华师大2008年考博英语试题

华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（A卷）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词1. give a big hand 热烈鼓掌欢迎2. curious ['kjʊərɪəs]adj. 好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的；爱挑剔的3. curiosity [kjʊərɪ'ɒsɪtɪ]n. 好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩4. curiousness ['kjuəriəsnis]n. 好学；好奇；不寻常5. allev iate [ə'liːvɪeɪt]vt. 减轻，缓和6. allev iative [ə'liːvɪeɪtɪv]n. 缓和剂；使减轻之物adj. 减轻的；缓解的7. allev iation [ə,liːvɪ'eɪʃən]n. 缓和；镇痛物8. unaccounted [,ʌnə'kauntid]adj. 未说明解释的；未包括在某数目中的；行踪不明的9. unaccounted for 下落不明的；未予解释的10. escalate ['eskəleɪt]vt. 使逐步上升vi. 逐步增强；逐步升高11. exalt [ɪg'zɔːlt; eg-]vt. 提升；提拔；赞扬；使得意vi. 使人得意12. exalted [ɪg'zɔːltɪd]adj. 高尚的；尊贵的；兴奋的v. 高举；赞扬；使激动（exalt的过去分词）13. exaltation [egzɔːl'teɪʃ(ə)n; eks-]n. 得意洋洋，欣喜；提拔；举起14. stumble ['stʌmb(ə)l]n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒15. stumble upon 偶然发现16. stumble on 无意中发现；偶然遇到，碰巧找到17. stumble over 给绊倒；结结巴巴地说18. stumble across 偶然发现19. dispel [dɪ'spel]vt. 驱散，驱逐；消除（烦恼等）20. conducive [kən'djuːsɪv]adj. 有益的；有助于…的21. conducive to 有益于，有益于22. conduciveness 促成；诱因23. conduce [kən'djuːs] vi. 导致；有益，有贡献于24. cynical ['sɪnɪk(ə)l]adj. 愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的25. speculate ['spekjʊleɪt]vi. 推测；投机；思索vt. 推断26. speculative ['spekjʊlətɪv]adj. 投机的；推测的；思索性的27. speculation [,spekjʊ'leɪʃn]n. 投机；推测；思索；投机买卖28. speculator ['spekjuleitə]n. 投机者；思索者29. speculativeness n. 思辩30. symptom ['sɪm(p)təm]n. [临床] 症状；征兆31. early symptom 早期症状32. symptomatic [sɪm(p)tə'mætɪk]adj. 有症状的；症候的33. symptomless ['simptəmlis]adj. 无症状的34. originative [ə'ridʒəneitiv, -nə-]adj. 有创作力的；有发明之才能的35. originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ]n. 创意；独创性，创造力；原始；新奇36. originate [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt; ɒ-]vt. 引起；创作vi. 发源；发生；起航37. originate from 发源于38. indignation [ɪndɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 愤慨；愤怒；义愤39. indignant [ɪn'dɪgnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的；义愤的40. Strongly Indignant 强烈愤慨41. disarm [dɪs'ɑːm]vt. 解除武装；裁军；缓和vi. 放下武器；裁减军备42. disarming [dɪs'ɑːmɪŋ]adj. 使解除警戒心的；使人消气的v. 解除武装；使息怒（disarm的现在分词）43. disarmament [dɪs'ɑːməm(ə)nt] n. 裁军44. dispatch [dɪ'spætʃ]n. 派遣；急件vt. 派遣；分派45. dispatcher [dɪs'pætʃə]n. 调度员；[计] 调度程序；[计] 分配器46. economic dispatch 经济调度；经济分配47. with dispatch 迅速地尽快地49. dispatch from 从发送48. dispatch center 调度中心；运输中心；勤务中心50. underneath [ʌndə'niːθ]prep. 在的下面；在的形式下；在的支配下n. 下面；底部adj. 下面的；底层的adv. 在下面；在底下51. ridiculous [rɪ'dɪkjʊləs] adj. 可笑的；荒谬的52. ridiculously [ri'dikjuləsli] adv. 可笑地；荒谬地53. ridiculousness [ri'dikjuləsnis] n. 荒谬，滑稽54. rattle ['ræt(ə)l]vt. 使发出咯咯声；喋喋不休；使慌乱，使惊慌vi. 喋喋不休地讲话；发出卡嗒卡嗒声n. 喋喋不休的人；吓吱声，格格声55. rattled ['rætld]adj. 慌乱的；愚蠢的；恼火的v. 发出咯咯声（rattle的过去式）56. rattling ['rætlɪŋ]adj. 很好的；活泼的；卡嗒卡嗒的adv. 很；非常；极佳v. 使发出嘎嘎声（rattle的ing形式）57. router ['raʊtə] n. [计] 路由器；刳刨者58. intertwine [ɪntə'twaɪn]vt. 缠绕；纠缠vi. 纠缠；编结59. intertwined [,intə:'waind]adj. 缠绕的；错综复杂的v. 使缠结，缠绕（intertwine的过去式）60. obligatory [ə'blɪgət(ə)rɪ]adj. 义务的；必须的；义不容辞的61. obligatory right 债权62. obligatory course 必修课63. obligate ['ɒblɪgeɪt]vt. 使负义务；强使，强迫；对…施以恩惠adj. 有责任的，有义务的；必需的64. obligated ['ɑblɪɡetɪd]n. 使负义务（obligate的过去式）adj. 有义务的；责无旁贷的65. obligation [ɒblɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n]n. 义务；职责；债务66. oblige [ə'blaɪdʒ]vt. 迫使；强制；赐，施恩惠；责成vi. 帮忙；施恩惠67. obliged [ə'blaidʒd]v. 要求；约束；施恩惠（oblige的过去分词）adj. 必须的；感激的；有责任的68. obliging [ə'blaɪdʒɪŋ]v. 迫使；约束（oblige的现在分词）adj. 乐于助人的；有礼貌的；体贴的；亲切的69. vendorsn. 供应商，销售商（vendor的复数）70. street vendor 小贩；大排档71. news vendor 卖报人72. herd [hɜːd]n. 兽群，畜群；放牧人vi. 成群，聚在一起vt. 放牧；使成群73. herder ['hə:də] n. 牧人；（美俚）监狱看守74. a herd of 一群（牛、鹿等）75. Herd Behavior 羊群行为；羊群效应；从众行为；群体恐慌行为76. herd instinct [动] 群居本能，群体心理77. luster ['lʌstə]vi. 有光泽；发亮n. [光] 光泽；光彩vt. 使有光泽78. pearly luster 珍珠光泽79. bright luster 镜面光泽80. lustrous ['lʌstrəs]adj. 有光泽的；光辉的81. lusterless ['lʌstəlɪs]adj. 没有光泽的82. lustreless ['lʌstəlis]adj. 无光泽的；平淡乏味的83. altruism ['æltrʊɪz(ə)m]n. 利他；利他主义84. prosper ['prɒspə]vi. 繁荣，昌盛；成功vt. 使……成功；使……昌盛；使……繁荣85. prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] adj. 繁荣的；兴旺的86. prosperity [prɒ'sperɪtɪ] n. 繁荣，成功87. comic ['kɒmɪk]adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物88. comical ['kɒmɪk(ə)l] adj. 滑稽的，好笑的89. comicality [,kɔmi'kæliti] n. 诙谐；滑稽90. comic book 连环漫画册91. comic opera 喜歌剧92. gratify ['grætɪfaɪ]vt. 使满足；使满意，使高兴93. gratifiedadj. 称心的v. 使满足；使高兴（gratify的过去式及过去分词形式）94. gratifying ['ɡrætɪfaɪɪŋ]adj. 悦人的；令人满足的v. 使满意（gratify的现在分词）；使高兴95. gratification [ɡrætɪfɪ'keɪʃn]n. 满意；喜悦；使人满意之事96. kin [kɪn]n. 亲戚；家族；同族adj. 同类的；有亲属关系的；性质类似的97. kinship ['kɪnʃɪp]n. [法] 亲属关系，家属关系；亲密关系98. kith and kin 朋友和亲属99. next of kin 最近的血亲，最亲的亲戚100. kith [kɪθ]n. 朋友；邻居101. elaborate [ɪ'læb(ə)rət]adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的vi. 详细描述；变复杂vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物）102. elaborate on 详细说明103. elaboration [i,læbə'reiʃən]n. 苦心经营，精巧；详细阐述104. elaborateness [i'læbəreitə]n. 尽心竭力105. symbolic [sɪm'bɒlɪk]adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的106. symbolically [sim'bɔlikəli]adv. 象征性地；象征意义地107. symbolic expression 符号表达式；符号式108. symbolic language [计] 符号语言；象征性的语言109. wrench [ren(t)ʃ]n. 扳手，扳钳；扭伤；痛苦；歪曲；猛扭vt. 扭伤；猛扭；曲解；折磨vi. 扭伤；猛扭；猛绞110. wrenching ['rentʃiŋ]n. 苗木铲根；修截苗根v. 猛扭；歪曲；抢取（wrench的ing形式）111. pipe wrench 管扳钳；管子钳112. kick in 踢开；支付；开始生效；腿打水游进；死亡113. spoil [spɒɪl]n. 次品；奖品vt. 溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺vi. 掠夺；变坏；腐败114. spoilage ['spɒɪlɪdʒ]n. 损坏，糟蹋；掠夺；损坏物115. spoilt [spɒɪlt]adj. 宠坏的；损坏的v. 宠坏；毁坏（spoil的过去式及过去分词）116. aquifer ['ækwɪfə]n. （美）蓄水层；含水土层117. aquiferous [æ'kwifərəs] adj. 含水的；[地质] 蓄水的118. in denial 否认；拒绝接受现实；拒绝承认出了问题119. irrigate ['ɪrɪgeɪt]vt. 灌溉；冲洗；使清新vi. 灌溉；冲洗120. irrigation [,ɪrə'geʃən]n. 灌溉；[临床] 冲洗；冲洗法121. rehabilitate [riːhə'bɪlɪteɪt]vt. 使康复；使恢复名誉；使恢复原状vi. 复兴；复权；恢复正常生活122. rehabilitative [ri:hə'bilitətiv]adj. 复职的，复原的123. rehabilitation ['ri:hə,bili'teiʃən]n. 复原124. habilitate [hə'bɪlɪteɪt]vt. 提供周转资金；给…穿着vi. 取得任职资格125. replenish [rɪ'plenɪʃ]vt. 补充，再装满；把…装满；给…添加燃料126. replenishment [rɪ'plɛnɪʃmənt]n. 补充，补给127. sprinkle ['sprɪŋk(ə)l]n. 撒，洒；少量vt. 洒；微雨；散置vi. 洒，撒；下稀疏小雨；喷撒128. sprinkler ['sprɪŋklɚ]n. 洒水车；洒水器129. sprinkling ['sprɪŋklɪŋ]n. 少量；点滴；喷雾v. 洒；点缀（sprinkle的现在分词）130. silver bullet 银子弹；良方，高招131. eavesdrop ['iːvzdrɒp]n. 屋檐上流下来的水vi. 偷听，窃听132. eavesdropper ['i:vz,drɔpə] n. 偷听者133. overhear [əʊvə'hɪə]vt. 无意中听到；偷听vi. 无意中听到；偷听到134. guideline ['gaɪdlaɪn] n. 指导方针135. omit [ə(ʊ)'mɪt]vt. 省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽136. disparage [dɪ'spærɪdʒ]vt. 蔑视；毁谤137. disparaging [dɪs'pærɪdʒɪŋ]v. 蔑视（disparage的ing形式）adj. 毁谤的；轻蔑的138. disparagement [dɪs'pærɪdʒmənt] n. 轻蔑；轻视139. disparager [dis'pæridʒə] n. 毁谤者140. grievance ['griːv(ə)ns]n. 不满，不平；委屈；冤情141. grievance procedure冤屈投诉程序；苦情处理制度；抱怨程序；申诉程序142. wrap [ræp]n. 外套；围巾vt. 包；缠绕；隐藏；掩护vi. 包起来；缠绕；穿外衣143. wrapped [ræpt]v. 包裹；覆盖（wrap的过去分词）adj. 有包装的144. wrapping ['ræpɪŋ]n. 包装纸，包装材料v. 裹住（wrap的ing形式）adj. 包装用的145. wrapper ['ræpə]n. 包装材料；[包装] 包装纸；书皮146. wrap up 伪装；使全神贯注；穿暖和的衣服147. under wraps 不公开的；秘密的148. craft [krɑːft]n. 工艺；手艺；太空船vt. 精巧地制作149. crafty ['krɑːftɪ]adj. 狡猾的；灵巧的150. craftiness ['kra:ftinis]n. 狡猾；熟练；巧妙151. craftedadj. 精心制作的v. 精巧地制作（craft的过去分词）152. smart [smɑːt]adj. 聪明的；巧妙的；敏捷的；厉害的；潇洒的；剧烈的；时髦的153. smarting ['smɑ:tiŋ]n. 剧烈疼痛；刺痛vi. 感到刺痛；感到难受（smart的现在分词）adj. 剧烈疼痛的154. smartly ['sma:tli]adv. 刺痛地；漂亮地；潇洒地；火辣辣地155. smartness ['sma:tnis]n. 机灵；敏捷；现代风格156. smart phone 智能电话157. smart card [计] 智能卡158. smart money 抚恤金；罚款；因掌握内情而下的赌注；（英）伤兵抚恤159. incubate ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪt]n. 孵育物vt. 孵化；培养；温育；逐渐发展vi. 孵化；酝酿160. incubation [ɪŋkjʊ'beɪʃ(ə)n]n. 孵化；[病毒][医] 潜伏；抱蛋161. incubator ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪtə]n. [禽] 孵卵器；[儿科] 保温箱；早产儿保育器；细菌培养器162. cookie ['kʊkɪ] n. 饼干；小甜点163. cooky ['kʊkɪ] n. 饼干（等于cookie）164. touch coookie 坚强，有主意，不易受别人影响的人165. gobble ['gɒb(ə)l]n. 火鸡叫声vt. 狼吞虎咽vi. 贪食；咯咯叫166. gobble up 狼吞虎咽；贪婪地抓住167. gobbler [gɒblə]n. 雄火鸡；狼吞虎咽的人168. fitness ['fɪtnəs]n. 健康；适当；适合性169. physical fitness 身体健康；体力；身体适宜性170. fitness equipment 健身器材171. fitness center 健身中心；健身房172. tout [taʊt]n. 侦查者；兜售者vt. 兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报vi. 兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票173. impersonal [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l]n. 非人称动词；不具人格的事物adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的174. impersonate [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)neɪt]vt. 扮演；模仿；拟人，人格化175. impersonation [im,pə:sə'neiʃən]n. 扮演；模仿；装扮176. impersonator [im'pə:səneitə(r)]n. 演员；模拟艺人。

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 % )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven' t had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question number 1.1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man' s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotelC. At the rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A Thrilled. B. Refreshed. C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives instead.6. A. He' s got a revert. B. He's got nausea.C. He' s got diarrhea.D. He' s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man's wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man's wound.D. To take a closer look at the man's wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend's truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor's recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. Excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned,14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the ear.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure.Section BDirections: In this part you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinionC. To be put on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. it was given according to the man' s actual condition.D. it was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and lung Cancer. B. Lung cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit Smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problem.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156. B. 269. C. 7498. D. 9427.24. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby. B. The whole world.C. A learning experience.D. A career to earn a living.27. A. Her legs were broken.B. Her arms were broken.C. Her shoulders were severely injured.D. Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language, B. She learned to make friendsC. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned living skills.29. A. She worked as skiing coach. B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in the clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not-to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Y oung men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.我认为如果老年人具有强烈的兴趣，参加适当的活动，并且不受个人情感影响，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD. pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the bloodrelationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine”male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,”says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-V oak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voakimplies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question “what is going on?”suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.”He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists – he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.86. The author relates the story _____________________.A. from a consumer’s point of viewB. with a view to punctuating patient rightsC. according to his own standards of healthD. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment87. Apparently the author’s father _______________________.A. did not like to be called by the first nameB. was not well taken care of as expectedC. was mistaken for somebody elseD. was treated like a businessman88. As the author implies his father_________________________.。

2007年试题PartⅠReading Comprehension(40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Nothing better illustrates the boradening of the concern about pollution from a local affair to a global one than air pollution. Local air pollution is improving in some cities in industrial countries, but it is worsening in others, principally in developing countries, and is hardly solved anywhere. Meanwhile, global use of fossil fuels and emissions of traditional pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides that result from it contiune to climb. Acid rain, ozone, and other consequences of these pollutants are affecting plant and animal life---killing forest and fish, damaging crops, changing the species composition of ecosystem---over vast areas of the globe.Depletion of the stratosphere's ozone layer is a matter of such concern that an international treaty has been negotiated to reduce emissions of chlorofluorcarbons, but the latest measurements indicate the current protocol is already inadequate. And probably most serious of all, the buildup of infrared-trapping “greenhouse”gases in the atmosphere contiunes.This buildup is largerly a conscquence of the use of fossil fuels and CFCs, deforestation, and various agricultural activities, and it now threatens societies with far-reaching climate change.While the regional impacts of global warming are uncertain and difficult to predict, rainfall and monsoon patterns could shift, upsetting agricultural activities worldwide. The sea level could rise, flooding coastal areas. Ocean currents could shift, altering the climate of many areas and disrupting fisheries.The ranges of plant and animal species could change regionally, endangering protected areas and many species whose habitats are now few and confined. Record heat waves and other weather anomalies could harm susceptible people, crops, and forests.These interrelated atmospheric issues probably constitute the most serious pollution threat in history. I say "interrelated" because these atmospheric issues are linked in ways that scientists are still discovering, and the scientists are far ahead of our policymakers. First, they are linked in time. The view is still common today that, initially, we should address local air pollution, then we should turn attention to regional issues of greenhouse gases. But the failures of our clean air efforts make urban air quality an issue for today, forcing a 1970's issue from the past into the present. Simultaneously, the realizations that Greenhouse gases other than CO2 double the urgency of the problem, and that societies may have already committed the planet to a 1 to 2.5C global average warming------these realizations are forcing what was thought to be a "21st century issue" into the present.These atmospheric issues are also linked in vast chemical reactor that is the atmosphere, where pollutants react with each other, other substances,and solar energy in an extremely complex set of circular interactions.Touch one problem, you may touch them all.Third, they are linked in their effects on people and on the biota. What are the consequences of multiple stresses---a variety of pollutants, heat waves and climate changes, increased ultraviolet radiation---when realized together? Who knows? We are all still learning.In short, the time to address all these atmosphere problem---local, regional, global---is now. The way to address all problem in together. And, in the long run, the key to these problems is energy.1._____ will lead to air pollution.A) The falling of acid rain B) The decrease of ozoneC) The burning of fossil fuels D) The increase of nitrogen dioxide2.Which of the following can be affected by the buildup of the "greenhouse" gases?A) The shift of monsoon patterns B) The rise of sea levelC) The regional change of the biota. D) All of the above.3. As it can be inferred from the passage, scientists ______the commonly accepted view that different atmospheric issues should be dealt with at different times.A) are in favor of B) are studyingC) stand against D) remain indifferent to4. According to the author, the key to an improvement of air pollution lies in ____A) prohibiting the use of automobiles B) finding new forms of energy, which will not result in pollutionC) planting more trees D) forbidding the use of chlorofluorocarbons5. What does the passage tell us, essentially?A) All the interrelated atmospheric issues should be dealt with together now.B) While local air pollution is improving in some cities in the world, it is deteriorating in otherC) All the weather anomalies caused by global warming could be harmful to people and biota.D) The earth's atmosphere is like a huge chemical reactor, Where all its ingredients interact.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Satellite images of the earth make grim viewing. Six million hectares, an ares almost the size of Ireland, turns to desert every year. Ten million hectares,an areas about as big as Kenturky, of tropical forest is cut down each year. Each year, too, soil erosion, often caused by deforestation, diminishes the world's stock of agricultural land by 20m hectares, an ares about half the size of Japan.Environmental pressure groups have long argued that these problems are as pressing as say, third-world debt. They maintain that international development banks,the World Bank included, have neglected them in pushing ahead with agricultural, power, transport and otherprograms.In consequence, these projects have often had an economically-damaging impact on the countries that are supposed to benefit.The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens. Mr.Barber Conable, the World Bank's president,want to see the Bank doing more for the environment. The Bank says it has the equivalent of 150 of its 3,000 staff working full-time on environmental work. But it lacks environmental department, and the links between its small environmental office------which has no economists------and its policy makers are weak.Though overstaffed, the Bank does not have the experts it needs to vet and monitor for their environmental effects the 250 or more new projects it approves each year. Next month's meeting of the development committee is likely to recommend the appointment of more environmental specialists---a change that could be fitted into a reorganization that Mr. Conable want to see completed within the next few months. Once the World Bank has given a lead, other multilateral organizations,such as the Asian Development Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank,can be expected to follow.6. The writer cites a few examples in the first paragraph to make the point that----A) environmentalists should try to persuade banks to stop funding development programs.B) recipient countries should understand the economic value of environment-protecting projects.C) the World Bank is doing harm to those poor funding-recipient countries.D) humanity is confronted with serious environmental problem.7. Environmentalists argue that international development bank have failed to ----A) install any environmental specialists in their offices.B) reduce their offices to make them more efficient.C) consider environmental effects when funding projects.D) monitor the few projects they approve each year.8.When the writer says that "The tide, for the moment, is running with the greens." he means----A) Environmentalists' views have now been seriously taken into accountB) Mr. Conble has reorganized their environmental officeC) Environmentalists now have a greater say in the reorganization of the BankD) Mr.Conable's plan to give more development aid is as welcome as ever before9. While of the following statement Mr.Conable is best supported by paras.3-4A) He will persuade other banks into funding environment-protecting projects.B) He has made some efforts to streamline the office in the Bank.C) He will create an environmental department to replace the existing office.D) He is clearly aware of the importance of environmental scientists.10. The best title for this passage is ------A) Environmental Issue Reconsidered B) Me.Conable Takes the LeadC) Environmental Pressure Groups Win D) A Greener Hue for Development Aid.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Hardly a week goes by without a new study of the nation's schools. The lastest such report, by the Carngie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, may be the most thoughtful and specific of the lot. It was produced over a period of thirty months by a team of twenty-three educators and trained observers who spent 2,000 hours examining fifteen representative high schools. Carnegie President Ernest Boyer, former U.S. Commissioner of Education, collected their journals and wrote the final account,being published by Harper & Row. Says Boyer, "This report on the American high school begins with the conviction that the time for renewing education has arrived. If we do not seize this special moment, we will fail the coming generation and nation."The report ticks off a crisp, twelve-point "agenda for action" with four main priorities.First, all students should master oral and written English and should be tested before they enter high school to make sure they are proficient in the subject.Next, all students should to take a core curriculum. In addition to strengthening traditional courses in literature, history, mathematics, and science, schools should require classes in a foreign language, the arts, civics, non-Western culture, health, and technology.Then, the lot of the nation's beleaguered teachers should be improved, not only by higher pay and greater recognition but by allowing them to concentrate on professional tasks.Finally, students should be trained to be responsible citizens by being required to spend at least 30 hours a year doing volunteer work on community projects.The Carnegie Foundation also calls for federal funds and participation in setting up a network of residential math and science academies for gifted students and establishing a National teacher Service that would provide scholarships for top students who want to become teachers themselves. The U.S. Secretary of Education T errel Bell has praised the Carnegie report for it "breadth and creativity".11. The report on the schools was put together by------A) 23 trained observers in 30 months of work B)38 observers taking 30 months of workC) 30 observers spending 15months D) 23 observers in 2,000 hours12. The study was done because Carnegie Foundation's president believed-----A) that not enough reports had been madeB)that re-evaluation of education is always a good ideaC) that the time change the trend of American education has arrivedD) that not enough people know about our high school curriculum13.The final report was written by -----A) the current U.S.Secretary of Education B)the president of Carnegie FoundationC) Harper and Row D)the National teacher Service14.In its main points the Carnegie report stressed as the most important-----A) that each state must have a science and math academyB) that each student must work every summer on volunteer school projectsC) that each student must master a foreign languageD) that each student must master oral and written English15. The Secretary of Education of the U.S. government has praised the study for------A) including courses in civics B) its narrowness of creativityC) its extent and originality D) not being too longQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Everyone who's ever been there describes it as being " way out in the desert," but it's really only 15 minutes past the last traffic light in Tucson. Drive by grazing cattle scattered across the sparse Arizona pasture, top a bill and there it is: a set of gleaming white buildings that looks for all the world like a refugee from a science fiction movie. This is Biosphere 2---surely one of the most intriguing enterprises around. It's nothing less than an attempt to build a closed, sustainable environment in which man-made "natural systems" are so well balanced that human beings can live in it indefinitely. It is supposed to be a miniature Earth in every way, an intent reflected in its name-Earth is reckoned to be Biosphere! The project was designed as a prototype of our future home for a time when we establish colonies in outer space. It is also a tool for demonstrating how much we know, and don't know, about the workings of Biosphere 1.... Biosphere 2 looks like a huge greenhouse perched on a two-story concrete bunker. The upper level... Contains five miniature ecosystems. I lidden within the lower levels are machines that keep the whole system going. When the project is in operation, the only thing that enters from the outside (in principle,at least) is energy: sunlight and electricity.From a purely scientific view, Biosphere 2 is an incredibly ambitious undertaking. Scientists are just beginning to understand some of the mechanisms that drive Earth's interdependent systems. But,given our profound ignorance of this subject, can we really expect to reproduce the biosphere on the scale of a few acres?16.The word "refugee" in the first paragraph tells us that the building looks------A) like disheveled people B) in need of maintenanceC) suitable, given their purpose D) incongruous in the Arizona desert17.Biosphere 2 isA) a difficult endeavor B) isolated and remoteC) spherical in shape D) totally self-reliant18.As an "enterprise," Biosphere 2 hopes to------A) make a lot of money B) develop more ecosystemsC) create an earth-like habitation D) discover new sources of power19.The underlined phrase perched on in the second paragraph means ------A) on the verge of B) on the edge ofC) by the side of D) at the top of20. The author of the passage is ______ about the project's feasibility.A) excited B) skeptical C) confident D) nonchalantPart ⅡVocabulary(10%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C)andD) . Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.21. The meeting was ___ over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.A) presumed B) propelled C) presided D) pricked22. Heterosexual contact is responsible for the bulk HIV______A) transmission B) transformation C) tradition D) transportation23. Elegantly-dressed people were strolling along the many tree-lined ____ through the park.A) alloys B)allies C) alleys D) avenues24. A sudden movement caught the antelope's attention and he instantly become___ and alert.A) intensive B) superstitious C) suspicious D) submissive25. Don't expert young children to be as ____ with the scenery as you are.A) enchanted B) allured C) bewildered D) bewitched26. Many countries have now succeeded in ___ the malarial mosquito.A) erasing B) eradicating C) abolishing D) murdering27. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period threat ___ by nuclear an seemed an ever-present danger.A) imposed B) convoked C) posed D) provoked28. The polls still ___ him far behind the Democratic candidate according to the latest news on CNN.A) ranked B) occupied C) arranged D) classified29. As a result of the strike, the Government is urging people to be ___ with electricity.A) economic B) improvident C) economical D) extravagant30. The kitchen was small and ___ so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.A) complete B) complex C) composite D) compact31. The Romans ___ a large part of Europe and Middle East.A)submitted B) subdued C) surpassed D) oppressed32. He is considered to be an outstanding artist but I consider his work to be quite ___.A)mediocre B) medium C) moderate D) common33. Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many which seems to indicate that ___ depends on profession or title.A) prestige B) blurred C) relieved D) belittled34. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and ___ the landscape.A) hid B) blurred C) relieved D) belittled35. Everybody ___ the mayor's proposed entertainment, especially when it became known that he meant to pay for it all himself.A) commended B) acclaimed C) applauded D) resented36.The naughty boy asked for money, from his mother,and she was completely ___ by his excuse.A) taken away B) taken down C) taken to D) ran over37. I ___ John,my foreign language teacher yesterday when I was shopping in the night market.A) ran to B)ran into C) ran down D) ran over38. Our chair woman has just ___ that it was she who stole the jewel.A) owned out B) owned off C) owned down D) owned up39. I'm afraid that the colorful garden bought by the Lees may be ___ expensive.A) all too much B) very much C) far too D) so too much40. This sixteen-page ___ tells how to care for your new car.A) pamphlet B) parachute C) parasite D) parameterPart ⅢCloze (5%)Directions: For each numbered bracket in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Our ape-men forefather has no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth not the strong claws of the big cats. They could not 41 with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws 42 an impressive "small-fire" weaponry. They could not even defend themselves 43 running swiftly like the house, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been 44 to failure and extinction. But they were 45 with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.In the search 46 the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had 47 efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that far 48 the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long distance sight was 49 another matter. Lack of long distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range ------ so 50 they had to do was a tree. But in the open, however this simple solution is not enough.41. A) match B) compare C) rival D) equal42. A) posed B) equipped C) became D) provided43. A) in B) upon C) by D) with44. A) driven B) doomed C) forced D) endowed45. A) given B) bestowed C) presented D) endowed46. A) for B) of C) on D) at47. A) generated B) progressed C) developed D) advanced48. A) from B) apart C) beyond D) about49. A) rather B) quite C) much D) really50. A) anything B) that C) everything D) allPart ⅣTranslation(from English into Chinese) (15%)Directions: In this part there are 5 numbered underlined sentences in the passage. Read the passages carefully translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and then write your translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.Human resource development (HRD) is a dynamic and evolving practice used to enhance organizational effectiveness. It is the goal of this publication to provide a resource through which HRD professionals and students can understand the field and grasp its simplicity. 51)It is within this simplicity that an appreciation of the complexity of HRD can be realized. An introductory book such as this should provide only an overview, other more focused publications will provide the crystallization. For example, when entering a community for the first time, its landmarks, citizens, and complexity often seem overwhelming to the newcomer. But after familiarizing oneself with its uniqueness, its roads, its streets, buildings, and people,it does not appear as threatening or complex. 52) In fact, if given time, even the most alien community can take on the characteristics of "home".The same is true for a new, exciting, and emerging professional practice. We have tried to simplify HRD in such a way that it becomes less complicate to the newcomer. 53) If after studying the following chapters, readers feel better able to understand the field its components, roles, areas of practice, unique competencies, and strategies for improving credibility within organization, then the book has indeed accomplished its mission. 54) Ultimately, however, HRD professionals will provide the learning and career development activities, performance improvement and management initiatives, organizational development intervention, and insights through which organizational effectiveness is enhanced. Thus, it is their responsibility to master their craft in order for other within the organization to master. 55) Simultaneously, our goal is to provide the details, descriptions, and facts necessary to enable the HRD professional to create a development strategy for becoming an even more effective professional.Part ⅤTranslation(from Chinese into Eglish) (15%)Directions:In this part there is a short paragraph made up of a few sentences. Read the paragraph carefully, translate it into English as coherently as you can then writeyour translation in the corresponding places on your Answer Sheet.凡是有麻烦的人，总想找个律师，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。

2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。

结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。

2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。

每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。

3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。

4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。

5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。

6、考试时间为180分钟。

华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。

华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet1.(10points) Everybody dances.If you have1swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk,you have danced.If you have every kneeled to pray,you have danced.For these actions have figured importantly2 the history of dance.Dance goes3to the beginning of civilization-4the tribe where natives danced to get5they wanted.Primitive dance was6all practical,not the social dancing we know today.Natives approached dance with7seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process8survival.Dance was believed to be the9direct way to repel locusts,to10rain to fall,to insure that a male heir would be born,and11guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Primitive12was generally done by many people moving in the same manner and direction.13all dances had leaders,solo dances14rare. Much use was made of15part of the body.And so16were these tribe dances that,if a native17miss a single step,he would be put to death18the spot.Fortunately,the same rigid19that governed the lives of these people do not apply in the20relaxed settings oftoday’s disco.1. a.ever b.never c.before d.after2. a.about b.for c.in d.around3. a.forward b.back c.up d.down4. a.at b.for c.of d.to5. a.when b.why c.which d.what6. a.about b.above c.under d.over7. a.little b.great c.less d.least8. a.to b.over c.of d.at9. a.most b.first c.least st10. a.cause b.happen c.try d.make11. a.for b.of c.to d.at12. a.food b.dance c.spells d.harvest13. a.since b.despite c.thus d.although14. a.are b.was c.were d.is15. a.only b.every c.some d.all16. ic b.boring c.solemn d.tiring17. a.would b.should c.might d.could18. a.in b.at c.on d.around19. a.sticks b.messages c.reviews d.rules20. a.less b.more c.least d.mostSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing a,b,c or d.Mark your answers on answer sheet1.(40 points)Text1The story that traces life from sea to land then into the multiple niches that exist there for a great variety of living things is a fascinating one,but far too detailed for our purposes.One key point for us in that story is the emergence of the biological class of animals that are called mammals.Mammals have a number of features that distinguish them from the reptiles from which they developed. They are warm blooded;that is,they have a system of temperature control that keeps the body at a constant temperature.Mammals have a set of teeth of different shapes that serve different functions such as cutting,gouging,and grinding.Young mammals spend their earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body and are then born alive,rather than hatching from eggs.In addition,after birth they are nourished by milk provided by the mother’s mammary glands. The enforced association between mother and infant provides an opportunity for learning that does not exist for those kinds of creatures that are hatched from eggs long after their parents have departed from the scene.Young mammals play something that amphibians and reptiles never do which provides additional learning opportunities.The foregoing list leaves little doubt that we are mammals.Thereare,of course,a great many kinds of mammals,most of which developed after the great extinction of dinosaurs and other reptiles about65 million years ago that opened opportunities for the few small mammals that were already in existence.One of the groups of mammals that resulted was a biological order called primates which includes monkeys,apes,humans,and some smaller creatures familiar only to ardent zoogoers.Primates share a number of behavioral features that have played important roles in their evolutionary development.Most primates are arboreal;that is,they spend their lives in and among trees.Their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling habits impose needs that are reflected in primate anatomy.Although diet varies from species to species,many primates are largely vegetarian.But they can eat and digest meat,and some species vary their diets of leaves,shoots, and fruits by eating insects,birds’eggs,and even small animals. Primates are hand-feeders,depending on their hands both to collect food and to get it into their mouths.Perhaps the most important feature of their behavior is that primates are social animals.Their genetics,habits,and even their survival are geared to living in groups.Although human beings have come to have a way of life very different from that of typical primates,the basic primate adaptation provided prehuman with capabilities that allowed them to become culture-builders.The anatomical features that separate primates from other kinds of animals relate clearly to the way primates behave.21.Where do you think is the passage from?a.newspaper.b.gazette.c.journal.d.science magazine.22.Which of the following is not the features of mammals that distinguish them from the reptiles?a.they’re warm-blooded.b.they have a set of teeth of different shapes.c.the first period of development of young mammals is within their mother’s body.d.there’s some association between mother and infant.23.Which can be inferred from the passage?a.mammals developed from the reptiles.b.the animals that are hatched from eggs have no opportunity for learning.c.mammals developed at the cost of the extinction of reptiles.d.not all the primates are mammals.24.Primates are social animals because.a.they are hand-feedersb.of their anatomical featuresc.they are arboreald.they depend on each other25.What leads to the features of the primate anatomy?a.their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling life.b.their diet.c.the way they behave.d.the social emphasis in their life.text2The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components,you must also know how they interrelate.By specializing too early,many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems.That’s why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences.In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future.To understand how and when social science broke up,you must go into the past.Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in1062,in the Italian city of Bologna,site of one of the first major universities in the western world.The university has no buildings.It consists merely of a few professors and students.There is no tuition fee.At the end of a professor’s lecture,if you like it,you pay.And if you don’t like it,the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier,say to Greece in the sixth century B.C.,we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens,arguing with his companions.He asks them questions,and then other questions,leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason(this became known as the Socratic method).Times have changed since then;universities sprang up throughoutthe world and created colleges within the universities.Oxford,one of the first universities,now has thirty colleges associated with it,and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty.As knowledge accumulated,it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain,it all.In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know,and the definition of the renaissance man(people were even more sexist then than they are now)was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately,at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly.The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything.Today we must specialize.That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it,in turn,has been broken down into various subfields,such as anthropology and sociology.26.What is the main idea of this text?a.social science is unified.b.social science is a newborn science.c.what is social science.d.specialization in social science is not good.27.What can we learn from the second paragraph?a.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.b.the universities in Italy have no buildings.c.Socrates created the"Socratic method".d.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.28.Why does the author say"people were even more sexist then than they are now"?a.because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.b.because it is the Renaissance"man",not Renaissance"woman"or"human".c.because no woman was formally educated at that time.d.because all renaissance men were men.29.What does the underlined word"exponentially"mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?a.promisinglyb.continuouslyc.drasticallyd. raidly30.We can infer from the text that.a.social science is a united science,and cannot be divided into subfieldsb.social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expandingc.there may be a renaissance man in the futured.the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everythingtext3To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work,and how far has the state an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control,and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community.But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply.The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of1971-2.Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round,so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out,and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In1972there were critics who said that the state’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act,a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker.Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximizeprofits-tended to be ignored.And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract,by not fulfilling their duty to society to work.In spite of general concern at the scaleto the unemployment statistics,when the unemployed were considered as individuals,they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect.Of all the myths of the welfare state, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence,yet they have proved the most persistent.The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the state’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service,not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the state,and supported if necessary?And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work,so that the workless need work rather than just cash?31.It is the author’s belief that.a.unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economyb.the unemployed are the victims of economical and social developmentc.unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forcesd.the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress32.What the author proposes to examine is.a.how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the state’s faultb.to what extent the state should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soc.whether being at work is a social duty which the state should ensure everybody carries outd.whether work should be obligatory,and if so,whether the state or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation33.The effect of the1971-2unemployment scare was to.a.make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of workb.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed varyc.make the subject of unemployment controversial againd.show that there would in future be too little work to go round34.According to the author,in the1971-2crisis.a.the state and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to riseb.the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobsc.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedd.the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by lettingunemployment increase35.The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not.a.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a wholeb.the state should recognize that people work for more than just moneyc.it is a service to provide people with work rather than cashd.the state’s duty to provide work is as great as the individual’s duty to worktext4Successful business tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful.But in a rapidly changing world,ideas often become obsolete overnight.What worked in the past won’t necessarily work in the future.In order to thrive in the future,you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water.Businesses that aren’t creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest,most successful man on the planet,he did not anticipate the Internet.Now he’s scrambling to catch up.If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry,it can happen to you in your industry.Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future.Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft.Here’s what he said in a recent interviewin U.S.news world report:"Will we be replaced tomorrow?No.In a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame,I don’t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position.Not Intel,not Microsoft,not Compaq,not Dell, take any of your favorites.And that’s totally honest."You may remember that in1985the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best selling toy on the market.But after Coleco industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn’t create any new toys worth mentioning.As a result,Coleco went bankrupt in1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly.The3M company has a15%rule:employees are encouraged to spend15%of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire.It’s no surprise,then,that3M has been around since1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year’s model of success and build a new one.Here’s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency,imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters.To cook lobsters,you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat.The lobsters don’t realize they’re being cooked because the process is so gradual.As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle.However,if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling,it willdesperately try to escape.This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment.It realizes instantly that it’s ill a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.36.Judging from the context,"to keep your head above water"(paragraph1)probably means.a.to be drownb.to keep out of financial difficultyc.to keep away from dangerd.to protect you from water37.Why is gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?a.because he is the richest,most successful man on the planet.b.because his company will be replaced tomorrow.c.because in a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.d.because he doesn’t think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.38.Coleco industries’case suggests that.a.the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketb.the cabbage patch kids dolls are sensational line of dollsplacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessd.the most successful businesses survive in the long term39.According to this passage,the3M company’s success lies in its.a.constant reassessment of their situationsb.reinventionc.15%ruled.being around since190240.By using the analogy of"throwing a lobster into a pot",the author tries to imply that.a.some managers are really foolish peopleb.it’s cruel to cook lobstersc.people are tend to become complacentd.bad environment calls for immediate actionPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list a—g to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another.Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence,but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another.Have the courage to useyour own intelligence!Is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind,even after nature has freed them from alien guidance,gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians.It is so comfortable to be a minor!41)___________________________________.The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind,including the entire beautiful sex,should consider the step into maturity,not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them,these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them,should they attempt to walk alone.Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. 42)______________________.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him.He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence,because he has never been allowed to make the attempt.Statues and formulas,these mechanical tools of a serviceable use,or rather misuse,of his natural faculties,are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity.Whoever threw it off wouldmake an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement.43)__________________________________.44)_______________________________________.For there will always be some people who think for themselves,even among theself-appointed guardians of the great mass who,after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves,will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself……45)_____________________________________________.Through revolution,the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind.Instead,new prejudices, just like the old ones,will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.[a]a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.[b]but it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom.[c]if I have a book which provides meaning for me,a pastor who has conscience for me,a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on,then I do not need to exert myself.I do not have any need to think; if I can pay,others will take over the tedious job for me.[d]all that is required for this enlightenment is freedom;and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom,namely,the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.[e]however,an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.[f]much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion.[g]therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2.(10points)There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency.46)Indeed,there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken lot granted.Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside?47)The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency,less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries,has been enormous,with more job losses yet to come.However,on a more insidious note,many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business.If computers are soon a boon,how do we cope when something goes wrong?Computers have many uses,varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control,or computer-aided design or manufacturing.48)In many instances,manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business;but in many cases if the computer is down,so is the business.The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown,and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously.However,in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.49)Initially the problem was the theft of PCs,and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past,and thus had relatively poor security,losses mounted very quickly.It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced,as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances.The equipment would usually be covered by insurance,but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements,including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables.50)However,the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which isremarkably portable and unidentifiable,so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.this led to even greater demands for security,including encapsulation and computer safes. SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:(1)Title:Competition and Cooperation(2)Word limit:about200words(3)Your composition should be based on the Outlines below.Outlines:(1)The phenomenon of competition and cooperation(2)The function of competition and cooperation(3)Man can develop continuously with competition and cooperation SectionⅠUse of English1.A.从后半分句have以及句子的意思或下一个句子可以看出这里应选ever.2. C.in the history of dance在舞蹈的历史里。

2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each num bered blank and m ark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that som e groups of people may be m ore intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that som e diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is m ore intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a parti cular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than m ost people from a number of nast y genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The form er has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] m ean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] m oreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] m eanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] com bined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to m en in som e spheres of modern life, wom en appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Wom en are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce m ore of the trigger chem icals than do m ales under the sam e conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out fem ale rats had their ovaries (the fem ale reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses becam e equal to those of the m ales.Adding to a wom an’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It’s not necessarily that wom en don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much m ore to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerating stress m ay even be greater than m en’s,‖ she observes, ―it’s just that they’re deali ng with so m any m ore things that they becom e worn out from it m ore visibly and sooner.‖Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that wom en are exposed to tend to be in m ore of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to com bat stress. Men are exposed to m ore acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that wom en are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other fam ily m embers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that com es from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was m y escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her m arriage ended and she becam e a single mother. ―It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car paym ent, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But m ost wom en today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alv arez’s experience dem onstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Wom en are biologically more vulnerab le to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by m en.[C] Women are m ore experienced than m en in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that wom en[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to m ore stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress wom en confront tends to be[A] dom estic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence ―I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but m aking money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered he r household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Wom en Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal edit or would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it –is m aking access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, m ade handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key elem ent of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investm ent in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In Am erica, the core scientific publishing m arket is estim ated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers saysthat there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in som e 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, som e 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three m ain ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for acc ess to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his em ployer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before m aking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective m eans of publication.[C] It upsets profit-m aking journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it em phasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investm ent in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] com plete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the m ain idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is em erging.[C] Authors welcom e the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and m anagers have been m orethan willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer fram es.The trend in sports, though, m ay be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Am ericans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for m any generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty m uch gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, dem ands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ―There are som e real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic m aximu ms can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Arm y Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of m ilitary uniforms has not changed for som e time. And if you need to predict hum an height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.‖31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an exam ple to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] com pare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievem ents of fam ous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the t ext?[A] Genetic m odification.[B] Natural environm ent.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statem ents would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Am ericans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Am ericans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to becom e taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garm ent industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsm en.[D] the existing data of hum an height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of hum an he ight follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even m ore predictable.[C] Am ericans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Am ericans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he becam e president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the m ouths of his slaves.That’s a far different im age from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember f rom their history books. But recently, m any historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence m ade available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the m oral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that m any of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their tim e. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar i nstitution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a m an for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesm en’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths form ula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the preside ntial election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jeff erson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all m enwere created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcam e the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primit ive m edical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political com promises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thom as Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father m ade him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was com plex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Som e Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] m oral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been rem oved. For Questions 41—45, choose the m ost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fi t in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The tim e for sharpening penc ils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) -------Be flexible. Your outline should sm oothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ------- Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing m ost often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search forerrors.(43) ------- Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few sim ple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ------- These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete m aterial that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote ―The A & P as a State of Mind‖ wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward wom en. (45) -------Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many tim es – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To m ake revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs dem and equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth rem embering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their dat a on disks and print their pages each tim e they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It m akes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have m ade.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of inclu ding that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P ―policy‖ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in ―A & P,‖ the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a m eans of thinking about what you want to say, youwill very likely discover m ore than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to com pose a perfectly correct draft the first tim e around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segm ent s into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin him self speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with m athem atics. His m emory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by som e of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the ―Origin of Species‖ is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced m any able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that ―I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.‖ (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was ―superior to the common run of m en in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.‖Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of m any kinds gave him great pleasure. Form erly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: ―Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost m y taste for pictures or music.‖ (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and m ore probably to the m oral character. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just com e back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) m ake an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended m eaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。