1.Classicism(古典主义):A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music th at reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Cl assicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reas on, clarity, balance, and order.
2. Critical Realism 批判现实主义: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an a ctual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary meth od based on detailedaccuracy1of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more gene ral attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of roma nce in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of
life.4. Enlightenment 启蒙主义: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It w as an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlightener s fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. I t was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the societ y was the enlightenment or—educationof the people. 5. Renaissanee文艺复兴：Re naissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it ref ers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, wit h the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went t o embrace the rest of Europe. Twofeatures are striking of this movement. The one i s a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance i s the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected th e new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The gr eatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.
6 Soliloquy( 独白)： Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 7. Neoclassicism 新古典主义:th e Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This t endency is known as Neoclassicism.8. Romanticism 浪漫主义: imagination, emoti on and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular
characteri stics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individu alism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imag ination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature9. . Sentimentalism 感伤主义:it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on thepart of certain En lighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalismcontinued to strug gle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of b ourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruinto the people. ) The phil osophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not ex clude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cul t
of nature and, a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a mos t human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats1.0. So nnet 十四行诗:Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanz a. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into Englan d in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into tw o classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameter
lines: the first 8 lines for m the octet, which rhymes, the remaining 6 lines) and the Shakespearian (or English f orm) form. The former divides its 14 lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one o ctet--- abbaabba and the other sestet--cdecde; while the latter consists of three quatrai ns （abab cdcd efef） and a
final coupl（et gg）. The three quatrains develop thepoem's s ubject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram. Shakespea re and Milton are very good at sonnet1.1.Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体） A heroic coup let is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poet ry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentame ter lines. Traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and
narrative p oetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentamete1r.1. Metaphysical poetry 玄学派: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often
ironic and witty, verse combi ning intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the c onventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Don ne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, ThomasTraherne, and Andrew Marvell. One o f its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious typ e of metaphor. The features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms an d strange images.12. The Victorian period（维多禾U亚时期）In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging express ion of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representa tion of realist novel, novelists
in this period carried their duty forward to critic ism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned abou t the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social in stitutions, the decaying social morality, and the widespread misery, poverty and
injustice.3>Their truthful picture of people 'lisfe and bitter and strong
criticis m of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousnessto the social problems and in the actualim provement of the society.4> Charles Dick ens is the leading figure of the Victorian period. 13. University Wits（大学才
子） :refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated fr om either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to be come professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playw rights.They were called ”niversity Wits ”4. Gothic novel（哥特式小说）:Gothi c novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, w as one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. Th e mysterious element plays an enormous rolein the Gothic novel; it is so replete wit h bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of ho rror". Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatura1l.5. Historical novel（历史小说）：A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic hi storical well before the time of writing. And in which some attempt to make t o depict accuratlly the customs and mentality of the period. The central charac ter---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger h istoric conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper. 16.Dramatic monologue （戏居U独白）is a type
of poe m writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresse s an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionallyrevealing his or her essen tial temperament and personality.
3. Chaucer
His career can be divided into several periods：
The Canterbury tales <坎特伯雷故事集>
He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, Frenc h, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own w ay. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbur y. Pilgrims tell stories to pass the time. Thejourney is used as a kind of device to unit e the various tales。
写作风格：1) it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer't s ime 2) the dramatic stru cture 3) Chaucer 'h s umor 4) Chaucer 'c s ontribution to the English language. Ever sin ce the Norman Conquest theFrench language was the language at the court and the u pper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used t he native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful langua ge. He increased the prestigeof the English language.
贡献：(① Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid, smooth and exac t. He is the first great poet writing in the current English. 2. His contribution is to lie s chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially h e introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative An gle Saxon poetry.3.He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His produc tion of so much excellent poetry was an important
factor in establishing English as th e literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several di alect, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for m odern English speech.) William Shakespeare
生平—592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, the n he joined Lord chamberlai n'scompany, became very famous. He became a shareholder in the Globe and bough t a big house in his hometow n. He bought a coat of arms for his father 出生地：Stra tford-on-Avon, Warwickshire。作品-2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-
1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing( more can be added)：
1) Shakespeare represented the treaodf history in giving voice to the desires and aspi rations of the people.( peace) ;2)Shakespeare 'hu s manism. His plays reflected the s pirit of his age;3He was a great poet ;4.He was a master of the English languae.)5H is first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI ;6)十八行诗：Sonne t 18 is one of his most beautiful sonnets. In the poem he has a profound med itation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth b y poetry to the one he loves. A nice summer'sday is usually transient, but th e beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespearehas a faith in the perm anence of poetry. The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg. Construction: a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot constructio n. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient
Greek and Ro man sources. b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually s everal threads running through the play.
中古时期
I.Beowulf〈〈贝奥武甫》Sir Gawain and Green Knight〈〈高文爵士和绿衣骑士》
2.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里乔叟)：The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》
文艺复兴时期
1.Thomas More : Utopia《乌托邦》Fran cis Bac on: Essays《随笔集》Thus Wyatt
2.Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen《仙后》
3.William Shakespeare : Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day) 四大悲剧：Hamlet King Lear Mecbeth
喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Mercha nt of Ven ice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》；Twelfth Night《第十二夜》
悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
17世纪英国文学
1.John Donne : A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 《分离：莫忧伤》
2.John Milton : Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》
3.John Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》
18世纪英国文学
Novel:
1.the age of reas on, classicism, sen time ntalism and roma nticism (no vels, prose, dramas, poetry)
2.Daniel Defoe : Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》
3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels《格歹U佛游记》
4.Henry Fielding : The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆琼斯》
4.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
5.Alexander Pope : An Essay on Criticism《论批评》
6.William Blake : pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》,Songs of Experienee《经验之歌》
7.Robert Burns :
A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
Drama: Richard Brin sley Sherida n : The School for Scan dal《造谣学校》
浪漫主义时期1798-1832
I.William Wordsworth : the Lake Poets; The Prelude《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reape r《孤寂的割麦女》；f eatures: poet of nature and human heart 2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》
3.George Gordon Byron : Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》
4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连；Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and
oppressi on)
5.John Keats: sen suous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Night in gale 《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》
6.Walter Scott : Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination
7.Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony, realistic; Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy) ；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》
8.Charles Lamb: Poor Relations《穷亲戚》；Dream-children《童年梦幻》；A Reverie《幻想曲》维多利亚时期
1.summit : realistic novel
2.Charles Dicke ns: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endin gs; A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》(London
& Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》;Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》;Hard Time《艰难时世》;Great Expectations《远大前程》; Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick
Papers《匹克威克外传》
3.William Makepeace Thackeray : Vanity Fair? 名利场》(to satirize the social more, decade nee and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)
4.George Eliot: no velist, her no vels are celebrated for their realism and psychological in sights;
Adam Bed e〈〈亚当比德》(social in equality) ; The Mill on the Floss? 弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》
5.Alfred Tennyson : succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍
吧》;Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》
6.Robert Browning : dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》
7.The Bronte Sisters:
Charlotte: Jane Eyre Emily: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯格雷》
20世纪英国文学
1.Thomas Hardy : feature:past and moder n, critical, realism, determ ini sm; Tess
of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》;Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
2.John Galsworthy : From the Four Win ds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box 《银盒》
3.George Bernard Shaw:《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》；The Apple Cart《苹果车》
4.Oscar Wilde : aestheticism; The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷的画像》
5. D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers《儿子和情人》；The White Peacock《白孔雀》
6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of- consciousness; feminist; To the Lighthouse 《至U灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》
James Joyce: Ulysses《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic); Dublin ers《都柏林人》