实务法律英语系列讲解

The American judicial system, reflecting the overall decentralized nature of its government, comprises a large number of federal and state courts.美国司法系统由众多的联邦法院和州法院组成，体现了其政府权利分散的本质。

The federal and the state judicial system are each constructed like a pyramid, entry level courts at both the state and federal levels are trial courts, in which witness are called, other evidence is presented and the fact finder is called upon to decide issues of the fact based on the law.美国联邦司法体制和州司法体制结构都像金字塔一样，联邦和州的初级法院都是裁判法院，这通常被认为是证据的陈述和事实的发现程序，并根据法律来决定该案的事实。

At the top of each pyramid structure is the court of the last resort, which has the authority to interpret the law of the relevant jurisdiction. In most stated and in the federal system there is also a mid-level court of appeals.在司法体制的顶端是终审法院，它有权解释法律相关的问题，在许多州和联邦体制内，还有一种中等水平的上诉法院。

法律英语的学习方法传说中的巴别塔（Tower of Babel）源自《圣经》，因为在《圣经》的《创世纪》中记载了有关巴别通天塔的故事：人类向往“大同”，他们要建筑一座通天高塔，扬名天下。

这触怒了上帝，上帝惩罚人类，让人类流离四方，言语不通。

然而人类没有屈服于上帝的惩罚，他们以英雄般的事业----翻译，向上帝发出了挑战；他们使上帝变乱的语言得以变成一笔笔带有民族特质的财富，在保存各族文化特质的同时，打破语言的桎梏，沟通着人类的精神。

正因为如此，巴别塔似乎与翻译有着天然的联系。

翻译，这一伟大的事业同样也引起了哲学家的注意。

法国后现代哲学的代表德里达就曾经在《巴别塔》一文中对“翻译”进行过深刻的哲学思考和令人近乎绝望的解构，他认为，当上帝驱散人类，变乱其语言时，就已经不可避免地产生了这样一个不解的悖论：“一瞬间把翻译这项工作强加于人类，同时又禁止人类翻译。

”因为这一悖论实质上不仅昭示了翻译的必要性，同时也意味着翻译在绝对意义上的不可能性。

除此之外，很多美国的语言哲学家，比如维特根斯坦也早在其哲学中就指出语言的不可言传性和不确定性。

其实，在我看来，语言作为一种工具，有多少个读者就有多少种文本的理解，面对沉默的文本，读者在无法企及与作者相同的深度之余，勇敢地甚至是令人敬佩地，但同时又是无奈地作出了自己的阐释---翻译由此产生。

可以说翻译从最根本而言只能是读者的“一相情愿”。

如果说语言差异是人类沟通面临的第一道屏障，那么文化的差异则是人类无法沟通与理解的始作俑者。

这令无数的译者即使是“突破脆弱苇草之限度”也无法作到如愿以尝（借用帕斯卡尔名言：人不过是一根会思考的苇草），因为任何旨在寻找一一对应的文化概念的企图都显得有些不够理智。

可以说，翻译也是最能体现真理具有相对性的哲学命题的。

正是从这个意义上来讲，对于多数已尽勤勉的译者所犯的错误，宽容似乎要比斥责更让人觉得人道（当然完全不负责任的译者另当别论）。

法律英语作为一种专业性很强的语言工具有别于普通英语，在上述这些方面表现也尤为明显。

As is释义：as is是法律英语中的常见词组，意思是（货物等的）现状。

如deliver the house as is.按照房屋的现状交付房屋。

The software is provided as is.按软件现有状况提供软件等。

As of释义：as of是法律英语中的常用词组之一，意思是从…开始，相当于since，但由于法律英语问题的正式性和庄重性，一般不能用since替换。

如The law shall be effective as of January 10, 2009。

本法自2009年1月10生效。

The contract takes effect upon its execution。

合同自签订之日起生效。

Asset释义：asset的含义是资产、财产，不仅包括动产，不动产，也包括可以动用的资源。

如fixed asset固定资产，floating asset流动资产，Asset and capital verification 清产核资，asset management资产管理等。

Assign释义：assign是法律英语中常用单词之一，意思是转让，也可以指受让人,通常指权利的转让。

如assign the rights to a third party。

把权利转让个第三方。

又如Without the prior, express written consent of the Principal, the Agent may not assign this Agreement to any other party.未经委托方事先明确的书面同意，代理方不得将本协议转让给任何第三方。

attach释义：attach在普通英语中的含义是依附，粘贴，在法律英语中指扣押财产。

Attach the property扣押财产。

Attachment order扣押令等。

bankrupt释义：bankrupt的意思是破产，既可以指单位也可以指个人破产。

The Companies Law (Revised)Company Limited by SharesTHE SIXTH AMENDED AND RESTATEDARTICLES OF ASSOCIATIONOFEdward Ho Hi-tech LIMITED(Adopted by way of a special resolution passed on [• - date of members’ resolutions] and effective as of [• - date of listing])INTERPRETATIONTable A1. The regulations in Table A in the Schedule to the Companies Law (Revised) do not apply to the Company.INTERPRETATION2. (1) In these Articles, unless the context otherwise requires, the words standing in the first column of the following table shall bear the meaning set opposite them respectively in the second column.(2) In these Articles, unless there be something within the subject or context inconsistent with such construction:(a) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa;(b) words importing a gender include both gender and the neuter;(c) words importing persons include companies, associations and bodies of persons whether corporate or not;(d) the words:(i) “may” shall be construed as permissive;(ii) “shall” or “will” shall be construed as imperative;(e) expressions referring to writing shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing words or figures in a visible form, and including where the representation takes the form of electronic display, provided that both the mode of service of the relevant document or notice and the Member’s election comply with all applicable Statutes, rules and regulations;(f) references to any law, ordinance, statute or statutory provision shall be interpreted as relating to any statutory modification or re-enactment thereof for the time being in force;(g) save as aforesaid words and expressions defined in the Statutes shall bear the same meanings in these Articles if not inconsistent with the subject in the context;(h) references to a document being executed include references to it being executed under hand or under seal or by electronic signature or by any other method and references to a notice or document include a notice or document recorded or stored in any digital, electronic, electrical, magnetic or other retrievable form or medium and information in visible form whether having physical substance or not;(i) Section 8 of the Electronic Transactions Law (2003) of the Cayman Islands, as amended from time to time, shall not apply to these Articles to the extent it imposes obligations or requirements in addition to those set out in these Articles.SHARE CAPITAL3. (1) The share capital of the Company at the date on which these Articles come into effect shall be divided into shares of a par value of $0.0001 each.(2) Subject to the Law, the Company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association and, where applicable, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and/or any competent regulatory authority, any power of the Company to purchase or otherwise acquire its own shares shall be exercisable by the Board in such manner, upon such terms and subject to such conditions as it thinks fit.(3) No share shall be issued to bearer.ALTERATION OF CAPITAL4. The Company may from time to time by ordinary resolution in accordance with the Law alter the conditions of its Memorandum of Association to:(a) increase its capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such amounts, as the resolution shall prescribe;(b) consolidate and divide all or any of its capital into shares of larger amount than its existing shares;(c) without prejudice to the powers of the Board under Article 12, divide its shares into several classes and without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of existing shares attach thereto respectively any preferential, deferred, qualified or special rights, privileges, conditions or such restrictions which in the absence of any such determination by the Company in general meeting, as the Directors may determine provided always that, for the avoidance of doubt, where a class of shares has been authorized by the Company no resolution of the Company in general meeting is required for the issuance of shares of that class and the Directors may issue shares of that class and determine such rights, privileges, conditions or restrictions attaching thereto as aforesaid, and further provided that] where the Company issues shares which do not carry voting rights, the words “non-voting” shall appear in the designation of such shares and where the equity capital includes shares with different voting rights, the designation of each class of shares, other than those with the most favorable voting rights, must include the words “restricted voting” or “limited voting”;(d) sub-divide its shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the Memorandum of Association (subject, nevertheless, to the Law), and may by such resolution determine that, as between the holders of the shares resulting from such sub-division, one or more of the shares may have any such preferred, deferred or other rights or be subject to any such restrictions as compared with the other or others as the Company has power to attach to unissued or new shares;(e) cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken, or agreed to be taken, by any person, and diminish the amount of its capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled or, in the case of shares, without par value, diminish the number of shares into which its capital is divided.5. The Board may settle as it considers expedient any difficulty which arises in relation to any consolidation and division under the last preceding Article and in particular but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing may issue certificates in respect of fractionsof shares or arrange for the sale of the shares representing fractions and the distribution of the net proceeds of sale (after deduction of the expenses of such sale) in due proportion amongst the Members who would have been entitled to the fractions, and for this purpose the Board may authorize some person to transfer the shares representing fractions to their purchaser or resolve that such net proceeds be paid to the Company for the Company’s benefit. Such purchaser will not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money nor will his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings relating to the sale.6. The Company may from time to time by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Law, reduce its share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.7. Except so far as otherwise provided by the conditions of issue, or by these Articles, any capital raised by the creation of new shares shall be treated as if it formed part of the original capital of the Company, and such shares shall be subject to the provisions contained in these Articles with reference to the payment of calls and installments, transfer and transmission, forfeiture, lien, cancellation, surrender, voting and otherwise.SHARE RIGHTS8. Subject to the provisions of the Law, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and the Memorandum and Articles of Association and to any special rights conferred on the holders of any shares or class of shares, and without prejudice to Article 12 hereof, any share in the Company(whether forming part of the present capital or not) may be issued with or have attached thereto such rights or restrictions whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise as the Board may determine, including without limitation on terms that they may be, or at the option of the Company or the holder are, liable to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner, including out of capital, as the Board may deem fit.9. Subject to the Law, any preferred shares may be issued or converted into shares that, at a determinable date or at the option of the Company or the holder if so authorized by its Memorandum of Association, are liable to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner as the Company before the issue or conversion may by ordinary resolution of the Members determine. Where the Company purchases for redemption a redeemable share, purchases not made through the market or by tender shall be limited to a maximum price as may from time to time be determined by the Board, either generally or with regard to specific purchases. If purchases are by tender, tenders shall comply with applicable laws.VARIATION OF RIGHTS10. Subject to the Law and without prejudice to Article 8, all or any of the special rights for the time being attached to the shares or any class of shares may, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, from time to time (whether or not the Company is being wound up) be varied, modified or abrogated with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. To every such separate general meeting all the provisions of these Articles relating to general meetings of the Company shall, mutatis mutandis, apply, but so that:(a) the necessary quorum (whether at a separate general meeting or at its adjourned meeting) shall be a person or persons (or in the case of a Member being a corporation, its duly authorized representative) together holding or representing by proxy not less than one-third in nominal value of the issued shares of that class;(b) every holder of shares of the class shall be entitled on a poll to one vote for every such share held by him; and(c) any holder of shares of the class present in person or by proxy or authorized representative may demand a poll.11. The special rights conferred upon the holders of any shares or class of shares shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided in the rights attaching to or the terms of issue of such shares, be deemed to be varied, modified or abrogated by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith.SHARES12. (1) Subject to the Law, these Articles and, where applicable, the rules of the Designated Stock Exchange and without prejudice to any special rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any shares or any class of shares, the unissued shares of the Company (whether forming part of the original or any increased capital) shall be at the disposal of the Board, which may offer, allot, grant options over or otherwise dispose of them to such persons, at such times and for such consideration and upon such terms and conditions as the Board may in its absolute discretion determine but so that no shares shall be issued at a discount. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the Board is hereby empowered to authorize by resolution or resolutions from time totime the issuance of one or more classes or series of preferred shares and to fix the designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other rights, if any, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, if any, including, without limitation, the number of shares constituting each such class or series, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges, voting powers, full or limited or no voting powers, and liquidation preferences, and to increase or decrease the size of any such class or series (but not below the number of shares of any class or series of preferred shares then outstanding) to the extent permitted by Law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any class or series of preferred shares may, to the extent permitted by law, provide that such class or series shall be superior to, rank equally with or be junior to the preferred shares of any other class or series.(2) Neither the Company nor the Board shall be obliged, when making or granting any allotment of, offer of, option over or disposal of shares, to make, or make available, any such allotment, offer, option or shares to Members or others with registered addresses in any particular territory or territories being a territory or territories where, in the absence of a registration statement or other special formalities, this would or might, in the opinion of the Board, be unlawful or impracticable. Members affected as a result of the foregoing sentence shall not be, or be deemed to be, a separate class of members for any purpose whatsoever. Except as otherwise expressly provided in the resolution or resolutions providing for the establishment of any class or series of preferred shares, no vote of the holders of preferred shares of or ordinary shares shall be a prerequisite to the issuance of any shares of any class or series of the preferred shares authorized by and complying with the conditions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association.(3) The Board may issue options, warrants or convertible securities or securities of similar nature conferring the right upon the holders thereof to subscribe for, purchase or receive any class of shares or securities in the capital of the Company on such terms as it may from time to time determine. 13. The Company may in connection with the issue of any shares exercise all powers of paying commission and brokerage conferred or permitted by the Law. Subject to the Law, the commission may be satisfied by the payment of cash or by the allotment of fully or partly paid shares or partly in one and partly in the other.14. Except as required by law, no person shall be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust and the Company shall not be bound by or required in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or any fractional part of a share or (except only as otherwise provided by these Articles or by law) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the registered holder.15. Subject to the Law and these Articles, the Board may at any time after the allotment of shares but before any person has been entered in the Register as the holder, recognize a renunciation thereof by the allottee in favor of some other person and may accord to any allottee of a share a right to effect such renunciation upon and subject to such terms and conditions as the Board considers fit to impose.SHARE CERTIFICATES16. Every share certificate shall be issued under the Seal or a facsimile thereof and shall specify the number and class and distinguishing numbers (if any) of the shares to which it relates, and the amount paid up thereon and may otherwise be in such form as the Directors may from time to time determine. No certificate shall be issued representing shares of more than one class. The Board mayby resolution determine, either generally or in any particular case or cases, that any signatures on any such certificates (or certificates in respect of other securities) need not be autographic but may be affixed to such certificates by some mechanical means or may be printed thereon.17. (1) In the case of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company shall not be bound to issue more than one certificate therefor and delivery of a certificate to one of several joint holders shall be sufficient delivery to all such holders.(2) Where a share stands in the names of two or more persons, the person first named in the Register shall as regards service of notices and, subject to the provisions of these Articles, all or any other matters connected with the Company, except the transfer of the shares, be deemed the sole holder thereof.18. Every person whose name is entered, upon an allotment of shares, as a Member in the Register shall be entitled, without payment, to receive one certificate for all such shares of any one class or several certificates each for one or more of such shares of such class upon payment for every certificate after the first of such reasonable out-of-pocket expenses as the Board from time to time determines.19. Share certificates shall be issued within the relevant time limit as prescribed by the Law or as the Designated Stock Exchange may from time to time determine, whichever is the shorter, after allotment or, except in the case of a transfer which the Company is for the time being entitled to refuse to register and does not register, after lodgment of a transfer with the Company.20. (1) Upon every transfer of shares the certificate held by the transferor shall be given up to be cancelled, and shall forthwith be cancelled accordingly, and a new certificate shall be issued to the transferee in respect of the shares transferred to him at such fee as is provided in paragraph (2) of this Article. If any of the shares included in the certificate so given up shall be retained by the transferor a new certificate for the balance shall be issued to him at the aforesaid fee payable by the transferor to the Company in respect thereof.(2) The fee referred to in paragraph (1) above shall be an amount not exceeding the relevant maximum amount as the Designated Stock Exchange may from time to time determine provided that the Board may at any time determine a lower amount for such fee.21. If a share certificate shall be damaged or defaced or alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyeda new certificate representing the same shares may be issued to the relevant Member upon request and on payment of such fee as the Company may determine and, subject to compliance with such terms (if any) as to evidence and indemnity and to payment of the costs and reasonable out-of-pocket expenses of the Company in investigating such evidence and preparing such indemnity as the Board may think fit and, in case of damage or defacement, on delivery of the old certificate to the Company provided always that where share warrants have been issued, no new share warrant shall be issued to replace one that has been lost unless the Board has determined that the original has been destroyed. LIEN22. The Company shall have a first and paramount lien on every share (not being a fully paid share) for all moneys (whether presently payable or not) called or payable at a fixed time in respect of that share. The Company shall also have a first and paramount lien on every share (not being a fully paid share) registered in the name of a Member (whether or not jointly with other Members) for all amounts of money presently payable by such Member or his estate to the Company whether thesame shall have been incurred before or after notice to the Company of any equitable or other interest of any person other than such member, and whether the period for the payment or discharge of the same shall have actually arrived or not, and notwithstanding that the same are joint debts or liabilities of such Member or his estate and any other person, whether a Member of the Company or not. The Company’s lien on a share shall extend to all dividends or other moneys payable thereon or in respect thereof. The Board may at any time, generally or in any particular case, waive any lien that has arisen or declare any share exempt in whole or in part, from the provisions of this Article. 23. Subject to these Articles, the Company may sell in such manner as the Board determines any share on which the Company has a lien, but no sale shall be made unless some sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable, or the liability or engagement in respect of which such lien exists is liable to be presently fulfilled or discharged nor until the expiration of fourteen (14) clear days after a notice in writing, stating and demanding payment of the sum presently payable, or specifying the liability or engagement and demanding fulfilment or discharge thereof and giving notice of the intention to sell in default, has been served on the registered holder for the time being of the share or the person entitled thereto by reason of his death or bankruptcy.24. The net proceeds of the sale shall be received by the Company and applied in or towards payment or discharge of the debt or liability in respect of which the lien exists, so far as the same is presently payable, and any residue shall (subject to a like lien for debts or liabilities not presently payable as existed upon the share prior to the sale) be paid to the person entitled to the share at the time of the sale. To give effect to any such sale the Board may authorize some person to transfer the shares sold to the purchaser thereof. The purchaser shall be registered as the holder of the shares so transferred and he shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money, nor shall his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings relating to the sale. CALLS ON SHARES25. Subject to these Articles and to the terms of allotment, the Board may from time to time make calls upon the Members in respect of any moneys unpaid on their shares (whether on account of the nominal value of the shares or by way of premium), and each Member shall (subject to being given at least fourteen (14) clear days’ Notice specifying the time and place of payment) pay to the Company as required by such notice the amount called on his shares. A call may be extended, postponed or revoked in whole or in part as the Board determines but no member shall be entitled to any such extension, postponement or revocation except as a matter of grace and favor.26. A call shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the resolution of the Board authorizing the call was passed and may be made payable either in one lump sum or by installments.27. A person upon whom a call is made shall remain liable for calls made upon him notwithstanding the subsequent transfer of the shares in respect of which the call was made. The joint holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all calls and installments due in respect thereof or other moneys due in respect thereof.28. If a sum called in respect of a share is not paid before or on the day appointed for payment thereof, the person from whom the sum is due shall pay interest on the amount unpaid from the day appointed for payment thereof to the time of actual payment at such rate (not exceeding twenty percent (20%) per annum) as the Board may determine, but the Board may in its absolute discretion waive payment of such interest wholly or in part.29. No Member shall be entitled to receive any dividend or bonus or to be present and vote (save asproxy for another Member) at any general meeting either personally or by proxy, or be reckoned in a quorum, or exercise any other privilege as a Member until all calls or installments due by him to the Company, whether alone or jointly with any other person, together with interest and expenses (if any) shall have been paid.30. On the trial or hearing of any action or other proceedings for the recovery of any money due for any call, it shall be sufficient to prove that the name of the Member sued is entered in the Register as the holder, or one of the holders, of the shares in respect of which such debt accrued, that the resolution making the call is duly recorded in the minute book, and that notice of such call was duly given to the Member sued, in pursuance of these Articles; and it shall not be necessary to prove the appointment of the Directors who made such call, nor any other matters whatsoever, but the proof of the matters aforesaid shall be conclusive evidence of the debt.31. Any amount payable in respect of a share upon allotment or at any fixed date, whether in respect of nominal value or premium or as an installment of a call, shall be deemed to be a call duly made and payable on the date fixed for payment and if it is not paid the provisions of these Articles shall apply as if that amount had become due and payable by virtue of a call duly made and notified.32. On the issue of shares the Board may differentiate between the allottees or holders as to the amount of calls to be paid and the times of payment.33. The Board may, if it thinks fit, receive from any Member willing to advance the same, and either in money or money’s worth, all or any part of the moneys uncalled and unpaid or installments payable upon any shares held by him and upon all or any of the moneys so advanced (until the same would, but for such advance, become presently payable) pay interest at such rate (if any) as the Board may decide. The Board may at any time repay the amount so advanced upon giving to such Member not less than one month’s Notice of its intention in that behalf, unless before the expiration of such notice the amount so advanced shall have been called up on the shares in respect of which it was advanced. Such payment in advance shall not entitle the holder of such share or shares to participate in respect thereof in a dividend subsequently declared.FORFEITURE OF SHARES34. (1) If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable the Board may give to the person from whom it is due not less than fourteen (14) clear days’ Notice:(a) requiring payment of the amount unpaid together with any interest which may have accrued and which may still accrue up to the date of actual payment; and(b) stating that if the Notice is not complied with the shares on which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited.(2) If the requirements of any such Notice are not complied with, any share in respect of which such Notice has been given may at any time thereafter, before payment of all calls and interest due in respect thereof has been made, be forfeited by a resolution of the Board to that effect, and such forfeiture shall include all dividends and bonuses declared in respect of the forfeited share but not actually paid before the forfeiture.35. When any share has been forfeited, notice of the forfeiture shall be served upon the person who was before forfeiture the holder of the share. No forfeiture shall be invalidated by any omission or neglect to give such Notice.36. The Board may accept the surrender of any share liable to be forfeited hereunder and, in such case, references in these Articles to forfeiture will include surrender.37. Any share so forfeited shall be deemed the property of the Company and may be sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of to such person, upon such terms and in such manner as the Board determines, and at any time before a sale, re-allotment or disposition the forfeiture may be annulled by the Board on such terms as the Board determines.38. A person whose shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a Member in respect of the forfeited shares but nevertheless shall remain liable to pay the Company all moneys which at the date of forfeiture were presently payable by him to the Company in respect of the shares, with (if the Directors shall in their discretion so require) interest thereon from the date of forfeiture until payment at such rate (not exceeding twenty percent (20%) per annum) as the Board determines. The Board may enforce payment thereof if it thinks fit, and without any deduction or allowance for the value of the forfeited shares, at the date of forfeiture, but his liability shall cease if and when the Company shall have received payment in full of all such moneys in respect of the shares. For the purposes of this Article any sum which, by the terms of issue of a share, is payable thereon at a fixed time which is subsequent to the date of forfeiture, whether on account of the nominal value of the share or by way of premium, shall notwithstanding that time has not yet arrived be deemed to be payable at the date of forfeiture, and the same shall become due and payable immediately upon the forfeiture, but interest thereon shall only be payable in respect of any period between the said fixed time and the date of actual payment.39. A declaration by a Director or the Secretary that a share has been forfeited on a specified date shall be conclusive evidence of the facts therein stated as against all persons claiming to be entitled to the share, and such declaration shall (subject to the execution of an instrument of transfer by the Company if necessary) constitute a good title to the share, and the person to whom the share is disposed of shall be registered as the holder of the share and shall not be bound to see to the application of the consideration (if any), nor shall his title to the share be affected by any irregularity in or invalidity of the proceedings in reference to the forfeiture, sale or disposal of the share. When any share shall have been forfeited, notice of the declaration shall be given to the Member in whose name it stood immediately prior to the forfeiture, and an entry of the forfeiture, with the date thereof, shall forthwith be made in the register, but no forfeiture shall be in any manner invalidated by any omission or neglect to give such notice or make any such entry.40. Notwithstanding any such forfeiture as aforesaid the Board may at any time, before any shares so forfeited shall have been sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of, permit the shares forfeited to be bought back upon the terms of payment of all calls and interest due upon and expenses incurred in respect of the share, and upon such further terms (if any) as it thinks fit.41. The forfeiture of a share shall not prejudice the right of the Company to any call already made or installment payable thereon.42. The provisions of these Articles as to forfeiture shall apply in the case of non-payment of any sum which, by the terms of issue of a share, becomes payable at a fixed time, whether on account of the nominal value of the share or by way of premium, as if the same had been payable by virtue of a call duly made and notified.REGISTER OF MEMBERS。

法律英语教程宋雷知识点第一步：了解法律英语的重要性法律是一门严谨的学科，其使用的语言也需要具备准确性和精确性。

法律英语作为法律专业人士必备的技能之一，是在处理国际法律事务和跨国商务中不可或缺的能力。

掌握法律英语可以帮助我们更好地理解法律文件和条款，与国际伙伴进行有效沟通，并在法律实务中取得成功。

第二步：学习法律英语的基础知识在学习法律英语之前，我们应该先了解一些基本的法律英语术语和常用词汇。

例如，法律文件中常用的词汇如“合同”(contract)、“协议”(agreement)、“法律责任”(legal liability)等，都是我们在学习过程中需要掌握的内容。

此外，掌握法律英语的语法和句型结构也是非常重要的。

第三步：熟悉法律文件的阅读和理解法律文件通常包含复杂的词汇和句子结构，因此，我们需要学会如何正确地阅读和理解这些文件。

在阅读法律文件时，我们应该注意文档的结构和组织方式，并仔细理解每个词汇和句子的含义。

此外，了解常见的法律术语和惯用语可以帮助我们更好地理解文件的内容。

第四步：学习法律英语的写作技巧法律文件通常需要使用正式、明确和具体的语言来表达观点和意图。

因此，在学习法律英语的写作技巧时，我们应该注重语法和词汇的正确使用，避免使用模糊和含糊不清的表达方式。

此外，学习如何撰写法律文件的结构和格式也是非常重要的。

第五步：提高听力和口语技巧在法律实务中，良好的听力和口语技巧对于与他人进行有效沟通至关重要。

因此，我们应该通过听取法律英语的讲座、辩论和讨论等活动来提高我们的听力技巧。

同时，通过参与角色扮演和模拟法庭等活动，我们可以提高我们的口语表达能力。

第六步：了解不同国家的法律体系学习法律英语还需要了解不同国家的法律体系。

不同的国家有不同的法律体系和法律术语，因此我们需要学习和了解这些差异。

比如，英美法系和大陆法系在法律体系和用词上存在很大的差别，我们需要学会正确使用各自的法律术语和表达方式。

第七步：实践法律英语技能最后，我们应该通过实践来巩固和提高我们的法律英语技能。

实用法律英语词汇学习必读：法律英语的学习和其他英语一样，都是以单词为基础。

法律英语的单词有其特殊用法和含义，怎样从众多的法律英语词汇中挑选出最常用最实用的单词一直是困惑众多法律英语爱好者的问题。

其实，虽然法律英语单词众多，但我们在法律实务中接触到的常用法律英语词汇大概只有2000个左右，boblegal法律翻译对这些常用单词（主要是民事和经济方面）进行了筛选，以实务为导向，进行法律英语典型单词系列讲解。

挑选这些单词的前提是：与法律实务相结合，对一般高校法律英语教材中出现但很少在实务中应用的单词不予选取，目的主要是希望在中国法律环境下运用法律英语，摆脱学究式的法律英语学习模式。

选词的标准有两个：一是在法律英语中出现的频率，比如confidential，这个单词在普通英语中的意思也是保密的、机密的，基本意思并没有发生改变，但由于其在一些法律文件尤其是知识产权或授权协议中频频出现，因此，也把它列入典型单词部分。

第二个标准时单词意义或用法的特殊性，如accept在普通英语中是接受，在法律英语中却表示承诺或对票据的承兑等，另外，如我们平时最常用的单词affect，在普通英语中的用法非常普遍，而且相对influence 和impact等单词，是较多用语口语中的单词，但在法律英语中，表示权利义务或利益受到影响时，用的都是affect，而不是influence。

需要说明的两点是，有些单词在法律英语中有独特含义，如service，在法律英语中的特殊含义指法律文书的送达，但其普通含义即服务，也可能被用到，如service agreement服务协议等，因此，我们不能机械的认为service无论出现在何种法律文书中均指送达，应当结合上下文进行理解。

另外，一个单词可能会有多种含义，我们选取了在实务中最常用到的一种或两种含义，对其较为罕见的含义或用法并不讲解。

本次讲解共涉及200个左右的单词和词组，分别按照以下分类讲解：一典型单词释义，二一词多义的单词讲解三易混淆单词辨析三意义相同但不能互换的单词四经常同时出现的单词和词组。

第1篇一、案例一：Smith v. Johnson案件背景：Smith v. Johnson 是一起典型的美国合同法案例。

本案中，原告Smith 与被告Johnson 签订了一份销售合同，约定Johnson 以一定价格购买Smith 的房产。

合同中包含了一系列条款，包括付款方式、交房时间等。

然而，在合同履行过程中，双方发生了争议。

案件事实：1. Smith 与 Johnson 签订了销售合同，约定Johnson 以$200,000的价格购买Smith的房产。

2. 合同规定，Johnson 需在签订合同后的30天内支付$20,000的定金，并在交房前支付剩余款项。

3. Johnson 在签订合同后立即支付了定金，但随后以房屋存在结构性问题为由拒绝继续履行合同。

4. Smith 请求法院判决Johnson 继续履行合同或支付违约金。

法院判决：法院审理后认为，根据合同法的相关规定，合同一旦成立即具有法律效力。

除非存在不可抗力等法定免责事由，否则双方均应履行合同义务。

在本案中，Johnson 没有提供证据证明存在不可抗力，因此法院判决Johnson 继续履行合同或支付违约金。

法律分析：本案涉及的主要法律问题是合同法中的履行义务。

根据美国合同法，合同一旦成立，双方当事人均有义务履行合同约定的义务。

在本案中，Johnson 以房屋存在结构性问题为由拒绝履行合同，但未提供充分的证据，因此法院判决其继续履行合同或支付违约金。

二、案例二：Chevron Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.案件背景：Chevron Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 是一起涉及环境保护的美国案例。

本案中，原告Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.（NRDC）指控被告Chevron Corporation 在其运营过程中违反了美国环境保护法，对环境造成了污染。

《法律英语教案》PPT课件一、教案概述本教案旨在通过学习法律英语，使学生能够理解和运用法律专业术语，提高法律文件阅读和翻译能力，了解基本的法律体系和法律原则。

培养学生具备一定的法律英语听说能力，以便在实际工作中能够熟练运用法律英语进行沟通和交流。

二、教学目标1. 知识目标：掌握一定数量的法律英语专业词汇；了解主要法律体系和法律原则；学会阅读和理解法律文件及合同。

2. 技能目标：能够运用法律英语进行日常沟通和交流；具备一定的法律英语翻译能力；能够分析和解决法律问题。

3. 情感目标：培养对法律英语学习的兴趣；增强学生的法律意识，提高法律素养。

三、教学内容第一单元：法律英语基础1. 法律英语概述2. 法律英语词汇特点3. 法律英语语法特点第二单元：法律体系与法律原则1. 主要法律体系简介2. 法律原则概述3. 法律原则在实践中的应用第三单元：法律文件与合同1. 法律文件的基本结构2. 法律文件常用条款3. 合同的订立与解除第四单元：法律诉讼程序1. 民事诉讼程序2. 刑事诉讼程序3. 行政诉讼程序第五单元：法律英语听说训练1. 法律英语日常用语2. 法律英语场景对话3. 法律英语听说技巧四、教学方法采用讲授法、案例分析法、情景模拟法、小组讨论法等相结合的教学方法，充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，提高学生法律英语实际运用能力。

五、教学评价1. 平时成绩：包括课堂参与、作业完成、小组讨论等，占总成绩的30%；2. 期中测试：包括词汇、语法、阅读理解、翻译等，占总成绩的30%；3. 期末考试：包括法律英语知识、实务操作、听说能力等，占总成绩的40%。

六、教学资源1. 教材：《法律英语教程》2. 辅助材料：法律案例、法律文献、法律英语词汇卡片3. 教学工具：PPT课件、投影仪、计算机、音响设备4. 网络资源：法律英语相关网站、论坛、在线词典七、教学安排1. 课时：48课时（每课时45分钟）2. 授课方式：每周两次课，每次课2课时3. 教学进度：按照教案安排进行，根据实际情况调整八、教学实践1. 法律英语角：组织学生进行法律英语角活动，让学生在实际交流中提高法律英语能力2. 法律英语竞赛：举办法律英语知识竞赛，激发学生学习兴趣，检验学生学习成果3. 法律案例分析：让学生分组分析真实法律案例，提高学生法律实务能力九、教学反思1. 定期对学生进行教学满意度调查，了解学生对教学方法的认可程度2. 及时收集学生反馈，针对问题调整教学方法和策略3. 加强师资培训，提高自身教学水平和能力十、教学总结1. 学期末组织学生进行法律英语知识测试，评估教学效果2. 总结教学经验，不断完善教学方法和手段3. 鼓励学生继续深入学习法律英语，为未来职业生涯奠定坚实基础重点和难点解析一、教案概述难点解析：确保教学目标符合学生的学习水平和期望，具备可操作性和可评估性。

法律英语词汇必备讲解法律英语词汇学习的基本方法一、法律英语词汇学习的必要性及难点法律英语难学，基本上是当代中国法律人的一个共识。

难在何处呢？可能法律英语词汇的掌握就是第一只拦路虎。

当我们打开英文法律文件时，经常会发现非常难以理解，即使是常用的合同条款中也充斥着大量的难以理解的词汇。

例如：“Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Seller agrees to indemnify Buyer] until the aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000].”学过法律英语的人都知道，这个句子实际上在法律英语句子中是比较短小和简单的一句，语法问题难不倒我们，难得是里面的几个关键的词汇，比如indemnification、indemnify 、Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation以及exceed。

如果我们知晓上面的列举的几个所谓法律英语词汇的含义分别是：补偿（名词）、补偿（动词）、补偿（形容词）、总计、诉讼、超出，那么本句就很容易理解。

它的含义实际上就是指：“补偿限额。

只有损失总额（加上诉讼费用）超过（$500,000）时，才能根据第（插入卖方同意补偿卖方的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超过（$500，000）的部分进行补偿。

”除了生僻的词汇以外，我们还有注意大量的我们平时熟悉但不能按照普通英语含义理解的词汇。

法律实务专业选修课程简介集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-课程编码：课程名称：《法律档案学》学分：2 学时： 32开课学期：第四学期选课对象：法律事务专业学生内容简介：《法律档案学》课程是法律事务专业教学中的选修课程。

该课程主要阐述档案、档案工作、档案事业、档案学和档案法规体系的基本概念、基本原理、基本理论和工作原则等内容。

通过该课使学生了解在基层法律服务中档案、档案工作、档案事业和档案学的基本概况，掌握法律档案、档案工作的基本概念、基本理论和工作原则，档案学的理论体系、主要内容和研究方法，熟悉我国档案法规的体系和内容，初步掌握法律资料查询、收集、整理、分析专业资料的方法，培养学生从事专业学习和研究的能力，为学好其他专业课程奠定基础。

课程编码：课程名称：《婚姻家庭法》学分：2 学时： 28开课学期：第五学期选课对象：法律事务专业学生本课程依据我国婚姻家庭法律制度的规定，主要讲授婚姻家庭法概述、我国婚姻法的基本原则、婚姻的成立―结婚、家庭关系、婚姻的中止―离婚、救助措施和法律责任等内容。

通过本课程使学生掌握婚姻家庭法的基础理论和基本知识，提高对我国婚姻家庭法的认知和分析运用的实际能力。

课程编码：课程名称：《知识产权原理与实务》学分：2 学时：34开课学期：第三学期选课对象：法律事务专业学生知识产权法是着作权法、专利法、商标法等法的总称，它是知识经济时代的重要法律制度，属于民事特别法。

本课程主要阐述了知识产权的基本概念、保护对象，并系统阐述了着作权法、专利法、商标法、反不正当竞争法的理论和各项制度，阐述了保护知识产权的主要国际公约的原则和内容；对各知识产权专门法律都涉及的基本范畴，包括权利、义务、法律责任、法律救济等，进行了较为详细的解说课程编码：课程名称：《仲裁法原理与实务》学分：2 学时：28开课学期：第五学期选课对象：法律事务专业学生本课程主要讲授仲裁的概念、性质和特点，仲裁的基本原则和仲裁范围，仲裁机构、仲裁协会及仲裁员，仲裁协议，仲裁程序，仲裁时效、仲裁费用，仲裁监督，仲裁裁决的执行及申请撤销仲裁裁决，涉外仲裁及中国内地与港澳台地区相互执行仲裁裁决等内容课程编码：课程名称：《法律英语》学分：2 学时：66开课学期：第三、四学期选课对象：法律事务专业学生法律英语课程旨在：1）简要介绍英美法律制度，并对比中国法律制度与西方法律制度特别是与英美法律制度的异同； 2）通过法律英语的教学，使学生对法律英语的语言特点有初步了解； 3）帮助学生了解与法律英语相关的语法、词汇、语域、技巧、语篇及体裁，重点掌握基本的法律英语术语； 4）帮助学生提高研读英美法律资料的能力，对今后继续学习和研究本领域的法学制度起到一定的帮助。

法律英语词汇学习• attorney: Another word for "lawyer". Someone who has studied law and defends or represents someone else.• bailiff: An officer of the court who protects the jurors and keeps everyone in the court room in control• clerk: Someone who keeps track of the files and records for the clerk (judge???).• counsel: A lawyer or group of lawyers who give advice to people needing legal help or who represent people in court.• court: The room where trials are held; a place where legal disputes are settled.• court reporter: A journalist whose specific purpose is to report what happens in court.• defendant: A person who has been accused of doing something bad and who now must defend him/herself.• defense attorney: A lawyer who specializes in defending people who have been accused of breaking the law or causing harm to someone.• district attorney (or crown prosecutor): A person who represents the government or legal system and prosecutes (tries to show that someone is guilty) a defendant.• expert witness: A person who is brought into court because he/she has special skills. For example, a psychologist may be brought in to discuss the mental state of a defendant.• Grand Jury: A special jury made up of more than 12 citizens. Their duty is to investigate accusations against a person. If there is enough evidence, then the person must go to trial for the crime.• investigating officer: The police officer who investigated the crime案件case案件受理费litigation fee案由nature of case颁布issue颁布promulgate办案handle a case办理deal with包庇罪crime of concealing the murder保税区bonded area保险法insurance law保险凭证insurance certificate保证warranty保证guarantee保证金bail保证金margins保证金帐户margin account保证人，担保人guarantor保证书indemnity保证书covenant of warranty保证条款warranty保值利率inflation-proof interest rate被裁定为be adjudged to be从重处罚heavier punishment从重处罚severe punishment存款机构deposit-taking institution挫折frustration措词worded错漏error|mistake答复Reply打官司initiate legal proceeding打击struggle against打假crack down on counterfeit goods打假办Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县Dachang Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 大股substantial shareholder大股东控权人majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县Dahua Yao Nationality Autonomous County 大连市Daliang Municipality大律师barrister大律师的收费counsel's fees大律师登记册roll of baristers大律师公会Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位pupillage被陈述人representee被告人辨解statement of the defendant驳回dismiss驳回reject驳回上诉reject an appeal补偿报酬compensatory payment不具有法律效力null不具有法律效力void不履行合同breach of contract不履行合约repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法dishonourable conduct and practices不能成立unable to establish不时frequently不予支持unassisted不作为omission财产分割properties division财产所有权property right裁定ruling裁定order产权制度property order产权关系property relations撤消并发回给reversed and remanded to the original court陈述state承担assume承担责任to be responsible for承典人pledgee承典人pawnee承认confess城市住宅局City House Bureau出典人pledgor出口退税制度the system of refunding taxes on exported goods出口押汇bill purchased出资比例ratio of investments处罚penalty触犯violate传销pyramid selling串通collaborate从宽处理lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚lesser punishment从轻处罚lighter punishment从轻处罚impose a lenient sentence从轻原则the principle of lighter punishment从事commit大律师名册panels of counsels大律师事务所barristers' chambers, chambers of counsel大律师书记barrister's clerk律师行业the practice of law大批bulk代理检察员acting prosecutor代理人agent代理审判员acting judge代通知金payment in lieu of notice代销sales by proxy丹东市Dandong Municipality丹阳市Danyang Municipality单位entity unit单务合同unilateral contract担保guarantee担保人guarantor担保书certificate of guarantee但书proviso当事人litigant当事人起诉要求the litigants sue for党政分工division of labour between the Party and the government档案工作人员file clerk盗窃枪支crime of stealing firearms and ammunition盗窃武器装备theft of military equipment道真仡佬族苗族自治县Daozheng Mulao Nationality Autonomous County 得到证实to be believed得利者beneficiary抵触contravene抵押mortgage抵押品pledge地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorate地役权easement第二审判庭second tribunal第三者the third party第一审判庭first tribunal典当物pledge调查investigation调查报告investigation调查取证investigate and collect evidence调解mediate调解和强制措施mediation and enforcement measure调解书mediation agreement调解书字号Written Mediation No.订货合同卡片 a card of contract订立formation定案结论verdict定案理由reason for decision定金deposit定期减免所得税regular reduction of income tax定性determination on the nature丢弃waive东北人民政府Northeast People's Government东乡族自治县Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County董事会board of directors动机intention, motive冻干健康人血浆frozen dry healthy human blood冻干血浆frozen dry blood plasma冻结freeze, suspend都安瑶族自治县Duan Yao Nationality Autonomous County毒品罪narcotic drug crime渎职罪crime of dereliction of duty独立的不法行为independent wrong独立个案individual cases独立核算工业企业independent accounting unit独立请求书independent claim独立审判independent adjudication断绝cease提出具体意见submit detailed opinions on对等原则principle of reciprocity对等原则并参照国际惯例the principle of reciprocity and in reference to the international practice对合同词句应当按照事情是有效的而不是无效的来理解verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat guam pareat 对金钱借贷的规定regulations of money lending对滥用职权的法律补救legal remedy for abuses of power对立的一方opposite party对令状的发出作确认acknowledge the issue of the writ对上诉抗辩oppose an appeal对书面文件的词句应当按照对提出词句的当事人尤为不利的原则来解释verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem 对外经济法律顾问处Foreign Economic Legal Consultancy Office对外经济律师事务所foreign trade law firm对外经济贸易仲裁委员会Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic对物诉讼令状writ in rem对帐reconcile, reconciliation多边公约multilateral convention多边国际公约multi-latreal international conventions多分 a larger share多头long position, bull position多头仲裁multiple arbitration多于一名人士 2 or more persons多元立法体制plural legislative structure多元主义pluralism峨边彝族自治县Ebian Yi Nationality Autonomous County恩施土家族苗族自治县Enshi Tujia Nationality Miao Nationality Autonomous County恩恤付款ex gratia payment二审second instance二审裁定书order of second instance二审法院Court of Second Instance二审判决书written order of Second Instance二者只能择其一the inclusion of one is the exclusion of the other发回重审remand a lawsuit for a new trial发货人consignor, shipper发生法律效力be legally effective发现discovery发行审核委员会the Issuance Examination Commission发展规划development plan罚款Fin法案bill法定部门statutory machinery法定代表律师Official Solicitor法定代表人legal representative法定代理人legal agent法定继承legal inheritance法定继承人legal heir法定监护人legal guardian法定期限time limit provided by law法定义务legal duty法定语言legal language法定主管当局statuory authority法官法judges law法官考评委员会committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规laws and regulations法纪Law and Discipline法纪监督supervision over legal discipline法理背景jurisprudential background法理背景jurisprudential base法理学jurisprudence法令decree法律程序文件written process法律冲突conflict of laws法律服务所Legal Service Office法律概念legal concept法律顾问处Legal Consultant Office法律后果legal effect法律解释权power of law interpretation法律面前人人平等equality before the law合法的legitimate法律上的财产处分legal disposition of property法律上的能力legal capacity法律效果legal effect法律行律juristic act法律行为act under the law法律性legality法律性文献legal document法律虚无主义legal nihilism法律依据legal basis法律制裁legal sanctions法律制度structure of the law法人legal person法人代表legal representative法人单位legal entity法人委托书power of attorney法庭程序文件process of court法团公司incorporated company法系地区relevant law area法学派别School of Legal Scholare法学研究所Institute of Law法医medicolegal法院court法院组织法organic law of the courts法制委员会Commission on Legislation Affairs翻新revision反对通知书notice of objection反革命宣传煽动罪crime of counter revolutionary propaganda and incitement 反革命罪crime of counter-revolution反悔repudiate, resile反诉counter-claim反要约counter offer反走私anti-smuggling返还restitution返还性损害赔偿金restitutionary damages犯commit犯人convict犯罪分子offender犯罪客观方面objective aspect of crime犯罪客体object of crime犯罪事实particulars of offense犯罪心意mens rea犯罪行为actus reus犯罪中止discontinuation of a crime犯罪主观subject of crime犯罪主观方面subjective aspect of crime贩卖毒品crime of drug trafficking贩卖假药罪crime of selling bogus medicines贩卖淫秽物品罪crime of selling pornographic articles贩运伪造的国家货币罪crime of trafficking in counterfeit national currency 方便与公平的原则principles of convenience and fairness防城各族自治县Fangcheng Ge Nationality Autonomous County防止性禁制令prohibitory injunction妨碍pervert妨碍司法公正interfere with the course of justice妨碍司法公正obstruction of justice妨害公务罪crime of interference with public administration妨害公务罪crime of interference with state functions妨害社会管理秩序罪crime of disrupting the order of social administration妨害他人婚姻家庭罪crime of disrupting marriage and the family房款凭证evidence of purchasing money for real estate房屋的产权property right in real estate房屋估价单home appraisal report房屋继承successor in title, transferee in real estate, transferee mottoes放火罪crime of arson放弃relinquish放弃waive放行条release pass非专业人士lay persons非法illegal非法查封unlawful foreclosure非法查封财产unlawfully seal up property非法逮捕, 拘禁或搜身unlawful arrest, detention, and search非法的告发wrongful prosecution非法的检举wrongful prosecution非法购买illegally purchasing非法拘禁罪crime of unlawful detention非法同居关系cohabiting unlawfully非法制造枪支及弹药罪crime of illegally manufacturing firearms and ammunition非法转让unlawful assign ment非婚生子女illegitimate child诽谤defame废除repeal分割partition分居live separate and apart分离severance分期付款installment payment分期付款by instalment分期支付by instalment分权共有人co-owner分权学说doctrine of separation of powers分摊apportion分租sub-lease纷争的解决settlement to disputes丰宁满族自治县Fengning Manchu Autonomous Region风险投资venture capital封宗法主意思想feudal legal thought佛山市Foshan Municipality否定repudiate否决权veto power否认deny否认立约non est factum夫妻spouse夫妻感情goodwill as between spouses夫妻共同所有财产joint property of the spouses夫妻关系spousal relationship夫妻关系中的子女 a child of a union of concubinage夫妻间有互相扶养的义务mutual obligation between spouses for maintenance of one another 夫妻名义pugitive spouses夫妻身份spousal relationship夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间while a spousal relationship subsists扶养的义务mutual maintenance support obligation扶养费maintenance符号sign福利社会welfare society福州市Fuzhou Municipality抚顺市Fushun Municipality抚养foster抚养费cost of maintenance抚养关系的继父子foster father and son relationship父母权parental right付购re-purchase付清余款paid the residual balance负责be responsible附带民事诉讼supplementary civil action附录Appendix附件Appendix附属公司subsidiary附属于collateral to阜新蒙古族自治县Fuxin Mongolia Autonomous Country 复合氨基酸compound amino acid复核审法院Court of Review复息compound interest复议review复员费decommission pay复员军人demobilized serviceman副检察长Deputy Chief Procuratoy富川瑶族自治县Fuchuan Yao Nationality Autonomous 改过自新remorse and reform盖章seal干部cadre干扰disturb干扰证人interfere with a witness干预intervention甘肃省Gansu Province肝炎hepatitis感化influence感情破裂loss of affection赣州市Ganzhou Municipality港币发行权authority to issue Hong Kong currency革委会revolutionary committee格式合同standard form of contract个人财产personal property个体户individual household个体劳动者所有权individual worker's ownership各级at different levels各级地方政府local government at several levels各尽所能from each according to his ability各省of all provinces给予assign给予适当的经济帮助render suitable financial assistance给予援助令状Writ of Assistance根本法律fundamental law根据成文法推定的默示条款terms implied by legislation根据法院判决推定的默示条款terms implied by courts根据惯例推定的默示条款terms implied by usage根据婚姻法的规定according to Marriage Law provisions更改alter更换replacement工矿产品合同试行条例The Trial Implementing Regulations on Contracts of Industrial and Mineral Product 工矿区industrial and mining district工农联盟Alliance of Workers and Peasants工商统一税unified industrial-commercial tax工作场所work place公检法机关organs of the public security, the procuracy and the court公安Public Security Officers公安部Ministry of Public Security公安部法规局The Bureau of Policies and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security公安处Public Security Office公安机关Public Security Organs公安机关行政处罚决定Public Security Penalty Decision公安局Public Security Bureau公安派出所local police station公安人员Public Security Officers公共开支public expenditure公共性public character公共帐目的审计制度system for auditing public accounts公共政策public policy公共政策的原则principle of public policy公共秩序public order公共主管当局competent authority公积金public accumulation funds公检法public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts公开disclose公开聆讯方式public hearing公开审理public hearing公民citizen公民劳动义务civic duty to work公平fair公社commune公司enterprise公司存在期限duration of company公司章程Articles of Association公诉public prosecution公诉机关public prosecution organ公诉人public prosecutor公诉书bill of indictment公务人员public official公有制public ownership system公约国Convention country公约证明书Convention certificates公证承付notarial act of honour公证会计师办事处Notarial Accountants' Office公证机关notary public公证人public notary公证证明notarial certification公职public office公众假期public holiday公众假日public holiday公众利益public advantage供认confession供述confession供销合作社supply and marketing co-operative共负盈亏share profits and losses共谋collude共青团中央The Central Committee of the Communist Young League 共识政府Government by consensus共同被告人co-defendant共同财产common property共同犯罪joint offence共同纲领common programme共同权利 a joint right共同实施违法行为jointly committed the offence共同误解common mistake共同原告co-plaintiff共同债务joint debts共享软件shareware勾结collude构成要件constitutive requirements估计assess股东大会stock-holder meeting股份有限公司stock limited company固定资产fixed capital故意intention故意的动机intentional motive故意破坏公私财物罪crime of intentionally sabotaging public or private property故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害intentional injury故意伤害致人死亡intentional infliction of bodily injury resulting in a person's death 故意伤害致死罪crime of intentionally injuring another which resulted in death故意伤害罪crime of intentional injury故意投毒spreading poison with intent雇佣合同employment contract寡妇widow挂靠be subordinate to挂牌公司company-in-name拐卖人口罪crime of abducting and trafficking human beings关键pivotal issue关税壁垒customs barrier关系恶化worsening of relations关系过远remote关押custody关员级人员customs officer官僚主义bureaucracy官职public office管卡压interference, obstruction and oppression管理办法Administrative Measures行政措施Administrative Measures管辖范围scope of jurisdiction管辖权jurisdiction管有令状writ of possession管制control管制public surveillance管制regulate贯彻执行executed in fact广东省Guangdong Province广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region归还restitution规范regulate规则rule规章directive桂林市Guilin Municipality锅炉压力容器检验所Inspection Institution for Boiler Pressing Containers国防部Ministry of National Defense国防科学技术工业委员会National Defense Scientific Technological Industry国际供应合同international supply contract国际惯例international common practice国际惯例international practice国际海事卫星组织公约Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization国际私法private international law国际运输international transport国家安全局The State Administration of National Security国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家保密局State Bureau of Protection of Confidential Documents国家编制委员会State Organization Commission国家标准局State Standard Bureau国家测绘局State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家城市建设总局State City Construction General Bureau国家出版局State Publication Bureau国家出入境检验检疫局The State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine国家档案局State Archives Bureau国家地震局State Seismology Bureau国家电力公司State Electric Power Corporation国家发展计划委员会State Development & Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室State Flood Prevention General Command Office国家房管局State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局State Administration on Textile Industry国家纺织工业局State Textile Industry Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration for Industry and Commerce国家公诉人State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局The State Broadcasting Film and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会National Defense Mobilization Commission国家国内贸易局State Administration for Domestic Trade国家国有资产管理局State State-owned Assets Administration Bureau国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局State Environment Protection Administration国家黄金管理局State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室State Organ People Air Defence Office国家机械工业局State Administration of Machinery Industry国家基本建设委员会State Infrastructure Commission国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission国家计划委员会State Planning Commission国家计量局State Metrological Bureau机部机械设备成套总局General Office of Complete Set of Machinery of the First Machinery Industry Ministry of the State Construction Commission 国家建筑材料工业局State Construction Materials Industry Administration国家教育委员会State Education Commission国家结构state structure国家进出口管理委员会State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会National Ban Drugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会State Economy Commission国家开发银行State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission 国家科学技术委员会State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室State Secret code Regulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会State National Affairs Commission国家南极考察委员会National South Pole Investigation Commission国家能源投资公司State Energy Resources Investment Corporation国家能源委员会State Energy Resources Commission国家农业委员会State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室State Agriculture Comprehensive Development Office 国家破产储量管理局State Minerals Reserves Administration Bureau国家器具state apparatus国家轻工业局State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会State People's Air Defense Commission国家人事局State Personnel Bureau国家商标局State Trademark Bureau国家商检局State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局State Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家水产总局State Aquatic Product General Bureau国家税务局National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局State Administration on Taxation国家所有权state ownership国家体育运动委员会State Physical Culture and Sports Commission国家体育总局State Administration of Sports国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家土地State owned land国家土地管理局China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局State Price Control Bureau国家物资局State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau)国家行政区域划分demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会State Language Affairs Commission国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度state system国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision国家中医药管理局State Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau国家主席President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会State Natural Science Funds Commission国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券treasury bills国民政府National Government国体polity国土资源部Ministry of Natural Resources国务院State Council国务院Safety manufacture Commission of the State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council国务院参事室Counsellor Office of the State Council国务院出版事业管理局Publication Cause Administration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室Electronic Rejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心The State Development Research Center国务院法制办Legal Affairs Office of the State Council国务院法制局Bureau of the Legislative Affairs under the State Council国务院扶贫开发办Aid-the-Poor Development Office of the State Council国务院港澳办Hong Kong and Macao Office of the State Council国务院工资制度改革小组Salary Reform Group of the State Council国务院关税税则委员会Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council国务院经济法规研究中心Economic Law Research Center of the State Council国务院经济贸易办公室Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council 国务院科技干部局Science and Technology Cadre Bureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室Science and Technology Education Leading Group Office of the State Council 国务院口岸领导小组Port Leading Group of the State Council国务院农村发展研究中心Rural Development Research Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council国务院企业管理委员会Enterprise Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Oversea Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组Liquidition and Assets Check Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室Liquidation Assets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院清理三角债导小组Clearing "Chain Debts" Leading Group of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会Three Gorges Project Construction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室San Xian Construction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Office of the State Council国务院生产办公室Manufacture Office of the State Council国务院水土保持委员会Water Soil Conservation Commission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室) Taxation Accounting Commodity Price Examination Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council国务院特区办公室Special Zone Office of the State Council国务院体制改革办公室System Reform Office of the State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会Uniform Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council 国务院外事办Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the State Council国务院住房制度改革领导小组Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council国有股state-owned shares国有股减持reduce state's stake in listed companies国债投资treasury bond investment国债专项资金special fund for treasury bond哈尔滨市Harbin Municipality海关法customs law海关税customs duties海关总署General Customs Administration海军司令部Commander Department of the Navy海事法院admiralty court海洋公约the Hague Convention含糊ambiguity邯郸市Handan Municipality汉族Han people合并merger合法lawful合法的房屋所有权legitimate land ownership right合法继承人lawful successor合法权益lawful benefit合法权益lawful right合法收入legitimate income合法受让人lawful assignee合法性legality合肥市Hefei Municipality合伙生意partnership合计惩处aggregate punishment合理的reasonable合理的考虑reasonable contemplation合理的预见reasonable foresee ability合理期限reasonable time合理时限reasonable time常用法律短句1.Divine’s punishments, though slow, are always sure.天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

1.Arraignment英美刑事诉讼中的一项正式程序。

In the district of Arizona, a defendant must agree to plead guilty within fifteen days of arraignment in order to receive a reduction in sentence.2.By laws 公司内部细则/articles of incorporation 公司成立章程Articles of associationIdaho law provides that unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws provided otherwise, regular meetings of the board of directions may be held without of the date, time and place.3.CabinetThe federal cabinet minister is also wary of the Americans’ willingness to trade away basic values in the name of the national security.4.ChattelThe opposite of chattel is real property which includes lands or buildings.5.Class action 集团诉讼/Group litigationThe class action rule is intended to improve court efficiency by allowing a large group of people with similar claims to join together in one lawsuit.6.Concurrent estates 共有财产Concurrent estates are those that are either owned or possessed by two or more individuals simultaneously. The three most common types of concurrent estates are joint tenancy, tenancy by the entirety, and tenancy in common.7.Corporal punishmentIn the twentieth century, corporal punishment was either eliminated as a legal penalty or restricted to beating with a birch rod, cane or whip.8.DiscretionAct at one’s discretion 某人酌情处理Age of discretion 责任年龄We need responsible administers who exercise discretion by assessing the context of every situation.9.CounterofferPlease note that we have quoted our most favorable price and are unable to entertain any counteroffer.mission 委员会、授权委托、佣金、手续费、委任状The client gave her attorney express commission to sign the contract.Drawee Bank’s charges and acceptance commission are for buy er’s account.11.ConfinementConfinement facilityWe cannot tell that spending time in confinement will make offenders less likely to commit crimes upon release.12.Court of Chancery 大法官法院、衡平法院Common law courtThe defendants invoke the equitable jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery in an attempt to e released from their obligations.Chancery最早是文秘署，皇家文秘书记官，签发和保存各种令状，在文件上加盖国玺。

法律英语第9课法律英语第9课《合同法介绍》中英对照Part One Contract and Contract Law合同与合同法1Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something which is to be done in the future by one or both of them.1.当我们使用“合同”一词的时候，通常是说它是一份存在于两方或三方之间的契约。

它不是一种简单的信任，而是通常理解为合同的一方或双方在将来的时候都要去做的某种事情。

Sometimes, the term contract is used also to refer to a document —the set of papers in which such an agreement is set forth.2.有时候，“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容的文件。

For lawyers, contract usually is used to refer to agreement that has legal effect; i.e., it creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised.3.对于律师而言，“合同”通常是指具有法律效力的协议，即设置了一种法律义务，当某行为没有按照预先约定的那样去履行时，可以依照合同去依法强制履行。

资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载法律英语基础知识简介地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容Part 1 Insurance1. He is a holder of an insurance policy.他是保险单持有人。

2. How long is the period form the commencement to termination of insurance.保险责任起至期限多长？3. Insurance company insured ships and their cargoes against loss and sea.保险公司为船舶和船货承保了海损险。

4. Mr. Rodman is the most heavily insured man in the world, carry $4,000,000 insurance on his life.罗德曼先生是世界上投保最多的人，为自己投了4,000,000美元的人寿险。

5. One kind of insurance policy is the one that covers a named person.有一种保险单是记名保险单6. Parties to an insurance contract are required to exercise the utmost good faith and disclose all relevant matters to each other.保险合同双方当事人都应该尽到最大的善意，并且想到披露所有的相关事实。

7. The coverage is written in the basic form and clauses.保险范围写在基本保险单和各种险别条款里。