2017年10月广东省英语教育-英语语言学真题一

英语语言学课程介绍英语语言学是研究英语语言本质、结构、发展和应用的科学。

它涉及到语言学、语音学、语法学、词汇学、语用学等多个领域，是英语专业的重要课程之一。

本课程旨在帮助学生掌握英语语言学的基本概念、方法和理论，提高学生对英语语言的理解和应用能力。

掌握英语语言学的基本概念、方法和理论，了解语言学的各个分支学科。

熟悉英语语言的语音、语法、词汇和语用等方面的特点，提高学生对英语语言的理解能力。

掌握语言学的基本研究方法，能够运用语言学理论分析实际问题。

培养学生的独立思考能力和创新精神，提高学生对英语语言学的认识和理解。

语言学的基本概念：语言、言语、言语行为、语境等。

语音学：语音系统的构成、语音规则、音变现象等。

语法学：语法体系的构成、语法规则、句法结构等。

词汇学：词汇系统的构成、词汇的意义、词汇的发展等。

语用学：语言的使用、语境中的语言行为、语言交际等。

语言学理论和应用：语言学理论的发展和应用，如人类语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学等。

语言研究方法：定性研究方法、定量研究方法、实验方法等。

强调基础理论和实践应用相结合，培养学生的实际操作能力。

结合实例分析，帮助学生深入理解英语语言的各个方面。

引入最新的语言学研究成果，使学生了解语言学的最新发展动态。

注重培养学生的独立思考能力和创新精神，鼓励学生提出自己的见解和思路。

通过本课程的学习，学生将能够全面了解英语语言学的各个方面，掌握基本的研究方法，提高对英语语言的理解和应用能力，为未来的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

《临床语言学手册》是一部由语言学家和临床医生共同编写的专业书籍，它为我们提供了深入了解语言障碍及其相关问题的宝贵资源。

本书不仅涵盖了语言病理学的各个方面，而且提供了关于评估、诊断和治疗语言障碍的最新知识。

本书的主要章节包括语言病理学的基础知识、语言评估的方法和技术、特定语言障碍的识别和治疗，以及针对不同年龄段和背景的语言障碍患者的案例分析。

每一章都由在该领域具有丰富经验的专家撰写，他们不仅提供了详尽的文献综述，还分享了他们的实践经验和见解。

《大学英语1》课程练习题嗯，你大概是对的。

Well, you`reprobably right3. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.On the other hand, natural gas is still cheaper than other energy sources.Now you try:另一方面，他很聪明。

On the other hand, he is clever另一方面，我必须工作。

On the other hand, I have to work4. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.I find it pleasant to work with him.Now you try：他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。

They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time汤姆发现用汉语写信不难。

Tom didn`t find it difficult to wirte letters in Chinese5. Some people seem to have their own ability in learning language.The children seem unaffec ted emotionally by their parent’s divorce.Now you try：他似乎是一个精力充沛的(energetic)人。

2017年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试语言学概论试卷(课程代码00541)本试卷共4页，满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。

考生答题注意事项：1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。

2．第一部分为选择题。

必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

3．第二部分为非选择题。

必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。

4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。

第一部分选择题(共30分)一、革项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。

1．汉语属于A．孤立语 B.屈折语C．粘着语D。

复综语2．“种花”的“花”和‘‘花钱”的“花”是A．同义词B．多义词C．同音词D．近义词3．苏美尔人发明了A．楔形文字B．甲骨文C．腓尼基字母 D.阿拉伯字母4．第二语言学习者在使用外语时常常借助于母语的发音、词义、结构规则或习惯来表达思想的现象叫A．语言相关 B.语言辅助C．语言影响D．语言迁移5．“郭明义是当代的雷锋”中，“雷锋”属于借代中的A．以部分代整体 B.以特征代本体C．以具体代抽象D．以专称代通称6．“成立”和“建立”这两个词的词义区别主要是A．理性意义不同B．感情色彩不同C．语体色彩不同D．形象色彩不同7．根据乔姆斯基提出的假设，人的大脑中储存的全人类语言所共有的语言知识叫A．人类语法 B.普遍语法C．个人语法D．个别语法8．从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫A．地方话B．隐语C．亲属语言D．原始基础语9．“活儿我不做了!三颗粮食，收不收有什么关系?”使用的修辞手法是A．拟人B．拟物C．夸张D．降格10．语言符号的能指是A．词汇B．语音C．语义D．语法11．汉语普通话以北方方言为基础方言主要出于A．人们的喜好B．经济上的原因C．文化上的原因D．政治上的原因12．诗歌属于A.谈话语体B．应用语体C．文学语体D．宣传语体13.纳西族语言称“大树”为“树母”、“小树”为“树男”，反映出古代纳西族曾经历过A．群婚制阶段B．族外婚制阶段C．母系氏族社会阶段D．家族制阶段14．希腊字母属于A．辅音文字B．全音素文字C.表意文字D．象形文字15．古代关于马的词很多，如“驹”两岁马、“駣”三岁马、“馬八”八岁马，这些词被称为A．同源词B．类义词C．同义词D．同形词16．语言符号的结构必须是按照时间先后顺序依次出现，这是语言符号的A．系统特征B．约定特征C．层级特征D．线性特征17．对“语言”和“言语”这两个概念进行区分的是A．索绪尔B．鲍阿斯C．沃尔夫D．施莱歇尔18．“他们的品质是那样的纯洁和高尚，他们的意志是那样的坚韧和刚强，他们的气质是那村的纯朴和谦逊，他们的胸怀是那样的美丽和宽广”是A.对偶句B．排比句C．反复句D．回环句19.下面各词借自于汉代西域的是A．葡萄B．罗汉C．蛮夷D．胡同20．某一言语社团同时使用两种或两种以上语言的社会现象叫A．混合语现象B．惯用语现象C．克里奥尔现象D．双语现象二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题歹|j出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

2022年10月自考00541语言学概论押题及答案解析第（4）（5）（6）章第四章语言的结构规则——语法训练题1.下列选项中，不属于词法手段的是A.词形变化B.词的轻重音C.词的重叠D.虚词答案:D解析:本题考查的知识点是语法手段中的词法手段。

词法手段主要包括词形变化、词的轻重音、词的重叠。

虚词是句法手段。

2.英语John writes a book中的动词采用了哪种词形变化的形式A.附加B.屈折C.异根D.零形式答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是词形变化中的屈折。

屈折是指词的内部发生语音的交替变化。

3.汉语中“地道”（dìdào）与“地（dì）·道（dɑo）”是通过哪种词法手段来实现语法意义的A.词形变化B.词的重叠C.语类选择D.词的轻重音答案:D解析:本题考查的知识点是词法手段中的轻重音。

词的轻重音是通过词的某个部分重读或轻读而产生一定语法意义的形式。

4.下列关于虚词的表述不正确的一项是A.虚词主要可以分为辅助词和功能词两个大类B.虚词是包括助词、介词、连词和语气词C.使用虚词来表现语法意义属于词法手段D.虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词答案:C解析:本题考查的知识点是句法手段中的虚词。

虚词是指没有语汇意义只有语法意义的词。

它主要可以分为辅助词和功能词。

使用虚词来表现语法意义属于句法手段。

5.下面各项属于由名词的词形变化形式表示的意义的是A.性B.数C.体D.态答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是词法范畴中体词属性范畴。

“数”是表示事物数量的一组特征。

在一些语言中，名词的数与动词的时态有一定的关系。

6.汉语中的“把字句”和“被子句”属于谓词属性范畴中的A.时B.体C.态D.人称答案:C解析:本题考查的知识点是谓词属性范畴中的态。

“态”是指表示动词和主语名词之间施受关系的一组特征，主要分为主动态和被动态。

7.通过虚词和语序来表示语法意义的是A.谓词属性范畴B.关系范畴C.体词属性范畴D.类别范畴答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是句法范畴中的关系范畴。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%× 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n)______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds.The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English isthe distinct variety of English native to black populations inthe USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONEword only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to createthe same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which areidentical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% ×10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Whydid Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly releasedand the air passing out again, such as Englishstops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t]the flow of air is blocked through the mouthonly.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of acompound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied tolanguage in general and which generate phrasesand at the same time restrain the power ofMove a, while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restricted ways,according to which particular grammars ofnatural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences,Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X mustbe true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into fivegeneral categories, which are representatives,directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the wordask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking ispronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in OldEnglish the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This means that ahistorical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is the phonological processthat reorders segments, often by transposingtwo adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effective inexpressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there arestriking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______,which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through PhraseStructure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction mayhelp learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which meanslanguage iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is broughtinto contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred inthe history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stageof second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habituallyused oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Mostlinguists today accept the view of language as aset of "habitually used symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tonesover stretch of speech in principle longer than aword, in other words, when pitch, stress andsound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during theprocess of which they modify the meaning ofthe original word but usually do not change itspart of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure,D-structure and S-structure, we do not meanthat the syntactic representations of these twolevels must be different. Since syntacticmovement occurs to all sentences, so therepresentations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what hecalled “constatives”and “performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nounsconstantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, anddog/dogs, English speakers started saying cowsas the plural of cow instead of the earlier pluralkine. This analogical change does not occurwhen words are borrowed from foreignlanguages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name(e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + LastName (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term(e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,between friends, neighbours and colleagues, firstnames are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able to transfertheir language centers to the right hemisphereand to reacquire the lost linguistic skills withrelatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% ×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33.bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old Englishnoun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage,they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be thebasic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning ofa sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison ofits daughterlanguages is called the comparative method. 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude,emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, thelearner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e.,there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible andothers are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do notusually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rulesenable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, themeaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state afact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as“economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry betweenmale and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the mostpartis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced[æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”.Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that。

2017 年 10 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试语言学概论试卷（课程代码 00541）本试卷满分 100 分，考试时间 150 分钟.第一部分选择题一、单项选择题：本大题共 20 小题，每小题 1 分,共 20 分。

在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出.1．语言符号只能一个接一个出现，这是语言结构的A．不变性特征 B．线性特征 C．约定性特征 D．聚合性特征2．汉语拼音的声母 g、k、h 都是A．舌面后音 B．舌面前音 C．舌尖后音 D．舌尖中音3．约在公元前 3000 多年前,苏美尔人发明了A．圣书文字 B．契刻文字 C．拼音文字 D．楔形文字4．普通人要掌握一门外语，必须通过A．语言转移 B．语言继承 C．语言学习 D．语言唤醒5．“天空好像一盏乏了油的灯，红光渐渐地减弱"一句采用的修辞手法是A．比拟 B．仿写 C．夸张 D．比喻6．汉语普通话中[a］［Q]［A］可以归纳为一个音位，因为它们具有A．对立关系 B．楣邻关系 C．互补关系 D．相异关系7．下面各项属于由名词的词形变化形式表示的意义的是A．数 B．态 C．体 D．时8．双语现象是一种A．个人现象 B．社会现象 C．自然现象 D．偶发现象9．“红袖添香伴读书”中的“红袖”属于借代中的A．以具体代抽象 B．以原料代成品 C．以特征代本体 D．以专称代通称10．“我爸爸爱看电视”是按（（我+爸爸）+（爱+（看+电视）））这样的方式组合的, 这体现了语言符号的A．层次性 B．自然性 C．顺序性 D．功能性11．亲属语言之间存在着A．语音对应关系 B．词汇对应关系 C．语法对应关系 D．语义对应关系12．“红的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿"采用的修辞格式是A．对称 B．对比 C．排比 D．反复13．《说文解字·女部》：“姓，人所生也。

”说明“姓”产生于A．父系社会 B．母系社会 C．畜牧时代 D．青铜时代14．现行汉字是一种A．象形文字 B．意音文字 C．字母文字 D．块形文字15．旧时称妻子为“贱内、拙荆、堂客”是一种A．爱称 B．敬称 C．贬称 D．面称16．区分语言研究的“共时研究"和“历时研究”的是A．黑格尔 B．索绪尔 C．施莱歇尔 D．鲍阿斯17．下面各个词语中，在普通话里必读轻声词的是A．薄礼 B．剥离 C．薄利 D．玻璃18．格律诗讲究平仄，这里的“平"指A．声调为平声 B．对仗要工整 C．诗意应平和 D．句式当平稳19．汉语中的“站、胡同、蘑菇”借自A．朝鲜语 B．满语 C．回语 D．蒙古语20．云南西双版纳的基诺族同时使用基诺语和汉语,这种现象属于A．语言的混合 B．语言的替代 C．语言的转用 D．语言的并存二、多项选择题：本大题共 5 小题,每小题 2 分,共 10 分.在每小题列出的备选项中至少有两项是符合题目要求的,请将其选出，错选、多选或少选均无分。

一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分)1．任意性是语言符号的重要特点之一，它指语言的声音和意义的联系是任意的，由社会约定俗成的，没有必然的本质的联系。

如“书”，汉语用[u]表示，英语用[buk]表示，别的语言又用别的语音形式，这就是语言的任意性。

2．义场就是一批意义上有共同特征的词聚合在一起形成的聚合体。

例如“爸爸、妈妈、哥哥、姐姐、舅舅、爷爷”等可以聚合在一起形成一个表示亲属的语义场。

1．聚合关系就是在语言结构的某一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用的符号之间的关系。

3．基丛本词汇就是一种语言词汇系统中居于核心地位的那部分词。

具有全民常用、稳固和构词能力强的特点。

4．单纯词就是由一个词根语素构成的词。

5．共同语就是在某一种方言基础上形成的一个国家或民族的通用语言1、音素：是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

2、语言是音义结合的符号系统，是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

1词汇：一种语言中所有词和成语等固定用语的总汇。

也指某作品或某一作家用语的总汇。

可分为基本词汇和一般词汇两大部分。

3语法范畴：几个相互对立而性质类似的语法意义聚合在一起，形成一个更为概括的类，就是语法范畴。

1．历时语言学。

专语语言学从纵的方面，研究语言发展的历史，观察其演变轨迹，例如汉语史、英语史等。

由于它从一个较长的时段研究语言，研究语言的发展动态，因此又叫历时语言学。

3．符号。

符号，就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。

4．语言的二层性。

第一，语言的结构二层性指语言是由音位层和由音义结合的符号序列层构成的装置。

第二，语言的底层是一套音位，语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分语素、词、句子三级。

第三，语言结构二层性的核心是以少驭多。

例如汉语的符号层有数千个语素，而这些语素又组成数十万条词，词又组成无穷无尽的句子。

例如语素"山"、"河"可以组成词语"山河、河山"，还可以和别的语素组成更多的词，如"山峰、山口、山里、山芋"等，词又可以进一步组成无限的句子。

语言学概论2018年10月1、语言相关论的基本观点是（A）语言决定思维2、下面各项中属于标准元音的是（A ）e3、年画中常常画鱼和莲花寄寓的意思是（C）连年有余4、正常情況下人出生时具有一定的语言能力，是因为大脑中存在（B）语言获得机制5、直接成分分析法的提出者是（D）布龙菲尔德6、人的大脑左半球前部受伤，患者可能出现的语言障得是（C）基本上不能说话7、《论语颜渊篇》：“政者，正也。

子帅以正，孰敢不正？说明在古人心目中，政治家的特点是A品行端正8、儿童最初的语言阶段叫（A）非自控阶段9、下面各项中与汉语有亲属关系的是（B）藏语10、”我妹妹爱打乒乓球＂的正确组合方式是（D）（（我＋妹妹）＋（爱＋（打＋乒兵球）））11、现代汉民族共同语的基础方言是（B）北方方言12、下面各项属于符号的是（D）表示禁止通行的红灯13、一种言语社团使用两种或两种以上语言的社会现象（C）双语现象14、中国传统的文字学、音韵学、训古学统称（D）小学15、机器翻译要确定＂1 am going to the bank＂意思是我要去银行＂而不是＂我要去河边＂，必须达到（D）语境平面翻译16、下面各项中表达间接言语行为的是（A）能把书借给我吗？17、财会人员所说的“呆账、坏账＂属于（C）行话18、下面各项中属于日耳曼语族的是（B）德语19、俗谚有＂一女不吃两家茶”之说这是因为（C）女子吃茶有定亲之义20、下面词语属于汉语外来词的是（B）袈裟名词解释：1、孤立语：孤立语没有丰富的形态变化，各种结构意义主要由词序和虚词等手段来体现。

2、语言借用：语言接触的过程中一种语言用了另一种语言的成分，就是语言借用现象，例如汉语中＂沙发”从英语借入的借词。

3、正迁移：如果母语的语言规则和第二语言规则是一致的，母语的语言规则对二语学习产生积极影响，被称为正迁移。

4、串对：对偶句的前后两句意义相连叫串对。

又叫做“流水对”如＂野火烧不尽，春风吹又生＂。

中南大学现代远程教育课程考试复习题及参考答案语言学概论一、填空题：1.双唇、浊、鼻音的国际音标是，舌面前、高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面前、半高、不圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是。

2.舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，齿间、浊、擦音的国际音标是__________，双唇、不送气、浊、塞音的国际音标是__________，舌尖中、送气、清、塞音的国际音标是。

3.根据发音特征描述，写出下列元音：舌面后半高圆唇元音是，舌面前低不圆唇元音是，舌面前高圆唇元音是。

4.汉语的七大方言是、、、、、、，其中是现代汉民族共同语的基础方言。

5.根据语素在词中的不同作用，把词根和词缀叫作语素，而把词尾叫作语素。

6.世界上的语言从语法结构角度来划分，一般可以分为四种类型，即：、、和复综语，汉语属于。

7. 是由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。

8. 和是语言发展的两个突出的特点。

9.研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫，词以下的规则叫。

10.语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是和。

11.语言符号的和是它的两大特点。

12.每个元音的音质是由、、三个方面的因素决定的。

舌位的高低，舌位的前后，嘴唇的圆展13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做。

14.一般说来，地域方言间的差别主要表现在上。

15.根据发音特点，音素可以分为和两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由充当的。

16.用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员。

17.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性。

18.几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，称为。

同一个句子表示几种不同的结构意义，称为。

19.语音的、、三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。

20.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是。

感谢同学们的帮助，2023年10月自考00541语言学概论真题及答案（回忆版）新鲜出炉。

如果有同学记得部分真题的话，也可以提供给乐昇学教育。

乐昇学教育会核对同学们给的2023年10月自考回忆版的真题，找到对应的答案，优先提供给对应的同学。

众人拾材火焰高，早估分，早做打算。

未雨绸缪我们可能不行，但是笨鸟先飞还是可以的哈。

因为时间仓促，如有遗漏或者错误的地方，欢迎同学们指正在此谢过了。

以下是“2023年10月自考00541语言学概论真题及答案（回忆版）”的具体内容。

2023年10月自考00541语言学概论真题及答案（回忆版）一、单项选择题：本大题共20 小题，每小题 1 分，共20分。

1.下列哪种语言是黏着语_维吾尔语2.从周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”来看，反映出远古就存在族外婚制度。

3.语言符号具有任意性。

4.她站在暗处不动，满身是耳朵，满身是嘴巴。

使用了夸张的修辞手法。

5.亲属语言之间存在语音对应关系。

6.下列使用了双关修辞的是春蚕到死丝方尽7.“模仿说”所依赖的理论基础是行为主义。

8.下列属于通用词的是书9.“红案、码洋、教案”都属于社会方言中的行话。

10.《说文解字》将汉字归入540个部首。

11.“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的反对。

12.汉语的官话是指北方方言。

13.中国古代第一部语言学专著是《尔雅》。

14.下列借自蒙古语的是胡同15.意大利文豪但丁使用的意大利方言是多斯岗方言。

16.下列属于施为句的是请把门关上。

17.打碎了碗碟，取谐音“岁岁（碎碎）平安”，是为了“讨口彩”。

18.最先区分语言研究的“共时研究”和“历时研究”的是索绪尔。

19.下列属于圆唇音的是[0]20.第二语言学习者建构起来的介于母语和目的语之间的过渡性语言系统叫做中介语。

二、名词解释题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。

21、语言符号的所指（乐昇学教育2023年10月自考00541语言学概论考前密训班考点4）乐昇学教育建议答案：语言符号的所指是语言符号中特定声音表示的意义。

2023年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：005411.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

2. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后，用2B 笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上一、单项选择题：本大题共20 小题，每小题1分，共20 分。

在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。

1、下面各项中属于黏着语的是A. 英语B. 维吾尔语C. 藏语D. 德语2、周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”，反映出远古存在的A. 族外婚制度B. 族内婚制度C. 群婚制度D. 一夫多妻制度3、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜”这句话意在说明语言符号的A. 有限性B. 无序性C. 任意性D. 能产性4、“她站在暗处不动，满身是耳朵，满身是嘴巴”采用的修辞手法是A. 仿拟B. 比喻C. 借代D. 夸张5、亲属语言之间存在A. 词汇对应关系B. 语法对应关系C. 语音对应关系D. 语义对应关系6、下面各项中采用了双关修辞手法的是A. 春风十里扬州路B. 春蚕到死丝方尽C. 春江水暖鸭先知D. 春色满园关不住7、“模仿说”用于解释儿童获得语言的途径时，所依赖的理论基础是A. 认知心理学B. 条件反射C. 刺激反应D. 行为主义8、下面各项中属于通用词的是A. 音位B. 粒子C. 幂D. 书9、“红案、码洋、教案”都属于社会方言中的A. 行话B. 黑话C. 隐语D. 子语10、《说文解字》将所收汉字归入A. 9353部首B. 540部首C. 214 部首D. 106 部首11、“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”属于对偶中的A. 正对B. 串对C. 反对D. 流水对12、汉语的官话是指A. 做官的人说的话B. 官方语言C. 北方方言D. 北京话13、中国古代第一部语言学专著是A. 《尔雅》B. 《玉篇》C. 《助字辨略》D. 《释名》14、下面各词中，借自蒙古语的是A. 香槟B. 罗汉C. 琵琶D. 胡同15、意大利文豪但丁进行作使用的是意大利A. 多斯岗方言B. 米兰方言C. 那不勒斯方言D. 罗马方言16、下面各项属于施为句的是A. 北京是双奥之城。

全国10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题及答案解析全国2018年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题课程代码：00541第⼀部分选择题⼀、单项选择题(本⼤题共26⼩题，每⼩题1分，共26分)在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.关于⼝语和书⾯语的关系，下列说明不正确的⼀项是( )A.任何⼀种语⾔总是先有⼝语，后有书⾯语B.书⾯语是第⼀性的，⼝语是第⼆性的C.在⼀个只有⼝语⽽没有书⾯语的社会中，社会交际存在着较⼤的局限D.书⾯语是经过加⼯、提炼和发展了的⼝语的书⾯形式2.区分“语⾔”和“⾔语”的主要⽬的是( )A.明确语⾔学的研究对象B.更好地研究书⾯语C.强调在社会环境中研究语⾔D.强调研究⾔语的个⼈特⾊3.⼆⼗世纪语⾔学在索绪尔语⾔理论的影响下，集中主要精⼒研究的是( )A.语⾔的历史演变B.语⾔和民族的关系C.语⾔和社会的关系D.语⾔系统本⾝的内在规律4.对⼈类语⾔⽽⾔，声⾳四要素中作⽤最重要的⼀个是( )A.⾳⾼B.⾳强C.⾳长D.⾳质5.下列各组中，都是前元⾳的⼀组是( )6.下列各组辅⾳中，发⾳部位相同的⼀组是( )A.[p,k]B.[n,b]C.[ts,s]D.[d,f]7.语⾳不同于⼀般声⾳的本质属性是( )A.物理属性B.社会属性C.⽣理属性D.⼼理属性8.常⽤语汇和⾮常⽤语汇主要是从下列哪个⾓度区分出来的( )A.词的使⽤场合B.词的专业特⾊C.词的使⽤频率D.词的历史来源9.汉语经常⽤四字格表⽰⽽且使⽤最多的熟语形式是( )A.成语B.谚语C.惯⽤语D.歇后语10.“最⼩的有意义的能独⽴使⽤的语⾔单位”是( )A.语素B.词C.词组D.字11.英语动词“唱”的原形是sing，过去时形式是sang，这在语法⼿段的词形变化中叫作( )A.附加B.屈折C.异根D.零形式12.英语句⼦“我看电视”有时写作I watch TV，有时写作I watched TV。

2017年10月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic r_______.2. I________ motivation refers to learners learning the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.3. The phonetic transcription, n______ transcription ,is normally used by phoneticians to give minute and detailed descriptions of speech sounds.4. The way that new words are coined from already existing words by “subtracting ” an affix thought to be part of the old word is called b_______.5. The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f_______.6. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t________ across generations.7. P______ is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.8. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart to let air go through without vibration, the sounds thus produced are v_________.9. The social group that is singled out for any special study is named as the s_______ community.10. According to N. Chomsky, c________ refers to the ideal u ser ’s knowledge of the rules of his language .11. P_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.12. The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.13. Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called f_____ aphasia.14. The c__________ view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.15. Lexical d________ task is a kind of experiment psycholinguistics employ to investigate lexical access.16. A theory which explicitly employs the notion “concept ”is the semantic t________ proposed by Ogden and Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning.17. Clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.18. Since there are often intermediate forms between the two members of an antonymous pair, so they are called g________ antonyms.19. S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.20. A t_______ experiment is a technique that is used to study the determinants of sentence processing difficulty.II. Multiple choice(15%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This meansthat phonemes,_______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed , added , lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterance22. The consonant [ f ] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features :A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced , bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative23.The study of language as a whole is often called ______.A. universal linguisticsB. common linguisticsC. prescriptive linguisticsD. general linguistics24.In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”，the arrow can be read as _______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates25.The illocutionary point of _____is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressives D declarations26.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.F. Halliday27._____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social28.While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same word may have more than one meaning. This kind of words are called _________.A. polysemic wordsB. homographsC. homonymsD. synonyms29.The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative30.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher ____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century.A. M.A.F. HallidayB. L. Bloomfield C . J. Searle D. J. Austin31.If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language ,it is said to be _______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic32.In the case of spit, the consonant [ p ] is said to be _____.A. aspiratedB. voicedC. unaspiratedD. unprounceable33.What the element “-es ” indicates is third person singular ,present tense ,the element “-ed ” past tense, and “-ing ”progressive aspect .Since they are the smallest units of language and meaningful ,they are also _______.A. phonemesB. phonesC. allophonesD. morphemes34.Synoymous are classified into several kinds .This kind to which ‘girl ’ and‘lass ’ belong is called ___ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational35.In a speech community People have something in common _____: a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it..A.sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmaticallyIII. True of false judgement (20%)36. The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops .37. A creole is said to be formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community ,and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language .38. Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them down the garden path to a wrong direction .39. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish two words .40. Register refers to the type of utterance which is selected as appropriate to the type oftypology .41. Phonology studies the functioning of the speech sounds.42. Predication analysis was proposed by the British linguist J. Searle to analyze the meaning of utterance .43. Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles since they help make more precise the meaning of the head and mark a phrase boundary.44. Different language offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.45. Metacognitive strategies deal with the wayside learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native .IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)46. derivational morpheme47. IPA( International Phonetic Alphabet)48. cultural transmission49. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure50. The naming theoryV. Essay question (20%)51. According to Austin ,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance ? Give an example.1.repertoire2. Intrinsic3. narrow4. back-formation5.features6. transmission7.Phonology8.voiceless9.speech petence11.Parole 12.context 13. fluent 14. contextualist 15.dicision16. triangle 17. complementary 18. gradable 19. Sense 20.timed-reading21. C 22. B 23.D 24. B 25.C 26.C 27.C 28. A 29.B 30.D31.B 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.B36.T 37.T 38.F 39.T 40.F 41.T 42. F 43. T 44.T 45. F46. Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach.47. I t is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.48. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct49. The first, formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization properties ,is called deep stmcture. The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure50. One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.51. locutionary act ------the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely .,the act of saying something :the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.(言内行为指的是用句子来叙述，报告，描写。

自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。

2017年广东省高考英语试卷选择题：I have ________ interesting book to read.A. aB. anC. theD. no article neededShe ________ to the party last night.A. goesB. wentC. goD. goingThe teacher asked the students ________ quiet during the exam.A. beB. beingC. to beD. beenI ________ my homework when the phone rang.A. doB. didC. doingD. done________ you ever been to Paris?A. DoB. DidC. AreD. HaveShe ________ her keys. Can you help her find them?A. losesB. lostC. loseD. losingI'm not sure ________ he will come to the party.A. ifB. whetherC. thatD. becauseThe concert was ________ than I expected.A. goodB. betterC. bestD. well________ you finish your homework, you can go out and play.A. IfB. WhenC. UnlessD. Because填空题：I ________ to the store to buy some milk.She ________ her sister yesterday.The weather is ________ today.I ________ my keys. Can you help me find them?________ you ever been to New York City?He ________ his homework when the phone rang.I'm not sure ________ he will come to the party.The movie was ________ than I expected.________ you finish your work, you can go home.She ________ her keys. Can you help her find them?I ________ to the gym every day.。

英语语言学试题(2)及答案-2002年1月英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ .A. Jacob GrimmB. Rasmus RaskC. Franz BoppD. Sir William Jones3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___.A. unusualB. something to be fearedC. abnormalD. natural4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible.A. Broca's aphasicB. The linguistic deprivationC. The damage on the angular gyrusD. Wernicke's aphasic5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___A. They cannot pronounce/n/B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongueC. The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds6. A word with several meanings is called __word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.A. usageB. grammarC. pronunciationD. structure9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.A. Linguistic geographyB. LexicologyC. LexicographyD. Sociolinguistics10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human,-adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, -male, +human,-adultD. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command.12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________.13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently.15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。