Editing logically complex discourse meanings
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批判性思维的重要性150词英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: The Importance of Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a vital skill that is crucial in solving problems, making decisions, and processing information effectively. It is the ability to objectively analyze and evaluate information to reach logical and well-informed conclusions. In today's complex and chaotic world, critical thinking has become increasingly important as it helps individuals navigate through the vast amount of information available and make sense of it.One of the key benefits of critical thinking is its role in decision-making. By critically analyzing different perspectives and considering all factors, individuals can make more informed and rational choices. This is especially important in today'sfast-paced and ever-changing world where decisions need to be made quickly and under pressure.Additionally, critical thinking helps individuals develop a deeper understanding of complex issues and encourages them to question assumptions and biases. By challenging existingbeliefs and opinions, individuals can broaden their perspective and see things from different angles. This not only enhances their problem-solving skills but also fosters creativity and innovation.Furthermore, critical thinking is essential for effective communication. By analyzing information critically, individuals can communicate their ideas and opinions more clearly and persuasively. This skill is particularly important in today's digital age where misinformation and fake news are prevalent.In conclusion, critical thinking is a crucial skill that is essential for success in today's world. It enables individuals to make better decisions, understand complex issues, and communicate effectively. Therefore, it is important for individuals to develop and cultivate their critical thinking skills in order to thrive in the 21st century.篇2Critical thinking is the ability to analyze information objectively and make reasoned judgments. It is an essential skill that allows individuals to think logically, question assumptions, and evaluate evidence effectively. In today's complex andfast-paced world, critical thinking is more important than ever.One of the key benefits of critical thinking is that it helps individuals make informed decisions. By questioning information and examining various perspectives, individuals are able to make smarter choices that are based on evidence and reasoning rather than emotion or bias. This is crucial in all aspects of life, whether it be in the workplace, the classroom, or everyday situations.Furthermore, critical thinking can also help individuals develop strong problem-solving skills. By breaking down complex issues into manageable parts and analyzing each component critically, individuals can come up with creative solutions that address the root of the problem. This skill is invaluable in today's rapidly changing world, where new challenges and obstacles constantly emerge.In addition, critical thinking fosters intellectual independence and encourages individuals to think for themselves. By questioning authority, challenging assumptions, and seeking out alternative viewpoints, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of the world around them and form their own opinions based on sound reasoning.Overall, critical thinking is a crucial skill that empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world with confidence and clarity. It is essential for making informeddecisions, solving problems effectively, and developing a deeper understanding of the world. By honing their critical thinking skills, individuals can become more independent, objective, and intellectually curious individuals.篇3The Importance of Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a vital skill that everyone should possess in order to navigate through the complexities of life. It is the ability to analyze and evaluate information, ideas, and arguments in a logical and rational manner. Without critical thinking, individuals are more likely to make decisions based on emotions, biases, or misinformation.One of the key reasons why critical thinking is important is that it allows us to make informed decisions. In today's world, we are bombarded with information from various sources, such as social media, news outlets, and advertisements. Without the ability to critically evaluate this information, we may end up making poor decisions that can have far-reaching consequences.Furthermore, critical thinking helps us to avoid falling victim to misinformation and propaganda. By questioning the validityof sources and verifying the accuracy of information, we can protect ourselves from being manipulated or misled.In addition, critical thinking is essential for problem-solving and innovation. By approaching problems with a critical mindset, we can identify the root causes of issues, evaluate potential solutions, and make informed decisions on the best course of action.Moreover, critical thinking fosters open-mindedness and intellectual humility. It encourages us to consider alternative perspectives, challenge our own beliefs, and engage in constructive dialogue with others. This leads to a more inclusive and collaborative society.In conclusion, critical thinking is a crucial skill that enables individuals to make sound decisions, avoid misinformation, solve problems effectively, and engage in meaningful discourse. It is a skill that should be nurtured and developed from an early age in order to navigate the complexities of the modern world.。
英语作文人物聪明Intelligence is a multifaceted concept that encompasses a wide range of cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills. Intelligent people possess the capacity to think critically, analyze information, and adapt to various situations with ease. They are often characterized by their exceptional reasoning, creativity, and ability to make insightful decisions.One of the hallmarks of intelligent individuals is their curiosity and thirst for knowledge. They are constantly seeking to expand their understanding of the world around them, whether through formal education, independent study, or engaging in intellectual discourse. These individuals are not content with simply accepting information at face value; they actively question, explore, and challenge existing ideas, often leading to groundbreaking discoveries and innovations.Intelligent people are often adept at abstract thinking, allowing them to see the bigger picture and identify patterns and connections that may elude others. They have the ability to break down complex problems into manageable components, analyze them from multipleperspectives, and devise innovative solutions. This skill set is particularly valuable in fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, where the ability to think critically and solve complex problems is essential.In addition to their intellectual prowess, intelligent people often possess exceptional problem-solving skills. They are able to approach challenges with a calm and analytical mindset, carefully considering the available information, weighing the pros and cons, and developing a strategic plan of action. This ability to think logically and systematically enables them to navigate through difficult situations and find effective solutions, even in the face of uncertainty or ambiguity.One of the defining characteristics of intelligent individuals is their capacity for adaptive thinking. They are able to adjust their approach and strategies based on the changing demands of a situation, demonstrating a remarkable degree of flexibility and agility. This adaptability allows them to thrive in dynamic environments, where the ability to respond quickly and effectively to new information or unexpected events is crucial.Intelligent people are also often recognized for their creativity and innovative thinking. They possess the ability to think outside the box, generating novel ideas and solutions that challenge the status quo.This creative spark is often fueled by their curiosity, their willingness to take risks, and their ability to make connections between seemingly disparate concepts. In many fields, from the arts to the sciences, intelligent individuals have been the driving force behind groundbreaking advancements and discoveries.Furthermore, intelligent people often exhibit strong communication skills, allowing them to effectively convey their ideas and collaborate with others. They are skilled in articulating their thoughts and perspectives, whether through written, verbal, or non-verbal means. This ability to communicate effectively is essential in various professional and social settings, enabling intelligent individuals to influence, inspire, and lead others.It is important to note that intelligence is not solely defined by academic or professional achievements. Intelligent people can be found in diverse walks of life, from entrepreneurs and artists to social activists and community leaders. What sets them apart is their ability to think critically, solve problems creatively, and make a meaningful impact on the world around them.In conclusion, intelligent people possess a unique set of cognitive abilities and personal qualities that set them apart. Their curiosity, critical thinking, adaptability, and innovative mindset allow them to navigate the complexities of the modern world with ease and makesignificant contributions in their respective fields. By understanding and appreciating the characteristics of intelligent individuals, we can strive to cultivate and nurture these valuable traits within ourselves and our communities.。
As an ardent lover of intellectual discourse and critical thinking, my favorite extracurricular activity during my senior three years has been participating in debate competitions. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted dimensions that make debating not only an engaging pastime but also a profoundly enriching experience contributing significantly to my personal growth and academic excellence.From the outset, debate serves as a platform for honing my English language skills. It is through this activity that I have been able to refine my oral presentation abilities, learning to articulate complex ideas succinctly and persuasively. The need to craft arguments within stringent time limits has enhanced my speed of thought and clarity of expression. Moreover, the extensive research involved in preparing for debates exposes me to a wide array of topics and terminologies, thereby broadening my vocabulary and understanding of various disciplines, which aligns perfectly with the comprehensive nature of the high school curriculum.On a deeper level, debate cultivates analytical and logical reasoning. Each round presents a new challenge requiring thorough analysis of both sides of an argument. This process teaches me to identify premises, evaluate evidence, and construct watertight arguments - skills that are indispensable for any student aiming at academic excellence, particularly in subjects like mathematics, science, and social studies where problem-solving and critical thinking reign supreme. It fosters a mindset of questioning, challenging assumptions, and seeking out facts, thereby nurturing the spirit of inquiry and skepticism so vital for scholarly pursuits.Furthermore, debate nurtures emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills. In the heat of a debate, one must maintain composure, respect opponents' viewpoints, and respond to counterarguments logically rather than emotionally. This discipline instills in me patience, empathy, and resilience, qualities that will undoubtedly serve me well beyond the classroom, whether in future professional settings or in everyday life situations. Team debates especiallyhighlight the importance of collaboration and effective communication, as each member's role complements the other's, leading to a cohesive and compelling team argument.Additionally, debate has broadened my worldview and enhanced my cultural literacy. Engaging with diverse topics from global politics to environmental issues, ethical dilemmas, and technological advancements, I am exposed to different perspectives and cultures. This exposure encourages open-mindedness and tolerance, key virtues in today’s interconnected world. It also equips me with the ability to engage in informed discussions on current affairs, a skill that is increasingly valued in today's society.Lastly, debate has been a source of immense personal satisfaction and achievement. Winning debates and receiving accolades for persuasive speeches have boosted my confidence and self-esteem. More importantly, however, it is the process of learning, improving, and overcoming challenges that truly constitutes the essence of my love for debate. Every contest, regardless of the outcome, is a stepping stone towards a more articulate, knowledgeable, and resilient version of myself.In conclusion, my participation in debate activities throughout my senior three year has been an invaluable journey. It transcends mere entertainment or leisure; it is a holistic educational tool that sharpens cognitive skills, promotes emotional maturity, and fosters a global perspective. It is this dynamic and multidimensional aspect of debate that makes it my most cherished extracurricular activity. As I approach the next chapter of my academic career, I carry with me the wisdom, skills, and passion ignited by this extraordinary experience, confident that they will continue to guide and empower me along the way.Word count: 649 words (excluding title)Note: The actual word count exceeds the limit you provided due to the complexity and depth of the topic. However, I can help you trim it down if needed while still maintaining the essence of the content.。
谈谈你的学校英语作文Discussing Your School English EssayAs a student, writing English essays has always been a significant part of my academic journey. The school English essay, in particular, has played a crucial role in sharpening my writing skills and helping me express my thoughts and ideas effectively. In this essay, I will delve into the various aspects of the school English essay, from its purpose and challenges to the strategies I employ to tackle it successfully.The primary purpose of the school English essay is to assess a student's ability to organize their thoughts, articulate their ideas, and demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter. It serves as a platform for us to showcase our critical thinking, analytical skills, and command of the English language. Through these essays, we are given the opportunity to explore complex topics, present our perspectives, and engage in meaningful discourse.One of the key challenges I often face when writing a school English essay is the need to strike a balance between adhering to theprescribed format and structure, while also infusing my own unique voice and style. The essay format typically includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, each with its own set of requirements. Navigating this structure can be daunting, as we must ensure that our ideas flow logically, our arguments are well-supported, and our writing remains cohesive and engaging.Another challenge lies in the selection and incorporation of relevant evidence to support our claims. In a school English essay, we are often required to draw upon external sources, such as academic articles, literary texts, or historical references, to strengthen our arguments. Effectively integrating these sources while maintaining a clear and coherent narrative can be a complex task, requiring careful research, synthesis, and citation.To overcome these challenges and excel in school English essays, I have developed a set of strategies that have proven effective for me. Firstly, I place a strong emphasis on the pre-writing stage, where I thoroughly research the topic, brainstorm ideas, and create a detailed outline. This foundational work helps me organize my thoughts and ensure that my essay has a clear and logical structure.During the writing process, I focus on crafting a compelling introduction that captures the reader's attention and sets the stage for the rest of the essay. I then work diligently to develop each bodyparagraph, ensuring that each one builds upon the previous one and contributes to the overall argument. Throughout the essay, I strive to maintain a formal and academic tone, while also infusing my own unique perspective and voice.One of the most crucial aspects of my approach is the careful selection and integration of evidence. I meticulously choose relevant and credible sources, and I ensure that I properly cite and contextualize them within the essay. This not only strengthens my arguments but also demonstrates my ability to engage with scholarly material and contribute to the academic discourse.In the concluding paragraph, I aim to synthesize the key points made throughout the essay and leave the reader with a strong and lasting impression. I may choose to restate the thesis, highlight the significance of the topic, or suggest avenues for further exploration.Beyond the technical aspects of essay writing, I also believe that the school English essay provides an invaluable opportunity for personal growth and self-reflection. Through the process of researching, organizing, and articulating my ideas, I have gained a deeper understanding of myself, my values, and my place in the world. The act of expressing my thoughts and perspectives on paper has helped me develop greater self-awareness and the ability to communicate effectively.Moreover, the school English essay has served as a platform for me to explore complex and thought-provoking topics that extend beyond the confines of the classroom. By engaging with these subjects, I have broadened my horizons, challenged my preconceptions, and gained a more nuanced understanding of the world around me.In conclusion, the school English essay is a multifaceted and dynamic component of my academic journey. While it presents its fair share of challenges, I have embraced these challenges as opportunities for growth and self-discovery. Through the strategies I have developed and the personal insights I have gained, I have come to view the school English essay as a powerful tool for sharpening my critical thinking, honing my writing skills, and cultivating a deeper understanding of myself and the world I inhabit. As I continue to navigate the academic landscape, I am confident that the lessons I have learned from the school English essay will serve me well, both in my studies and in my future endeavors.。
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分:作者个人简介:Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文:青年人就要自找苦吃英语作文评分标准全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Grading Criteria for Essays on 'Youth Must Seek Out Hardship'Yo, what's up guys? It's your boy here, and I've got an interesting topic to discuss today – the grading criteria for essayson the idea that "youth must seek out hardship." As a student who's been through the wringer of essay writing, I know how important it is to understand what teachers are looking for. So let's dive right in, shall we?Introduction (10 points)The introduction is like the appetizer of your essay – it's gotta be tantalizing enough to make the reader want more. A solid intro should grab the reader's attention with athought-provoking hook, provide some background on the topic, and clearly state your thesis statement. Essentially, you're setting the stage for the rest of your essay.Body Paragraphs (60 points)The body paragraphs are where you really flex those analytical muscles. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports your thesis. Within each paragraph, you'll need to provide concrete evidence from reputable sources to back up your claims. This could be statistics, expert opinions, real-life examples, or even personal anecdotes (just don't go overboard with the personal stuff).One of the key things teachers will be looking for is how well you can analyze and interpret the evidence you present. It's notenough to just regurgitate facts – you need to explain how those facts support your argument and tie everything back to the main idea of the paragraph.Another crucial aspect is organization. Your body paragraphs should flow logically from one to the next, with clear transitions between ideas. Think of it like a well-choreographed dance routine – each move should seamlessly blend into the next.Counterarguments (10 points)No good essay is complete without acknowledging the opposing viewpoint. Teachers love to see that you've considered other perspectives and can respectfully refute them. Dedicate a body paragraph (or two, if needed) to presenting the counterarguments and then systematically dismantling them with your superior logic and evidence.Just be careful not to strawman the opposition – represent their arguments fairly and objectively before tearing them down.Conclusion (10 points)The conclusion is like the dessert course – it's your chance to leave a lasting impression. Restate your thesis in a fresh way,summarize your main points, and end with a thought-provoking final remark that ties everything together.Avoid introducing any new ideas or evidence in the conclusion. Think of it as a celebratory recap of everythingyou've already discussed.Style and Mechanics (10 points)Even if your essay is a masterpiece of logical reasoning and evidence-based analysis, sloppy writing and poor mechanics can still tank your grade. Teachers will be looking for things like:Clear, concise, and sophisticated languageProper grammar, spelling, and punctuationVaried sentence structureAppropriate tone and voiceAdherence to formatting guidelines (e.g., MLA, APA, etc.)Basically, you want to show that you're a boss when it comes to the English language.In conclusion (pun intended), nailing the grading criteria for an essay on "youth must seek out hardship" requires awell-rounded approach. You need to hook the reader, present aconvincing argument supported by solid evidence, acknowledge counterarguments, wrap it all up nicely, and do it all with impeccable writing style.It's a tall order, but with practice and dedication, you can become an essay-writing machine. Just remember to stay focused, be original, and maybe throw in a few well-placed jokes or pop culture references to keep things fresh (but not too many – you don't want to come across as a try-hard).So there you have it, my take on the grading criteria for this particular essay prompt. Whether you agree or disagree, I hope this guide has given you some useful insights. Now go forth and conquer those essays, my friends! Peace out.篇2Grading Criteria for Compositions on 'Youth Should Seek out Hardship'As a student, I've been asked to write a composition on the topic of whether youth should actively seek out hardship and challenges. It's a thought-provoking subject that has generated much debate among my peers. To ensure a fair and comprehensive evaluation, I believe the grading criteria should encompass several key aspects.Understanding and Interpretation of the Topic (25%)The first and foremost criterion should be the depth of understanding and interpretation of the given topic. Awell-crafted essay should demonstrate a nuanced grasp of the complex concept of seeking hardship as a young person. The writer should explore the various facets of this idea, such as personal growth, resilience building, and the potential benefits and drawbacks of embracing challenges.Exceptional essays will delve into the philosophical, psychological, and sociological underpinnings of this notion, drawing upon relevant theories, research, and examples. They should articulate a clear and well-reasoned stance on the topic, supported by logical arguments and evidence.Structure and Organization (20%)A well-structured and organized essay is crucial for conveying ideas effectively and maintaining the reader's interest. The introduction should provide a clear thesis statement and an overview of the main points to be discussed. The body paragraphs should be logically sequenced, with each paragraph focused on a specific aspect of the topic and supported by relevant examples, anecdotes, or statistics.Transitions between paragraphs and ideas should be smooth and coherent, guiding the reader through the writer's thought process. The conclusion should summarize the key arguments and leave a lasting impression on the reader.Language and Style (20%)Effective use of language and an appropriate writing style are essential for a compelling and engaging essay. The writer should demonstrate a strong command of vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, using precise and concise language to convey their ideas clearly.The tone and style should be consistent throughout the essay, reflecting the writer's voice and personality. Varied sentence structures, vivid descriptions, and judicious use of rhetorical devices can enhance the overall quality and readability of the essay.Critical Thinking and Analysis (20%)A well-rounded essay should exhibit critical thinking and analytical skills. The writer should engage in thoughtful evaluation of different perspectives, considering counterarguments and addressing potential counterpoints. They should demonstrate the ability to synthesize information fromvarious sources, drawing insightful connections, and offering original insights or solutions.The analysis should be supported by relevant examples, statistics, or case studies, demonstrating the writer's ability to apply theoretical concepts to real-world situations. The essay should challenge the reader to think deeply about the topic and encourage further exploration and discussion.Creativity and Originality (15%)While adhering to the conventions of academic writing, the essay should also showcase the writer's creativity and originality. This can be achieved through the use of unique examples, thought-provoking analogies, or unconventional perspectives that challenge traditional assumptions.The writer should strive to present ideas in a fresh and engaging manner, avoiding clichés and offering novel interpretations or solutions to the topic at hand. A creative approach can make the essay more memorable and engaging for the reader.By considering these five criteria – understanding and interpretation of the topic, structure and organization, language and style, critical thinking and analysis, and creativity andoriginality – a comprehensive and fair evaluation of the compositions can be achieved. It is important to strike a balance between adherence to academic standards and encouraging individual expression and creativity.Ultimately, the goal of this grading criteria is to foster thoughtful and insightful discourse on the complex topic of youth seeking hardship, while simultaneously recognizing and rewarding exceptional writing skills and intellectual rigor.篇3Grading Criteria for English Compositions on 'Youth Must Endure Hardship'As students grappling with the nuances of the English language, we often find ourselves tasked with tackling thought-provoking essay prompts that challenge our linguistic abilities and critical thinking skills. One such prompt that has captured the attention of many is the notion that "youth must endure hardship." This statement carries profound implications and invites us to delve into the complexities of personal growth, resilience, and the role of adversity in shaping our characters.When faced with assessing such compositions, it is crucial to establish clear grading criteria that not only evaluate thetechnical aspects of language proficiency but also consider the depth of analysis, the originality of thought, and the persuasiveness of the arguments presented. In this essay, I aim to propose a comprehensive set of grading criteria that can serve as a guide for instructors and a roadmap for students aspiring to craft compelling and insightful essays on this topic.I. Language Proficiency (30%)Grammar and Syntax (10%): Proper use of grammatical structures, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and overall sentence construction.Vocabulary and Word Choice (10%): Effective use of vocabulary, appropriate word choices, and the avoidance of repetitive or simplistic language.Spelling and Punctuation (5%): Accurate spelling and appropriate use of punctuation marks.Clarity and Coherence (5%): Clear and logical flow of ideas, with smooth transitions between paragraphs and effective use of cohesive devices.II. Content and Analysis (40%)Understanding of the Prompt (10%): Demonstration of a thorough understanding of the essay prompt, addressing all keyelements and interpreting the underlying implications accurately.Depth of Analysis (15%): In-depth exploration of the prompt's implications, considering various perspectives, and providing insightful analysis supported by relevant examples or evidence.Critical Thinking and Originality (15%): Demonstration of critical thinking skills, offering unique and thoughtful interpretations, and avoiding clichéd or superficial responses.III. Organization and Structure (20%)Introduction (5%): An engaging and well-crafted introduction that captures the reader's attention and provides a clear thesis statement.Body Paragraphs (10%): Well-structured body paragraphs that effectively develop and support the main arguments, with appropriate use of transitions and logical progression of ideas.Conclusion (5%): A strong and impactful conclusion that summarizes the main points and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.IV. Supporting Evidence and Examples (10%)Relevance and Accuracy (5%): Inclusion of relevant and accurate examples, facts, or quotes that effectively support the arguments presented.Integration and Analysis (5%): Seamless integration of supporting evidence into the essay, accompanied by insightful analysis and interpretation.By adhering to these grading criteria, students can strive to produce well-rounded and thought-provoking essays that not only demonstrate their language proficiency but also their ability to critically analyze complex ideas and express their perspectives in a compelling and well-structured manner.It is important to note that these criteria should serve as a general guideline and may be adapted or weighted differently based on the specific requirements and objectives of the assignment. Additionally, instructors may choose to incorporate additional criteria or place emphasis on particular aspects based on their pedagogical goals and the level of the students.Ultimately, the process of grading English compositions on the theme of "youth must endure hardship" should not merely be a mechanical exercise in evaluating language skills; it should also serve as an opportunity for students to engage in meaningful discourse, challenge preconceived notions, anddevelop a deeper understanding of the complexities of personal growth and the role of adversity in shaping our character.。
学数学使我快乐英语作文Math has been a constant companion in my life, guiding me through the intricacies of the world and unlocking the secrets of the universe. Far from being a daunting subject, mathematics has brought me immense joy and fulfillment, shaping my perspective and empowering me to tackle challenges with confidence and clarity.At the core of my love for math lies its inherent beauty and elegance. The way numbers, shapes, and patterns intertwine to form a cohesive and logical system is truly mesmerizing. Each mathematical concept is like a puzzle waiting to be solved, a mystery to be unraveled. The satisfaction I derive from grasping a new theorem or mastering a complex equation is unparalleled, akin to the thrill of a detective solving a crime or an artist completing a masterpiece.Moreover, the practical applications of mathematics in everyday life never cease to amaze me. From budgeting my finances to analyzing data for informed decision-making, the skills I've acquired through studying math have proven invaluable. The ability to think critically, reason logically, and problem-solve effectively has empowered meto navigate the complexities of the modern world with confidence and ease.One of the aspects of math that brings me the greatest joy is its universality. Mathematics is a language that transcends cultural boundaries, a common thread that connects people across the globe. Whether I'm collaborating with classmates on a group project or engaging in intellectual discourse with mathematicians from different backgrounds, the shared understanding and appreciation for the subject matter creates a sense of community and belonging that is truly special.Furthermore, the process of learning and mastering mathematical concepts has instilled in me a deep sense of discipline and perseverance. Mathematics does not yield its secrets easily; it requires dedication, focus, and a willingness to confront and overcome challenges. The sense of accomplishment I feel when I finally grasp a concept that had previously eluded me is incredibly rewarding, serving as a testament to the power of hard work and determination.Beyond the academic and practical benefits, mathematics has also enriched my personal growth and development. The logical thinking and problem-solving skills I've honed through my mathematical studies have spilled over into other areas of my life, enhancing mydecision-making abilities and helping me navigate complex situations with greater clarity and confidence.Moreover, the beauty and elegance of mathematics have inspired me to approach life with a more analytical and creative mindset. I find myself constantly seeking patterns, identifying connections, and exploring new ways of understanding the world around me. This interdisciplinary approach has opened up a wealth of opportunities for me, allowing me to apply my mathematical knowledge to diverse fields such as science, technology, and the arts.One of the most profound ways in which math has brought me joy is through the sense of wonder and curiosity it has instilled in me. The more I delve into the intricacies of mathematics, the more I realize the vast and mysterious nature of the universe. Each new discovery, each breakthrough in our understanding of the mathematical foundations of the world, fills me with a sense of awe and excitement. It is a reminder that there is always more to learn, more to explore, and more to uncover.In conclusion, my love for mathematics is not merely an academic pursuit, but a lifelong passion that has enriched my personal and professional growth in countless ways. The logical thinking, problem-solving skills, and sense of discipline it has fostered have empowered me to tackle challenges with confidence and resilience. The beautyand elegance of the subject matter have inspired me to approach life with a more analytical and creative mindset, opening up a world of possibilities. And the sense of wonder and curiosity it has instilled within me has fueled my thirst for knowledge and understanding, driving me to continuously explore the wonders of the mathematical universe. It is this multifaceted joy that makes math an integral and indispensable part of my life.。
英语作文-感悟哲学思维,领略哲学的智慧Philosophy, as a discipline, invites us to question and reflect on the nature of reality, existence, and knowledge. It encourages us to examine our beliefs and values, and to seek wisdom through rigorous thought. The philosophical mindset is not merely an academic pursuit; it is a way of engaging with the world that can profoundly influence how we live our lives.The wisdom of philosophy lies in its ability to broaden our perspective. It teaches us to look beyond the surface and to consider the deeper implications of our actions and beliefs. This reflective approach can lead to a more thoughtful and intentional way of living. By questioning the status quo and challenging our assumptions, we can discover new possibilities and ways of thinking that can enrich our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.One of the key insights that philosophy offers is the recognition of our own ignorance. Socrates famously declared that he knew nothing except the fact of his ignorance. This acknowledgment is not a defeatist attitude but a starting point for genuine inquiry. It is a humble admission that there is always more to learn and that our current understanding is limited. This openness to new ideas and willingness to question is at the heart of the philosophical mindset.Another important aspect of philosophical thinking is the search for clarity and precision in our thoughts and language. Philosophers strive to articulate their ideas as clearly and logically as possible. This pursuit of clarity helps to avoid misunderstandings and confusion, and it allows for more productive discussions and debates. The precision of language is crucial in philosophy, as it enables us to dissect complex ideas and to communicate them effectively to others.Philosophy also teaches us the value of critical thinking. It encourages us to evaluate arguments and evidence carefully, to identify fallacies, and to construct reasoned arguments of our own. This critical approach is not limited to academic philosophy; it is a valuable skill that can be applied in all areas of life. Whether we are making personaldecisions, engaging in political discourse, or simply trying to understand the world, the ability to think critically is indispensable.The wisdom of philosophy is not just in the answers it provides but in the questions it raises. It pushes us to consider the ethical dimensions of our choices and to ponder the meaning and purpose of our existence. These questions may not have easy answers, but they are essential for a deeper understanding of our place in the world.In conclusion, the philosophical mindset is a powerful tool for personal growth and understanding. It challenges us to think deeply, to question, and to seek wisdom. By embracing this mindset, we can cultivate a more reflective and intentional approach to life, one that values clarity, critical thinking, and an openness to new ideas. Philosophy, therefore, is not just an academic subject; it is a way of life that can offer profound insights into the human condition and the world we inhabit. Through philosophy, we can learn to appreciate the complexity and richness of life, and to navigate its challenges with thoughtfulness and grace. Philosophy, in its essence, is the love of wisdom, and it is this love that can guide us toward a more enlightened and fulfilling existence. 。
牛津高级英语双解词典牛津高阶英语词典全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Oxford Dictionaries: Invaluable Companions for the Committed LearnerAs a diligent student on a relentless pursuit of mastering the English language, I have come to appreciate the immense value of high-quality reference materials. Among the plethora of dictionaries available, two standout resources have become indispensable allies in my linguistic journey: the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) and the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English (OLDAE).The OALD: A Comprehensive Guide to the English LexiconThe Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary is a tour de force in the realm of English language reference works. Its comprehensiveness is truly astounding, encompassing a vast array of vocabulary from the most common words to the more esoteric and specialized terms. What sets the OALD apart is its meticulous attention to detail and its unwavering commitment to catering to the specific needs of language learners like myself.One of the standout features of the OALD is its clear and concise definitions. Each entry is meticulously crafted to provide precise explanations, ensuring that even the most nuanced shades of meaning are captured. The dictionary excels at elucidating the contextual usage of words, offering a wealth of illustrative examples that bring the definitions to life. This approach has proven invaluable in solidifying my understanding of how words are employed in real-world scenarios.Another aspect that I find particularly useful is the OALD's extensive treatment of phrasal verbs and idioms. These linguistic constructs, which can often perplex even advanced learners, are presented in a manner that is both thorough and accessible. The dictionary not only defines these expressions but also provides valuable insights into their origins, register, and appropriate usage contexts.The OALD's commitment to learner-friendly design is evident throughout its pages. From the logically structured entries to the clear pronunciation guides and user-friendly grammar notes, every aspect of the dictionary is thoughtfully curated to enhance the learning experience. The inclusion of usage notes, which highlight potential pitfalls and commonmistakes, has been particularly helpful in refining my command of the language.The OLDAE: Unlocking the Realm of Academic EnglishWhile the OALD is an invaluable resource for general English proficiency, the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English (OLDAE) is a specialized tool tailored specifically for navigating the intricacies of academic discourse. As a student immersed in the world of higher education, the OLDAE has become an indispensable companion on my scholarly journey.One of the key strengths of the OLDAE is its extensive coverage of academic vocabulary. From discipline-specific terms to the intricate web of terminology woven throughout academic writing, this dictionary leaves no stone unturned. Its definitions are precise, yet accessible, making even the most complex concepts comprehensible to learners like myself.Beyond mere definitions, the OLDAE excels in providing rich contextual information. It offers invaluable insights into the appropriate usage of academic terms, highlighting nuances in meaning and register that are essential for effective communication within the scholarly realm. This attention to detail has proven invaluable in honing my ability to articulate ideas with precision and clarity.The OLDAE's treatment of academic collocations and phraseology is another standout feature. These fixed expressions, which are ubiquitous in academic writing, can often pose significant challenges for learners. The dictionary not only defines these constructs but also provides ample examples of their usage, enabling me to incorporate them seamlessly into my academic discourse.Moreover, the OLDAE's extensive coverage of academic writing conventions, including guidance on citation styles, referencing, and academic integrity, has been an invaluable resource. As a student navigating the intricate world of scholarly writing, having a reliable reference that addresses these critical aspects has been a game-changer.The Symbiotic Relationship: Leveraging the Power of Both DictionariesWhile the OALD and the OLDAE serve distinct purposes, their complementary nature has proven to be a potent force in my linguistic development. By employing these two resources in tandem, I have been able to cultivate a well-rounded and nuanced understanding of the English language, both in its general and academic contexts.The OALD has provided me with a solid foundation in the core vocabulary and idiomatic expressions of the English language, enabling me to communicate effectively in everyday situations. Simultaneously, the OLDAE has equipped me with the specialized lexicon and conventions necessary to thrive in the academic arena, empowering me to articulate complex ideas with precision and clarity.This symbiotic relationship between the two dictionaries has been instrumental in my growth as a well-rounded language learner. By seamlessly integrating the strengths of both resources, I have been able to navigate the multifaceted landscapes of general and academic English with confidence and proficiency.In conclusion, the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English are not merely reference works; they are invaluable companions on the demanding journey of language mastery. Their meticulous attention to detail, learner-friendly design, and comprehensive coverage have established them as indispensable allies in my relentless pursuit of linguistic excellence. As I continue to refine my English language skills, I remain deeply grateful for theguidance and support these dictionaries have provided, propelling me ever closer to fluency and proficiency.篇2The Oxford Dictionaries: Invaluable Companions on the Journey of Language MasteryAs a diligent student on the path to English proficiency, I have come to regard dictionaries as indispensable allies –linguistic compasses guiding me through the intricate labyrinth of words and meanings. Among these invaluable resources, two esteemed tomes stand out as beacons of clarity and comprehensiveness: the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) and the Oxford Dictionary of English (ODE).The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: A Learner's Best FriendThe OALD is a dictionary tailored specifically for non-native English speakers, a true companion on the journey of language acquisition. Its user-friendly interface and meticulous attention to detail make it an invaluable asset for learners at varying levels of proficiency.One of the standout features of the OALD is its commitment to providing clear and concise definitions. The explanations arecrafted with learners in mind, eschewing the complexities and ambiguities that often plague traditional dictionaries. Each entry is a masterclass in clarity, ensuring that even the most nuanced concepts are conveyed with precision and accessibility.Furthermore, the OALD excels in its comprehensive coverage of vocabulary. From the most common words to those obscure gems that enrich our linguistic tapestry, this dictionary leaves no stone unturned. Its extensive listings encompass a vast array of subjects, catering to the diverse interests and fields of study that learners may pursue.But the OALD's true genius lies in its innovative approach to language learning. It provides invaluable insights into word usage, offering illustrative examples that bring definitions to life. These practical demonstrations not only deepen our understanding but also equip us with the tools to employ words effectively in our own speech and writing.The Oxford Dictionary of English: A Lexicographical MasterpieceWhile the OALD is a learner's companion, the Oxford Dictionary of English (ODE) stands as a monumental achievement in lexicography, a testament to the English language's boundless complexity and richness.Upon opening the ODE, one is immediately struck by its sheer vastness. With an astounding collection of over 350,000 words, definitions, and etymologies, this dictionary is a veritable ocean of linguistic knowledge. From the most antiquated terms to the newest lexical additions, the ODE captures theever-evolving tapestry of the English language with unparalleled breadth and depth.What truly sets the ODE apart, however, is its unwavering commitment to scholarly accuracy and meticulous research. Each entry is a testament to the painstaking efforts of lexicographers, linguists, and subject experts who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the intricacies of language. The definitions are crafted with a level of precision and nuance that leaves no room for ambiguity, ensuring that even the most complex concepts are conveyed with utmost clarity.Moreover, the ODE is a treasure trove of linguistic history, tracing the origins and evolution of words through comprehensive etymological entries. These fascinating insights not only deepen our appreciation for the language but also shed light on the cultural and historical contexts that have shaped its development over centuries.Concluding ReflectionsAs a student embarking on the quest for linguistic mastery, I find solace and inspiration in the Oxford Dictionaries. The OALD, with its learner-centric approach, is an indispensable ally, guiding me through the complexities of vocabulary acquisition and usage. Meanwhile, the ODE stands as a towering monument to the richness and depth of the English language, a resource to be revered and consulted for its unparalleled scholarship and comprehensiveness.In the realm of language learning, these dictionaries are far more than mere reference books; they are portals to a world of knowledge, unlocking the secrets of effective communication and opening our minds to the vast tapestry of human expression. As I continue on my linguistic journey, I carry these invaluable companions with me, confident in the knowledge that their wisdom will illuminate my path towards fluency and mastery.篇3The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: A Student's Best FriendAs an English student, having a top-notch dictionary is an absolute must. After all, how can we fully grasp the nuances of this rich and complex language without a trusty reference guide?This is where the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) comes in – a true gem that has accompanied me through countless essays, presentations, and literary analyses.Let's start with the obvious: the sheer breadth of the OALD's vocabulary is astounding. With over 184,000 words, phrases, and meanings, it's like having a linguistic universe at your fingertips. Whether you're tackling a complex academic text or simply trying to decipher the latest slang term, this dictionary has got you covered.But what really sets the OALD apart is its meticulous attention to detail and commitment to helping learners like myself truly understand English. Each entry is a veritable treasure trove of information, offering not just definitions but also invaluable guidance on pronunciation, grammar, collocations, and usage.Take the word "ambiguous," for instance. The OALD not only provides its meanings ("unclear" or "having two or more possible meanings") but also illustrates its use with crystal-clear example sentences. It even goes the extra mile by highlighting potential pitfalls, such as the common confusion between "ambiguous" and "ambivalent." This level of detail is invaluable when it comes to mastering the subtleties of English.Another standout feature is the OALD's commitment to current and relevant language. Its editors are constantly updating the dictionary to reflect the ever-evolving nature of English, incorporating new words and phrases that emerge from popular culture, technology, and various fields of study. This ensures that the dictionary remains a living, breathing resource that keeps pace with the times.But perhaps my favorite aspect of the OALD is itsuser-friendly design and layout. The clear, concise definitions make it easy to quickly grasp the essence of a word, while the abundance of usage notes and examples provide deeper context and nuance. The color-coding system is also a godsend, allowing me to quickly identify parts of speech, phrasal verbs, and idioms at a glance.And let's not forget about the accompanying study resources. The OALD offers a wealth of supplementary materials, ranging from grammar guides to writing tutorials, all designed to help learners like myself take our English skills to new heights. It's like having a personal language coach at your disposal, always ready to offer guidance and support.Of course, no dictionary is perfect, and the OALD is no exception. Some might argue that its focus on British Englishcould be a drawback for those primarily interested in American English. Additionally, the sheer volume of information can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially for lower-level learners.But these minor quibbles pale in comparison to the OALD's countless strengths. Time and time again, this dictionary has proven itself to be an indispensable ally in my academic endeavors, helping me navigate the complexities of English with confidence and precision.In a world where language is constantly evolving and communication is paramount, the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary stands tall as a beacon of clarity and comprehension. Its unwavering commitment to accuracy, relevance, anduser-friendliness has earned it a well-deserved place on the bookshelves of English learners worldwide.So, whether you're a fellow student embarking on a linguistic journey or a lover of language seeking a trusted companion, do yourself a favor and invest in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. It may just be the best decision you ever make for your English proficiency – and your academic success.。
2022.12英语六级(一)作文范文As we step into the year 2022, the English proficiency test for non-English majors in China, known as the College English Test (CET), has once again drawn widespread attention. The CET, especially the CET-6, has always been a challenging hurdle for students, and the recent CET-6 exam in December 2022 is no exception. In this article, we will analyze the writing part of the CET-6 exam and provide a sample essay to help students better understand the requirements and expectations for this section.The writing part of the CET-6 exam usually consists of two tasks: writing an essay and writing a letter. In the December 2022 exam, the essay topic was "The Importance of Critical Thinking." This topic requires candidates to discuss the significance of critical thinking in today's society and provide examples to support their views. It is crucial for candidates to demonstrate their ability to think critically, organize their thoughts logically, and express their ideas clearly and coherently.In order to write a successful essay on this topic, candidates should first have a clear understanding of what critical thinking is and why it is important. Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating information, arguments, or beliefs in a systematic and logical manner. It enables individuals to make rational decisions, solve problems effectively, and communicate persuasively. In today's rapidly changing world, where information is abundant and often conflicting, the ability to think critically is more valuable than ever. Employers seek candidates who can think critically and creatively, and individuals with strong critical thinking skills are better equipped to navigate the complexities of the modern world.When writing the essay, candidates should start by defining critical thinking and explaining its significance. They can then provide examples from various aspects of life, such as education, work, or social interactions, to illustrate the importance of critical thinking. For instance, they can discuss how critical thinking helps students to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources of information, how it enables employees tomake informed decisions in the workplace, or how it empowers individuals to engage in constructive debates and discussions.In addition to providing examples, candidates should also consider the opposing views on the topic and address them in their essay. Acknowledging different perspectives and presenting a balanced argument will demonstrate a higher level of critical thinking and intellectual maturity. Furthermore, candidates should pay attention to the organization and coherence of their essay, making sure that their ideas flow logically and their arguments are well-supported.To help candidates better understand the requirements for the essay, we have provided a sample essay on the topic "The Importance of Critical Thinking":Sample Essay:In today's fast-paced and information-saturated world, the ability to think critically has become increasingly important. Critical thinking, which involves analyzing and evaluating information in a systematic and logical manner, is essential for making sound decisions, solving complex problems, and communicating effectively. In this essay, we will explore the significance of critical thinking and its relevance in various aspects of life.First and foremost, critical thinking plays a crucial role in education. In an era where misinformation and fake news abound, students need to develop the skills to discern credible sources of information and evaluate the validity of arguments. By honing their critical thinking abilities, students can become more discerning and analytical learners, capable of distinguishing between fact and fiction, and forming well-reasoned opinions.Moreover, critical thinking is indispensable in the workplace. Employees who can think critically are better equipped to analyze data, identify trends, and make informed decisions. They are also more adept at solving complex problems and adapting to changes in the business environment. Employers value critical thinkers for their ability to innovate, anticipate challenges, and contribute to the overall success of the organization.Furthermore, critical thinking is essential for constructive social interactions. In an increasingly polarized society, the ability to think critically enables individuals to engage in meaningful and respectful discussions, even when facing differing opinions. It fosters open-mindedness, empathy, and the capacity to consider alternative viewpoints, which are essential for building bridges and finding common ground in a diverse and interconnected world.In conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill that empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world. From education to the workplace and social interactions, the ability to think critically is indispensable for making informed decisions, solving problems, and engaging in meaningful discourse. As we embrace the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century, honing our critical thinking abilities will be more important than ever.In summary, the writing part of the CET-6 exam in December 2022 posed a thought-provoking and relevant topic for candidates to explore. By understanding the significance of critical thinking and providing well-supported examples, candidates can effectively demonstrate their writing skills and critical thinking abilities. We hope that this analysis and sample essay will help students prepare for the writing part of the CET-6 exam and achieve success in their English proficiency endeavors.。
信息过载时代批判性思维的意义的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1In today's digital age, we are constantly bombarded with information from various sources such as social media, news websites, and online forums. This overload of information can be overwhelming and can lead to what is known as information overload. In this era of information overload, critical thinking becomes more important than ever before.Critical thinking is the ability to analyze information objectively and make reasoned judgments. In an age where fake news and misinformation are rampant, having strong critical thinking skills is crucial to discerning what is true and what is false. With the sheer volume of information available at our fingertips, it is easy to fall into the trap of believing everything we read without question. Critical thinking helps us navigate through this sea of information and separate fact from fiction.Furthermore, critical thinking enables us to see through biased or one-sided arguments. In this era of polarized opinions and echo chambers, it is essential to be able to critically evaluatethe information presented to us. By thinking critically, we can challenge our own beliefs and those of others, leading to a more open-minded and informed society.Moreover, critical thinking helps us make better decisions in our personal and professional lives. In a world where we are constantly bombarded with advertisements and sales pitches, being able to critically evaluate the information presented to us can save us from making impulsive or uninformed decisions. By questioning the validity of the information we receive, we can make more informed choices that align with our values and goals.In conclusion, in the age of information overload, critical thinking is more important than ever before. It allows us to sift through the vast amount of information available to us, discerning what is true from what is false. Critical thinking also enables us to challenge biased opinions and make better decisions in our personal and professional lives. By honing our critical thinking skills, we can become more informed,open-minded, and discerning individuals in today's rapidly changing world.篇2Title: The Significance of Critical Thinking in the Age of Information OverloadIntroductionIn today's digital era, we are constantly bombarded with a vast amount of information from multiple sources such as the internet, social media, and traditional media. With the rise of fake news, misinformation, and biased opinions, it has become increasingly challenging to decipher the truth from the noise. In this information overload age, the ability to think critically is more crucial than ever before.Definition of Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is the process of analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information to make informed decisions or judgments. It involves being open-minded, curious, and skeptical, questioning assumptions, examining evidence, and considering alternative viewpoints.The Importance of Critical Thinking in the Age of Information Overload1. Filtering Out MisinformationWith the proliferation of fake news and misinformation, critical thinking skills are essential for distinguishing betweencredible sources and unreliable sources. By critically evaluating the validity and reliability of information, individuals can avoid falling prey to scams, hoaxes, or propaganda.2. Developing Media LiteracyCritical thinking enables individuals to analyze and deconstruct media messages, advertisements, and narratives. By questioning the motives behind the information presented and identifying biases, consumers can become more media literate and make informed decisions about what to believe or support.3. Enhancing Problem-solving SkillsCritical thinking helps individuals approach complex problems with a systematic and logical mindset. By breaking down issues into smaller components, identifying underlying assumptions, and considering multiple perspectives, individuals can generate creative solutions and make well-reasoned decisions.4. Fostering Independent ThinkingIn the age of information overload, critical thinking empowers individuals to think for themselves and form their opinions based on evidence and rational arguments rather than blindly following the crowd or succumbing to groupthink. Bydeveloping independent thinking skills, individuals can resist manipulation or coercion and maintain intellectual autonomy.5. Promoting Civil DiscourseCritical thinking encourages respectful and constructive dialogue by facilitating the exchange of diverse perspectives and encouraging evidence-based arguments. By engaging in critical discussions and debates, individuals can challenge their assumptions, broaden their worldview, and cultivate empathy and understanding for others' viewpoints.Strategies for Cultivating Critical Thinking Skills1. Question Assumptions: Encourage individuals to challenge their assumptions, beliefs, and biases by asking probing questions and exploring alternative viewpoints.2. Evaluate Evidence: Teach individuals to assess the credibility, accuracy, and relevance of information by verifying sources, checking facts, and cross-referencing information.3. Analyze Arguments: Help individuals identify logical fallacies, false premises, and faulty reasoning in arguments by examining the structure, evidence, and reasoning behind them.4. Consider Multiple Perspectives: Encourage individuals to consider different viewpoints, cultural contexts, and historicalbackgrounds to cultivate empathy, understanding, andopen-mindedness.5. Practice Socratic Dialogue: Engage individuals in thought-provoking discussions, debates, or role-playing exercises to stimulate critical thinking, develop communication skills, and foster collaboration.ConclusionIn conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill that is increasingly important in the age of information overload. By cultivating critical thinking skills, individuals can navigate the complexities of the digital landscape, make well-informed decisions, and contribute to a more informed, rational, and civil society. As educators, policymakers, and citizens, we must prioritize the development of critical thinking skills to empower individuals to think critically, act responsibly, and advocate for truth, justice, and equity in an increasingly interconnected and complex world.篇3In the age of information overload, critical thinking has never been more important. With the constant bombardment of information from various sources, it is easy to becomeoverwhelmed and lose the ability to evaluate this information critically. Critical thinking allows individuals to carefully analyze and evaluate information, enabling them to make informed decisions and form well-reasoned opinions.One of the key benefits of critical thinking in the information age is the ability to discern the reliability and credibility of sources. With the proliferation of fake news and misinformation on the internet, it is crucial to be able to critically evaluate the sources of information. Critical thinking skills enable individuals to question the authenticity of information and consider the biases and agendas of the sources. This helps in avoiding falling for false, misleading, or biased information.Furthermore, critical thinking allows individuals to analyze complex issues and consider multiple perspectives. In a world where information is abundant and often contradictory, critical thinking skills enable individuals to sift through different viewpoints and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each. This helps in forming more nuanced and well-rounded opinions on various issues, as opposed to blindly accepting one perspective.In addition, critical thinking promotes logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. In a world where misinformation spreadsrapidly, being able to think critically and logically is essential. Critical thinking enables individuals to identify fallacies in arguments, spot inconsistencies in information, and evaluate the validity of claims. This helps in making more sound decisions and solving problems effectively.Moreover, critical thinking fosters creativity and innovation. By encouraging individuals to question assumptions, challenge conventional thinking, and explore new ideas, critical thinking opens up new possibilities and promotes innovation. In the information age, where new technologies and ideas are constantly emerging, critical thinking skills are crucial for adapting to change and driving progress.Overall, in the age of information overload, critical thinking is more important than ever. It equips individuals with the skills needed to navigate the vast sea of information, discern truth from falsehood, and make informed decisions. By fostering analytical, logical, and creative thinking, critical thinking enables individuals to thrive in the digital age and engage with the world in a more thoughtful and meaningful way.。
ITRI-99-06Editing logically complexdiscourse meaningsRodger Kibble,Richard Power and Kees vanDeemterJanuary,1999Also published in Proc3rd Intnl Workshop on ComputationalSemantics,Tilburg,The Netherlands,pp.147-161.This work was supported by the EPSRC under grant L51126Information Technology Research Institute Technical Report SeriesEditing logically complex discourse meaningsRodger Kibble,Richard Power,Kees van DeemterInformation Technology Research InstituteUniversity of BrightonU.K.stName@AbstractWYSIWYM(What You See Is What You Meant)is a new methodology for editing knowledge representations by interacting with a generated NL feedback text whichpresents both the knowledge already defined and the options for extending andmodifying it.This paper concerns novel problems that arise when this methodologyis extended to deal with certain familiar and supposedly well-understood semanticphenomena.The basics of WYSIWYM editing are briefly explained,followed by dis-cussion of the problems to do with coreference and quantification and some partialsolutions,including an experimental DRT-based prototype.Then we turn to moredifficult problems in the area of quantification and sketch some directions in whichsolutions may be found.Keywords:knowledge representation,natural language generation,under-specification1IntroductionMany applications of Artificial Intelligence require editing of information expressed in aknowledge representation formalism of some sort.Expert systems are an obvious exam-ple;others are systems for generating documents,and for encoding design specifications.With most currently available support tools,knowledge editing has to be performed byknowledge engineers who are familiar with the representation formalism.Elsewhere(Power&Scott1998,Power et al1998),a new knowledge-editing method called‘WYSI-WYM editing’has been introduced and motivated.WYSIWYM editing allows a domain expert to edit a knowledge base reliably by interacting with a generated NL feedback text which presents both the knowledge already defined and the options for extending andmodifying it.WYSIWYM is a potentially powerful tool in many domains including some that are not commonly thought of as involving the editing of a knowledge representation formalism. Examples are the design of question-answering systems and interface design for complex technical equipment.Applications of various kinds are currently being investigated in a number of projects at ITRI in the University of Brighton.Among the domains studied aresoftware documentation,pharmaceutical information(as expressed in Patient Informa-tion Leaflets,for example)and maritime law.Until recently,however,existing versions of WYSIWYM systems were very limited inthe expressive power of the knowledge representation formalism used to express theinformation edited.The DRAFTER-II system(Power et al,1998),in particular,did notallow the construction of quantifiers,nor did it allow a proper treatment of coreferentialinformation(i.e.,recurring variables or constants).The present paper discusses some of the problems that arise when these shortcomings are remedied.The key issue is that oftransparency:can we allow the author of the system to understand the content of theknowledge base,and the effect of each of the available editing operations?Problemsof this kind go to the heart of what WYSIWYM stands for,namely:an effort to makeknowledge editing easier.On the theoretical side,the treatment of logically complexinformation involves interesting questions in the domain of logic(What are possible waysin which complex formulas can be built up from meaningful parts?)as well as computationallinguistics(How can each of the meaningful parts be‘translated’into natural language?).Thepresent paper will touch upon questions of both kinds.The plan of the paper is as follows.First,the basics of WYSIWYM editing will be brieflyrecapitulated(Section2).Then we will explain some of the problems that result for WYSI-WYM when its knowledge representations deal with coreference and quantification and we will sketch some partial solutions(Section3).After an explanation of the limitationsof WYSIWYM(Section3.1)we will discuss the issue of coreference,and sketch how theproblems in this area have been tentatively tackled in the DRAFTER-III system(Section3.2).Then we will turn to the more difficult problems in the area of quantification andsketch some directions in which solutions may be found(Sections3.3,3.4).We concludeby highlighting some unresolved problems and drawing some general conclusions(Sec-tion4).2Editing simple material by WYSIWYMWYSIWYM is a method of editing knowledge bases(KBs)in which the user interacts with a feedback text generated by a natural language generation(NLG)system(e.g.Power and Scott1998).The idea of WYSIWYM editing is to provide an interface to a KB that can be used easily by an author who is a domain expert but not necessarily an expert in knowl-edge representation.The feedback text serves two purposes:it shows the knowledge that has already been specified,and it shows the options for adding new knowledge.These options are marked by anchors.By clicking on an anchor,the user obtains a pop-up menu from which a semantic option can be selected.The acronym WYSIWYM stands for‘What You See Is What You Meant’:a natural language text(‘what you see’)presents a KB that the author has built by purely semantic decisions(‘what you meant’).This method wasfirst implemented in DRAFTER-II(Power et al,1998),a re-engineered version of DRAFTER(Paris et al,1995)which is designed for use by the technical authors who produce software documentation.By interacting with the feedback text,the author defines a procedure for performing a task,e.g.the task of saving a document in a word processor.When a new KB is created,DRAFTER-II assumes that its root will be some kind ofprocedure.A procedure instance is created,and assigned an identifier(for internal useonly),e.g.u1.The definition of the concept procedure specifies that every procedurehas two attributes:a goal,and a method.The goal must be some kind of action,and the method must be a list of actions.This information is conveyed to the author through a feedback textAchieve this goal by applying this method.with several special features.Undefined attributes are shown through anchors marked by the use of boldface or italics.A boldface anchor indicates that the attribute is obligatory:its value must be spec-ified.An italicized anchor indicates that the attribute is optional.All anchors are mouse-sensitive.By clicking on an anchor,the author obtains a pop-up menu listing the permissible values of the attribute;by selecting one of these options,the author updates the KB.Although the anchors may be tackled in any order,we will assume that the author proceeds from left to right.Clicking on this goal yields a pop-up menu that lists all the types of actions that the system knows about:chooseclick.....saveschedule(to save space,some options are omitted),from which the author selects‘save’.Although apparently selecting a word,the author is really selecting an option for editing the KB. The program responds by creating a new instance,of type save,and adding it to the KB (as a Prolog assertion)as the value of the goal attribute on u1:procedure(u1).goal(u1,u2).save(u2).From the updated KB,the generator produces a new feedback textSave this data by applying this method.including an anchor representing the undefined actee attribute on the u2instance.Note that this text has been completely regenerated.It was not produced from the previous text merely by replacing the anchor this goal by a longer string.By continuing to make choices at anchors,the author might expand the KB in the following sequence: Save the document by applying this method.Save the document by performing this action(further actions).Save the document by clicking on this object(further actions).Save the document by clicking on the button with this label(fur-ther actions).Save the document by clicking on the Save button(further actions). At this point the KB is potentially complete(no boldface anchors remain),so an output text can be generated and incorporated into the software manual.To save the document,click on the Save button.To delete information,the author opens a pop-up menu on any span of the feedback text that presents a defined attribute.For instance,the span‘the document’presents the actee attribute on the instance u2.Clicking on this span in the feedback text,the author obtains the menuCutCopyIf‘Cut’is selected,the instance that is currently the value of the actee attribute is re-moved to a buffer,leaving the attribute undefined.The resulting feedback text introduces an anchor in place of‘the document’.Save this data by clicking on the Save button(further actions). When the buffer is full,the pop-up menus that open on anchors contain a‘Paste’option if the instance in the buffer is a suitable value for the relevant attribute.3Extending WYSIWYM to logically complex material3.1Limitations of DRAFTER-IIIn ourfirst experiment with WYSIWYM we made two simplifying assumptions:first,that corresponding descriptions always refer to the same entity;secondly,that no entities are hypothetical.In effect,thefirst assumption allows the author no control over coreference. If document instances are introduced at two locations in the KB,perhaps because a docu-ment is both saved and printed,the author cannot specify whether the saved and printed documents are identical or different.The second assumption also imposes a major lim-itation.It allows no way of constructing representations that include logical operators such as negation,quantification,and implication.To understand the source of these limitations,we need to look more closely at the se-mantic formalism and associated editing operations used in the original WYSIWYM model. Figure1shows a semantic network of the kind used in DRAFTER-II to represent a proce-dure for saving a document.The procedure might yield the feedback text Save the document by entering the name of this object(furtheractions).The network diagram includes arcs showing where further information may be added: both the rest attribute on u4and the owner attribute on u6are currently unspecified.In DRAFTER-II,the only way of adding information to the graph was by inserting a new node,of a selected type,as the value of a currently unspecified attribute.For instance, if the author chose‘document’on the anchor this object,a new node u7was added as the value of the owner attribute on u6.The generated text gave the impression that u7 was coreferential with u3(the document to be saved),but this was merely an artifactu1u2save u3document procedureu4stepsu5enter u6name GOAL FIRST ACTEE REST METHODACTEE OWNERFigure 1:Representing a procedure in DRAFTER -IIof the rules applied by the generator,which always expressed such entities by definite descriptions.Obviously this is unsatisfactory:if there is in fact only one document,the value of the owner attribute on u6should be set to the existing document entity u3.The creation of a new entity u7should imply that there are two separate documents.Note that this limitation in DRAFTER -II did not arise from the semantic formalism itself.A network diagram like figure 1can show whether the documents are identical or separate:in the former case a single document entity u3has two incoming arcs;in the latter case,there are two document entities u3and u7.The limitation arose rather from the editing operations that the program supported.In section 3.2we describe a proposal for extending the set of editing operations so as to allow control of coreference.The problem of logical complexity is altogether more difficult:it cannot be overcome by defining more editing operations on the same formalism.It has been known for a long time that semantic networks like figure 1cannot encode generalizations about hypothet-ical entities (i.e.statements with quantifiers)unless they are supplemented by some kind of scoping device.Hendrix (1979)achieved this objective by partitioned networks in which the nodes and arcs are assigned to ‘spaces’.We are currently exploring a similar idea based on Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle,1993;Asher,1993).If we consider the semantic network in figure 1in the light of DRT,its limitations be-come obvious.It consists essentially of a set of discourse referents together with a set of simple conditions:there are no complex conditions.Such a network would suffice only for the special case of a DRS composed of a single box,K0.This is not a suitable repre-sentation for an instructional text,which ought to include both conditional and modal operators.The meaning we want to attach to figure 1is that if the reader wants to save a document (any document),various actions should be performed.The document refer-ent and all the action referents should properly be bound to subordinated boxes,not to K0.We were able to get away with this simplification in DRAFTER -II only because the text did not require a distinction between real past actions and hypothetical future ones.In section 3.4we discuss some technical difficulties in extending WYSIWYM editing to a representation based on DRT.3.2CoreferenceLet us turn to thefirst addition to the DRAFTER-II knowledge representation languagethat gives rise to problems of transparency.We have seen in the previous section that DRAFTER-II did not allow the author to control coreferentiality.In an earlier paper(van Deemter&Power,1998),we have sketched how the DRAFTER-III program comes to termswith this shortcoming.Whenever the author wants to expand an anchor whose type is compatible with that of one or more other expressions in the feedback text,the system asks whether the newly created instance is coreferential with a previously-created in-stance.For example,imagine the author wants to expand an anchor of the form‘this object’,specifying that it is a document.Imagine,furthermore,that two other docu-ments have already appeared in the feedback text,namely(document)and(document). Then the newly introduced object may corefer with(document)or with(document)or with neither.In order to avoid asking potentially superfluous questions,the systemfirst presents the user with a menu containing the two optionsExisting object?New object?Only in case of thefirst choice will the system follow up with the menu(document)?(document)?In case of the second choice,the system will replace the anchor by some expression of theform(document),where is a new index.Note that indices are added to the feedbacklanguage to avoid ambiguities in the feedback text but also,perhaps more crucially,inthe menu.The menu has to contain simple expressions which are easy to understandand which do not have the full benefit of a potentially disambiguating linguistic context.(Each of the expressions in the menu may appear several times in the feedback text.) Hence it is not easy to see how indices(or other artificial devices,such as color coding, for that matter)can be avoided under all circumstances.The issue of distinguishing between different possible antecedents in the menus aswell as in the generated texts—which already invites deviations from natural language,as we have seen—by no means exhausts the potential problems posed to knowledgeediting by coreference.The most difficult problems that we encountered in this areahave to do with the knowledge editing itself:Now that a given instance in the KB canhave several occurrences in the KB,operations like cutting and copying no longer haveone single possible interpretation.To illustrate,let us look briefly at the cut operation.In DRAFTER-II,cutting is a conceptually simple operation that does not allow variations:an attribute value is replaced by its anchor.When coreference enters the picture,this is no longer the case.There are two questions that have to be addressed when the information associated with an indexed NP is cut.In what follows,we will simplify and say,by a slight abuse of language,that an NP is cut,rather than the information associated with it.(See van Deemter&Power1998for explanation on what information this is,in the different cases that can arise.)The question are,firstly,Does the author intend to cut this NP alone,or does she intend to cut all NPs with the same index as this NP?Secondly,if the author intends to cut all expressions with the same index,then Does the author intend the system to respect the indices?In other words,does she assume that the anchors that will result when the NP is de-selected must all befilled by NPs that have the same index?Depending onhow these questions are answered,three different variants of the Cut operation arise.Let be the NP on which the author has clicked.Then-Cut-one only affects this occurrence of.-Cut-all affects all occurrences of,also severing all coreference links between their anchors.-Cut-all affects all occurrences of,respecting all coreference links between their anchors.Consider our earlier example,adapted to the situation where u3is the value of two dif-ferent attributes:The semantic network is implemented by a set of Prolog assertions:procedure(u1).goal(u1,u2).save(u2).actee(u2,u3).document(u3).method(u1,u4).steps(u4).first(u4,u5).enter(u5).actee(u5,u6).name(u6).owner(u6,u3).To spell out the effect of the new operations,it will be convenient to use variables.If Cut-one is applied to the occurrence of u3in the owner attribute then the only effect on the content of the KB is that the owner of u6is undefined,which may be represented by a variable,say.If,instead,Cut-all is applied to the same instance of u3,then both the owner of u6and the actee of u2are undefined,which may be represented by using two different variables,say and.If,finally,Cut-all is applied then,once more,both are undefined,but their values must be equal.This may be represented by using the same variable,say,in both cases:actee(u2,x),owner(u6,x).The DRAFTER-III program has implemented the ideas outlined here,as well as a natu-ral language generator that takes the new representations as input and transforms these into texts.Thinking through all the implications of this revised system has been surpris-ingly difficult,however,and it remains to be seen whether the concept of coreference (and the way we have tried to make it transparent,using indices)is transparent to the domain authors for whom WYSIWYM is intended.The experience,in the MUC6and7 projects(Hirschman et al,1997),of annotating for coreference has shown that the con-cept is not always clear,even for experienced annotators.Thus,it is less than obvious what coreference means in relation to intensional contexts.For example,it seems that the bracketed NPs in the following feedback text should receive different indices,even though their referent is equal:Make sure that(the date of the program)equals(the current date).In these cases,it is difficult to see how indices can be used.The same is true whenever a reference marker fails to correspond with a single constituent in the text,as in the case of abstracted or summated reference markers(See e.g.Kamp&Reyle1993:306-314).Note, however,that the phenomena mentioned here may not pose a serious problem for the construction of feedback texts,which can be restricted to make a simplified fragment of language where the notion of coreference may not be problematic.3.3Logical complexityIn DRAFTER-II and DRAFTER-III,editing operations are defined on a semantic network representation.Our aim in this section is to explore ways in which these systems could be extended so as to allow the construction of logically complex meanings.We would like to do this by extending the semantic network formalism rather than by introduc-ing a completely new knowledge representation,so that the editing operations already mentioned(Insert,Cut,Copy and Paste)can be preserved.A fairly simple extension of the semantic network formalism has been implemented in an experimental program in the domain of patient information leaflets(PILs).Three innovations are proposed over the semantic model employed in DRAFTER-III: The nodes of the network are taken to represent discourse referents,in the DRT sense.Since nodes may correspond to actions as well as individuals,a result of this is that the meanings of verbs are represented as one-place predicates on eventuali-ties,for example consult(u6).We allow some nodes of the network to represent complex conditions such as im-plications,obligations and negations.Such nodes will be called abstract referents.During editing,a node representing a negation will be introduced in the usual way as a token of this abstract type.Every node of the network is bound to a DRT box.The root of the network must be bound to K0;other nodes may be bound to subordinated boxes introduced by abstract referents.As an example,figure2shows a DRT representation of a typical sentence from a patient information leaflet(1);figure3shows the equivalent graph representation. (1)If you are pregnant,consult your doctor3.4Handling QuantifiersFrom the point of view of knowledge editing,the DRT-based formalism just outlined still has some drawbacks.1.To edit the KB via the feedback text it’s important that KB elements correspond toan identifiable span of text.This isn’t always the case where the KB is encoded asa DRS.For example,suppose the current feedback text is‘every packet contains30tablets’and the author wants to cut‘every packet’to replace it with some other quantity;the system can’t straightforwardly excise this part of the content leavinga proper DRS.u2,u3 patient(u2) owner(u2,u3) doctor(u3)u4 pregnant(u4) subject(u4,u2)u6 consult(u6) speaker(u6,u2) hearer(u6,u3)Figure2:DRT representation for a logically complex sentence2.Related to this is the lack of a consistent editing sequence for quantified and non-quantified statements.A natural procedure might be to allow the author tofirst select a predicate and then specify the arguments,as in the DRAFTER examples presented in section2.However,if any argument is a quantified expression it is necessary to construct the quantificational schema before selecting the main predi-cation.This is not a natural way to compose a text and authors are likely tofind it confusing.3.The fact that DRSs have to be constructed‘top-down’makes the author responsiblefor determining quantifier scope in statements with multiple quantifiers.Again, this is likely to confuse authors who have no training in logic.In this section we consider whether some of these difficulties can be resolved by adopting a‘flatter’formalism such as Quasi-Logical Form(Alshawi&Crouch1992), U(nderspecified)DRT(Reyle1996)or Minimal Recursion Semantics(Copestake et al MS). These systems are motivated in part by the goal of‘underspecifying’certain semantic distinctions such as quantifier scope,though the attraction from our point of view is that they appear to offer greaterflexibility in the task of knowledge editing.This will be il-lustrated with the aid of a simple example in the framework of UDRT.(Note that what follows is programmatic,and does not report on implemented work.)UDRT differs from standard DRT principally in that U(nderspecified)DRS components are not depicted as nested inside each other,but as discrete representations partially ordered by a subordi-nation relation written as.In Reyle’s presentation the upper and lower bounds of the subordination relation are the clause boundary and the condition corresponding to the main verb.In the simple examples below we only show one clause,so the top box K0is treated as the upper bound.Some potential advantages of UDRT are:1.The DRS can be constructed‘inside out’,i.e.the author can start by selecting apredicate regardless of whether the arguments are quantified.A DRS-condition created in one editing step may turn out to be subordinated to the‘scope’portion of a quantificational schema created in a subsequent step.ANTECEDENT CONSEQUENT COMPONENTSUBJECT HEARERSPEAKER doctor patient pregnant obligation OWNER implication k0k2k3k0k0k1u1u5u4u6u2u3consult Figure 3:Extended semantic network including complex conditions2.There is a better likelihood of each KB element corresponding to a separate span offeedback text;for instance a quantificational schema is represented separately from the content of its nuclear scope (this should become clearer in the example below).3.More flexibility for scoping,including leaving some scope relations unspecified.Infact it’s not clear whether we need or want to exploit this,despite the fact that this was the prime motivation for the development of UDRT.A UDRS can be constructed monotonically by adding components and/or subordi-nation constraints,so in principle an author should be free to select elements in any or-der.The following shows a possible sequence of feedback texts at selected stages of the composition of a target text “Every pack contains 30tablets”,with the resulting UDRS shown in Figure 4.(Note that in these texts something indicates an unfilled argument slot and does not imply existential quantification;the subscripts identify these slots with discourse referents in the UDRS.)EventualitySomething contain/s somethingEvery thing contains somethingEvery pack contains somethingEvery pack contains 30thingsEvery pack contains 30tabletsAt this stage we have a complete,fully scoped UDRS which is equivalent to the more familiar looking DRS in Figure 5.The constraints indicate that sub-DRSes K1and K4are subordinated to K3and so are within the nuclear scope of the quantifier.Note that ifK0xpack(x)K2xK3x,Ycontain(x,Y)K1Ytablet*YK4Figure4:Underspecified DRS for Every pack contains30tablets xpack(x) K2xx,Ycontain(x,Y)tablet*(Y)K1K3K4K0Figure5:Standard DRS for Every pack contains30tabletsis replaced by then referent Y is effectively introduced in the top box, taking wide scope.An advantage of the formalism is that UDRS components remain separately repre-sented and can be excised cleanly without perturbing the rest of the structure.Figure6 shows the result of‘cutting’“every pack”:the duplex condition is removed as well as constraints mentioning K2or K3,leaving K1and K4in place.This would generate the feedback text“Something contain/s30tablets”.K0x,Ycontain(x,Y)K1Ytablet*YK4Figure6:UDRS for“Something contain/s30tablets”.Scope and underspecificationIdeally we wish to avoid asking an author to make decisions about quantifier scope where these can be made by the system.We envisage various strategies for resolving scope;one possibility is for scope to be implicitly determined by the order of argument selection,another is to include axioms in the database for certain stereotypical situations. For instance in the domain of patient information leaflets we frequentlyfind instructions to take a certain amount of medication at a specified frequency,or information that apackage contains a certain quantity of medication.So we could encode rules such as thefollowing,where A>B is read as“A outscopes B”.take(Patient,Medication-Units,Frequency)-->PATIENT>FREQUENCY>MEDICATION-UNITScontain(Package,Medication-Units)-->PACKAGE>MEDICATION-UNITS.A third possibility is to leave scope relations undetermined in the KB and rely on lin-guistic rules of preference to favour a particular reading.There has been a great deal ofwork on underspecification in interpretation of natural language(see e.g.papers citedabove and contents of van Deemter&Peters(eds)1996).A question which now con-cerns us is whether there’s a place for underspecified input in NLG.which is one of theapplications for which WYSIWIM has been developed.Output text will inevitably be am-biguous in some respect;the question is whether it is necessary or worthwhile to enforcedistinctions in the KB which will be lost in the generated text.We don’t take a stand onthis issue but note some of the issues:Often the scope makes no difference to the import of a message:(2)Take2tablets every day with a glass of water.It is obviously essential that‘every day’outscopes2tablets,but it probably makesno difference whether the patient takes both pills at once with one glass of water,or takes them separately refilling his glass for the second pill.Authors would beunderstandably annoyed if the system forced them to make a decision.Expressibility:The theoretical upper bound of scope ambiguity is the factorial of the number of quantifiers(and other operators)in a sentence,so(3)has24differentreadings.It’s questionable whether all these options can be expressed unambigu-ously and comprehensibly in a NL feedback text.(3)Most patients should take2tablets every day with a glass of water.Supposing we do allow underspecified input,there is a potential danger that the generator could produce an output text where the preferred interpretation is an un-intended one.More needs to be known about linguistic rules of preference;relevantwork includes studies by researchers at SRI(Moran&Pereira1992)on quantifierscope and van der Sandt(1992)on anaphora resolution.4ConclusionWe have basically done three things in this paper.Firstly,we have recapitulated someof the main ideas behind WYSIWYM knowledge editing.Doing this,we have stressed WYSIWYM’s use of generated natural language to clarify the content of the KB and we have explained some limitations of previous WYSIWYM-based systems,pointing out howthey were unable to come to grips with certain kinds of information.Secondly,we havesketched two extensions of WYSIWYM which are intended to remedy these shortcomings.。