商志英语笔记

商务英语整理笔记询价还价(询盘还盘)inquiry 询盘offer/quotation 报盘※firm offer 实盘※non-firm offer 虚盘※subject to 以---为准例：我方向你放报实盘，以你方在下周前回复为准。

We send you firm offer subject to your reply reaching us before next week.subject to our final confirmation/prior sale/goods being unsold 以我们最后的确认/以前的销售/未出售货物为准(了解即可)This offer is valid/open/good/firm for 3 days.该报价有效期为3天。

counter offer 还盘offerer 发盘人offeree 受盘人※superior to 比---好superior quality 质量上乘inferior to 不如---- 考点在toThe goods is of superior quality.产品质量上乘。

※sale by trademark/brand/name of origin 按照商标/品牌/产地名销售discount 打折 e.g. 打7折30% discountYour price is rather at the high side/low side.你的价格高/低。

※out of stock 缺货※supply from stock 供现货※supply sb with 例：我方向你方提供100吨核桃现货。

We supply you with 100 tons of walnuts from stock. market is firm 市场趋升market is active 市场活跃market is strong 市场坚挺specialize in +名词专营----line 行业或职业What’s you line?你从事什么行业？line 行情out of line of the market 与市场不符合in line with 和---一致considerable business 大量生意Chamber of Commerce 商会※CIFC3% London=成本、保险加运费及3%的佣金运至伦敦港口price list 价目表平等互利的基础上on the basis of equality and mutual benefitWe owe your name and address to +人或公司承蒙-----告知贵公司的名称和地址有竞争力的价格competitive price※和其他供应商比较起来，我们的价格更有竞争力。

短语：prospective/potential customers; intangible assetsLodge a claim and ask for compensationdown payment首付balance尾款; imports a wide variety of products;CIF=cost,insurance and freight FOB=free on boardpeople from all walks of lifehave wide experience in all the lines we handle; business and finances;for its handiness, elegance and beauty; gain popularity from customers at home and abroad短句：arouse: My interest was aroused. The music aroused my feeling of homesickness.The objective of our company this year is to get listed in HK.End justify the means.What qualities are you looking for in potential/prospective employees?The workers are on a strike for pay rise/higher wages.We can’t entertain your claim, for it’s not our fault.send us your product brochures and samplesone of the largest clothes import companies in AustraliaThe houses along the subway lines are in great demand/sell well.He was fined 200 yuan for speeding and drunk driving.The ship is propelled by wind/staem.This agreement shall be interpreted in its English version in case of ambiguities.reserve a double room/presidential suite with sea viewShe worried herself into a skeleton.This off-campus restaurant provides free delivery service.Can I have a doggie bag? one hamburger to go.All our batteries are now out of stock.Take the computer apart and reassemble it.Many companies have been downsizing lately.She tend to be irrational and emotional sometimes.Please check the attachment.She came to work for us on a short-term basis.This company has a full order book.He came to work for us on a short-term basis.I was impressed by the originality/novelty of the design.The machine can compete with, and even outperform, in some respects, their imported counterparts./The Chinese equity market outperformed the other Asian Pacific markets after RMB appreciation.He brings a bulging briefcase to work everyday./The mosquito bit on her face and there was a bulge left.She disguised herself as a man,but her voice gave away her identity/betrayed her.The claimed it was a counterfeit product and demanded a refund.Some people believe the hands-on experience and street smarts give them an advantage.For more details/for particulars,please contact our local distributor.The multinational company is recruiting interns.Would you like to fly economy or to fly first class?There’re scheduled flights between Shanghai and LA every week.Finish the task ahead of schedule.This order will be good till canceled.She is rather particular about food.We would consider placing a trail/firm order.File a complaint with the consumer protection agency词汇：Disobey/obedient/rebellion/rebelliousrespire/respirator/respiratoryanti: antibiotics/anti-dumping/anti-corruptionarian :librarian vegetarian humanitarian barbarian lie dictatorauto: auto maker/auto industry/automobiledec:decade/decimate/decenmberization:modernization/globalization/urbanization/industrializationfid=trust:He confided to me his secrets./confident/fidelity/infidel/liter:the literal meaning/literate/the literacy rate/illiterate/semiliterate/literature/literary master self:self-sufficient/self-reliance/self-made/self-discipline/self-motivation/self-centeredsid:dissident/president/preside over the meeting/reside/Vinc/vict=conquer : convince invincible victor victoryvac:vacuum/vacancy/evacuate42页。

商务英语复习笔记Matthew Effect:马太效应[From Bible]一The Matthew Effect is the phenomenon that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer" Matthew effect (sociology), for fame, status, or economic capital Matthew effect (education), for how new readers acquire the skills to readInternational Trade: (Definition)• It is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another. • Trade for money • Trade for goods - barterDomestic Trade vs. International Trade • Country / Law/ Money/ Language/ Culture/ Negotiation/ Cost/ Transportation Types of International trade:• Free Trade: . Bilateral Trade:• Transit Trade: • Barter Trade: • Visible trade: . General trade: • Invisible trade: 看不见的 • Trade surplus: • Trade deficit: • Foreign Trade:• Merchandise 商品 货物 买卖 销售 • Trade surplus 顺差 -deficit 逆差(亏损) •Compensation Trade:Explanation:•A: European countries that want to sell equipment.Government imposes no or little tax on import goods. Trade between two countries.Trade among three countries. [Mainland —Hongkong —U.S.] Trade in totalTrade without using currency.看得见的 GoodsTransport, services, insurance, technology, patent, copyright, tourism.Export > Import Export v ImportTrade with other countries•B: Chinese companies that don't have enough U.S dollars and technique.•C: Bank•B—A: Money can be paid back in 4-5 years and effect payment every 6 months.•C—A: If B fails to pay for the equipment, Bank will pay for B.•B—A: Buyback when B can't sell well in the International Market. Practice：1.Chinese Co. trades with Japanese Co. foreign trade2.Both tourism & insurance are forms of _ invisible trade.3.People trade goods or services without the exchange of money. Barter trade4.Foreign Co. provides China Co. with equipment & technology, payment of which is made withthe goods manufactured with the Equipment & technology, compensation trade5.Countries do not impose customs duties or other taxes on the imports of goods from abroad,free trade6.Is CNY/RMB a freely convertible currency? NO7.Explain foreign trade and int'l trade.一Foreign Trade: Trade between China and other countries.一International Trade: Trade between two countries.Explain a win-win result,: Profitable for all the parties involved.Reasons for International Trade1.Resource Reasons (Uneven distribution)•Favorable climatic conditions•Natural resources•Skilled workers•Capital resources•Favorable geographic location & transport cost•Insufficient production2. Economic Reasons•Production cost•Absolute advantageScotland has absolute advantage in making cloth.• Comparative-cost ExampleA 2 4 1R:2CB 1 1 1R:1CB either produces R or C, their profit is the same.3.Political Reasons•To support the government•Economic sanctionInfl Trade, why? — Vocabulary1.Foreign Exchange 夕卜汇2.Surplus raw materials 多余的原材料3.Profitable for both sides 对双方都有利4.Have any effects on 对。

科学实验类NO.11997.03药物滥用Paragraph1⊕technically adv严格意义上说technique n技术。

Substance n物质。

Other than除···以外The truth is quite other than what you think 实施真相和你们想的完全不一样Bodily adj生理的、身体的Physical adj身体的Bodily or mental functioning生理或心理机能Mental disorder心理疾病。

Mental adj精神的⊕主语（插入）谓语1.从句。

2.-ed/-ing/to/adj/prep3.tend to/send to/may/might4.双逗号、双破折号结构⊕many people mistakenly believe很多人错误的认为Mistakenly adv错误地。

He/I believes（that）···他我相信Term n术语，专业用语，期限；v把···称为。

The substance is termed as兴奋剂。

At his age，he can hardly be termed a young man。

到了这个年纪，他称不上是年轻人了Some kind/sort/type of某些Legal adj合法的、法律的=lawfulLegal learning法律知识Morphine n吗啡。

Cocaine可卡因Drug addict吸毒者、瘾君子。

Drug and alcohol abuse吸毒和酗酒Prescribed drugs处方药Be addicted to沉溺于···，痴迷于··Many youngsters，as is known to all，are addicted to the Internet，causing heightened concerns about internet addiction。

A：When it comes tothe slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling orpolishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend＄12 to ＄50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly Stopped showing up.biting her nails=scratch one’s head不知所措，束手无策；when it comes to名词，主谓。

a用法：引出文章topicb翻译为：当提到。

时当谈及。

时Writing： when it comes to 题目，opinions vary。

Many tend to claim that 。

Others，however，may contend thatclaim 主张，认为 some——some peopleHold many——many peopleArgue few——Contend those——注：日本人——Those who are from japan，（写作：简单问题复杂化。

）省略“people”Those who are from average universities。

Top university谓语。

B、This is an explosive situation（危急关头，可怕局面）for any industry（行业）, particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的，逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的，走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例：北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿：This is an explosive situation for any country，particularly for a developing one。

考研英语商志传奇词汇班重点笔记Ah, the legendary tale of the GRE Vocabulary Crusade, where brave scholars embark on a quest for linguistic enlightenment. Gather 'round, for this is a story that'll have you chuckling between the lines and nodding in agreement at the power of a well-turned phrase.Once upon an exam, in the hallowed halls of academia, there was a band of test-takers, each armed with a number two pencil and a dream. Their mission? To conquer the daunting beast known as the GRE, with a special focus on the Vocabulary section that could make even the most seasoned wordsmith quiver in their boots.Our protagonist, let's call him "Scholar Sam," was no ordinary student. He had a secret weapon: the "Mighty Merriam-Webster," a tome of true lexical prowess. Sam knew that to slay the GRE dragon, he needed more than just a thesaurus; he needed a strategic lexicon.So, Sam embarked on a journey to the "Vocabulary Valhalla," a place where words were not just remembered but internalized, where definitions were as clear as a cloudless day, and etymologies were as fascinating as a good mystery novel.Here are the key notes from Sam's epic adventure, the ones that would guide him to victory:1. The Roots of Wisdom: Sam realized that understanding the roots of words was like having a map to the treasure of vocabulary. Words like "bio" (life), "geo" (earth), and "chrono" (time) were his trusty companions.2. Prefixes and Suffixes: These were the magical add-ons that could transform a simple word into a complex one. "Un-" as in "unpredictable" or "anti-" as in "antidote" were like the spells that could reveal the true nature of a word.3. Contextual Clues: Sam learned to be a detective, using the context around a word to decipher its meaning. It waslike being Sherlock Holmes with a dictionary.4. Synonyms and Antonyms: These were the twin stars guiding Sam through the night sky of vocabulary. Knowing the synonyms ("happy" as in "joyful") and antonyms ("happy" as in "sad") was like having a secret code to crack the GRE.5. Mnemonic Devices: Sam turned to memory palaces, creating images and stories that would stick. For example, "perfunctory" (meaning done superficially) was remembered as "perfectly funny" because who wouldn't laugh at a superficial performance?6. Practice, Practice, Practice: Sam knew that repetition was the mother of skill. He practiced with flashcards, online quizzes, and even in his dreams, which were often filled with vocabulary acrobats and word puzzles.7. The Power of Positive Thinking: Sam believed in himself and his ability to master the language. He visualized himself acing the test, and this positive energy was like a shield against doubt and fear.8. The GRE Vocabulary Crusade: This was the ultimate guide, a compendium of must-know words, each with its own story and mnemonic. Sam treated it like a sacred text, studying it with the reverence of a true scholar.And so, with these notes as his shield and his wits as his sword, Scholar Sam ventured forth into the GRE arena. The test was a battle of wits and words, but with a hearty laugh and a well-turned phrase, Sam emerged victorious, his vocabulary prowess the stuff of campus legend.And that, dear reader, is the tale of the GRE Vocabulary Crusade, a story of humor, heroism, and the hallowed halls of higher education. Remember, the key to victory lies not just in the words you know, but in the stories you tell with them.。

A：When it comes tothe slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling orpolishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend＄12 to ＄50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly Stopped showing up.biting her nails=scratch one’s head不知所措，束手无策；when it comes to名词，主谓。

a用法：引出文章topicb翻译为：当提到。

时当谈及。

时Writing： when it comes to 题目，opinions vary。

Many tend to claim that 。

Others，however，may contend thatclaim 主张，认为 some——some peopleHold many——many peopleArgue few——Contend those——注：日本人——Those who are from japan，（写作：简单问题复杂化。

）省略“people”Those who are from average universities。

Top universitymay/might主语 +tend to + 谓语。

seem toB、This is an explosive situation（危急关头，可怕局面）for any industry（行业）, particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的，逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的，走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例：北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿：This is an explosive situation for any country，particularly for a developing one。

一、翻译下列句子，注意采用转译、反译、减译。

增词和词序调整等方法翻译画线词语:1. We should be grateful if you would give us further details of American computers at the earliest time.如能尽快惠告美国电脑的详细情况，不胜感激。

析：句中的we, you和us减译。

2. We very much regret that the current general slackness of the market hasprevented us from placing new orders with you.市场的不景气使我方无法再向贵方订货，对此我方深感遗憾。

析：句中的prevent原意是“阻止”，但直译无法确切表达句意，反译为“无法”，就能恰当表达句意。

3. In going-rate pricing, the company bases its prices largely on competitors' prices, with lessattention paid to cost or demand considerations.从随行就市价来看，公司在很大程度上以竞争对手的价格为基础定价，而不大注意成本和需求。

析：less attention意为“较少注意”，正面翻译，句意不通，而反译为“不大注意”符合汉语的表达习惯。

4. We regret to inform you that the result of examination was theemergence of disagreement between the shipment and the bill of lading.很遗憾地通知贵方，检查的结果是出现了装运的货物与提单不一致的情况。

析：句中的emergence来自动词emerge，具有动词意义，转译成动词更符合汉语的表达习惯，we在句中减译，翻译disagreements则需要加上范畴词“情况”。

BUSINESS ENGLISHESP1.The concept of businessInternational Trade Commodity /goods/cargos Brand /trade markstariffs/customs duties WTOGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade2.The contents of businessContracts合同/documents单证/clauses条款B/L Bill of Lading 提单L/C Letter of Credit 信用证Symbolic Delivery3.The linguistic features of Business EnglishPaper /future 期货ESP acronyms/initialsTechnical termsFOBCFR CIF FPA WPA TPNDINCOTERMS ICCTELEX4.Writing styles of Business EnglishConveyanceINTERNATIONAL TRADEImport and exportTechnical termsPaper trade/future tradeAcronymsWTO GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) L/C FOB CIF NATO UNESCO IMF B/L ISOD/A (Documents against Acceptance)承兑交单D/P (Documents against Payment)付款交单ESPENGLISHICC International Chamber of CommerceL/C Letter of CreditB/L Bill of LadingFairsIssuing bank/opening bank 开证银行Notifying bank/advising bank通知Negotiating bank 议付Confirming bank 保兑Paying bank 支付International Chamber of Commerce ICCInternational practices 国际惯例EmbassyMilitary 武官Cultural counselor 文化参赞Commercial counselor 商务参赞Board of Directors 董事会Directors – investors- shareholders SharesMessieurs/MadameFNCB First National City Bank花旗银行Specialization 专业化Globalization 全球化Mass-production 规模生产Know-how 专有技术Commercial invoice 商业发票Customs invoice 海关发票Consular invoice 领事发票Proforma invoice 形式发票Combined invoice 联合发票LicenseOriginal 正本Copy 副本IOP: Irrespective of Percentage不计免赔率PortPort of shipment/loadingPort of destination/dispatachPort of refuge/ intermediate port/port of transshipment 转运Partial shipment分批装运CurrencyForeign exchange (rates)USD/ RMB/ STGSterling poundBargaining:Quotation/ Inquiry 报盘/询盘Offer 报盘Firm Offer / Non-firm OfferCounter-offer 还盘Confirmation 确盘Unit price 0.1USD X 60,000M/T=6000S /C Sales Confirmation 售货确认书P/C Purchase Confirmation 购货确认书Contract 合同。

460 repetition n. 重复，反复461 replace vt. 把…放回；取代462 representative a. 代表性的 n. 代表463 rescue vt./n. 援救，营救464 resemble vt. 像，类似465 residence n. 居住；驻扎；住处466 resign vt. 放弃vi.辞职467 resistance n. 抵抗；抑制；抵抗力468 resolve vt. 解决；决心 n. 决心469 resort vt.&n 求助，凭借470 respective a. 各自的，各个的respectively ad. 各自地，分别地471 restore vt. 恢复；归还；修补472 restrain vt. 抑制，遏制；限制restraint n. 抑制；遏制；克制473 restrict vt. 限制，限定，约束474 resume vt. 恢复；重新开始475 retain vt. 保持，保留，保有476 reverse vt. 颠倒，翻转 n. 背面477 reward n.报答；报酬/vi.478 ridiculous a. 荒谬的，可笑的479 rigid a. 刚硬的；僵硬的480 risk n. 风险，危险，冒险481 rival n. 竞争者 a. 竞争的482 roar vi. 吼叫；呼喊 n. 吼483 rough a. 表面不平的；粗略的484 routine n. 例行公事 a.日常的485 ruin n. 毁灭；废墟 vt. 毁坏486 rural a. 农村的，田园的487 sake n. 缘故，理由488 scale n. 标度; 比例,规模489 scarce a. 缺乏的；稀有的490 scatter vt. 使消散；撒；散播491 schedule n. 时间表；计划表492 scheme n. 计划，规划；诡计493 secure a. 安心的；安全的security n. 安全，安全感494 sequence n. 连续，继续；次序495 shield n. 盾；防护物vt. 保护496 shift vt. 替换，转移n. 转换497 shortage n. 不足，缺少，不足额498 shrink vi. 收缩；缩小；退缩499 signal n. 信号 vi. 发信号500 simplicity n. 简单，简易；朴素simplify vt. 简化，使单纯501 slight a. 细长的；轻微的502 sophisticated a. 老于世故的；高级的503 span n. 跨距；一段时间504 specialize vi. 成为…专家；专攻505 specific a. 特有的；具体的specify vi. 指定，详细说明506 specimen n. 样本，标本，样品507 split v. 劈开508 spoil vt. 损坏，糟蹋；宠坏509 sponsor n. 发起者 vt. 发起510 spot n. 点，斑点；地点511 staff n. 工作人员；参谋512 status n. 地位，身份513 steep a. 险峻的，陡峭的514 steer v. 驾驶515 stimulate vt. 刺激，激励，激发516 stir vt. 搅动；激起517 submit v. 使服从518 subsequent a. 随后的，后来的519 substantial a. 物质的；坚固的520 substitute n. 代替（品）vt. (for)用…代替521 succession n. 连续；继任，继承successive a. 连续的；接连的522 sufficient a. 足够的，充分的523 superficial a. 表面的；肤浅的524 superior a. 较高的；优越的525 surgery n. 外科，外科手术526 surrender v. 交出; 投降527 survive vt. 幸免于; 活下来528 suspect v. 怀疑 n. 嫌疑人529 sustain vt. 支撑；供养；忍受530 sympathetic a. 同情的；和谐的sympathize vi. 同情；同感，共鸣sympathy n. 同情；一致，同感531 synthetic a. 综合的；合成的532 talent n. 天才；才能；人才533 tedious a. 冗长乏味的，沉闷的534 temporary a. 暂时的，临时的535 temptation n. 诱惑，引诱536 tend vt. 照管，照料，护理tend vi. 走向，趋向；倾向tender a. 嫩的；脆弱的537 terminal a. 末端的 n. 末端538 threat n. 威胁，恐吓，凶兆threaten v．威胁，恐吓539 thrive vi. 兴旺，繁荣，旺盛。

商志考研英语3147单词Unit 1vote v./n投票debate v./n 辩论.争辩authority n. 政府；权威专家，权威（人士）accupation authorities 占领当局be authorized to do 得到授权be entitled to (do) sth 被赋予做...的权利，有做...的权利incurably ill patients 晚期患者terminally ill 晚期的,终期的convince v.坚信，相信；令人信服word n.消息flash v./n. 闪现，闪动，出现executive a.执行的 n.执行官chief executive 首席执行官the right to... (有)做...的权利have rights doing sth. 有权做某事society n.协会，社团 accademic ~ 学术社团specific society 具体的、特定的社团community n. ....界，团体；社会，社区legal community 法律界scientific community 科学界religious community 宗教团体health research community 医疗研究团体via prep. 经由，通过post v. 张贴，发布；（在网上）发帖bulletin n.公告，报告import n.重要性，重要意义；进口implications n.含义，意义；暗示，启示imply v.暗示，推论出；蕴含着....implicit a..不言明（含蓄）的explicit a.表达明确的，明白的sink in 被了解deal with 安排，处理，思考breathe sighs of relief 轻松地出了一口气association n.协会associate...with... 把...和...联系起来bitterly adv.尖酸刻薄的，厉害的bill n.法案，法律；账单passage n.通过；经过；道路，通道tide n.潮流，趋势likely adj/adv.很有可能的，可能的=possiblebe likely to 常常，很有可能unlikely adj. 不可能=impossibleaging population 老龄化的人口extend v.延长，延伸，推广life-extending technology 延长寿命的技术extended family 三代以上同堂的家庭模式be extended indefinitely 无限期延长get on with 继续做have something to do with... 与...有关have much to do with 与...很有关系observer n.观察着，旁观者observe v.观察，注意；评论observation 观察（报告），观察（评论）；评论make observations 做评论domino(es) 多米诺效应（~effect）request v.请求，要求deadly adj. 致命的dreadful adj. 可怕的；极大的inject v. 注射，注入pill n. 药丸sufffering n.痛苦，受罪suffer v.遭受diagnose v.诊断cool off 平静下来，变凉certificate n.证明（书、证等）haunting a. 常浮现于脑海中的，不易忘怀的terrifying a.可怕的，令人害怕的spiritual a.精神上的fight for 努力...，为...而努力claw v.抓（scrach）mask n.面具object to 反对 objection toobjectionable 引起反对的，讨厌的objective adj.客观的objectivity n. 客观性impartial adj. 公正，客观share the same view on 对...持相同观点be responsible for 对...负责（表示原因）significance n.重要性，意义calm a. 平静的，镇静的intense a.强烈的，剧烈的（~fear 非常担心）characteristic n.(~s)特色，特色 a.特有的be characteristic of 特点是 =be typical of be characterized by 特点是，以...为特点experience v./n. 经历（=undergo=go through）shared experience 共同的经历、经验perish v.死亡，变腐败 in peril 处在危险中approve v.赞同（approval）didapproval n.反对indifferent a.漠不关心的，冷漠的（indifference）carefree adj. 不关心的，冷漠的suspect v.怀疑，不信suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑，不信be suspicious of 表示怀疑subjective adj. 主观的biased adj.有偏见的（prejudiced）prejudice n./v. (持有)偏见=biaspuzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzle v.困惑 word ~ 填字游戏puzzlement n.困惑，不明白的地方 =confusion confused adj.困惑的confusing adj.令人不解的confuse v.茫然，困惑；混淆confusion n.困惑，混淆optimistic adj.乐观的optimism n.悲观（精神）reserve v.预留，保留；储备（金）reserved adj.保留位置，空间consent v.同意slight adj. 轻微的enthusiastic adj. 热情的enthusiast n. 热衷者，狂热分子gloomy adj. 前途黯淡的gloom n. 昏暗；暗淡doom n. 末日，宿命 gloon and ~悲伤沮丧scary adj. 令人害怕的，可怕的 scar n. 伤疤scared adj. 感到害怕的Unit 2consistent a. 一直的，一贯的，始终如一的courteous a. 谦恭有礼的court n. 法庭，法院，足球场frequently adv.经常，频繁的（反义词rarely）small-minded a. 小心眼的ill-mannered a. 态度恶劣的，粗鲁的deserve v. 应该有，应该受到；值得comment on (做)评论otherwise adv./adj. 原来，本来dull a.无趣的，无聊的（dullness）existence n. 存在；生存状态，生活（life）typically ad. 通常，一般的（=generally）distant a.远的，距离远的source n. 来源，本源；根源，原因=origindiversion n. 娱乐；转移diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的diversity n. 多样化program n.项目；程序 =projectharsh a. 残酷的；严厉、苛刻的（harshness）harsh realities 残酷现实frontier n.边境，前方shape v.塑造，形成；外形，体形reshape v.重塑hospitality n. 友好，好客（~to do）injure v.伤害（injury）turn to 诉诸，求助于，寻求....的帮助=resort to lodge n. 乡间小屋，旅社 v.借宿，临时住cabin n.小屋settlement n.住所shelter n.藏身处，避难处 v. 保护，庇护residense n. 住处，住宅；居住dwelling n. 住所，处所dwell v.住，居住mere(ly) adj./adv 仅仅，不过，只（=only）charitable a.仁慈的，慈善的impulse n. 冲动；推动，动力on the part of...从... 的角度（on my part 在我看来）reflect v.反映，表现（=mirror）;反省，反思（~on） reflection .nweary a.疲倦的，筋疲力尽的（=exhausted）tourist trails 旅游线路pretty ad.相当的（~soon非常一会儿）pretty=fairly=ratherproper a 适当正确的，完全彻底的（properly）casual a. 不经意的，偶然的，临时的casuakness n.随便，随意，非正式interpret v. 阐释，说明interpret as 理解为，解释为artificial a.假的，人造的；矫揉造作的historically developed 历史形成（发展而来）的developed society 发达国家emerging countries 新兴国家As is true of... 正如...一样complex a.复杂的，综合的 n.大型建筑（群）a set of 一整套的signal n.信号sign n. 迹象，征兆；符号assume v.(没有根据的)认为，假定；承担assumption n.假设，假定，设想，认为not necessarily 未必underlie v.形成了，构成了（...的基础）；强调failed v.失败 fail to 不能，未能translate v. 转化；理解more than 不仅仅是，远远胜过breif n.概要，简短情况介绍encounter v./n.相遇，遇到distinguish between 区分，区别value...highly 非常珍视be interralated 相互联系exercise v.行使，使产生~an influence over ... manifest v. 体现，显现（~oneself）manifesto n. 宣言，声明exclusive adj.读一的（exclusive use 单独使用）equal v.等于，相当于entertain v. 招待，款待（=treat）；使娱乐out of 出于...out of charitable impulse 出于慈善的冲动flavor n.风味keep up 维持，持续（传统、习惯等）keep up with 跟上，追山keep doing 一直，持续做某事Unit 3substance n.物质other than 除了（...之外）rather than 而不是tecnically a.技术上，学术上tecnical progress 技术进步professional progress 职业发展alter v.改变mental a. 精神的drug n.药品term n.术语，专有名词 v.把...叫做/称为human term 普通人可以理解的说法refer to 指....，指的是；谈到，提及chemical n.化学药品，化学制品addict n.沉迷...的人， v.(~to)沉迷于addiction n.(to)上瘾，沉迷familiar a.熟悉的alcohol 白酒，酒精tabacco n.烟草neutral a.中性的psychologist n. 心理医生，心理学家psychoactive 作用于精神的，影响（改变）心里状态的abuse v./n.滥用；虐待patient abuse 虐待病人make clear 解释，说明misuse v.误用，用错；使用...不当heroin n.海洛因cocaine n.可卡因pervasive a.广泛的（=widepread）aspirin n.阿司匹林quiet v. 使安静；平息下来sociable a.社交的，增进友谊的nerve n.神经；勇气，胆量apparent a.显然的，明显的=obviousapparently adv. 显然，明显的constructive a.建设性的negative effects a.副作用，消极作用impact n.深刻影响，冲击 have significant~on poision v. 中毒，投毒（~ous 有毒的）perceptual v.知觉的，感觉的perception n.知觉，感觉percieve v. 观察，感知distort v.扭曲，歪曲（~ion）repeated use 反复使用，再三使用repeated adj. 再三的，反复的，重复性的lead to 导致，造成（=result in=cause）substance dependence 物质（药物）依赖be dependent on/upon 依赖于endependent a.独立的 be ~ of 不受...的限制independence n.独立be marked by 以...为明显特征tolerant n.容忍，承受（tolaret v.）be tolerant of 容忍 tolerant v.忍受，容忍desire n./v.期望，希望 ~ed effect 预期的效果appearance n..表现；外表unpleasant n. 令人不愉的 plasure n..快乐withdraw v.撤销，撤退，收回（withdrawal n.）symptom n.症状discontinue v.停止，废止，放弃addect v.影响 effect n.影响；效果mood n.情绪，心情group v.归类，分类=classifystimulate v.刺激（stimulant n.使人兴奋的物质）depress v.使压抑，使消沉，使沮丧depressant n. 使人镇静、情绪压抑的物质illusion v.错觉（hallucination n.幻觉，幻想）hallucinogens n.迷幻剂initially adv. 最初，起初（=originally）第一，首先（=primarilly）speed up 加速（slow down 减速，放缓）activate a.刺激，使活跃起来primary a.初步的，首要的；主要的，重要的primarily adv. 主要的（=predominantly）首先，第一（=firstly=initially）primacy n.首要地位，优势=predominancevariety n.多样性，各种各样 a ~ of 各种各样的radical a.根本的，彻底的，激进的radical change/reform 彻底的改革/变革state of consciousness 意识状态conscious a.有意识的，有知觉的be preferable to 比....更让人喜爱，更可取，更好preferance n.优先权，优惠preferential adj.优惠的，优先的 ~policiesin that 之所以这样是因为（解释原因）fatal a.致命的，毁灭性的overwhelming a.压倒性的，无法抵抗的piercing a.刺穿的，深刻的，感人的pierce v.刺穿，刺透，刺 fierce 激烈的result from 由...而产生，来源于；原因是...=arise from =stem from... be attributed to 归因于，归功于attrbute ...to... 把...的原因归为blame 归咎于，责备owe...to... 原因在于，原因是 =due toconsumption n.消费，消费量（consume v.）production and consumption 生产与消费pattern n.模式，形式，方式 standard ~ 标准模式puepose n.目的（intention）quantitative a.定量的，按一定数量的application （to） n. 应用，使用technological application 科学技术的运用apply v.（to）,应用，适用于employ v.适用；雇佣employer n.用人单位；老板employment n.使用；职位part time employment 兼职工作full time employment 全职工作disease n.疾病positive a.积极地（nagative a.消极的）positive forces 积极力量=driving forces推动力Unit 4contribute to 导致，促成；为...做了贡献contribution n.促成因素（contributing factors）decline n./v.衰退，下跌economic/moral decline 经济/道德衰退declining adj. 出于衰退的 a ~ industryfade v. 渐渐消失，衰弱，减弱fading adj.出于衰退的，日渐消失的falling adj.日渐降低的，日益衰退的rising adj.越来越多（大）的=growing, soaring, increasingfall v./n.下跌，降低（fell , fallen）=droprise v./n.上升，增加（rose , risen）on the rise/decline 出于上升/下跌、衰退accomplish v. 实现，完成，达到complete v. 完成，使完善adj. 完整的，完全 incomplete 不完全的career n. 职业生涯corrupt v. 腐蚀，使恶化 a. 腐败的various a. 各种各样的，各不相同的times n. 时代creative freedom 创作自由bottom line 底线core n./a.核心（的），中心take over 接管，接班，接任late a. 已逝的，已故的 alive adj.活着的raise stock price 提高股票价格debt n. 债务deal n. 交易， dealership n. 经销商property n.财产 intellectual property 知识产权restructure v.结构重组，调整结构，体制改革reengineer v. 再设计，重新建造，结构重组flap n./v. 辩论，辩护 debate n. 争论，辩论hip-hop 街舞expression n. 表达，~ freedom 表达自由defend v. 保卫，辩护defender n. 支持者，辩护人 =supporter defendent n. 被告justify v. 证明...合理，为...而辩护be justified 有道理的scientifically justified 科学上合理的justifiable adj. 合理的defend/justify...on the grounds that/of 为...而辩护，理由是... release v. 发表，发行 issue v.under fire 受攻击violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力 school violence 校园暴力violate v. 违反，违背（规章等）=infringeviolate the rules and regulationstest n./v. 测试，检验；试验democratic a.民主的，大众化的column n. 专栏lie in 在于the widest possible latitude 最大的幅度dispute v./n. 争执，争论 beyond ~ 毋庸置疑disputable a.有争议的irritating a.令人愤怒的，使人气愤的compromise v./n.妥协，让步（=retreat; =back off）hard-line 强硬路线 ~ stand 强硬立场to some extent 在某种程度上=at some levelstockholder n. 股东，股票持有人cite v.引用，引证balance n./v.平衡announce v.宣布 =declarelaunch v.发动，发起 ~ a drive to do sthdrive v.驱动，推动driving force 推动力，驱动力be driven underground 被赶到地下、暗处develop v. 制定，培养；发展；研发develop standards 制定标准diatribute v. 分发，分配；发行，销售distribution n.发行，销售；发放，分布collection n. 收集information collection and distribution 信息的收集与发布board n. 董事会；委员会boss and board 管理层=the managementlicencing board 执照颁发委员会be supportive of 支持oppositive adj.相反的 oppose v.反对insider n. 业内人士，知道内情的人士people associated with... 与...有关联的人senator n. 参议员amendment n.(法律、合同等的)修改，修订unite v. 团结，联合为以Unit 5monetary a. 金融的，货币的steer v. 驾驶，驾驭land v.着陆（take off 起飞，猛增）brake n./v. 闸；刹车precise a. 精确的far from the trurh 远非事实variable a.不确定的，易变的effect(on...) n. 影响（=influence on）hence adv. 因此就出现了，因此就有了analogy n. 类比nanlogous adj.相当于，类似于conduct v./n. 进行...行为；行为（~ online transactions 进行网上贸易）liken...to... v. 把...比作...crack v.破碎，破裂rear v. 后部的，后面的view n. 景色，风景；观点，看法faulty a. 有缺点的，不完美的banker n. 银行家boast v. 值得夸耀，引以为豪double-digit 两位数poll v. 投票选出percentage n. 百分比favorable a. 有利的capacity n.. 最大承受力（能力），最大承受量（容量）utilization n. 利用，使用prove v. (j结果)竟然是，原来是，证明是；证明thrilling n. 令人激动的following v. 遵循，按照...去做comparable a. 可比较的，可比作extremely a. 极端的，非常的last v. 持续(一段时间)amaze v. 令人吃惊，使吃惊amazing a. 惊奇的，奇异的Unit 6it doesn’t help that 无法阻止，无法避免capture v. 吸引，引起；俘获，夺取（~ one’s attention/imagination）giant damn 巨大的水坝gigantic adj. 巨大的=giant=titanticat the mercy of 任凭...摆布drought n..干旱（flood n. 洪涝）ideal n. 理想 a . 理想的give up on ... as an ideal 放弃...的理想do one’s bidding 听从某人的吩咐fascinating adj. 令人着迷的，迷人的fascination n. 着迷，异常兴奋be fascinated (with) 对...着迷project n. (各类)建设项目；研究项目，计划threaten (to do) 有... 的危险，威胁（到）=risk threat n. 威胁symbol n. 象征strive to do something/for something 努力奋斗assert oneself 表现自己cement v. 巩固，加强bid n. 出价，投标bid for （投标）竞争，争取得到overbidding 过高出价status n. 地位，状态tend to 往往，通常会intend v. 打算，目的在于 ~doing/to do sthbe intended to do 目的在于tendency n. 趋势trend n. 趋势，倾向deprive somebody of something 剥夺，夺去.... fertile adj. 土地肥沃的，多产的silt n. 淤泥in return for 作为...的回报reservoir n. 水库barely adv. 几乎不= hardlygenerate electricity 发电myth n. 神秘事件，神话；荒诞的说法mythical adj.令人身亡的，想象的，虚构的persist v. 持续，坚持persistent adj .没完没了的civilized adj .文明的，进步的 =civilcivilize v. 让...变得文明，使文明stop (short of) doing 停止了做某事（差点做了...）troops n. 军队（=forces）contention over 竞争，争夺...(contend v.) contend v. 主张；竞争，斗争（contention n.）give the go-ahead 允许，许可wrong-headed adj. 执迷不悟的，固执错误的even though 即使 =even ifalthough (=though) ad. 尽管，虽然destruction n. 毁灭，破坏the powerful 权贵，强势阶层the powerless 平民，群众far from 远非，根本不是，根本没有far beyond 远远超过，远非resolve v. 决心；解决（同问题、分歧连用）conflict n. 冲突，斗争，摩擦hydroelectric power 水力发电irrigation n. 灌溉monster adj. 庞大，巨大的shut one’s eyes to reality 对现实视而不见neglect v. 忽视，忽略negligence n.忽视vital adj. 致命的，至关重要的vitality n. 生命力，活力concern v. 与...有关 n. 担忧，关切concerning prep. 就...而言；与...有关concerned 相关的（后置修饰词）voice one’s concern 公开声明对...表示关注mild/serious/hightened concern 稍稍/严重/高度关注be concern about/with 关心，担心，重视strengthen v. 巩固，加强weaken v. 消弱，使变弱strengths and weakness 长处和不足之处international ties 国际关系universal adj. 普遍的 n. 普遍情况universalize v. 普及，使普遍=popularizeno use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收haste n. 匆忙（贬义）=rushhasten v. 加速leap v./n. 跳跃，跳，飞跃Unit 7tale n. 故事，童话corporation n. 大公司corporate adj.公司的international/multinational corporation 跨国公司incorporate v. 包含，加入；合并revival n. 复兴，振兴，重生establish v. 建立，确立；公认，确定established adj. 确定的，既定的well established adj . 得到广泛公认的 ~ tend productive adj. 生产力的；多产的prodectivity n. 生产力revolution n. 革新，变革revolutionary adj .革命性的preside over v. 主持，负责president n. 总统，总裁，大学校长 vice ~ 副的official adj. 正式的，官方的~ status 官方地位statistics n. 统计数字，统计学mildly adv, (mild adj.)轻微的，适度的lump...together v. 合起来manufacturing n. 制造 ~ industry 制造业manufacturer n. 制造商on average 平均（只用于数字或人的资源）previous adj. 以前的，过去的acceleration n. 加速，加速度due to 因为rebound n. 反弹cycle n. 循环，周期 business ~ 商业周期recycle v. 再利用，循环使用conclusive adj. 结论性的，充分的 ~ evidence inconclusive adj. 不充分的，不足以下结论的evidence n. 证据（不可数名词）treasury secretary n. 财政大臣，财政部长disjunction n. 分离，不吻合，出入anecdote n. 趣闻，轶事downsize v. 裁减，精简overall adj. 整体，全部的，总的factor n. 因素，要素joint adj.共同的，联合的join v. 连接，结合equipment n. 装备，设备，装置machinery n. （总称）机器，机械profitable adj. 盈利的profit n. 利润swith (to) 转向matter much 关系很大，很有关系speculate (on) v. (对...进行)预测，推测speculative adj. 预测的，猜测的ineptly adv. 不适当的，不理想的pread v. 分布，传播，蔓延widepread adj. 广泛的，普遍的be evenly spread 平均分布，均衡分布的suppose v. 假设，猜想，想象academic v. 学者，大学教师 a. 学术的former adj. 过去的 n. 前者colony n. 殖民地 anti-colonial 反殖民主义的chain n. 连锁机构crude adj. 未经加工的；粗糙的，粗放型的crude oil 原油bakery n. 面包店toast v. 举杯庆祝case n. 情况；案例，例子；（法律）案件in many cases 在很多情况下revenue n. 年收入，财政收入colleague n. 同事，伙伴=companymechanistic adj. 机械的， mechanism n. 机制mechanical a. 机械的，机械似的mechanical learning 机械的学习in a ... fashion 以... 方式，方法（= in a ... manner）version 版本；说法chop out 消减give thought to n. 考虑sufficient adj. 足够的，大量的 sufficiency n.long-term adj.长期的 ~ prospect 远景in a short term 短期内blunt adj.直率，直言不讳的dismiss ... as... 认为... 不过是...consultant n. 顾问（=advisor）consultancy n. 咨询ambulance n. 救护车turning point 装这点recovery n. 复苏；复原，恢复exclude v. 排除，出去...之外include v. 包含，包括fall short of 落后于，达不到（目标），不如anticipation n. 预测 anticipate v. 预测，预计the true state of 真实情况pose a question/challenge 提出问题/挑战raise a question 提出问题question v. 怀疑，质疑 =suspectquestionnaire n. 问卷 reply n. 答复，回答put forward 提出（观点）（=pose v. 提出，造成）unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的论点reform n. 改革（liberal reform 自由改革）essential (for/to) adj. 关键，至关重要的，核心的a bunch of 一帮，一捆，一串good-for-nothing n. 无价值的，无用的人；废物Unit 8uneasy adj. 不自在、不稳定的；困难、艰难的aspect n. （问题等的）方面rebel v. 反叛，叛徒rebelling beliefs 叛逆的信念、信仰trial n. 审判；试验Cathlic Church 天主教remark n./v. 话，言语，harsh remarksmake a passing remark 短暂发言，说话worldview n. 世界观schism n. 裂隙，分裂deepen v. 加深，深化humanities n. 人文学科humanity n. 人文之主义精神if anything 如果有的话afford to do 有条件、有资格做某事critic n. 批评者，评论家 criticize v. 批评critical(ly) adj. 缜密严谨的；批评的；至关重要的think independently 独立的思考ignore v. 忽视be completely ~ed 完全遭到忽视fund n. 资金 v. 出资，拨款，资助funding n. 资助over-funding 拨款过度under-funding 拨款不足anti-science n. 反科学notably adv. 引人注目的，显著地assemble v. 集合；组装find fault with 批评，挑...的毛病social status 社会地位sociology n. 社会学sociologist n. 社会学家philosopher n. 哲学家，思想家philosophy n. 哲学，人生准则，生活方式create v. 创造（creation n. 创造，创造物）creativity n. 创造力creature n. 生物creationism n. 上帝造人说evolution n. 进化；物种进化论phenomenon n. 现象（phenomena 复数）contradict v. 与...矛盾contradiction n. 矛盾contradictory adj. 相矛盾的self-contradictary adj. 自相矛盾的on the contrary 相反contrast n. 对照，对比（不同点）survey n./v. 调查；纵览，通盘考虑reveal v. 显示，显示出；解释，揭露；泄露tag n. 标签 v. 贴标签（=label）label v./n. （贴）标签，标示epithet n. 称号attach...to... 将...联系在一起attach importance to... 强调，重视...advocate v. 提倡，倡导 n. 倡导者eliminate v. 消除，淘汰，剔除（eliminatioj n.）smallpox n. 天花virus n. 病毒virtue n. 美德scorn v.蔑视long for 渴望，盼望utopia n. 乌托邦，理想完美境界，理想状态biological utopia 生物学上的理想状态environmentalist n. 环保主义者，环境保护论者essay n. 文章，散文 article n. 文章inevitable adj. 不可避免的，必不可少的respond forcefully/strongly to 对...做出强有力的反应respond to 对...做出反应correspond to... v. 与... 有关，相一致corresponding adj. 相应的pioneer n. 先驱，先锋global warming 全球气候变暖depletion n. 消耗，枯竭ozone layer 臭氧层consequent adj. 随之而来的，作为结果的consequently adv. 因此 = thus =chereforenote v. 注意到；写道 n. 注释explanatory note 注释heavy note 很浓的意味，明显特征denote v. 指示，标示的是have...in common adj. 共有的，共同的annoy v. 苦恼，激怒，令... 不快annoying employees 惹人生气的雇员confront v. 面对，挑战confrontation n. 对抗，冲突，不和separation n 分裂，分离separate adj. 独立的，各自的，分离的earn v. 挣钱，赚的；博得，得到contempt n. 鄙视，蔑视，看不起earn the contempt of sb 受到鄙视contemptible adj. 让人鄙视的，可鄙的greedy adj. 贪婪的shoe sympathy with/for 表示同情、同感in sympathy with 同情sympathetic adj. 表示同情的；赞同、支持的compassionate adj. 表示同情的，有同情心的examplify v. 举例说明，例证context n. 上下文，语境Unit 9emerge v. 出现，=appearemergence n. 出现emerge as v. 以... 面貌出现emerging countries 新兴国家emerging economies 新兴国家的经济census n. 人口普查head-counting n. 数人数，人口普查regional adj. 地区性的national a. 全国性的worldwide a. 世界范围的compete with 与... 竞争competitor n. 竞争者fierce/intense competition 激烈竞争competitive adj. 竞争的anti-competitive force 反竞争的力量competitiveness n. 竞争力，竞争性fading/growing competitiveness 越来越强/弱的竞争力competently adv. 合格，有效的incompetently adv. 不合格，不称职的standstill n. 停滞不前enthrone v. 使称为首位，是名列...之首densely/thinly/populated 人口稠密（稀少）的be populated with/by 充满了，充斥着numerically adv. 从数字上显示，从数字方面ever record/witnessed 有历史（记载）依赖decade n. 十年gain n. 上升，增长（=rise）add up to 总数为annual adj. 每年的，每年一度的the depression time years 经济大萧条的年代migrate v. 迁徙immigrant n. 进入另一国的移民immigration n. 迁移，移民（进入以地区或国家）prevail v. 普遍，盛行prevalent adj. 流行的，主导的drop put of 离开，调出，推出shift v./n. 转换，变化，转移，转嫁shift(from...)to... 转向major shift 主要变化，重要变化wave n. 浪潮，潮流（trend）one wave after another 一波接一波的the snow-belt 冰雪地带the sun-belt 阳光地带role n. 角色，作用 play a role 起作用play a key role 起到关键作用baby boom 生育高峰期，婴儿潮child-bearing adj. 育龄的，怀孕的crop n. 收获，收割generation n. 一代（人）two-generation household 由两代人组成的家庭demography n. 人口统计学related adj. 有关，相关的 closely related to career-related aadj. 与工作有关的instance n. 例子，实例rapid adj. 迅速的，飞快的rap n. 说唱vast adj. 广大的，巨大的vastly=greatly=broadlydevastate v. 毁坏，破坏be composed of 由...组成的square n./a. 平方（的） ~ meters 平方米flight n. 逃跑；远离bearable adj. 可以忍受的dramatize v. 明显体现出drama n. 戏剧dramatic adj. 剧烈的；巨大的 ~ changes 巨变dramatic declaration 引起轰动的消息dramatically adv. 大幅度的spacious adj. 宽敞的 space n. 空间smog n. 烟雾crime n. 刑事犯罪criminal a. 有罪的，n. 罪犯plague n. 瘟疫，通病urbanization n. 都市化urban a. 城市的suburban adj. 近郊的，城市边缘的rural a. 农村的rate n. 比率；费率interest rates 利率devorce rate 离婚率crime rate 犯罪率birth rate 出生率inflation rates 通货膨胀率ratio n. 比例 sex ratio 男女性别比reason n. 理性；原因，v. 推理reasonable a. 合理的considerably adv. 相当大的，非常=vastly perplex v. 困扰，迷惑perplexing adj. 令人困惑的witness v. 见证，目击， n. 目击者，证人undergo v. 经历了=experiencedistinguish oneself from others 使自身与众不同stress n. 压力，v. 强调stress...over... v. 强调...比... 更重要climatic influence 气候影响climate n. 气候highlight v. 情调=stresscontinuous adj. 连续不断的continual adj. 频繁的，不断的elaborate v. 详细阐述，精心制作delayed adj. 迟到的，delay v. 延迟，耽误unanimously adv. 一致的democracy n. 民主be engaged in 从事，忙于conservative a.保守的 n. 保守的人cling to something 坚持=stick toUnit 10scatter v. 遍布，散乱分布the globe n. 地球isolate v. 分离，隔绝isolated adj. 分离的，隔绝的region n. 地区volcano n. 火山 volcanic activity 火山活动geology n. 地质学 geologist n. 地质学家geological feature 地质特点geological publication n. 地质学出版物hot spot 热点boundary n. 界限drifting plate 漂移的板块drift away 漂走make uo 占...(比例)（=account for）组成（be made uo of... 由... 构成）弥补，化妆surface n. 表面interior n. 内部 a. 内部的trail n. 踪迹，痕迹，路线 tourist ~s;volcanic ~s milestone n. 里程碑mark v. 标志着 markedly adv. 显著的complementary adj. 互补的coastline n. 海岸线span v. 横跨，横越 n. 跨距，跨度attention span 注意力集中时间段life span 寿命ocean n. 海洋oceanic adj. 海洋的reminder n. 提示，提醒的人或物remind v. 提醒，使想起continent n. 大陆continental plate 大陆板块relative adj. 相对的motion n. 动作，移动=mobilitymobile adj. （可）移动的，流动的 mobility n. orbital motion 有轨道的运动construct v. 建造，构造；构思，构想，想象in detail adv. 细节的，详细的detail n. 细节with respect to 关羽...,在...方面，与... 有关= in terms of = regardingreadily adv. 轻易的，容易的translate ... into... 将...解释为determine v. 确定，决定in opposite directions 向不同方向stationary adj. 固定的，静止不动的respectively adv. 各自的，分别的anchor v. 固定在，停留 n. 节目主持人layer n. 层，层次measuring instrumeng 测量工具，测量仪器measure n. 措施；衡量指标，测量方法conventional measures 常规的指标measurable adj. 可以衡量的analysis n. 分析 self-analysis n. 自我分析senior analyst 高级分析师be confirned to something 被限制于，局限于frame n. 框架，范围referance n. 参考geophysical adj. 地球物理学的propel v. 推动，推进，加速broad adj. 宽阔的，巨大的，广泛的broaden v. 拓展fissure n./v. 缝隙，裂痕=crackentire adj. 完全的，整体的entirely adv. 完全的，彻底的entirely reasonable 完全合理的entirely different story 完全不同的情况initiate v. 开始，引发take initiative 积极行动，采取行动medical initiative 医疗动机formation n. 形成mutability n. 变形；易变性consistene adj. 一直的，一贯的 ~ ly adv. 一直inconsistency n. 不一致，变化apart adv. 分开dome n. 拱形，圆屋顶be deducted from 由...推论出stable adj. 稳定 stability n. 稳定Unit 11rough adj. 粗糙的，粗略的；困难，复杂roughly adv. 大约，大致（后跟数字或数目）slip v. 滑到warning n. 警告warn of/against 提醒注意...,发出关羽...的警告disaster n. 灾难 catastrophe n. 大灾难tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难lawsuit n. 法律诉讼sue v. 起诉 appeal v. (to,for)上诉，申诉compensate sb.for 赔偿，补偿compensation n. 补偿，赔偿or so 大约jury n. 陪审团hold v. 认为，主张；保持be liable for adj, 负法律责任，对...应负责任be liable to 易...的，有... 可能的liability n. 义务，法律责任misfortune n. 不幸fortune n. 运气；财富；财产情况，经济状况cautious adj. 小心谨慎的caution n./v. 小心谨慎；警告precaution n. 预防，防范，警惕appropriate subject 不恰当的题材drug interaction 药物过敏，药物交互作用interact with 互动，相互作用interactive adj. 互动的interactivity n. 互动性federal adj. 联邦的regulation n. 管理规定，规则regulate v. 规范，管理regular adj. 规则的，标准的；定期的regularity n. 规律性，规则性customer n. 顾客，消费者client n. 顾客，客户potential customer 潜在顾客，可能的顾客customize n. 量身定制，定做，用户化take somebody to court 将...高山法庭turn the tide 潮流倒转，逆转潮流reserve the trend 逆转这一潮流，逆转这一趋势claim n. 索赔；主张；宣称，声称unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的言论proclaim v. 宣称=claimside with/back up 支持paralyze v. 麻痹，瘫痪paralysis n. 瘫痪parallel n. 类似事物的做法 a. 平行的unparalleled adj. 无以伦比的 =unmatched unsurpassed might 无法超越、空前的巨大力量unprecedented a. 史无前例的，空前的precede v. 先于，在...在前（发生）proceed to 着手做，进入（下一个议程或项目）athlete n. 运动员institute n. 学院，机构judge n. 法官v. 判断 judgement n. 判断justice n. 司法；争议；法官recommendation n. 建议；推荐recommend v. 建议；推荐 counsel v.建议carry v. 有，蕴含着，承载着carry substantial weight 很有分量substntial adj. 相当大的；相当多的=considerableweight n. 分量，重量issue v.发布，出台 n. 问题，争端，事务guideline n. 指导，仿真，大纲tort law 侵权法state v. 声明，陈述，规定 statement n. bombard sb.with...v. 用...狂轰滥炸lengthy adj. （演说。

Catch up追赶Sphere地球；方面Some sphere of modern life现代生活的一些方面Appear to 似乎Seem to 似乎Way=far=a long way 可放在比较级前面Way ahead遥遥领先Undesirable 不理想的Desirable理想的Desire渴望Category种类，类别=kind=sort种类，类别A sort of 一种Susceptible易受影响的Be susceptible to 容易受到什么的影响Be vulnerable to 容易受到什么的影响Be subject to 容易受到什么的影响Depress使沮丧，使失落Depression抑郁症Clinical depression 临床抑郁症Anxiety焦虑Anxiety disorder焦虑症To one’s anxiety令某人感到焦虑的是Disorder疾病Disease疾病Illness 疾病Stress强调；压力Highlight强调Emphasize强调Trigger触发，引发Trigger chemical触发性化学物质Rat小鼠Female rat雌鼠Mouse老鼠Ovary卵巢Organ器官Reproductive organ生殖器官Reproduce 生殖Reproductive 生殖的；再生产的When stressed-out female rats had their ovaries removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Remove移除Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased “opportunities”for stress.加在一个女人什么上的是她们面对压力的机会增加了It’s not necessarily that 未必It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well 女人未必就不能处理好压力Tolerate忍受，容忍Tolerant宽容的Worn out 筋疲力竭的Exhausted筋疲力竭的Weary疲倦的，困乏的Visible看得见的；清楚的，明显的Obvious明显的Handle应对Cope with 处理Deal with 处理Confront勇敢面对Repeat重复，复述Repeated重复的，反复的Nature本质Chronic持久的；长期的Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress 男人走上战场，承受着战斗的压力Combat战斗；战胜，击败Combat with 与什么战斗Random随机的，杂乱无章的Physical violence身体暴力Violent暴力的，暴乱的Violence暴力，暴乱Violate违反Violate the law 违法Interpersonal 人际的；人与人之间的Interpersonal communication人际交流Domestic家庭的；国内的domestic situation家庭环境Domestic market国内市场One-shot deal 一锤子买卖Devastate破坏，毁坏=ruin=destroy Devastating毁灭性的Give birth to 生育Bear 生育；熊Polar bear北极熊Frustration 挫折Setback挫折Rent房租Pay a rent付房租Paycheck薪水Pay 薪水；付Check支票Cheque 支票Bill账单Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses 并不是每一个人都经历这种严重的长期的压力Obligation义务Right and obligation权利和义务Strain压力Diffuse传播；扩散Diffusion 传播；扩散Inclination倾向Be inclined to 倾向于Handle 应对Deal withCope withRegular规则的，规范的Irregular不规则的，不规范的Regulate 规范Durable耐用的，持久的，长期的Durable commodities耐用消费品Endure忍受Comply with遵守Abide by遵守Conform to 遵守Trivial琐碎的Triviality琐事Household家庭Family家庭Gender性别Gender Inequality：Women Under Stress 性别不平等：处在压力下的女人。

写作训练 Writing . You are Jim’s assistant. Read the information about the property below. And Jim’s notes. Write a letter of 120-140 words to Gerald at PLP asking for further information. 你是吉姆的助⼿，先看下边的与房地产有关的信息以及吉姆的纸条，给杰拉尔德写⼀封信，向他咨询更多的信息。

字数在120-140之间。

Jim’s notes Which companies share the site? Which underground stations are nearby? How many floors are there in the building? Additional car-parking? Where? We only want 1 floor. Possible? 要点解释 1. tenure: leasehold 租赁 2. condition: new. 房产状况：新 3. is prominently located in a well-established and fast growing corporate business area ……位于闻名遐迩，发展快速的商务区的重要地段。

4. two metro stations are also within walking distance 两个地铁站都可以步⾏到达 5. in the immediate locality there is a wide range of bars and restaurants as well as most major high street shops 周围各式各样的旧吧和餐馆应有尽有，同时还汇集了商业⼤街特有的商店 6. It offers a flexible mixture of office sizes with two large conference rooms on floors of approximately 410 sq.m with excellent natural light 办公楼⾯积⼤约410平⽅⽶，有⼤⼩不等⾯积各异的办公场地，还有两个⼤型的会议厅。

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==商务英语课堂笔记work towards a common objective 朝同一个目标共同努力share information 共享信息different point of view 不同的观点(be) under pressure 有压力toiletries 化妆品厂，清洁、化妆用品公司major brand 主导品牌sales department 销售部门sales staff 销售人员company culture 公司文化expatriate 旅居海外的management consultant 管理顾问managerial skills 管理技能creative thinking 创新技能team building 团队建设effective management style 有效的管理方式a survival course 生存技巧培训课程food and accommodation 食宿profile 简介，小传，概况simulation 模拟训练marketing mania 营销激情go for profit 追求利润behind schedule 进度落后计划stick to the schedule 严格按照计划进行口语练习What makes a good team?1. the members work towards a common objective2. they discuss roles and allocate them to team members3. they co-operate fully with each other4. they help individuals develop within the team5. the members trust each other6. everyone makes an equal contribution to the team7. the members share information effectively within the team8. they listen to different points of view9. they talk openly and honestly within the team10. when people are under pressure, others offer help.Do you work in a good team? Explain why/why not?参考词汇和表达co-operative 齐心协力的have communication problems 交流有困难attach importance to team building 重视团队建设develop team work 开拓团队协作an effective team 精锐的团队a high-performance unit 高效的团队。

50本商业经典书籍笔记50 Must-Read Business Classics Book Notes.1. Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap... and Others Don't by Jim Collins.2. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies by Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras.3. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail by Clayton M. Christensen.4. The Lean Startup by Eric Ries.5. Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future by Peter Thiel.6. The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers by Ben Horowitz.7. Traction: A Startup Guide to Getting Customers by Gabriel Weinberg and Justin Mares.8. Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling Technology Products to Mainstream Customers by Geoffrey A. Moore.9. The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9-5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich by Timothy Ferriss.10. Rework by Jason Fried and David Hansson.11. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen R. Covey.12. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel H. Pink.13. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions by Dan Ariely.14. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert B. Cialdini.15. Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman.16. The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Lifeand Business by Charles Duhigg.17. The E-Myth Revisited by Michael E. Gerber.18. The Art of War by Sun Tzu.19. The 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing by Al Ries and Jack Trout.20. Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind by Al Riesand Jack Trout.21. The Customer-Centric Enterprise by Peter F. Drucker.22. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles by Peter F. Drucker.23. The Innovator's Solution: Creating and SustainingSuccessful Growth by Clayton M. Christensen and Michael E. Raynor.24. The Lean Six Sigma Pocket Toolbook by Michael L. George, David Rowlands, and Mark P. Price.25. The Machine That Changed the World by James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos.26. The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer by Jeffrey K. Liker.27. The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M. Goldratt.28. The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton.29. Financial Intelligence for Entrepreneurs by Karen Berman and Joe Knight.30. Negotiation Genius: How to Overcome Obstacles andAchieve Brilliant Results by Deepak Malhotra and Max Bazerman.31. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement WithoutGiving In by Roger Fisher, William L. Ury, and Bruce Patton.32. The Power of Positive Leadership: How to Inspire Teams and Produce Breakthrough Results by Jon Gordon.33. The Oz Principle: Getting Results ThroughIndividual and Organizational Accountability by Roger Connors, Tom Smith, and Craig Hickman.34. Radical Candor: Be a Kick-Ass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity by Kim Scott.35. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success by Adam Grant.36. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference by Malcolm Gladwell.37. Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell.38. Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking by Malcolm Gladwell.39. David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants by Malcolm Gladwell.40. Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don't by Malcolm Gladwell.41. The Ride of a Lifetime: Lessons Learned from 15 Years as CEO of the Walt Disney Company by Robert A. Iger.42. Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike by Phil Knight.43. Long Shot: Never Too Old, Never Too Late, and Always Time to Dream by Dean Karnazes.44. The Ride of a Lifetime: Lessons Learned from 15 Years as CEO of the Walt Disney Company by Robert Iger.45. Trillion Dollar Coach: The Leadership Playbook of Silicon Valley's Bill Campbell by Eric Schmidt, Jonathan Rosenberg, and Alan Eagle.46. The Outsiders: Eight Unconventional CEOs and Their Radically Rational Blueprint for Success by William N. Thorndike Jr.47. The Great Game of Business: Unlocking the Power of Ownership for Employees and Unleashing the Potential of Your Company by Jack Stack.48. The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Leadership Fable by Patrick Lencioni.49. The Advantage: Why Organizational Health Trumps Everything Else in Business by Patrick Lencioni.50. Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee.中文回答：1. 从优秀到卓越，为何有些公司能脱颖而出，而另一些却不能吉姆·柯林斯。

（04年第三篇阅读）When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails asshe'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says. "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Sperois downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too" she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, （总述）lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.（分述一）From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. （分述二）For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. （分述三）Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. （分水岭）But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.（整个第二段讲了两句话，分水岭前后。

商英写作笔记We-viewpoint:1. A large sale of our products will make our company more profitable.2.We are in need of fund and you must pay …3.We can not offer you any refund…4.Obviously you forget telling us the color…5.I am happy to report…6.We are pleases to have your new account.7.We make Willet razor in three weights—light, medium, and heavy. 8.XXX You-viewpoint:1. A good sale of the products will benefit you.2.To maintain your excellent credit, please remit…3.You could obtain a refund if …4.Please indicate your choice of color…5.You will happy to know …6.Your new charge account is now open for your convenience.7.So that you can choose the one razor that is just right for your beard,Willet makes razors for you in three weights--light, medium, and heavy. Negative tone:1.We cannot deliver until Friday.2.We regret to inform you that wemust deny your request for credit.3.You were wrong in your conclusion,for paragraph 3 of our agreementclearly states … Positive tone:1.We can deliver the good on Friday.2.For the time being, we can serve youonly on a cash basis.3.You will agree after readingparagraph 3 of our agreement that …Positive tone--Techniques◆State ideas usin g positive languageDon’t forget to submit your report…We can’t ship your goods until…You neglect to indicate the specification …Now that we are short of funds, we have to put the proposed project aside. Remember to submit …You will receive your goo ds …Please send the complete specification …If we solve the financial problem, we will start the project.◆Avoid using second person when stating negative ideasYou made numerous mistakes on this page. This page contains numerous mistakes. (Preferred) You keyed a perfect copy. (Preferred)◆Use passive voice to convey negative ideasXXX did not proofread this proposal carefully.The proposal was not proofread carefullyXXX completed the job two months behind the schedule.The job was completed……◆Use subjunctiv e mood for negative informationI cannot accept the recommendation.I wish I could accept the recommendationI am not able to accept your invitation.I could accept your invitation if I were to cancel my meeting on …◆Include a pleasant statement in the same sentenceYour personal ratings for communication ability were satisfactory.Your personal ratings for communication ability were satisfactory, but your rate for technical competence was excellent.Dull and stiff Style：Please be advised that you should sign the form before the 1st.Kindly advise at an early date.I herewith hand you …Thanking you in advance …Conversational Style:Please sign the form before the 1st.Please let me know soon.Here is …I’ll sincerely appreciate…Formal Informal终止terminate end取得procure get给予报酬remunerate pay解释，说明Elucidate explain使用utilize useDear Sirs, we are sorry you have misunderstood us. XDears Sirs, we are sorry we didn’t make ourselves clear. (√) We cannot understand why you have had trouble with these articles.XWe presume that there must be some reasons for you having trouble with these articles. (√) I write to send my congratulations. XCongratulations to you on your promotion!√We won’t be able to send you the brochure this month.XWe will send you the brochure next month.√Your letter is not clear at all. I can’t understand it.XIf I understand your letter correctly…(tactful)√CorrectnessA. with pronounsOur competitors were more successful than ours. usB. with adjectivesThe two first items are not available.First twoC. with articleEnclosed is the copy of receipt.A copyD. with verbsNeither of the offers are acceptable.isA block of flats are being built.isE. with adverbsWe had a quite successful meeting.Quite aF. with conjunctionsHe not only built houses, but also flats.Built not onlyG. Sentence fragment: lacks either a subject (Actor) or verb (Action).My research report in business communication took a long time to prepare. And turned out badly.to prepare, but it turned out…H. Comma splice: two sentences are incorrectly joined or spliced together with a comma.Profits were down in 2010, the Board blamed the recession.Profits were down in 2010. The Board blamed the recession.I. Run-on sentence: joins two complete thoughts without proper punctuation.Employees want to keep their jobs they will work hard for promotions.Employees want to keep their jobs. They will work hard for promotions.J. Misplaced elementsWe have taken the check to the bank, which was unsigned.We have taken the check which was unsigned to the bank.K. Dangling modifiersTo create that bar chart, the information must be keyed into a spreadsheet (电子数据表)file.To create that bar chart, you must key the information into a spreadsheet file.ConcisenessEliminate surplus wordsexactly identical, past history, advance forward, brief summary, honest truth, hot water heaterClarityThey have a decided advantage in regard to freight. (Poor) They have a decided advantage in regard to freight charges (运费). (Better)They informed Messrs. Smith and Richardson that they would receive an answer in a few days. (Poor)They informed Messrs. Smith and Richardson that the latter would receive an answer in a few days. (Better)ConcretenessOur apples are excellent.Our apples are juicy, crispy and tender. (Concrete)Smithton Company is our big buyer.Smithton Company did more than one million USD worth of business with us in 2010. (Concrete) These brakes can stop a car within a short distance.These Goodson power brakes can stop a 2-ton car within 24 feet. (Concrete)A decision has been made to set up an office in Osaka.The board of directors decided to set up an office in Osaka. (Concrete)。