experienced swimmers, and take appropriate precautions to ensure safety.It is also important to consider the potential impact of environmental factors on swimming safety. For example, the temperature of the water can affect an individual's ability to maintain body temperature and can increase the risk of hypothermia or other cold-related illnesses. Swimmers should be aware of the water temperature and dress appropriately to prevent these risks.Another environmental factor to consider is the presence of aquatic life, such as sharks, jellyfish, or other potentially hazardous creatures. In areas where such risks are present, swimmers should take appropriate precautions, such as avoiding swimming at certain times of day or in certain locations, and being vigilant for any signs of potential danger.In addition to the physical risks associated with swimming, it is also important to consider the mental and emotional aspects of swimming safety. Swimming can be a stressful and anxiety-provoking activity for some individuals, particularly those who arenot confident swimmers or who have had negative experiences in the water. It is important for swimmers to be aware of their own comfort levels and limitations, and to take steps to manage any anxiety or fear that may arise.This may involve seeking support from experienced swimmers or instructors, practicing relaxation techniques, or gradually building up confidence and skills in the water. By addressing these mental and emotional aspects of swimming safety, individuals can enhance their overall enjoyment and safety in the water.In conclusion, swimming safety is a critical aspect of this popular recreational activity. By prioritizing safety, individuals can enjoy the many benefits of swimming while minimizing the risks associated with this activity. This includes learning proper swimming techniques, being aware of one's surroundings and potential hazards, using appropriate safety equipment, and addressing any mental or emotional barriers to safe swimming. By taking these steps, swimmers can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience in the water.。