学术论文书写(二)
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The Abstract-A Summary of the Entire Report
An abstract must be a complete , concise distillation of the full report , and , as
such , should always be written last.It should include a brief (one sentence)
introduction to the subject ,a statement of the problem , highlights of the results
( quantitative , if possible),and major conclusions . It must stand alone without
citing figures or tables . A concise ,clear approach is essential ,since most
Abstracts are less than 250 words.
The introduction-Why Did You Do What You Did ?
An Introduction generally identifies the subject of the report , provides the
necessary background information including appropriate literature review，and ,
in general , provides the reader with a clear rationale for the work described .
The Introduction does not contain results, and generally does not contain
equations .
Analysis-What Does Theory Have to Say ?
An analysis section describes a proposed theory or a descriptive model .It does
not contain results,nor should extreme mathematical details be
provided .Sufficient detail (mathematical or otherwise) should be provided for
the reader to clearly understand the assumptions associated with a theory or
model .
Experimental Procedure-What Did You Measure and How ?
The experimental Procedure section is intended to describe how experimental
results were obtained .As a rule of thumb ,provide sufficient details to allow the
experiment to be conducted by someone else If a list of equipment is included
in the report , there should be a table in the body of the report,or should be
placed in an appendix.
Results and Discussion-So What Did You Find ?
Results of your work must be presented ,as well as discussed ,in this section of
the report .Data must be interpreted to be useful to most readers.When
presenting your results remember that even though you are usually writing to
an experienced technical audience , what may be clear to you may not be obvious to the reader.Assuming too much knowledge can be a big mistake , so
explain your results even if it seems unnecessary .If you can't figure them
out ,say so ,"The mechanism is unclear and we are continuing to examine this
phenomenon ."Often the most important vehicles for the clear presentation of
results are figures and tables. Each of the figures and tables should be
numbered and have a descriptive title .
Conclusions-What Do I Now Know ? The Conclusion section is where you should concisely restate your answer to
the question :"What do I know now？"It is not a place to offer new facts , nor
should it contain another rendition of experimental results or rationale
Conclusions should be clearly and concise statements of the important findings
of a particular study ；most conclusions require some quantitative aspect to be
useful .
appendixes are the final elements in formal reports that contain supplemental
information or information that is too detailed and technical to fit well into the
body of the report or that some readers need and others do not.the recent trend
in formal reports has been to place highly technical or statistical information in
appendixes for those readers who are interested in such material.
