从命令行连接到SQLPLUS：Sqlplus sys/密码as sysdbaAlter user scott account unlock;用户已更改。
conn scott/tiger已连接。
SQL单条语句：SQL>desc emp(表名); 描述这张表EMPNO：雇员编号COMM：津贴DNAME：部门名称LOC：部门所在地desc salgrade：描述薪水等级select语句：select * from emp：把这个表中的内容全部取出来select ename, sal * 12,from emp;取出雇员的年薪select 2 * 3 from emp;Desc dual;（dual 代表输出一个字段）select * from dual;select 2 * 3 from dual;只出一个结果select sysdate from dual;取出系统时间select ename, sal * 12 anunal_sal(或者”anunal sal”，加引号是保持原来的格式输出，它代表年薪名) from emp;select ename, comm from emp;输出每个人的津贴select ename, sal * 12 + comm from emp;年薪+津贴select ename || salfrom emp;|| 代表字符连接符select ename || ‘abc’ from emp;’’是把字符串内容加上select ename || ‘ abc‘‘def’ from emp;中间会打印出一个单引号Where是过滤语句：select * from emp where deptno = 10;取出部门编号为10的成员select * from emp where ename = ‘Clark’;=是等值判断select ename, sal from emp where sal > 1500;取出薪水大于1500的成员select ename, sal, deptno from where deptno < >10;取出部门编号不等于10 的部门成员和薪水select ename, sal from emp where ename > ‘cba’;字符串比较select ename,sal from emp where sal between 800 and 1500(where sal >= 800 and sl <= 1500);取出薪水在800到1500之间的成员select ename, sal, comm from emp where comm is null;取出津贴为空的成员select ename, sal, comm from emp where comm is not null;取出津贴不为空的成员select ename, sal, comm from emp where sal in <800, 1500, 2000>;取出薪水等于800,1500,2000的成员select ename, sal, comm from emp where ename in <’sMITH’, ‘KING’, ‘ABC’>;取出这三个人select ename, sa, hiredate from emp where hiredate > ‘20-2月-81’（‘20-2-1981’）;取出入职时间为1981年2月20号的成员select ename, sal from emp where deptno = 10 and sal > 1000;select ename, sal from emp where deptno =10 or sal > 1000;注意两者结果不一样select ename from emp where ename like ‘%ALL%’;取出其中带有ALL字符串的成员名select ename from emp where ename like ‘_A%’;取出第二个字符是A的成员select ename from emp where ename like ‘%\%%’（‘%$%%’）（where ename like ‘%$%%’ escape ‘$’）;告诉它这是转义字符数据排序：desc是降序、asc是升序（不写的话默认是升序）select * from dept order by deptno desc;按照deptno降序排列select empno, ename from emp order by empno asc;按照empno;升序排列//select empno , ename from emp where deptno < > 10 order by sal asc;select ename, sal * 12 annual_sal from emp where ename not like ‘_A%’ and sal > 800 order by sal desc;取出名字中第二个字母不是A且薪水大于800 的成员按降序排列sQL中的函数：select lower <ename> from emp;取出的名字都是小写select ename from emp where lower <ename> like ‘_a%’;先小写名字再取出第二个字母是a的成员select ename from emp where like ‘_a%’ or ename like ‘_A%’;select substr <ename, 2,3> from emp;从第二个开始截取三个名字select chr <65> from dual;把AsCII码转为字符select ascii <’A’> from dual;把A转为AsCII码select round <23.652> from dual;四舍五入输出为24(默认四舍五入到个位)select round <23.652, 2> from dual;保留两位小数，输出23.65select round <23.652, -1> from dual;四舍五入到十位，输出为20select to_char <sal, ‘$99,999.9999’> from emp;把sal转为固定格式，小数点后四位，小数点前五位（小数点后的必写，小数点前的位数不够可以省略）select to_char <sal, ‘L99,999.9999’> from emp;L为转为本地货币符select to_char <sal, ‘L00,000.0000’> from emp;注意：即使小数点前位数不够，也得把0补上select to_char <hiredate, ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:ss’> from emp;把入职时间改为固定格式select to_char <hiredate, ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:ss’> from emp;HH为12进制，HH24为24进制select to_char <sysdate, ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:ss’> from dual;select ename, hiredate from emp where hiredate > to_char <’1981-2-20 12:34:56’, ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:ss’>;select sal from emp where sal > to_number <’$1,250.00’,’$9,999.00’>;取出薪水大于1250的select ename ,sal * 12 + nvl <comm,0> from emp;如果comm不存在则以0计算，nvl 就是为了避免空值select count <ename> from emp;select count <distinct deptno> from emp;Group by 分组语句：select avg <sal> from emp group by deptno;select deptno, avg <sal> from emp group by deptno;上述两项都是求部门的平均薪水select deptno,job max <sal> from emp group by deptno, job;select ename from emp where sal = < select max <sal>from emp>;取出薪水最高的那个人名select avg <sal>, deptno from emp group by deptno having avg<sal> > 2000;取出平均薪水大于2000的那些组（不能用where，因为它只控制单行输出，having是对分组进行限制）总结语句：select avg<sal> from emp where sal > 1200 group by deptno having avg<sal> > 1500 order by avg<sal> desc;子查询：Select ename, sal from emp where sal = <select max<sal> from emp>; select嵌套Select ename,sal from emp where sal > <select avg<sal> from emp>;//Select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal in <select max<sal> from emp grup by emptno>;注意这句话有问题表连接：Select ename,sal from empjoin <select max <sal>, deptno from emp group by deptno> tOn <emp.sal = t.max_sal and emp.deptno = t.deptno>;Jion是连接的意思on里面是连接条件自连接：Select e1.ename, e2.ename from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.mgr = e2.empno;老版写法Select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 join emp e2 on <e1.mgr = e2.empno>;新版写法Select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 left join emp e2 on <e1.mgr =e2.empno>;左外连接：注意left的区别，把左边多余的拿出来等值连接：Select ename,dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;老版写法Select ensme,dname from emp join dept on <emp.deptno = dept.deptno>;新版写法Select ensme,dname from emp join dept using <deptno>; 和上面的写法一样，但不推荐使用using的用法非等值连接：Select ename, grade from emp e (e代表的是表的别名) join salgrade s on <e.sal between s.losal between and s.hisal>;三个表的连接写法：Select ename, dname, grade from emp e join dept d on <e.deptno = d.deptno> join salgrade s on <e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal> where ename not like ‘_A%’;求部门中哪些人的薪水最高：Select ename ,sal from emp join <select max<sal> max_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno> t on <emp.sal = t.max_sal and emp.deptno = t.deptno>;求部门平均薪水的等级：Select deptno, avg<sal>, grade from <select deptno, avg<sal> avg_sal from empgroup by deptno> t join salgrade s on <t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal>;求出所有部门的每个人的薪水等级：Select deptno, ename,grade from emp join salgrade s on <emp.sal between s.losal and s.hisal>;求部门平均薪水的等级：Select deptno, avg<grade> from <Select deptno, ename,grade from emp join salgrade s on <emp.sal between s.losal and s.hisal>> t group by deptno;雇员中哪些人是经理人：Select ename from emp where empno in <select mgr from emp>;Select ename from emp where empno in <select distinct mgr from emp>;有效率的写法不准用组函数，求薪水的最高值（面试题）：提示：用自连接select distinct sal from emp where sal not in <select distinct (distinct 是去掉重复的项) e1.sal from emp e1.job emp e2 on < e1.sal < e2.sal > >;求平均薪水最高的部门编号：Select deptno, avg_sal from<select avg<sal> avg_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno>where avg_sal =<select max<avg_sal> from<select avg<sal> avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno> >;另一种写法：Select deptno, avg_sal from<select avg<sal> avg_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno>where avg_sal =<select max<avg<sal>> from emp group by deptno >;求平均薪水最高的部门称号：Select dname from dept where deptno =<select deptno from<select avg<sal> avg_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno> where avg_sal =<select max<avg_sal> from<select avg<sal> avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno> >>;求平均薪水的等级最低的部门名称：Select dname, t1.deptno, grade, avg_sal from(Select deptno, grade, avg_sal from(Select deptno, avg<sal> avg_sal from emp group by deptno) tJoin salgrade s on (t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)) t1Join dept on (t1.deptno = dept.deptno)Where t1.grade =(Select min(grade) from(Select deptno, grade, avg_sal from(select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t Join salgrade s on (t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)))求比普通员工最高薪水还要高的经理名称：select ename from empWhere empno in <select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null> and sal > select max<sal> from empwhere empno not in<select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null>求部门经理人中平均薪水最低的部门名称？求薪水最高的前5名雇员？//Select ename,sal from (select ename,sal from emp where empno in (select sal, //deptno from emp order by sal desc)) where rownum <= 5;求薪水最高的第六到第十名雇员？求最后入职的5名雇员？1、查找选了‘黎明’老师课的的姓名2、查有2门课以上不及格的学生姓名和平均成绩select sname,avgsalfrom (select sno,avg(scgrade) avgsalfrom (select s.sno,sname,cno,scgradefrom sc,swhere scgrade<60 and s.sno=sc.sno)group by snohaving count(*)>=2)table1, swhere s.sno=table1.sno3、查选了1和选了2的学生的姓名1、select snamefrom swhere sno not in(select snofrom c,scwhere o=oand c.cteacher='黎明')2、select sname,avgsalfrom (select sno,avg(scgrade) avgsalfrom (select s.sno,sname,cno,scgradefrom sc,swhere scgrade<60 and s.sno=sc.sno )group by snohaving count(*)>=2)table1, swhere s.sno=table1.sno3、select snamefrom s,scwhere s.sno=sc.snoand cno='1'intersectselect snamefrom s,scwhere s.sno=sc.snoand cno='2'1).求部门中哪些人的薪水最高select ename,emp.deptno,salfrom(select max(sal) maxsalary,deptnofrom empgroup by deptno)table1,empwhere emp.sal=table1.maxsalary2).求部门平均薪水的等级select deptno,gradefrom(select avg(sal) avgsal,deptnofrom empgroup by deptno)table1,salgradewhere avgsal between losal and hisal3).雇员中有哪些人是经理人select *from empwhere job='MANAGER'4).不准用组函数，求薪水的最高值（面试题）select salfrom empwhere sal>=all(select salfrom emp)5).求平均薪水最高的部门的部门的编号select deptno, avg(sal) maxsalfrom empgroup by deptnohaving avg(sal)>=all(select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno)6).求平均薪水最高的部门的部门名称select dnamefrom(select deptno, avg(sal) maxsalfrom empgroup by deptnohaving avg(sal)>=all(select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno))table1,deptwhere table1.deptno=dept.deptno7).求平均薪水等级最低的部门名称select dnamefrom deptwhere deptno=(select deptnofrom(select deptno,gradefrom(select avg(sal) avgsal,deptnofrom empgroup by deptno)table1,salgradewhere avgsal between losal and hisal)where grade<=all(select gradefrom(select deptno,gradefrom(select avg(sal) avgsal,deptnofrom empgroup by deptno)table1,salgradewhere avgsal between losal and hisal)) )8).求比普通员工的最高薪水还要高的经理人的名称select enamefrom empwhere job='MANAGER' and sal>=(select max(sal)from emp where job='CLERK')9).求薪水最高的前5名雇员select *from(select emp.*from emporder by sal desc)where rownum<=510.求薪水最高的第6到10名雇员（重点掌握）select *from(select table1.*,rownum rnfrom(select emp.*from emporder by sal desc)table1)where rn<=10 and rn>5比较效率：1、select * from emp where deptno = 10 and ename like ‘%A%’;(理论上效率高，如同短路语句)2、Select * from emp where ename like ‘%A%’ and deptno = 10;Create table stu(Id number(6),Name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null,Sex number(1),Age number(3),Sdate date,Grade number(2) default 1,Class number(4),Email varchar2(50),Constraint stu_class_fk foreign key(class) references class(id),//定义外键Constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id),//定义主键Constraint stu_name_email_uni unique(email,name) //email和name必须相同)/Create table class(Id number(4) primary key,Name varchar2(20)not null)Alter table stu add(addr varchar2(100));(在表中加入一个字段)alter table stu modify(addr varchar2(50));（修改）Alter table stu drop(addr);（删除表中的字段）Insert into stu(id,name,email) values (1,’’a,’a’);Alter table stu add constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class(id);（加约束条件）Alter table stu drop constraint stu_class_fk;（删除约束条件）Select table_name from user_tables;Select conatraint_name from user_constraints;Select view_name from user_views;Select constraint_name,table_name from user_constraints;DML（数据操纵语言）语句：select、insert、delete、update(修改)Distinct:消除重复行Insert into dept values (50,’game’,’bj’);（已插入一行）Rollback;(回退已完成：回到没导入之前的状态)Create table emp2 as select * from emp;(备份一个表，内容和emp一模一样)Insert into dept2 values (50,’game’,’bj’);Insert into dept2(deptno,dname) values (60,’game2’);(增加指定的值)Insert into dept2 select * from dept;(把dept的值全部插入dept2中)Update emp2 set sal = sal*2,ename = ename || ‘-’ where deptno = 10;Select ename,sal from emp2 where deptno = 10;Update emp2 set sal = sal*2；Commit;(提交完成)此时，rollback已不起作用了，不会回到原始状态Delete from emp2;(所有都删掉)Delete from dept2 where deptno = 10;Rollback;DDL语句（数据定义语言）：Create table t (a varchar2(10)); （创建表）Drop table t;（删除表）Alter user scott account unlock;（修改）DCL（数据控制语言）语句：Grant授权语句: grant [权限] on [要授予权限的数据库对象] to [使用者账户名称] with [授权选项]Revoke: deny [权限] on [要授予权限的数据库对象] to [使用者账户名称]常用的权限分配：grant授权：于为用户分配权限或角色GRANT CONNECT TO MARTIN;CONNECT角色允许用户连接至数据库，并创建数据库对象GRANT RESOURCE TO MARTIN;RESOURCE角色允许用户使用数据库中的存储空间GRANT CREATE SEQUENCE TO MARTIN；此系统权限允许用户在当前模式中创建序列，此权限包含在CONNECT角色中授予用户MARTIN 操作TEST表对象的权限允许用户查询TEST 表的记录:GRANT SELECT ON TEST TO MARTIN;允许用户更新TEST 表中的记录:GRANT UPDATE ON TEST TO MARTIN;允许用户插入、删除、更新和查询TEST 表中的记录:GRANT ALL ON TEST TO MARTIN;用新建用户来进行链接，发现权限不足。
