Unit5文献阅读与翻译第5章资料

Unit 5单元五Everyday Cruelty日常残忍Last week, I found myself worrying less about problems of world politics, and national crime上周,我发现自己担心世界政治的问题有关的少,国家犯罪and more about smaller evils. I came home one day with a bad taste in my mouth, the kind I小多源。

我回家的时候,有一天在一个糟糕的滋味,是那种我get whenever I witness the little cruelties that people inflict on each other. On this每当我看到得到小残酷的,人们给对方。

在这particular day, I had seen three especially mean-spirited things happen.一天,我看到三个特别是卑鄙的事情发生。

I first thought about mean-spirited people as I walked from the bus stop to the office where我第一次想到人们卑鄙,当我走离公共汽车站到办公室去哪里I work. I make this walk every day, and it's my first step away from the comforts of home我的工作。

我每天步行,这是我的第一步家里的舒适and into the tensions of the city. For me, a landmark on the route is a tiny patch of ground和城市的紧张关系。

对我来说,一个里程碑一小片路径的层面甚广that was once strewn with rubbish and broken glass. The city is trying to make a "pocket曾是到处是垃圾和碎玻璃。

从经济学家身上得到的教训经济学是一门忧郁的学科：所以说有很多嘲笑这门学科的智力优点的人。

多数的批判家来自于“纯科学家”或者“合理科学家”——包括物理学家，化学家和生物学家。

现在，经济学当然有它的缺点。

但是经济学家用来接近并描述世界的方式，以及经济学家是怎样向其他人证实的，这些是纯科学家应该学习的。

经济学自身存在不正确和含糊的东西。

关于过去事件可靠数据的缺失使得对最基本的经济变量的精确测量几乎成为不可能，例如国家的出口总量，消费者支出途径，通货膨胀。

如果经济学家对于现在正在进行的事模糊不清，那么他们对于未来甚至更加不确定。

由于一般的测量困难，以及未知的事件，例如战争或者自然灾害，经济预测总是错误的，有时存在较大的误差范围。

对于经济理论，他们大多数是根据流行趋势来改变，允许经济学家在理论和流行之间轻松转变，有时又会同时持有几种对立的观点。

科学家之间的对立不能再明显了。

经济学家的贸易工具是混乱的数据，松散的理论和拖沓的因果关系方法，这个因果关系方法是指A，B，C之间的一套交互作用可能导致结论Z （仅仅通过一个迂回的路径使得P，Q，R之间的路径改短）。

科学家用一个更加现实的方式看待世界，要求一系列的死板的理论和基于艰苦的实验观察的数据。

但是经济学家已经能够利用含糊不清的东西，而这些含糊不清的东西是用来打击他们的优势的。

通过专注于概括问题的结论和交流这些结论，以使得与他们接触的特殊的兴趣群体能够明白理解。

经济学家已经能够把他们自己变成一种影响。

科学家做的就更加不好了，他们只是专注于问题的本质而不是结论或者政策的描述。

所有的这一切都解释了（至少在英国式这样的）经济学家这一类人为什么在过去的20年，在更加专业的领域比科学家更成功。

我们来看看英国政府的首席科学顾问和首席经济学家。

在第一种职务中，比尔斯图尔特只有很薄弱的权力基础，只能给很多政府部门提供最低限度的科学建议。

第二种职务把在职者带到政府决策组织的中心，并和很多做重要决定的部长有了接触，找出如何把英国更好运行的方法。

The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。

这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。

同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hypeand ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。

研究生新阶英语阅读unit5参考译文Text A我辉煌的临时工作１克里斯汀·伯吉文推迟寻找工作并为此感到骄傲。

1996年，从南加州大学毕业时，她不想身穿套装、脚蹬高跟鞋成为公司的奴隶。

相反，她花了200美元购买了赴英国工作的许可证和一张飞机票，在国外辛苦工作了六个月。

她先是在伦敦的塞尔弗里吉百货公司销售高科技小装置，然后在爱丁堡的一家酒馆当了一段酒吧侍者。

“起初我很担心我会把工作搞砸”，伯吉文说，“但是我发现我几乎可以应付一切，甚至于做外币预算。

从此以后，在这儿找工作就易如反掌了。

”2大约有十分之一的应届毕业生会推迟“真正”的工作而寻找一个临时的职位。

最近几年，这些数字变化不大，但原因却改变了很多。

不久前，由于经济衰退，这些延期找工作的学生只是短时间地干一段临时性工作。

现在大多数人故意推迟几个月甚至两三年才开始工作的磨炼。

他们充满自信，认为等他们准备好时就业市场会欢迎他们,因此他们会找有吸引力的临时工作来做。

大约有60%的大学生毕业时都背负着学生贷款，因此10年借款偿还开始前的6个月的时间给许多人提供了“最后一次游乐的时机”。

《忙里偷闲》的合著者之一朗·莱伯这样写道。

这里，机遇向你招手，危险也潜伏其中。

3遗憾的是，你来晚了。

首先是不好的消息。

大学毕业后延期找工作会产生严重后果，而这不只是影响到你的父母。

在商业和金融领域，延期找工作的学生也许会失去那些受尊敬的并且报酬丰厚的工作。

北卡罗来纳州立大学教会山分校的就业服务中心主任玛西亚·哈里斯提醒说，比如经纪公司的初级金融分析师的职位是专为应届毕业生预留的。

六个月的拖延完全可能把申请人从此淘汰出局。

或许，在你离开时，工作机会比比皆是；但当你回来时，就业市场却冷冷清清。

力求追上别人可能是延期找工作的同学的另一种困境。

临时酒吧招待，现年24岁的洛杉矶公关职员伯吉文估计在薪金和工作职责方面都落后于她的同学一年左右的时间。

4最高尚的延期方式是拯救世界。

谢谢你，女士她是一个高大的女人，手里拿着手提包，手提包中除了铁锤和钉子什么都有。

手提包上有一根长长的带子，她就把它悬挂在肩膀上背着。

已经是大约晚上11点钟了，外面很黑，她独自一个人走着，突然一个男孩从她身后跑过来竭力地抢她的手提包。

男孩突然从后面一拉带子就断了。

但是男孩的体重和手提包的重量加在一起使他失去了平衡。

男孩并没有像他希望的那样很快的离开，而是摔倒在人行道上腿都翘了起来。

那个高大的女人仅仅是转过身来，结结实实地揍了他穿着蓝色牛仔裤的屁股。

然后她伸手拽着男孩的衬衫领把他从地上拉起来，一直摇晃他直到他的牙齿格格作响。

之后那个女人说：“小男孩，把钱包捡起来给我。

”她仍然紧紧地抓着他。

但是她尽量地弯腰允许男孩俯身捡起她的钱包。

然后她说：“难道现在你对于你自己不感到羞愧吗？被紧紧抓着衬衫，男孩说：“是的，女士。

”那个女人又问：“你为什么这么做？”男孩回答：“我不是故意的。

”女人：“你撒谎！”此时已有几个人路过，停下回头甚至驻足观看。

“如果我放开你，你会跑走吗？”女人问。

“我会，女士。

”男孩回答。

“那我还是抓着你吧，”女人说，她并没有松开男孩。

“女士，非常抱歉，”男孩低声说。

“嗯哼！你的脸脏了，我仁慈点帮你洗脸吧，难道你家里没有人提醒你洗一下脸吗？”“没有...”男孩说。

“你的脸今晚就得洗”那高大的女人说完，就开始拖着她身后被吓坏的男孩走在街上。

男孩穿着牛仔裤网球鞋，看上去只有十四五岁，却显得羸弱邋遢。

女人说，“你应该成为我的孩子，我会教你明辨是非的，至少现在能帮你洗下脸。

你饿不饿？”“不，女士”这个被抓住的男孩说道。

“我只是希望你能够放开我让我离开”“在我转过那个拐角的时候我招惹你了吗？”女人问道。

“没有，女士。

”“是你自己主动来招惹我，”女人说道。

“如果你认为，惹了我可以就这么算了，那你还是再想想吧。

这件事了了以后，先生，你就会记住我卢尔拉﹒贝茨﹒华盛顿﹒琼斯女士了。

”汗突然从这个男孩的脸上流下，他开始挣扎。

带插头的毒品：电视和美国家庭（第一部分）在电视机这项发明进入美国人生活的25年后，它已经在人们的生活中根深蒂固，甚至美国至少有一个州的法律规定电视机是生活的必需品，而且如果负债，它可以和衣物、厨具等一样可免于作为财产抵押，并且看电视也成为人们生活中非常普遍甚至不可避免的活动。

只有在电视机进入人们生活的最初几年，作家和评论家们才有充分的洞察力可以将看电视这种活动本身和电视给我们提供的内容分开。

在哪些早期的日子里，作家们经常讨论电视对家庭生活的影响。

不过，奇怪的是，缺乏远见困扰着那些早期的观察家们：他们几乎无一例外地认为电视给家庭生活带来了非常正面的，有益的影响，而且这种影响简直非常奇妙。

早在1947年就有作家预言：“电视机将成为有孩子的每一个家庭的意向真正的财产。

”另一位评论家也声称：“电视将改变你的生活方式和你孩子的生活习惯，但是这种改变肯定是一种非常奇妙的进步。

”1949年，《纽约时报》电视评论家做出这样的评论：“无需调查我们就可以得出这样的结论：电视使家庭成员聚集到了一个房间。

”早期这些关于电视的文章每一篇都会刊登这样的照片或者插图：一家人舒适地围坐在电视机前，女儿坐在妈妈的腿上，男孩靠在爸爸的椅子扶手上，爸爸的手臂环绕着妈妈的肩。

谁会想到大约二十年后会是这样的结果：妈妈在厨房看电视剧，孩子们在自己的房间看动画片，而爸爸却在客厅里看球赛。

当然，在早期的时候，电视机的价格十分昂贵，到1975年百分之六十以上的美国家庭会拥有两台以上的电视机的想法在当时看来简直太荒谬了。

拥有多台电视机所导致的家庭分裂状况是早期的作家所没有预见的。

也没有人能够想象出孩子们最终花费在看电视上的时间会是多少，家长们会经常将看电视作为安抚孩子的手段，电视对于孩子的抚养方式又有多大的影响，孩子的家庭生活越来越多被看电视所主宰——总而言之，没有人能想象得到这一新的媒介支配家庭生活的强大力量。

后来，随着孩子看电视的时间的增加，家长们对于过多地看电视到底会给孩子带来怎样的影响表现出越来越多的忧虑。

UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。

它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。

尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。

此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。

Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。

Poverty, Development and Environment文章逻辑：一开始开篇点题提出观点：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源来维持生计，并且随着人口在增加而资源在减少，人口和资源就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾。

而且随着人们对自然资源的开发，自然资源日益匮乏，其中就有红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林三个例子，然后最后再提出建议如何改善贫困地区的人们的生活，如何帮助其脱贫。

文章中关系：这里面的关系是：农业生产产值为GDP的增加贡献了最多的部分，而产业结构中农业独大，制造业工业不强，导致农业生产效率低，并且制造业不发达无法提供足够就业岗位让贫穷地区的人民去从事非农就业。

然后发展，其实就是对应的经济发展嘛，经济发展缓慢，所以农业利用效率不高，所以一方面人们很贫穷，而贫穷又没法去从事非农就业，只能从事农业，而由于农业生产过度依赖自然资源，所以又对自然资源造成极大的压力，效率又不高，农业产值在国民经济产值占比高。

然后就是这种循环，原因还是农业生产效率低，又缺少制造业产业链行业，经济发展缓慢，所以最后提出建议，要加大基础设施，卫生医疗和教育的投资，人力资本投资，解决人们对无法便捷获得贷款、交易成本贵，不能从事制造业的问题，提高制造业在国民经济中的占比，提高农业效率。

文章结构：第1段—第2段：introduction，说明了全文的背景：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源维持生计，而人口增加和资源减少就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾；第3段—第7段：current situation，一开始说明发展中国家的主要生态系统包括红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林已经开始消亡，然后分别介绍红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林流域的现状及其原有的功能；第8段—第12段：suggestions，针对前面说明的现状，提出可行的两种建议，可以直接对贫困地区的人们进行补偿以避免开发，其次是针对贫困地区进行投资，聚焦长期结构性提升贫困地区的基础设施和人力资本情况；第一段：提出本文的主题：发展中国家的人口直接依赖自然资源，并且农业产值在GDP中占有相当大的比重，绝大部分劳动力也是从事农业资源型活动，但是随着人口越来越多和资源越来越少，这样产生了矛盾。

UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。

它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。

尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。

此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。

Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。

The Story of a Corporation公司传奇Campbell Soup Company is one of the largest manufacturers of prepared foods, especially canned soups,canned spaghetti, and blended vegetable juice. The following is its story.金宝汤公司是最大的生产即时食物的公司之一，尤其是灌装汤，意大利面罐头和混合蔬菜汁，以下就是这个故事。

In 1869, Ulysses S. Grant was sworn into the Presidency and the last stake was driven into the transcontinental railroad. That same year, two men— a fruit merchant named Joseph Campbell and an icebox manufacturer named Abraham Anderson — shook hands in Camden, New Jersey, to form a business that would one day become one of the most recognized in the world and serve as a symbol of Americana: Campbell Soup Company. Originally called the Joseph A. Campbell Preserve Company, the business produced canned tomatoes, vegetables, jellies, soups, condiments, and minced meats. In 1897, a major milestone occurred when Arthur Dorrance, the general manager of the company, reluctantly hired his 24-year-old nephew to join the company. Dr. John T. Dorrance, a chemist who had trained in Europe, was so determined to join Campbell that he agreed to pay for laboratory equipment out of his own pocket and accept a token salary of just $7.50 per week.1869年，格兰特•尤利西兹宣布就职总统，横穿大陆的铁路通车。

Unit5课文翻译课文AWill you be a worker or a laborer?你想做工作者还是劳役者？1.一个人要想真正快乐，必须觉得自己既自由又重要。

如果觉得自己是受社会逼迫而做自己不喜欢的工作，或者自己喜欢的工作被认为没价值或不重要而遭社会忽视，那他绝不会快乐。

在一个奴隶制度严格说来已经被废除的社会里，工作的社会含义、工作的价值和薪水，已经把许多劳役者降格为现代奴隶——“薪奴”。

2.如果人们的工作对自己有负面的影响，但为了遵从社会的期望或者挣钱养家糊口而被迫必须继续工作，那么他们就被认为是劳役者。

劳役的对立面是玩乐。

当我们玩游戏时，我们很享受正在做的事情，但这仅仅是个人娱乐。

社会对我们何时玩乐或者是否玩乐并不关心。

3.处于劳役和玩乐之间的就是工作。

如果人们的个人兴趣跟社会付酬让他们做的工作相吻合，他们就被称为工作者。

社会上看来一定是苦工的事情对个人来说却是自在的玩乐活动。

一份活到底应定为工作还是劳役并不取决于其本身，而是承担这份活的个人感受。

比如，二者的区别与是体力活还是脑力活或尊严的高低没有关联。

温室里满身尘土的园丁可能是工作者，而衣冠楚楚的市长则可能是一个不开心的劳役者！4.人们对自己工作的态度决定了一切。

对工作者而言，闲暇只是为了更有效地工作而需要放松休息的时间。

因此，工作者更倾向于投入更多的时间工作，而花在休闲上的时间并非很多，而是很少。

而对劳役者而言，休闲意味着从被迫状态中得到自主。

因此，他们自然会想，花在劳作上的时间越少，自在玩乐的时间越多，则越好。

5.除了花在闲暇上的时间不同，工作者和劳役者的区别还在于他们从工作中获得的个人满足感不同。

工作者喜欢自己的工作，感觉更快乐，更轻松，通常对自己的生活更满意。

他们工作起来也会更勤奋，更精细，因为他们对自己的工作已经产生了一种自豪感。

相反，由于劳役者的唯一动力是挣生活费，他们觉得每天花在苦差上的时间是一种浪费，不会让自己快乐。

Unit 5注册过程很简单。

从版权局请求适当的表格并完成它。

将它退还给版权局，以及20美元不可退款的申请费和要求注册的作品的适当存款。

在一个常见的例子—一本出版的书—存款是该书的最好的版本的2份。

版权局在完成文书工作时发送注册证书，这个过程通常需要12至16周，因为办公室必须处理大量的注册。

第一部现代版权法是由英国在1709年颁布的。

在美国，国会在1790年通过第一部国家版权法案。

大多数国家都有版权法，涵盖了在国内或国外创作的原作品。

在美国国会图书馆的版权局主要是对管理版权法负责。

版权保护了许多作品，包括文学作品，音乐作品，戏剧作品的选择，舞蹈，摄影，绘画，雕塑，图表，广告，地图，电影，广播和电视节目，录音，在美国，（也包括）计算机软件程序。

为了受版权保护，必须要以有形形式建立：它必须被写下来，记录，或者公共演出。

专利是用来保护一个程序、产品或者设备的发明者。

商标是用来保护标识制造商的产品。

一般而言，在联邦法院版权侵权会作为民事诉讼处理。

如果侵权成立，版权人有几个补救措施。

法院可以下达停止继续侵权的禁令；销毁盗版复制品；偿还对版权拥有者所招致的任何经济损失；由于盗版复制品的出售造成的利润减少；以及固定赔偿每个盗版产品造成的损失（通常在500美元和20000美元之间），以及诉讼费和律师费。

在版权案中。

对于故意侵犯版权利益的行为可判处监禁的刑事处罚或者罚款。

版权侵权衡量尺度的例外情况已被合理使用，允许受版权保护的材料在一定目的下可被复制，如批评，评论，教学和研究。

在决定是否使用属于合理使用的例外情况，使用目的和使用对原作品的价值造成的影响这些因素必须要考虑。

合理使用的例子包括从书本，诗歌摘录；或用来（以）说明、（或）评论为目的的关键审查播放；引用在学术或技术书籍的段落，来说明或澄清笔者的观点；模仿作品的一部分；演讲或文章的概括总结，新闻报道的引用；老师或学生出于教学目的对作品的部分进行复制。

由于美国政府创作的作品不能被版权保护，其中许多由美国政府印刷局发行的出版物材料可以被复制而无须担心侵权。

Unit 5Science and the Scientific AttitudeScience is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, they began to know nature and, because of nature's dependability, found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings.Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature -- when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order -- when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas. Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and supernatural forces, they now had science to guide them. Advance was slow, however, because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas.In about 1510 Copernicus suggested that the sun was stationary and that the earth revolved about the sun. He refuted the idea that the earth was the center of the universe. After years of hesitation, he published his findings but died before his book was circulated. His book was considered heretical and dangerous and was banned by the Church for 200 years. A century after Copernicus, the mathematician Bruno was burned at the stake -- largely for supporting Copernicus, suggesting the sun to be a star, and suggesting that space was infinite. Galileo was imprisoned for popularizing the Copernican theory and for his other contributions to scientific thought. Yet a couple of centuries later, Copernican advocates seemed harmless.This happens age after age. In the early 1800s geologists met with violent condemnation because they differed with the Genesis account of creation. Later in the same century, geology was safe, but theories of evolution were condemned and the teaching of them forbidden. This most likely continues. "At every crossway on the road that leads to the future, each progressive spirit is opposed by a thousand men appointed to guard the past." Every age has one or more groups of intellectual rebels who are persecuted, condemned, or suppressed at the time; but to a later age, they seem harmless and often essential to the elevation of human conditions.The enormous success of science has led to the general belief that scientists have developed and ate employing a "method" - a method that is extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. Galileo, famous scientist of the 1600s, is usuallycredited with being the "Father of the Scientific Method." His method is essentially as follows:1. Recognize a problem.2. Guess an answer.3. Predict the consequences of the guess.4. Perform experiments to test predictions.5. Formulate the simplest theory organizes the three main ingredients: guess, prediction, experimental outcome.Although this cookbook method has a certain appeal, to has not been the key to most of the breakthroughs and discoveries in science. Trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, and other methods account for much of the progress in science. Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation, and humility before the facts. If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counterevidence whatever, the idea is either modified or abandoned. In the scientific spirit, the idea must be modified or abandoned in spite of the reputation of the person advocating it. As an example, the greatly respected Greek philosopher Aristotle said that falling bodies fall at a speed proportional to their weight. This false idea was held to be true for more than 2,000 years because of Aristotle's immense authority. In the scientific spirit, however, a single verifiable experiment to the contrary outweighs any authority, regardless of reputation or the number of followers and advocates.Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see -- for humanity's capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to "change out minds." Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones.Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium onhonesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable -- they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. For example, if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a stepping-stone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable -- if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as "unscientific." This has the long-run effect of compelling honesty - findings widely publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. Sooner or later, mistake (and lies) are bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists.科学与科学态度科学是关于自然的知识主体，代表了人类集体的努力，洞察力，新发现和智慧。

UNIT 5 Sociology Mattersis the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic ,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。

它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。

尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。

此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。

Cultural universals文化共性societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。

The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了"拯救地球〞这一说法,他都是一位公共关系方面的天才.这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识,也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标.同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实,这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗.Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hype and ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言,我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情.我们已明智地抑制了增长中所出现的一些有害的副作用,但是环境保护论却越来越像一场沉缅于狂热的宣传与对历史一无所知的圣战.每一由环境问题引发的不幸都被描绘成一场势不可挡的灾难.这场灾难如不加以制止,正像我们所知晓的那样,就会摧毁生命.Take the latest scare: the greenhouse effect. We' re presented with the horrifying specter of a world that incinerates itself.Act now, or sizzle later. Food supplies will wither. Glaciers will melt. Coastal areas will flood. In fact, the probable losses from any greenhouse warming are modest: 1 to 2 percent of our economy's output by the year 2050, estimates economist William Cline.The loss seems even smaller compared with the expected growth of the economy <a doubling> over the same period.以最近出现的恐慌——温室效应——为例.展现在我们面前的是一个自我焚毁、可怕的幽灵般的世界.即刻行动,否则世界将咝咝烧焦.食品供应即将枯竭.冰川即将溶化.沿海地区即将淹没.事实上,任何温室热效应可能造成的损失都是有限的：经济学家威廉·克莱恩估计,到2050年只占我们经济产出的1%到2%.与预想的同期经济增长<翻一番>相比,这一损失更显得微不足道.No environmental problem threatens the "planet" or rates with the danger of a nuclear war.No oil spill ever caused suffering on a par with today's civil war in Yugoslavia, which isa minor episode in human misery. World WarⅡleft more than35 million dead. Cambodia's civil war resulted in 1 million to 3 million deaths.The great scourges of humanity remain what they have always been: war, natural disaster, oppressive government, crushing poverty and hate. On any scale of tragedy, environmental distress is a featherweight.没有任何环境问题威胁这颗"星球〞,任何环境问题无法用核战争所带所来的危害来衡量.任何石油溢出造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战——它不过是人类苦难中的一段小插曲——相比拟.第二次世界大战导致 3 500 多万人死亡.柬埔寨内战导致100至300万人死亡.人类的巨大祸患一如既往：战争、自然灾害、暴虐政府、极度的贫困与仇恨.在悲剧的任何尺度上,环境问题造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛.This is not an argument for indifference or inaction. It is an argument for perspective and balance. You can believe <as I do> that the possibility of greenhouse warming enhances an already strong case for an energy tax.A tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports, cut the budget deficit and promote energy efficient investments that make economic sense.这并非在为漠不关心或无动于衷进行辩解,这是在为前途和平衡而进行辩论.你可以相信<像我那样>,温室热效应的可能性强化了已具说服力的征缴能源税的理由.税收会抑制通常的空气污染,限制石油进口,减少预算赤字并提高具有经济意义的能效投入.But it does not follow that anyone who disagrees with me is evil or even wrong.On the greenhouse effect, for instance, there‘s ample scientific doubt over whether warming will occur and, if so, how much. Moreover, the warming would occur over decades. People and businesses could adjust. To take one example: farmers could shift to more heat-resistant seeds.但这并非意味着同我观点相悖的人就是居心叵测,或甚至是错误的.例如,就温室效应而言,热效应是否会发生,如果发生,其程度如何,对这类问题还存在大量的科学疑问.此外,热效应的发生需几十年的时间.人与行业可以进行调整.举一例：农民可改用更为耐热的种子.Unfortunately, the impulse of many environmentalists is to vilify and simplify. Critics of environmental restrictions are portrayed as selfish and ignorant creeps.Doomsday scenarios are developed to prove the seriousness of environmental dangers. Cline‘s recent greenhouse study projected warming 250 years into the future. Guess what, it increases sharply. This is anabsurd exercise akin to predicting life in 1992 at the time of the French and Indian War <1754～1763>.遗憾的是,许多环境保护论者感情用事,搞中伤和将事情简单化.环境限制法的批评者被描绘为自私自利、愚昧无知的小人.创作出了有关世界末日的电影剧本以证实环境危险的严重性.克莱恩最近对温室效应的研究展现了热效应在今后250年间的变化.猜猜吧,结果是什么?它在急剧增长.这就类似于一种在法印战争〔1754~1763〕时期预言1992的生活的无稽之谈.The rhetorical overkill is not just innocent excess. It clouds our understanding. For starters, it minimizes the great progress that has been made, especially in industrialized countries. In the United States, air and water pollution have dropped dramatically.Since 1960, particulate emissions <soot, cinders> are down by 65 percent. Lead emissions have fallen by 97 percent since 1970. Smog has declined in most cities.大谈特谈过多的伤亡并非过分的无知,它混淆人们的视听.对工业刚起步的国家来说,它低估了特别是工业化国家已取得的巨大成就.在美国,空气与水污染已得到显著缓解.自1960年以来,微颗粒物排放量〔煤灰、煤渣〕已下降65%.自1970年以来,铅排放量已降低97%.在大多数城市中,烟雾已减少.What's also lost is the awkward necessity for choices. Your environmental benefit may be my job. Not every benefit is worth having at any cost.Economists estimate that environmental regulations depress the economy's output by 2.6 to 5 percent, or about $150 billion to $290 billion. <Note: this is larger than the estimated impact of global warming.> For that cost, we've lowered health risks and improved our surroundings. But some gains are small compared with the costs. And some costs are needlessly high because regulations are rigid.同时我们也受到损失.这就是必须进行棘手的选择.你在环保方面所得到的好处也许就是我应尽的义务.并非每种利益都值得不惜任何代价而求之.经济学家估计,环境法规使经济产出下降2.6%至5%,或 1 500亿至2 900亿美元〔注：这一数字大于全球热效应的估计影响〕.我们用这一代价的确减轻了给身体所带来的危害,并且改善了我们的环境.但是,有些却得不偿失,而且由于法规的刻板僵化而使得一些代价毫无必要地上升.Balance: The worst sin of environmental excess is its bias against economic growth. The cure for the immense problems of poor countries usually lies with economic growth. A recent report from the World Bank estimates that more than 1 billion people lack healthy water supplies and sanitary facilities.Theresult is hundreds of millions of cases of diarrhea annually and the deaths of 3 million children <2 million of which the World Bank judges avoidable>. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.平衡：过份夸大环境作用的最大罪过是对经济增长所执的偏见.解决贫困国家所存在的大量问题通常与经济增长息息相关.世界银行最近的一份报告估计, 10亿多人缺少健康用水和卫生设施.其结果是每年成千百万人患痢疾,并导致三百万儿童死亡〔世界银行认为,其中200万人可以免于死亡〕.国家只有变得富裕起来才能改变这些状况.Similarly, wealthier societies have both the desire and the income to clean their air and water. Advanced nations have urban-air-pollution levels only a sixth that of the poorest countries. Finally, economic growth tends to reduce high birthrates, as children survive longer and women escape traditional roles.与此同理,较富庶的国家既具有愿望也具有财政收入来静化空气和用水,发达国家的城市空气污染仅为贫穷国家的六分之一.最终,经济增长将降低高的出生率,因为儿童寿命延长了,妇女也摆脱了传统的角色.Yes, we have environmental problems. Reactors in the former Soviet Union pose safety risks. Economic growth and theenvironment can be at odds. Growth generates carbon dioxide emissions and causes more waste. But these problems are not - as environmental rhetoric implies - the main obstacles to sustained development. The biggest hurdle is inept government. Inept government fostered unsafe reactors. Inept government hampers food production in poor countries by, say, preventing farmers from earning adequate returns on their crops.的确,我们存在环境问题.前苏联的反应堆给安全造成威胁.经济增长与环境会发生矛盾.增长产生二氧化碳排放物,并且造成更多的废弃物.但是这些问题并不像环境保护论者夸夸其谈的那样,是持续发展的主要障碍.最大的障碍是无能的政府.无能的政府培育出无安全保障的反应堆.在贫穷的国家,无能的政府,比如说,通过限止农民从其作物中获得适当的利润,阻碍食品生产.By now, everyone is an environmentalist. But the label is increasingly meaningless, because not all environmental problems are equally serious and even the serious ones need to be balanced against other concerns. Environmentalism should hold the hype. It should inform us more and frighten us less.到现在为止,人人都是环境保护论者,但是这种说法越来越没有意义,因为并非一切环境问题都同样严重,甚至即使那些严重的环境问题也需要同其他利害关系来均衡考虑.环境保护论应当终止那种刺激性宣传.它应当给予我们更多一些信息,更少一些恐吓.Supplementary ReadingJAKARTA - Planet Earth was battered by floods, drought and fire in 1997, a year which ended with the world's major polluters squabbling over ways to prevent further environmental disaster.The 160 nations attending a UN conference on global warming, billed as one of the most vital ever held, finally reached a consensus on cutting greenhouse gas emissions through the next decade.The climate was dominated in the latter part of the year by El Nino, an upswelling of warmer water off the South American coast which affects global weather patterns."I think for sure the most dramatic thing has been the El Nino phenomenon that has been experienced throughout the tropics," said Jeffrey Sayer, director general of the International Centre for Forestry Research <CIFOR>,at Bogor near Jakarta.El Nino, called by Peruvian fisherman after the Christ Child because of its appearance around Christmas, is being blamed for widespread floods and drought in the tropics, and has affected other areas as well.A major manifestation of the phenomenon was drought-aggravated bush fires in Indonesia that spread a choking smog across large areas of Southeast Asia before badly delayed monsoon rains started to fall in late November.Floods swept arid Somalia in East Africa, while the rain forests of Indonesia's lrian Jaya dried out and hundreds of tribes people died from starvation and disease.Apart from El Nino, eastern and central Europe suffered the worst floods in living memory in early July, with over 100 people killed in Poland and the Czech Republic, and many thousands of families displaced through the region and eastern Germany.In the ancient Japanese capital of Kyoto, a UN gathering of 159 countries finally agreed on cutting greenhouse gas emissions after 11 days of frenetic negotiations."Perhaps this day will be in the future remembered as the Day of the Atmosphere," conference chairman Raul Estrada told the conference after a treaty text was passed by consensus on December 11.The conference agreed that developed nations should cut emission of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases blamed for global warming.The United States accepted a 7 per cent cut from 1990 levels by 2008～2112, the European Union 8 per cent and Japan 6 per cent.The conference accepted scientific evidence that heating of the Earth's surface by gases trapped in the atmosphere causes more and fiercer storms, expanding deserts, melting polar ice and raising sea levels which threaten to submerge low lying islands-and some island states, such as the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.The United States wants developing countries brought under the emission control umbrella and the treaty still faces a major hurdle in its passage in Washington through a potentially hostile Republican Congress.US Vice President Al Gore called the Kyoto agreement "a vital turning point", but echoed the EU's Environment Minister Ritt Bjerregaard that more still needed to be done."This is not good enough for the future...we would like the parties to be more ambitious," Bjerregaard said.Indonesia's Environment Minister Sarwono Kusumaatmadja said it was up to the developed countries to provide the leadership to guarantee Earth's future.The Kyoto conference would at least provide a greaterawareness of environmental problems, particularly as it took place in an El Nino year."But there is always a time lag between awareness and action, and I think that the time lag can be very long..."he said.He also condemned Western criticism of the environmental and conservation policies of developing countries, saying "market forces" were responsible for many of the problems."Basically, we are facing problems with the present contemporary civilization with its consumption and production attitude...."The market is not friendly to the environment ,and we are part of the market. It is too big a problem for us to handle ...so they want to have their cake and eat it."They want to have their market and they want to have us perform as guardians of the world's environment without them having anything to do with it."The Kyoto conference also pitted big business against campaigners for the environment-although major insurance organizations did offer support to the "greens".CIFOR's Sayer told reporters that a major development in the last two or three years was the emergence of major multinational corporations in the global timber industry."This is not necessarily a bad thing because those companies also have the resources to practice sustainable forestry if they are motivated to do so."。

The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。

这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。

同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hype and ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own.1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。

这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。

2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。

研究生综合英语第二版曾建彬主编课文翻译Unit5Unit Five一个小时的故事凯特·肖班马拉德太太有心脏病，要告知她丈夫意外身亡，得格外小心才是。

她姐姐约瑟芬来亲口转告，吞吞吐吐，年遮半掩。

马拉德先生的好友理查兹也在场，就坐在马拉德太太身边。

火车事故的消息传来时，他正好在报馆，发现布伦特利马拉德先生的名字就是“遇难者”名单上的第一个。

他只来得及根据接下来的一份电报确认了一下使匆匆赶了过来，唯恐那些不那么细心体贴的人说漏了嘴，冒冒失失地把噩耗告诉马拉德夫人。

马拉德太太听到这一噩耗，并没有像大多数女人那样手足无措，无法接受这个事实，她一头栽进姐姐的怀里，号啕痛哭。

当悲伤的风暴平息之后，她独自走进房间，不让任何人进来。

房间的窗户敞开着，对面放了张舒适、宽大的沙发。

身体的疲惫令她精疲力竭这种疲惫感似乎浸透到她的灵魂处，让她一下子瘫倒进沙发里。

她看得见房前开阔的广场上大树的树梢，树梢上洋溢着初春的勃勃生机。

空气中散发着春雨的醉人气息，楼下有个小贩吆喝着，远处隐约传来阵阵歌声，屋檐下成群的麻雀叽叽喳喳地闹个不停。

窗外西边的天际，浮云相聚后重叠在一起，只露出几处依稀可辨的蓝天。

她头靠着沙发坐着，几乎一动不动，喉咙里偶尔抽泣一声，身体会随之微微颤动。

就像个哭睡着的小孩，睡梦中仍在啜泣。

她还年轻，面色白皙，显得从容自若，脸上的皱纹述说着生活的压抑，透露出生命的力量。

可是此刻，她目光呆滞，双眼直勾勾的凝望着远方的一片蓝天。

这种眼神不是沉思的眼神，而像是经过一番理性思考后，随之产生的一种忐忑不安的眼神。

有件事正在降临到她身上，她期盼着，又有点惧怕。

那是什么事呢?她不理解。

这件事情太微妙，太难以名状了，可是她能够感觉得到，它正从空中悄然而下，穿过弥漫在空气中的声音、气味和色彩降落到她身上。

此刻，她胸口剧烈起伏，开始意识到这种莫名的事情慢慢通近，慢慢将她吞噬，她挣扎着用意志力抗拒它——可她的意志力却如同她那白皙纤弱的双手一样绵软乏力。