Earth Science Medal

语法选择这是我单位将要组织的托福考试中我不会的选择题。

在A,B,C,D 中选择错误的一个（文中我已告知并用斜体表示）。

请用我能看得懂的话告诉我为什么？呵呵1、Comparative anatomy is concerned to the structural differences among animal forms.( 固定搭配与…….有关)2、A seismograph records oscillation of the ground caused by seismic waves, vibrations that travel from its point of origin through the Earth or along its surface. 用Their指代前面的waves的，这里前后人称指代应一致3、Located in Canada ,the Columbia covers area of 120 square miles and is 3300 feet thick in some places. cover an area of 占地多少…….4、Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar HammersteinⅡbrought to the musical Oklahoma !extensive musical and theatrical backgrounds as well as familiar with the traditional forms of operetta and musical comedy. （as well as后接并列结构，在这里呈前面名词”backgrounds”应接名词familiarities）5、Ponds are noted for their rich and varied types of plant and animal life,all maintain in a delicate ecological balance.（应在其后加上ed 这里是非谓语动词，后面这部分不是句子否则得加连词并且用被动语态）6、Most sand dunes are always in motion as wind pushes sand upward one side of dune,over the top ,and down the other side.（改为up属于动副结构与后面的down对应）7、Although they reflect a strong conscience, Arthur Miller’s stage works are typical more concerned with individuals than with systems.（typically 应该用副词修饰后面的谓语）8、Elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives in 1968,Shirley Chisholm was known for advocacy the interests of urban poor. 后面少介词of advocacy of 对什么什么的支持）9、A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion in what an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or an image of some object.(in that 是“因”的意思object 前some 是某一个的意思所以不加复数)10、The Hopi,the westernmost tribe of Pueblo Indians,have traditionally lived large multilevel structures clustered in towns.（在这俩词之间填上in）11、Despite television is the dominant medium for United States householes,Garrison Keillor’s Saturday night radio show of folk songs and stories is heard by millions of people.( Despite 是介词应用连词Although)12、The work which the poet Emma Lazarus is best known is “The New Colossus,”which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.(which改为where 此处是定语从句应用where引导指的是在work这个作品里)13、Fossils in 500-million-year-old rocks demonstrate that life forms inthe Cambrian period were mostly marine animals capability of secreting calcium to form shells.(capable of 是形容词短语作后置定语)14、The manufacture of automobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line techniques made them cheaper to produce.（应该用复数汽车加上s）15、O n steep hillsides, tree roots bind to soil that might otherwise be washed away if heavy rains.（应改成介词by）16、The invention of fresh metaphors today continues to make it possible the vivid expression of emotions.（去掉it后面这几个词作make的宾语）17、The astronomy is the oldest science, but it continues to be at the forefront of scientific thought.（凡是学科前都不加the 去掉the）18、Henry David Thoreau was an American writer who is remembered for his faith in the religious significance of the nature.(去掉the nature做自然界讲前没有the )19、Physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if participants push themselves greatly hard.（改为too 因为greatly一般修饰动词的ed形式）20、In the United States among 60 percent of the space on the pages of newspapers is reserved for advertising.（我估计among 应改为about,但advertising 是否应改为advertisement? 答：前面说的对后面是动名词有动态意思“打广告”不用改）21、Being the biggest expanse of brackish water in the world ,the Baltic Sea is of special interesting to scientists.（去掉ing , of与抽象名词interest连用相当于该抽象名词对应的形容词interesting）22、Althou gh color is a minor factor in soil composition ,it is excellent characteristic by which to distinguish different soil layers.( characteristic 在这里当形容词讲“典型的；特有的；表示特性的”，excellent 应该加ly用副词修饰形容词)23、Eagles are predator birds that have large, heavy,hooked bills and strong ,sharp claws called as“talons”.(去掉as call sth sth call 接双宾语把。

国家勋章the Medal of the Republic国家勋章（the Medal of the Republic）和国家荣誉称号（national titles of honor）集中评选颁授，隆重表彰一批为新中国建设和发展作出杰出贡献的功勋模范人物。

Chinese scientist Tu Youyou, winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize for the discovery of artemisinin, has been nominated for China's Medal of the Republic.因发现青蒿素而获得2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的我国科学家屠呦呦入选“共和国勋章”建议名单。

Besides Tu, seven other role models have been nominated for the honor, including Zhang Fuqing, a 94-year-old war hero who served as a soldier in the Chinese People's Liberation Army during the Liberation War (1946-49) and was twice awarded the title of "Combat Hero", and Yuan Longping, a Chinese agricultural expert who is also called the "father of hybrid rice". 除屠呦呦以外，入选“共和国勋章”建议名单的还有94岁的张富清以及我国农业专家、“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平等七人。

张富清在解放战争的枪林弹雨中多次荣立战功，荣获“战斗英雄”称号两次。

Another 28 figures have been nominated for a national honorary title.另有28人入选国家荣誉称号建议人选。

Plant GuideBOXELDERAcer negundo L.Plant Symbol = ACNE2 Contributed By: USDA NRCS National Plant DataCenter & the Biota of North America ProgramRobert MohlenbrockUSDA, NRCS, Wetlands Science Institute@ PLANTS Alternate common namesAsh-leaf maple, California boxelder, western boxelder, Manitoba mapleUsesThe wood of Boxelder is light, soft and weak, and of low commercial value. It is used for pulp and rough lumber, usually mixed with other bottomland species, and has been used for boxes and crates, low-quality furniture, and interior finishing.Boxelder produces sap high in sugar content and can be used to produce syrup sometimes called "mountain molasses." Native Americans used the cambium for food, boiled down the sap for syrup and candy, and made a tea from the inner bark to induce vomiting. The new branches were used to make charcoal for ceremonial painting.The trees are useful for quick growth in naturalized riparian plantings, but they are short-lived and disease-prone. The species was once planted in the U.S. as a street tree and ornamental cultivars have been developed (including forms with red fall color, variously variegated leaves, and without seeds). It is not now commonly planted in the U.S., where its removal is sometimes more of a challenge. The quick growth of this species, however, and its tolerance to urban conditions, allows it to contribute to shade and rapid re-greening in disturbed city sites, particularly in the Great Plains and the West, because of its drought and cold tolerance. Boxelder can be used temporarily until replaced by slower growing but longer lasting trees.Boxelder was once widely planted in shelterbelts in the Great Plains to reduce wind erosion and dust storms, but these shelterbelts have largely been removed. Its fibrous root system and prolific seeding habit make it valuable for erosion control in some parts of the world. The seeds are important winter food for birds and small mammals, deer browse young plants.StatusPlease consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values.DescriptionGeneral: Maple Family (Aceraceae): Boxelder is a native tree growing to 20 m tall, with broad rounded crown, usually developing a shallow, fibrous root system; bark light gray-brown with shallow fissures, becoming deeply furrowed; twigs slender, shiny green, usually glabrous but sometimes hairy. The leaves are opposite, 13-20 cm long, pinnately compound with 3(-5 or more) leaflets 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, long-pointed, coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed. The flowers are yellow-green, about 5 mm long, the male (staminate) flowers fascicled, the female (pistillate) flowers in drooping racemes; most trees are either male or female (the species is essentially dioecious), but bisexual flowers occur on a few trees (technically polygamo-Plant Materials </>Plant Fact Sheet/Guide Coordination Page </intranet/pfs.html> National Plant Data Center <>dioecious). Fruits are winged nutlets (samaras) in a pair, 2.5-4 cm long, clustered on long stalks. The common name refers to the resemblance of leaves to those of ash (Fraxinus). Boxelder, its other often used common name, refers to a resemblance to elder (Sambucus) and the use of the soft wood for box making.Boxelder is unusual among American maples in having compound leaves. Apart from the opposite leaves, seedlings and young saplings of Boxelder bear a remarkable resemblance to poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and are often mistaken for it by beginning naturalists.Variation within the species:Substantial variation occurs over the range of the species; numerous forms and varieties have been described, but only six varieties currently recognized (in some treatments, for example, see McGregor 1986). These are primarily distinguished by coloration of the branches, twig and fruit pubescence, and leaflet number.Var. arizonicum Sarg. – Arizona and New Mexico Var. californicum (Torr. & Gray) Sarg. – California Var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. – midwest US into the western statesVar. negundo – the eastern half of the US, with naturalized western outlyersVar. texanum Pax – south-central USVar. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger – north-central US and most of CanadaDistributionBoxelder is the most widely distributed of all American maples – its native range extends from the east coast of the U.S. to California, and from Alberta to southern Mexico and Guatemala. The range is relatively continuous in the eastern U.S., but broken into small areas in the West and toward Central America. It has become naturalized in areas far outside of its native range, including Europe. It is not known from northern North America. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.AdaptationBoxelder is natively a tree of river bottoms and disturbed sites on heavy, wet soils, often seasonally flooded (up to 30 days). It is one of the most common bottomland trees throughout its range, usually following the pioneer species of cottonwood and willow in colonizing alluvial bottoms, then growing with silver and red maples, American elm, American sycamore, and sweetgum. Populations in native habitats have decreased because of clearing of bottomland forest for agriculture, but they have greatly increased in urban areas. Success of the species on disturbed urban sites owes to its prolific seed production and wide dispersal, ease of germination, tolerance of low oxygen conditions, and fast growth on clay or heavy fill. Boxelder also is found as a pioneer species on disturbed upland sites where a seed source is nearby.Flowering: March-May (with or just before the leaves), fruiting: August-October. The flowers are wind pollinated but also visited by bees. EstablishmentFlowering in Boxelder is in early spring and large quantities of seed are produced each year, beginning on trees 8-11 years old. The seeds ripen in autumn, fall continuously from autumn until spring, and are light, large-winged, and widely wind-dispersed. They over-winter and germinate the following spring. Best germination follows stratification for 60-90 days at 33° F.Boxelder seeds germinate in shade or full sun but seedlings begin to die off after 1-2 years unless openings are formed. Successful seedbeds vary greatly. Trees are fast growing, producing up to 1-inch diameter annual growth for the first 15-20 years. Early growth is best in full sun but tolerant of partial shade. Young trees commonly produce stump and root sprouts. Average longevity is about 60 years; maximum longevity is rarely more than 100. ManagementBoxelder is tolerant to stressful sites and requires little special care, but it is relatively short-lived and the branches of older trees are susceptible to ice and wind damage. Boxelder is highly sensitive to 2,4-D and also is susceptible to fire and mechanical damage because of its thin bark.The boxelder bug is a common associate of boxelder throughout most of its range. The nymphs feed mainly on female (pistillate) trees in leaves, fruits, and soft seeds. The trees are not greatly damaged but the insects sometimes invade human habitation in large numbers with the onset of cold weather. Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)Boxelder is available at most nurseries within it distribution.ReferencesKoelling, M.R. & R.B. Heiligmann (eds.) 1996. North American maple syrup producers manual. Ohio State Univ. Extension Bull. 856. AUG00.<http://www.ag.ohio-/~ohioline/b856/index.html>Li, H.-L. 1960. The cultivated maples. Morris Arbor. Bull. 11:41-47.Maeglin, R. R. and L. F. Ohmann 1973. Boxelder (Acer negundo): a review and commentary. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100:357-363.McGregor, R.L. 1986. Acer. Pp. 569-570, IN: Great Plains Flora Association. Flora of the Great Plains. Univ. of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas. Overton, R.P. 1990. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. Pp. 41-45, IN: R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala (tech. coords.). Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. USDA, Forest Service Agric. Handbook 654, Washington, D.C.Prepared ByGuy Nesom, BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North CarolinaSpecies CoordinatorLincoln Moore, USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LouisianaEdited: 17jan01 jsp; 07feb03ahv; 24may06jspFor more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.Read about Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Convervation Service.。

第九章 通用地学制图工具GMT入门简介：GMT通用地学绘图软件已经在地理、地球物理等学科得到广泛应用。

作为一个共享软件，不存在版权问题。

本章对于GMT的介绍属于入门级，其特点为：1 只介绍Windows环境下GMT的基础使用方法，不涉及UNIX系统。

2 采用编写批处理文件的方法来实现绘图过程，不介绍GMT Windows窗口菜单。

3 只简单介绍几条用于处理数据文件的gawk命令，基本不涉及编程。

另外，严格按照“GMT安装”的步骤，可以把教学光盘的gmt.zip解压缩和安装到计算机上。

按照本章给出的批处理文件，所有的投影和绘图范例都能正常完成。

注释文字仅供参考。

The Generic Mapping ToolsVersion 3.4.4A Map–Making TutorialbyPål（Paul）WesselSchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawai'i at ManoaandWalter H. F. SmithLaboratory for Satellite AltimetryNOAA/NESDIS/NODCJanuary 2004介绍（INTRODUCTION ）该指南面向GMT 的新用户，概述GMT在线环境，使你能够绘制几种类型的图形但并不需要了解太多的UNIX 知识和UNIX 工具。

我们既不可能涵盖GMT 的各个方面，也不可能对于我们选择的内容阐述得足够详细。

在完成这个短训之后，学习的内容一定有助于用户改进自己的GMT和UNIX 技能。

9.1 GMT 纵览：历史，体系和使用（GMT overview: History, philosophy, and usage）9.1.1 历史回顾（Historical highlights ）GMT体系开始于1987年后期，在美国哥伦比亚大学 Lamont-Doherty 地球观测所，由研究生Paul Wessel和Walter H. F. Smith创立。

全卷满分：150分考试时间：120分钟2024.08第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）（略）（答案在最后）第二部分：阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项选出最佳选项。

ABrecon Beacons YAC has an amazing opportunity for budding(崭露头角的) archaeologists(考古学家)of all ages,in Sunderland in Tyne and Wear.Thanks to funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund,professional archaeologists from Wardell Armstrong will be investigating an archaeological mystery and they need your help.Romans?“The site is a bit of a mystery”,Frank Giecco from Wardell Armstrong said.“There is a very nice cropmark recorded on the site that has got lots of people very excited.Geophysicists (地质物理学家)failed to find anything related to the cropmark.There is anecdotal(趣闻的) evidence of Roman material being found,but nothing is officially recorded.We hope to finally answer the question of what is in this field,during the two weeks on site.Is there evidence of any Roman occupation on the site?Can you help us find out?Get involvedThis is an opportunity for both adults and children to take part in field walking and trial trenching(small hand-dug test pits for children).No experience is necessary,training will be provided by the professional archaeologists from Wardell Armstrong,and all equipment will be provided.Volunteers can attend for as few or as many days as they wish,but they do need to book a place.For more information,and to book your place,please contact Norman Kirtlan at***********************************.21.What’s the main purpose of the activity?A.To seek funding for archaeological research.B.To find volunteers to help solve an archaeological mystery.C.To appeal for help in proving findings based on anecdotal evidence.D.To organize volunteers to help sort out data on the Roman occupation.22.Which of the following statement might be true if you take part in the activity?A.You will be coached by experts in the field.B.You should have worked with archaeologists before.C.You should spare two weeks to stay at the site.D.You will be charged for using equipment.23.Who is the activity probably intended for?A.Romans.B.Experts.C.Officials.D.FamiliesBKiska,the last captive(圈养的)killer whale in Canada---also known as“the loneliest whale in the world”----has died,according to local media.The whale,believed to be47years old,died on March9,2023.Ontario’s Solicitor General Ministry spokesperson Brent Ross confirmed to CBC.Kiska,who spent overfour decades in captivity,lived at Marineland,a zoo and amusement park in Niagara Falls, after being captured in Icelandic waters in1979alongside Keiko,the star of the movie Free Willy.Marineland said that Kiska’s health had declined in recent weeks.The news comes four years after the country officially banned whales and dolphins from being bred or held in captivity.However,marine mammals like Kiska that were already held in captivity would remain so,according to the new law.Kiska’s death marks the end of captive whales in Canada.People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals(PETA)said Kiska“spent her final years isolated in a tank,swimming in endless circles or sometimes floating listlessly.”Kiska’s life of continued isolation led the Whale Sanctuary Project to describe her as “the loneliest whale in the world.”Both animal rights groups reported that Kiska died of a bacterial infection.Ross told CBC that animal welfare officials had conducted a necropsy(尸检)of the mammal.Kiska underwent several hardships while living at the amusement park,according to PETA.These included the deaths of all five of her children and the departure of her sole tankmate Ikaika in2011.Videos of Kiska slamming her head against her tank wall multiple times began circulating on social media in2021.Kiska was one of the last survivors of the Icelandic captures back in the1970s.She lived the last12years of her life completely along,no other whales or in fact any other species were there to keep her company.“It is heartbreaking to know that Kiska will never have the chance to be relocated to a whale reserve and experience the freedom that she so deeply deserved.”Camille Labchuk, executive director of Animal justice,told CBC.There are at least55killer whales being held in captivity in marine parks around the world,according to the Whale and Dolphin Conservation.Killer whales are known to be very social mammals and are not suitable for captivity.Chronic stress can weaken the immune system and physiology of captive killer whales,leading to illness and even death.24.Which of the following statement is true about Kiska?A.She died as the last captive killer whale in the world.B.She was captured in the ocean more than40years ago.C.She was a star in a film called Free Willy.D.She should have been set free according to a new law passed in2019.25.Why Kiska was referred to as“the loneliest whale in the world”?A.Because Kiska’s death marks the end of captive whales in Canada.B.Because Kiska was kept alone after a bacterial infection.C.Because Kiska lived the last12years of her life without company.D.Because all five of Kiska’s children died ahead of her.26.What does the underlined word listlessly probably means in the text?A.Without enthusiasm.B.Without destination.C.Without breath.D.Without effort.27.What is the best title of the text?A.It’s time we stop catching killer whalesB.The death of a killer whale leads to a new law in CanadaC.Kiska,the last survivor of the Icelandic captures,has diedD.Kiska,“the loneliest whale in the world”,dies in CanadaCNow a company is launching a new robot on personal service machines.Rather than keeping you company at home,GITA(pronounced Jee-Tah)helps you go hands-free while you walk down the street,to the grocery store or to visit your neighbors.Like the name, which means“outing”in Italian,the robotic servant is for short trips out and about.Designed by the Piaggio Group,the smart device uses five cameras to see you,follow you around and carry up to40pounds of your belongings for four hours.It’s similar to those robotic suitcases that trail behind you at the airport,but with an entirely different outside. Picture a large container but on wheels.That’s what GITA looks like in the flagship orange color.Imagine having a hi-tech that can follow you around with your shopping inside.It’s round and strong yet relatively smart and convenient.The robotic helper is a joy to engage with,sort of like a dog.Operating GITA is simple.You just press one button to turn it on,one button for the cameras to scan your legs,and you’re off.It actually does pretty good job of following you and recognizing when you change directions.Its movement is oddly natural.When you speed up it falls behind a bit before trying to catch up,and when you stop.it stops-usually.GITA operates best on hard surfaces.However,it can’t go upstairs.It can roll on slight inclines(斜坡)and keep up with a walking person at speeds up to6miles per hour.A system of sounds and lights will let you know whether it is unpaired or needs a charge. And an app lets you share your robot with your“crew”,so it can follow them,too.With a speaker,your GITA can carry candy and play theme music as you take the kids trick-or-treating.A USA TODAY tech reporter gave GITA a test run in2019.He said,“GITA certainly made quite an impression on passers-by as it rolled down New York’s busy Madison Avenue.”Yet having tech trail behind you takes some getting used to.You can’t help but look behind you to make sure it’s keeping up,somewhat like monitoring a pet.28.For what purpose is the new robot designed?A.To instruct you where to go.B.To serve you as you walk around.C.To accompany you at home.D.To protect you when you’re traveling.29.What does the new robot probably look like?A.It looks like a royal dog.B.It has flags and smart panels.C.It is round,orange and can roll of itself.D.It resembles cameras in appearance.30.Which of the following is true about GITA?A.It can roll up a sharp slope at a high speed.B.It can only recognize and follow its owner.C.It can adjust its pace automatically.D.It can play tricks for children.31.What can we learn about GITA from the last paragraph?A.People are heavily dependent on it.B.It is far from being put into use.C.It is easy to get lost and needs to be improved.ers have difficulty accustoming themselves to it at first.DSalad plants have already been grown in old shelters and tunnels.Urban farming is a regular topic of interest at places like the World Economic Forum(WEF)in Davos,where leaders consider whether the world’s food system,blamed for causing both obesity and malnutrition,can be fixed.There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world,particularly in the US,Japan and the Netherlands,from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming.“It’s becoming an expanding industry,”said Richard Ballard,one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground.“There are several other businesses starting up in London in containers,and there are other vertical farms around the country now.”Growing Underground is not a standard farm.The rows of crops could be in almost any tunnel,but these plants are100feet below Clapham High Street and show that urban agriculture is,in some cases at least,not a fad.The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years,and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year.Growing Underground supplies herb and salad mixes to grocery shops,supermarkets and restaurants.Being in London creates an advantage,Ballard says,as they can harvest and deliver in an hour.He adds other advantages.Being underground means temperatures never go below15 ----surface greenhouses need to be heated.They can do more harvests:60crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm.Electricity to power the lights is a major cost, but the company believes renewable energy will become cheaper.Similar British companies include the Jones Food Company in Lincolnshire,while in the US AeroFarms has several projects in New Jersey,and Edenworks in Brooklyn.32.What can we learn about urban farming?A.Different farming methods are used.B.Local governments pay efforts to develop it.C.It leads to a healthier lifestyle.D.It is rarely discussed at the WEF.33.Which of the following best explains“a fad”underlined in Paragraph3?A.A plan that has great potential.B.A tradition that appeals to a lot of people.C.An approach that can solve a serious problem.D.A fashion that’s popular for a short time.34.Which of the following is true about the underground farm?A.Its major products are herbs and salads.B.It produces more kinds of foods than a traditional farm.C.It is more productive than a traditional farm.D.It uses less energy than a greenhouse.35.What is the theme of the text?A.Traditional farming will be replaced soon.B.Growing Underground attracts more people.C.Current food system causes health problems.D.Urban farming is still thought costly and time-consuming.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

序号全称简称中文刊名语种1Annual review of earth and ANNU REV EART地球与行星科学年评英语2Reviews of geophysics REV GEOPHYS地球物理学评论3Global Ecology and Biogeogr GLOBAL ECOL B全球生态学与生物地理学英语4Global biogeochemical cycle GLOBAL BIOGEO全球生物地球化学循环英语5Earth-science reviews EARTH-SCI REV地学评论英语6Quaternary science reviews QUATERNARY SC第四纪科学评论英语7Earth and Planetary Science Letters地球与行星科学通讯德语，法语，8Journal of petrology J PETROL岩石英语9Geology地质学英语10Geochimica et cosmochimica GEOCHIM COSMO地球化学与宇宙化学学报英语11Journal of Biogeography J BIOGEOGR生物地理学杂志12Paleoceanography古海洋学美国地质学会通报英语13The Geological Society of America bulle14Precambrian research前寒武纪研究15Chemical geology CHEM GEOL化学地质学英语16Contributions to mineralogy CONTRIB MINER矿物学与岩石学论文集英语17Geobiology地球生物学英语18Geotextiles and Geomembrane GEOTEXT GEOME土工用纺织物与土工用膜19Astrobiology天体生物学英语地质标准与地质分析研究德语，法语，20Geostandards and geoanalytical research英语21Journal of geophysical research:space p地球物理学研究杂志-空间物理地球物理学研究杂志-大地英语21Journal of geophysical research:solid e地球物理学研究杂志-行星21Journal of geophysical research:planets21Journal of geophysical research:oceans地球物理学研究杂志-海洋英语21Journal of geophysical research:atmosph地球物理学研究杂志-大气英语地球物理学研究杂志-地表英语21Journal of geophysical research:earth s22Lithos国际矿物学、岩石学与地球化英语23Biogeosciences生物地球科学英语24Journal of metamorphic geology变质地质学杂志英语25Geophysical research letters地球物理学研究快报英语26The journal of geology地质学杂志英语27Biogeochemistry生物地球化学英语28Journal of quaternary scien J QUA TERNARY第四纪科学杂志英语29Turkish Journal of Earth Sc TURKJ EATTH S土耳其地球学杂志英语30Tectonics 构造地质学英语31Progress in Physical Geogra PROG PHYS GEO物理地理学进展英语32American journal of science AM J SCI美国科学杂志33Meteoritics&Planetary Scien METEORIT PLAN陨星学与行星科学34Geochemistry,geophysics,geosystems地球化学，地球物理学，地球英语35Marine and petroleum geology海洋与石油地质学英语36IEEE transactions on geoscience and remIEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语37The Holocene全新世英语38Global and planetary change地球和行星的变化英语39Basin research盆地研究英语40Journal of the Geological society地质学会志英语41Journal of the paleolimnology古湖沼学杂志英语42Hydrology and earth system sciences水文学与地球系统科学英语43Elements元素英语44Quaternary research第四纪研究英语45American mineralogist美国矿物学家46Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry矿物学和地球化学评论英语古地理学、古气候学、古生态学47Palaeogeography,palaeoclimatology,palae48Journal of hydrology水文学杂志英语49Organic geochemistry有机地球化学50Geophysical journal international国际地球物理学杂志英语51Bulletin of volcanology火山学通报英语52Terra nova地球新星英语53Boreas国际第四纪研究杂志德语，法语，54Landscape Ecology景观生态学德语，法语，地球与行星内部物理学英语55Physics of the earth and planetary inte56Marine geology海洋地质学英语57Palaios古代58Earth surface processes and landforms地球表面变化过程与地形英语59Seismological Research Letters 地震学研究快报英语60Journal of sedimentary research沉积研究杂志英语62Applied clay science应用粘土科学63Geomorphology地貌学英语64Journal of contaminant Hydr J CONTAM HYDR污染物水文学杂志英语65Geochemical transactions地球化学汇刊英语国际地理信息科学杂志英语66International journal of geographical i67Earth Interactions EARTH IN TERA地球相互作用英语68Acta geologica Sinica中国地质学报69Economic geology and the bulletin of th经济地质学与经济地质学家学英语70Journal of marine systems海洋系统杂志英语71Sedimentary geology沉积地质学英语72Applied geochemistry应用地球化学英语美国地震学会通报英语73Bulletin of the seismological society o火山学与地热研究杂志德语，法语，74Journal of volcanology and geothermal r75Tectonophysics地壳构造物理学德语，法语，国际地球科学杂志德语，法语，76International journal of earth sciences77Journal of Asian earth sciences亚洲地学杂志英语78Sedimentology沉积学英语79Journal of structural geology结构地质学杂志英语80Geomicrobiology journal地质微生物学杂志英语81Journal of Nuclear Material J NUCL MATER核材料杂志英语82Journal of Geodesy J GEODESY大地测量学杂志英语83Landscape and Urban Plannin LANDSCAPE URB园林与城市规划英语84Permafrost and periglacial processes永久冻土与冰缘过程85International journal of coal geology国际煤炭地质学杂志英语86Geological magazine地质学杂志英语87Journal of Atmosphere and S J ATMOS SOL-T大气与日地物理学杂志英语88International geology review国际地质学评论英语89Geodinamica acta地球动力学报法语90Geografiska Annaler: Series GEOGR ANNA法语91Quaternary International国际第四纪研究法语92Ground water地下水英语93Journal of Archaeological S J ARCHAEOL SC考古科学杂志英语美国水资源协会志英语94 Journal of the American Water Resource95Annales Geophysicae ANN GEOPHYS-G地球物理层编年史英语96Aquatic geochemistry水地球化学英语97GeoArabia中东石油地球科学杂志英语98Clays and clay minerals粘土与粘土矿物英语99Gondwana research冈瓦纳研究英语100CATENA专业丛书英语101Geofluids地热流体英语103Nonlinear Processes in Geop NONL IN EAR P地球物理学的非线性进程英语104Dynamics of Atmospheres and DYNAM ATMOS O大气与海洋动力学英语105AAPG bulletin美国石油地质学家学会通报英语106Mineralogical magazine矿物学杂志英语107Antarctic science南极科学英语108Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie地球形态学杂志英语109Mineralium deposita矿床英语110Physics and chemistry of minerals矿物物理学与矿物化学111Gems & gemology宝石与宝石学英语112Australian journal of earth sciences澳大利亚地球科学杂志英语113European journal of mineralogy欧洲矿物学杂志德语，法语114Geologica Acta地质学报德语，法语115Earth, planets and space地球、行星与太空英语116Chemie der Erde地球化学德语，英语117Quaternary geochronology第四纪地质年代118Surveys in geophysics地球物理学综论英语119Geophysics地球物理英语120Radiocarbon放射性碳英语121Geosynthetics International国际土工合成材料学英语122IEEE Xplore: Geoscience and IEEE GEOSCI R IEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语123Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering地震工程通报英语124Hydrogeology journal水文地质学杂志法语，英语国际摄影测量和遥感学会志英语125ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and rem摄影测量工程与遥感126Photogrammetric engineering and remote127Journal of petroleum geology石油地质学杂志128Journal of African Earth Sc J AFR EARTH S非洲地学杂志英语128Journal of African earth sciences非洲地学杂志法语，英语矿物,金属材料科学学会杂志法语，英语129Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materi131Petrology+岩石学法语，英语132SpaceWeather空间气象法语，英语133The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语134 The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语自然灾害与地球系统科学英语135Natural hazards and earth system scienc136Geophysical and Astrophysic GEOPHYS ASTRO地球物理与天体物理流体动力英语137Geological journal地质学杂志英语138Natural Hazards NAT HAZARDS自然风险139Journal of caves and karst studies洞穴与岩溶研究杂志英语140Mineral Processing and Extr MINER PROCESS矿物处理和提取冶金英语141Facies相英语142Ore geology reviews矿物地质学评论143Landslides滑坡144Near Surface Geophysics近地表地球物理145Radio science无线电科学国际矿物处理杂志英语146International journal of mineral proces147Arctic, antarctic, and alpine research北极、南极与高山研究148Canadian journal of earth sciences加拿大地球科学杂志法语，英语149Engineering geology工程地质学德语，法语，150Norwegian Journal of Geology挪威地质学杂志151Geomagnetism and Aeronomy国际地磁学与高空科学协会152Minerals Engineering矿物工程154Geothermics地热155Mineralogy and petrology矿物学和岩石学156Computers & geosciences计算机与地学英语157The photogrammetric record摄影测绘记录英语158Archaeometry考古定年学英语159Cold Regions Science and Technology寒冷地区科学160Comptes Rendus Geosciences C R GEOSCI161Arctic北极南美地学杂志英语162Journal of South American earth science矿物与岩石学杂志英语163Journal of mineralogical and petrologic164Episodes幕英语165Geoinformatica地学信息英语166Pure and applied geophysics理论与应用地球物理学英语167Proceedings of the geologists associati地质学家协会会报 英语168Petroleum geoscience石油地质科学169The island arc岛弧170Netherlands Journal of Geosciences荷兰地学杂志171Russian Geology and Geophysics俄罗斯地质学与地球物理学172Geo-marine letters地质海洋快报英语173Resource geology地质资源174New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geop新西兰地质学与地球物理学杂志爱丁堡地学皇家学会事物175Transactions of the Royal Society of Ed176Acta geologica Polonica波兰地质学报177Polar research极地研究178Advances in Space Research空间研究进展179Journal of seismology地震学杂志英语180Mathematical Geology数学地质英语181Journal of Geophysics and Engineering地球物理学与工程学英语法国地质学会通报法语，英语182Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de Fr183Journal of Environmental Engineering Ge环境与工程地球物理学杂志土工技术与地质环境工程杂志英语184Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmen185Computational geosciences计算地球科学英语国际岩石力学与采矿科学杂志英语186International journal of rock mechanics187Studia geophysica et geodaetica地球物理学与大地测量学研究德语，法语，188Geophysical prospecting地球物理勘探德语，法语，189Environmental geology环境地质学英语190Scottish journal of geology苏格兰地质学杂志 英语191Geoarchaeology地质考古学英语英语中国科学D辑：地球科学（英文191Science in China. series D earth scienc192Geological quarterly地质学季刊英语193Ofioliti蛇绿岩195Clay minerals粘土矿物英语石油科学和石油工程杂志英语196Journal of petroleum science & engineer197Marine geophysical researches海洋地球物理研究英语工程地质学季刊 英语198Quarterly journal of engineering geolog地层学及地质学的相互关系199Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation200Geochemical journal地球化学杂志英语201Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae英语202Geochronometria英语203Chinese Journal of Geophysi CHINESE J GEO地球物理学报204Archaeological Prospection考古学展望205Physics and chemistry of the earth地球物理学与地球化学土壤动力学与地震工程206Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineerin207Journal of Cultural Heritage文化遗产杂志208South African journal of geology南非地质学杂志英语209Journal of geochemical exploration地球化学勘探杂志英语210Revista mexicana de ciencias geologicas211Geotechnique土工英语矿物学新年鉴. 论文辑德语，法语，212Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandl213Computers and geotechnics计算机与土工学214Revista geologica de Chile智利地质杂志西班牙语，英215Geosciences journal地球科学杂志英语丹麦地质学会通报德语，法语216Bulletin of the geological society of D217Journal of Earthquake Engineering地震工程杂志218Soils and Foundations地基及基础219Earth, Moon, and Planets地球，月球及行星220Geotectonics大地构造地质学221Bollettino della Societa Geologica Ital意大利地质学通报英语222Canadian geotechnical journal加拿大土工杂志英语223Astronomy and Geophysics天文学与地球物理学英语224Journal of Cold Regions Engineering寒冷地区工程杂志英语225Geologica Carpathica喀尔巴阡山地质学英语226Geologiska Foreningens i St GFF瑞典地质学会汇刊德语，法语，227Geochemistry International国际地球化学德语，法语，228Rock mechanics and rock engineering岩石力学与岩石工程英语229Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia英语英语230Journal of earth system science印度科学院会刊 ：地球与行星231Geotechnical Testing Journal土工试验杂志英语工程地质学与环境通报法语，英语232Bulletin of engineering geology and the233Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth法语，英语234Doklady Earth Sciences法语，英语235Physical Geography自然地理法语，英语陆地，大气，海洋科学法语，英语236Terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic sc237Geology of Ore Deposits矿床地质学法语，英语238Geologica Belgica比利时地质239Journal of coastal research海岸研究杂志英语240Lithology and mineral resources岩相学与矿物资源英语印度地质学会志英语241Journal of the geological society of In242SPE reservoir evaluation & engineering石油工程师协会油藏评估与工英语243Mountain Research and Development山区研究与开发英语244Nuovo Cimento Societa Intaliana di Fisi诺沃西门托会刊意大利迪记事英语北京科技大学学报：矿物冶金英语245Journal of University of Science and Te246Annals of geophysics地球物理学纪事英语247Minerals & Metallurgical Processing矿产及冶金加工英语248Coal Preparation备煤英语249Journal of Mining Science采矿科学杂志英语250Environmental & engineering geoscience环境与工程地质科学英语251Newsletters on stratigraphy地层学通讯地球化学：探索，环境，分析252Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment,253Journal of seismic exploration地震探测杂志英语254Petrophysics岩石物理学英语约克郡地质学会会报英语255Proceedings of the Yorkshire geological256Carbonates and evaporites碳酸盐与蒸发岩英语英国太阳系内杂志英语257Journal of the British Interplanetary S258Marine georesources and geotechnology海洋地资源与土工学英语259Proceedings of the Institution of Civil知名土木工程师议程：地球应用技术工程260Geotimes地质时代英语261Survey review测量评论英语丹麦和格陵兰岛地质勘测期刊英语262Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenl南非采矿与冶金学会志英语263Journal of the South African Institute264Canadian mining journal加拿大采矿杂志英语265Engineering and mining journal工程与采矿杂志英语266Advances in Geophysics地球物理学发展英语267Swiss Journal of Geoscience瑞士地学杂志类别ISSN影响因子年发文数自然科学0084-65977.73224自然科学8755-1209 6.925自然科学1466-822X 4.43577自然科学0886-6236 4.33596地质学0012-8252 4.3141地质学0277-3791 4.11205自然科学0012-821X 3.873503自然科学0022-3530 3.80686地质学0091-7613 3.754285地质学0016-7037 3.665395自然科学0305-0270 3.5391590883-8305 3.391760016-7606 3.35495地质学0301-9268 3.24796地质学0009-2541 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advances in earth sciences影响因子Advances in Earth Sciences (AES) is a reputable, peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research articles spanning various topics in the field of Earth sciences. As the advancement of Earth sciences are crucial for a better understanding of our planet and addressing the challenges it faces, the impact factor of AES plays a significant role in determining the influence and reach of the journal. In this article, we will delve into the factors that contribute to the impact factor of AES, starting from its inception to the present day.The impact factor of a scientific journal is a measure of the average number of citations received per article published in that journal within a specific time period. It offers a quantitative assessment of the quality and influence of a journal within its field. For AES, the impact factor is a reflection of the importance and significance of the research articles it publishes, as well as the wide readership and citation rate it attracts.In the early years of AES, the impact factor was relatively low as the journal was still in its infancy. However, over time, with the increasing recognition and credibility of the journal, the impactfactor experienced a steady rise. This can be attributed to various factors, which we will now explore in more detail.Firstly, the quality of the research articles published in AES is a crucial determinant of its impact factor. The journal follows a rigorous peer-review process, ensuring that only high-quality and groundbreaking research is accepted for publication. By maintaining high standards, AES attracts renowned scientists and researchers to submit their work, thereby increasing the overall caliber and impact of the journal.Secondly, the relevance and timeliness of the research topics covered in AES also contribute to its impact factor. As the field of Earth sciences constantly evolves and addresses emerging global challenges, AES strives to publish cutting-edge research in areas such as climate change, natural disasters, geological processes, and environmental management. By focusing on these pressing issues, AES attracts the attention of researchers, policymakers, and other scientists who actively cite the published articles, thereby increasing the impact factor.Furthermore, the accessibility and international reach of the journalplay a vital role in determining its impact. AES aims to ensure that its publications are widely available and easily accessible to the global scientific community. By utilizing online platforms and open-access options, AES maximizes the visibility and dissemination of its articles. This broad accessibility increases the chances of articles being cited by researchers from various disciplines and geographical locations, positively influencing the impact factor.Another factor that enhances the impact factor of AES is its commitment to fostering collaborations and interdisciplinary research. Earth sciences inherently encompass a wide range of disciplines like geology, geography, atmospheric sciences, and hydrology. By encouraging interdisciplinary approaches and publishing articles that bridge different fields, AES attracts a diverse readership and consequently increases the likelihood of citations, thereby raising its impact factor.Lastly, the reputation and standing of the editorial board and reviewers of AES contribute significantly to its impact factor. AES is comprised of renowned scientists and experts in the field, who bring their expertise and knowledge to the review and selectionprocess. The reputation of the editorial board as well as the stringent review process assures the scientific community of the reliability and credibility of the articles published in AES. This confidence leads to higher citations and ultimately increases the impact factor of the journal.In conclusion, the impact factor of Advances in Earth Sciences (AES) is influenced by various factors that contribute to its recognition and influence within the scientific community. These factors include the quality of research articles, the relevance of the topics covered, the accessibility and reach of the journal, its interdisciplinary approach, and the reputation of the editorial board and reviewers. By continuously nurturing these factors, AES maintains a high impact factor, thereby promoting the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the field of Earth sciences.。

第三章第2节赛珍珠一作者简介Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 —March 6, 1973) also known as Sai Zhen Zhu (Simplified Chinese: 赛珍珠), was a prolific American sinologist and Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer. In 1938, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." With no irony, she has been described in China as a Chinese writer.赛珍珠（Pearl S. Buck或Pearl Buck）（1892年6月26日－1973年3月6日），直译珀尔·巴克，美国作家。

1932年借其小说《大地》（The Good Earth），成为第一位获得普利策小说奖的女性；1938年获诺贝尔文学奖。

她也是唯一同时获得普利策奖和诺贝尔奖的女作家，作品流传语种最多的美国作家。

二生平LIFEPearl Buck was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia to Caroline Stulting (1857–1921) and Absalom Sydenstricker. Her parents, Southern Presbyterian missionaries, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8, 1880, but returned to the United States for Pearl's birth. When Pearl was three months old, the family returned to China to be stationed first in Zhenjiang (then often known as Jingjiang or, in the Postal Romanization, Tsingkiang).[2] Pearl was raised in a bilingual environment, tutored in English by her mother and in classical Chinese by a Mr. Kung.[3]The Boxer Uprising greatly affected Pearl and family; their Chinese friends deserted them, and Western visitors decreased.In 1911, Pearl left China to attend Randolph-Macon Woman's College in Virginia, US,[4] graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1914. From 1914 to 1933, she served as a Presbyterian missionary, but her views later became highly controversial in the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, leading to her resignation.[5]In 1914, Pearl returned to China. She married an agricultural economist missionary, John Lossing Buck (hereafter in this article Pearl Buck is referred to simply as 'Buck'), on May 13, 1917, and they moved to Suzhou, Anhui Province, a small town on the Huai River (not be confused with the better-known Suzhou in Jiangsu Province). It is this region she described later in The Good Earth and Sons.From 1920 to 1933, the Bucks made their home in Nanking (Nanjing), onthe campus of Nanjing University, where both had teaching positions. Buck taught English literature at the University of Nanjing and the Chinese National University. In 1920, the Bucks had a daughter, Carol, afflicted with phenylketonuria. In 1921, Buck's mother died and shortly afterward her father moved in. In 1924, they left China for John Buck's year of sabbatical and returned to the United States for a short time, during which (Pearl) Buck earned her Masters degree from Cornell University. In 1925, the Bucks adopted Janice (later surnamed Walsh). That autumn, they returned to China.[5]The tragedies and dislocations that Buck suffered in the 1920s reached a climax in March 1927, during the "Nanking Incident". In a confused battle involving elements of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist troops, Communist forces, and assorted warlords, several Westerners were murdered. Since her father Absalom was a missionary, the family decided to stay in Nanjing until the battle reached the city. When violence broke out, a poor Chinese family allowed them to hide in their hut while the family house was looted. The family spent a day terrified and in hiding, after which they were rescued by American gunboats. They traveled to Shanghai and then sailed to Japan, where they stayed for a year.[6] They later moved back to Nanjing, though conditions remained dangerously unsettled. In 1934, they left China permanently.In 1935 the Bucks were divorced. Richard Walsh, president of the John Day Company and her publisher, became Pearl Buck's second husband. Walsh offered her advice and affection which, her biographer concludes, "helped make Pearl's prodigious activity possible." The couple lived in Pennsylvania until his death in 1960.[7]During the Cultural Revolution Buck, as a preeminent American writer of Chinese peasant life, was denounced as an "American cultural imperialist." Buck was "heartbroken" when Madame Mao and high-level Chinese officials prevented her from visiting China with Richard Nixon in 1972.[8]Pearl S. Buck died of lung cancer on March 6, 1973 in Danby, Vermont and was interred in Green Hills Farm in Perkasie, Pennsylvania. She designed her own tombstone. The grave marker is inscribed with Chinese characters representing the name Pearl Sydenstricker.1892年6月26日，赛珍珠出生在美国西弗吉尼亚州，父親是美南长老会的传教士赛兆祥（Absalom Sydenstricker，1852年—1931年），父母親在她出生4个月时一同来到中国江苏清江浦，后来搬到镇江，住在润州山长老会润州中学的平房里（此处故居已经拆除）；在那里长大成人，她是先学会汉语和习惯中国风俗（特别受益于其老师“孔先生”）後，她母亲才教她英语。