2018版高考英语二轮教师用书：第1部分 专题5 第1讲 概要写作 含解析

模式2|主旨大意题确定标题概括全文主题概括段落大意写作目的标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。

主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。

段落大意是指段落的中心意思。

文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。

作者写文章的目的有三：toexpress one's feelings，attitudeand ideas；to affect readers；toinform readers。

可细分为tointroduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等。

解题技巧1．细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。

2．特别关注however，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。

3．表示结论性的信息词如so，thus，therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。

4．对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。

5．标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。

[典题互动示法][典题1](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·A·节选)Support Pacific Science CenterSince1962，Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情)for discovery and lifelonglearning in science，math and technology.Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than1.3million people a year and brings inquiry­based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals，corporations，and other social organizations.Visit pacificsci­ to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.1．What is the purpose of the last part of the text?A．To encourage donations.B．To advertise coming events.C．To introduce special exhibits.D．To tell about the Center's history.[主旨大意题之推测写作目的。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2. 作答时，务必将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷及草稿纸上无效。

3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5短对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15.B. ￡9.18.C. ￡9.15.1. What does John find difficult in learning German?A. Pronunciation.B. Vocabulary.C. Grammar.2. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Colleagues.B. Brother and sister.C. Teacher and student.3. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a bank.B. At a ticket office.C. On a train.4. What are the speakers talking about?A. A restaurant.B. A street.C. A dish.5.What does the woman think of her interview?A. It was tough.B. It was interesting.C. It was successful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

Unit 1Great scientists[核心词汇]1．characteristic n．特征；特性2．defeat v t.打败；战胜；使受挫n.失败3．attend v t.照顾；护理；出席；参加4．cure v t.& n.治愈；痊愈；治疗5．challenge n.挑战v t.向……挑战6．absorb v t.吸收；吸引；使专心7．suspect v t.认为；怀疑n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯8．blame v t.责备；谴责n.过失；责备9．link v t.& n.连接；联系10．handle n.柄；把手v t.处理；操纵[拓展词汇]11．conclude v t.&v i.结束；推断出→conclusion n.结论；结束12．analyse v t.分析→analysis n.分析13．expose v t.暴露；揭露；使曝光→exposed adj.无遮蔽的；无保护的；风险高的14．pollute v t.污染；弄脏→pollution n.污染→polluted adj.污染的，被弄脏的15．announce v t.宣布；通告→announcement n.通知；宣告16．instruct v t.指示；教导；命令→instructor n.教员；传授者→instruction n.用法说明；操作指南→instructive adj.有教育意义的17．construct v t.建设；修建→construction n.建设；建筑物18．contribute v t.&v i.捐献；贡献；捐助→contribution n.捐献；贡献；捐助19．reject v t.拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection n.拒绝；抛弃20．caution n.小心，谨慎→cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的1．put forward 提出2．expose...to... 使显露；暴露3．make sense 讲得通；有意义4．be to blame 应受谴责，应负责任5．cure...of... 治愈某人的……(疾病) 6．draw a conclusion 得出结论7．link...to... 将……和……联系或连接起来8．apart from 除……之外；此外9．be strict with 对……严格的10．contribute to 有助于；促成3.have his work finished on time4.can you realize your dream点释5个考纲单词conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出；断定；达成[小试身手] 用conclude 的适当形式填空①He (conclude)from their remarks that they were not in favour of the plan.(牛津词典)他从他们的话语中推断出他们不赞同此项计划。

类型6| 感谢信
1．感谢信是重要的礼仪文书，是向帮助、关心和支持过自己的集体或个人表示感谢的专业书信，有感谢和表扬双重意思。

2．感谢信的写作格式主要分以下三个部分
(1)开头部分要明确对对方提供的帮助或赠送的礼物表示谢意；
(2)主体部分则需列举对方提供的帮助，说明该帮助所起的作用，或表
达对所收礼物的喜爱以及以后如何使用及收藏等；
(3)结尾部分需再次表达诚挚的谢意并问候对方。

假如你是一名失学儿童，名叫李华，你有幸得到在中国工作的Mr.Brown的资助，可以重返校园。

请你给Mr.Brown写一封信，内容如下：
1．收到钱和书后能重返校园，非常感激；
2．在老师的帮助下，学习有了很大的进步，受到老师的表扬和鼓励；
3．决心更加努力学习，取得更大的进步；
4．盼望见到Mr.Brown，希望他寄来一张照片。

注意：
1．书信应包括以上所有要点，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
2．词数80左右；文章开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Mr.Brown，
I am writing to express my deepest gratitude for the money and books you sent me.
Thank you again for your generous help and best wishes!
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua [习作评阅]——自我修改三档作文
[自我提升]——向极优作文迈进。

类型5| 求助信
1．求助信要简明扼要，语气委婉、真诚，不强人所难，并尽量提供足够的信息，能使收信人愿意帮助你。

2．写作指导
(1)清晰陈述请求的内容或所要获取的信息；
(2)提出的问题数量不宜过多，要便于回答；
(3)解释收信人回信的理由并表示感谢。

(2017·杭州二中三模)
假定你是李华。

校学生会打算举办一个美国文化节，急需一些美国杂志。

请你给美国笔友Jimmy写一封e-mail求助，让他帮忙选购一些能反映美国社会、适合中国学生的杂志寄过来，并告知会承担相关费用。

内容包括：
1．求助的原因；
2．对杂志的要求；
3．费用。

注意：
1．词数80左右。

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[习作评阅]——自我修改三档作文。

类型2| 故事轶闻[经典案例分析](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·B)I work with V olunteers for Wildlife，a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.However，when it works，it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground.When I arrived，I saw a 2­to 3­week­old owl.It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest，I might have been able to put it back，but no luck.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents，but they were absent.I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompaniedin the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。

专题五书面表达(对应学生用书第93页)[题型攻略]读写任务6大解题技巧1．仔细阅读所给短文，抓住关键词一般而言，英语短文的主题句通常为首句或前两句，有时是首尾句。

只要抓住这些特征，也就抓住了短文的关键。

2．掌握内容要领，巧用同义词实际上就是要求学生根据所学英语知识灵活运用同义词或近义词，并用不同句式结构进行写作。

当然，表述主题思想时，写作角度也要作相应变化。

3．首段概要最好两句，抓主题弃细节主题思想点明短文主题是什么，主要涉及哪些内容。

一般而言，一个简单句和一个复合句即可。

首段写作是很讲究技巧的，一两句话的叙述要涵盖主要内容。

首段的主题思想写作技巧可概括为：究其重避其轻。

4．呈现观点讲策略，陈述举例得结论读写任务的写作必须分段进行。

首段——短文提要和概述；作文主体——自我陈述加例证；作文尾段——得出结论须点题。

所以，在陈述论点时要讲究写作策略，力求做到言之有理，论之有据；最后，尾段结论文字要能概括全文，叙述合情合理。

这种写作技巧可概括为：提要——论点——例证——结论。

其目的是：前后呼应，顺理成章，文脉流畅且滴水不漏。

5．复合句型运用得当，简单与复杂句式并用灵活运用英语句型是令作文增色的必备技巧，写作时宜采用长短句相结合的策略。

长短句相结合会令人产生简单句与复合句的间隔效应，给人一种小溪流水之势，时而急湍，时而平缓。

若整篇作文都用简单句，会让人觉得单调乏味；若全用复合句，会给人一种沉闷压抑的感觉。

因此，写作时把握好简单句型和复合句型的交互作用。

6．熟悉过渡连词的应用，褒贬使用有别连词的作用不可小视，连词在文章中起穿针引线的作用，使文句更显流畅。

连词应用得当合理，会使文章大放异彩，语气恰到好处，能更好地呈现作者情感的流露。

A(2017·江苏高考卷)请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入(box-office income)的柱状图及相关文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

Saturday Afternoon.In a Shopping Centre.Li Jiang：Hi，Su Hua.Which movie shall we see?Su Hua：Whatever. We've got so many choices，Kung Fu Yoga，Journey to the West...Each sounds great!Li Jiang：Yeah! And some movie stars are fantastic.Su Hua：And the high-tech！...Li Jiang：Perfect! Let's get some food first.We only have 20 minutes left.Su Hua：No hurry.The cinema is on the same floor.One Day in 2016.At Home.Son：Mum，shall we go and see a film tonight?Mother：Why bother? We can stay at home and watch films online.It's convenient with our new and faster network.Son：But it feels good in a cinema.Mother：And the price ...We have to pay 50 yuan a ticket.Son：Only 10 yuan more than last year.Mother：But still we cannot get the money's worth.Some films are just boring ... [写作内容]1．用约30个单词概述柱状图．．．信息的主要内容；2．我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些，简要谈谈你的看法(上述对话仅供参考，原因不少于两点)；3．谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法，并简要说明理由。

类型5| 新闻报道(2017·浙江金华十校模拟)A U­shaped object，resembling a silvery dome (穹顶)，is now under inspection by Russian experts，after being secretly removed under cover of night from the possession of villagers who found it.After discovering it on Sunday，locals from the village of Otradnesnky had managed to drag the “UFO fragment”from the thick forest where it had fallen.They loaded it onto a truck and took it through the snow to their village，where local inspectors then examined it before reporting to Moscow authorities.In an official statement，Sergey Bobrov，who found the object，agreed to keep it safe.But following their secret removal of the 200­kilogram metal fragment (碎片)，police have it under close guard on orders from unnamed authorities.The object has not had its origin confirmed yet.However，it does not come from a rocket or missile or be in any way associated with space technology，it has been announced.“The object found is not related to space technology.A final conclusion can be made after a detailed study of the object by experts，”said Roscosmos，the Russian space agency.Experts have also examined the object to determine whether it is dangerous.“We measured the radiation level near and inside the object.We found no radiation here，”said Yuri Bornyakov，who heads the rescue service department of the Kuybyshevsky district in the Novosibirsk region.“Part of the fragment is made of ultra­strong titanium (钛)，”said Valery Vasiliev，the head of the Kuybyshevsky Department for Civil Defence and Emergency Situations.A guess that it had come from a failed Kazakhstan rocket or satellite launch was also denied.“You can see inside it.All is open.It's empty.No danger here.We were asked to take and store it.We brought it here.And now we are going to wait until they come to take it if they need it，”said local police spokesman Sergei Sulein.24．The“ UFO fragment”was found ．A．in the sky B．in the fieldC．in the forest D．in the sea25．We can infer from the passage that ．A. the“UFO fragment”comes from outer spaceB．the fragment could be used to make a rocketC．the person who found it will get a reward from MoscowD．the local police will keep the“UFO fragment”for a while26．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．A fallen“UFO fragment”in Russia.B．A UFO found by Russian villagers.C．An inspection of a“UFO fragment”．D．A report on a failed rocket.语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。

第二讲如何写好正文和结尾(对应学生用书第97页)一、发表看法1．写作步骤：发表观点→阐述理由或论据→总结、重申观点。

2．注意事项：(1)做这种题型，发表观点或看法后不要马上结束，一般都要说出你持这种观点或看法的理由，否则，文段就没有说服力。

(2)列出理由时不一定要直接说because，可以间接地陈述，要不露痕迹地说出理由，因为这是在写作，而不是在回答简答题。

3．常用句式赞成：①I maintain/hold the opinion that...我持……观点。

②I am in favour of the idea that...我赞成……这个想法。

③I strongly approve of the idea/view/position/brief/point that...我强烈地赞成……④I firmly support the idea/practice that...我坚定地支持……这个想法/做法。

⑤From my point of view/From my personal perspective/From my personalangle alone/As far as I am concerned，I prefer...就我而言，我赞成……⑥The opinion is both sound and reasonable.这个想法合情合理。

⑦From my personal perspective，understanding plays an important role in ourdaily life.在我看来，理解在日常生活中扮演着重要角色。

⑧As far as I am concerned，it's essential for people to care about others.在我看来，关心他人是非常重要的。

反对：①I am opposed to the idea that...我反对……这个想法。