英国文学 第二章新古典主义时期

新古典主义时期（Neo-Classicism）
产生背景
欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价值、倡导公民义务等新古典主义文艺思潮。

这一思潮发源于法国，对西欧也有一定影响。

新古典主义时期的文学理论和创作原则遵循唯理主义观点，认为艺术必须从理性出发，注重古典艺术形式的完整，追求雅典、庄重、和谐。

新古典主义在英国的发展
新古典主义在英国文学中主要是指1660-1784年从德莱顿到
约翰逊这一文学发展阶段，大致可以分为三个时期：王政时期、文学鼎盛时期和约翰逊时期。

主要代表作家：德莱顿、斯威夫特、斯梯尔、哥尔德斯密斯、吉本等。

这一阶段作家的散文、诗歌以及戏剧创作一般以严谨清晰的思想、简约优美形式与和谐完整的结构为主。

17世纪中叶英国散文开始进入形式讲究、体律丰满的境地，古典主义的创作原则逐渐促使散文体规范化和形式上典雅完美。

18世纪中叶散文又出现了一次自觉繁荣的高潮，斯梯尔、斯威夫特、爱狄生等撰写的散文一扫文风雕琢、华而不实之习气而使散文面向生活，走向朴素、诚实和自信。

18世纪初，古典主义精神在蒲诗中得到了极其充分的体现，并
使英雄双韵形式的运用达到最高的完美境界。

他的诗作思想明晰，结构匀称，语言优雅，音韵和谐，影响英国多年。

新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。

英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。

关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-05-0-02一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。

新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。

从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。

体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。

这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。

正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。

在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。

在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。

然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。

一：新古典主义时期界定:The Neoclassical period is a period in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordswoth and Coleridge in 1798.二：政治经济背景:Of the great political and social events there were the Restoration of King Charles Ⅱin 1660 ,the Great Plague of 1665 ,the Glorious Revolution in1689 .England practiced the Acts of Enclosure .Middle of the 18th,the first powerful capitalist c ountry ,“the work-shop of the world”,they believed in self-restraint ,self-reliance and hard-work .三：此时期文学艺术特色:创作规则:(Alexander Pope ,John Dryden ,Samuel Johnson ):Prose should be precise ,direct ,smooth and flexible .Poetry should belyrical ,epical ,didactic ,satiric or dramatic ,and each class should be guided by its own principles .Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets ;the three unities oftime ,space and action should be strictly observed ;regularity in construction should be adhered to ,and type characters rather than individuals should be represented .四:启蒙运动影响：the Age of Enlightenment(18th-century) : The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas .提倡order ,reason and rules ,advocated universal education .五:英国现代小说:起于18世纪中叶.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats ,the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people .六：重要作家：①Daniel Defoe 笛福重要作品:著名代表作:《Robinson Crusoe》.艺术特色:He had a gift for organizing minute details in such vivid way that his histories could be both credible and fascinating .语句时而short ,crisp and plain ,有时long and rambling ,which leave an the reader an impression of casual narration .His language issmooth ,easy ,colloquial and mostly vernacular .《Robinson Crusoe》解析:In Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a navie and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man ,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life .Robinson is a real hero :a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man ,with a great capacity for work ,inexhaustible energy ,courage ,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles ,in struggling against the hostile natural environment .He is the very prototype of the empire builder ,the pioneer colonist .②Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特:主要作品:《A Tale of a Tub》,《The Battle of the Book》最佳小说作品:《Gulliver's Travels》解析:共四卷:Each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune .contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life .其社会讽刺:The book Gulliver's Travels is one of the most effective and devastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life --socially ,politically ,religious ,philosophically ,scientifically ,and morally .《A Modest Proposal》is generally taken as a perfect satire model .③Henry Fielding菲尔丁的语言风格:誉为“Father of the English Novel”.The first to set out ,both in theory and practice ,to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”,the fire to give the modern novel its structur e and style ,he adropted “the third-per-son”narration ,so“all-knowing God”.His language is easy ,unlaboured and familiar ,but extremely vivid and vigorous .His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm ,and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending .His works are also noted for lively ,dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspence ,coincidence and unexpectedness .《The History of Tom Jones 》《汤姆琼斯》主题意义:The full name is The History of Tom Jones ,a Foundling is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature .Tom ,the titular hero of the story ,is a boy found in Mr. Allworthy's house and brought up here with the kind old man's nephew Bilifil .The latter ,a hypocritical ,wicked man ,is envious of Mr. Allworthy's fondness for the foundling and of Tom's intimacy with the beautiful Sophia ,daughter of the well-off squire Western .He plays some tricks so that Mr. Allworthy drives Tom out of the house .Tom ,intending to go to sea ,wrongly takes the road to london ,and Sophia ,in rebellion against her father's desire that she be married to Bilifil ,marches out for London too ,accompanied by her maid .The two young people ,especially Tom ,have many adventures on the road ,but in the end ,after some misunderstanding between them ,they are happily united .Generally cosidered Fielding 's masterpiece ,it brings its author the name of the“Prose Homer”.By this ,Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a “comic epic in prose”.。

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。

王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。

概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。

18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。

随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。

2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。

中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。

对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。

（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。

该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。

启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。

（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。

他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。

3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。

（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。

（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。

（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。

（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第二章新古典主义时期这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。

英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。

在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。

总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。

在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。

市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。

在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。

英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。

到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。

随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。

工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。

这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。

（英）新古典主义时期Chapter II The Neoclassical Period一。

新古典主义时期概述1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定（2）政治经济背景（3）启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1）The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality，equality & science. They called for a reference to order，reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope & so on.2）NeoclassicismIn the field of literature，the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer，Virgil，& so on）& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion & accuracy，& that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion，unity，harmony & grace in literary expressions，in an effort to delight，instruct & correct human beings，primarily as social animals. Thus，a polite，urbane，witty，& intellectual art developed.3）The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry，which rhyme & are written with five beats each……4）the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was，however，predominated by a newly rising literary form，the modern English novel，which，contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats，gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class，Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers （Homer，Virgil，Horace，Ovid，etc，）& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature，prose should be precise，direct，smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical，epical，didactic，satiric or dramatic，& each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）；the three unities of time，space & action should be strictly observed；regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.二。

II. Alexander pope 1. ⼀般识记His life & career English poet & satirist， born in London， England， May 21， 1688， died in Twickenham， England May 30， 1744. Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy， literature， & criticism. In An Essay on Man， he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. 2. 识记Pope's literally outlook As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism， emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order， reason， logic， restrained emotion， good taste & decorum. According to Pope， almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible， Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic， satiric or dramatic， & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed； regularity in construction should be adhered to， & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 3. 识记His major works 1） The Rape of the Lock A delightful burlesque of epic poetry， it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair. 2） An Essay on Criticism His first important work， An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work， he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste， common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style， hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading. 3） The Dunciad Generally considered Pope's best satiric work， The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general， & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies， are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government， social morals， education & even religion， is expertly exposed & satirized. 4. 领会His language style Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit， good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare， he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems， developed a satiric， concise，smooth， graceful &well-balanced style. 5. 应⽤Selected Readings An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism. An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle， Horace， Boileau， etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists. In Part 2， Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style. III. Daniel Defoe 1. ⼀般识记His life English novelist & journalist， born in London， England， 1660， and died in London， Apr. 26，1731. Like Pope， he never went to university， but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant & all his life his business underwent many ups & downs & yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues. 2. 识记His social outlook As a member of the middle class， Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works， he gave his praise to the hard-working， sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden， unfortunate poor. 3. 识记His major works Defoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials， such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages， personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe （1719）， an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year （1722）， sometimes considered his best work， has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece， Moll Flanders （1722）， is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions"， the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts，prisons， & other social institutions of Defoe's era. 4. 领会Characteristics of his works Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short， crisp & plain， & sometimes long & rambling， which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth， easy， colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language： it is common English at its best. 5. 应⽤Selected Reading An Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse. Robinson Crouse， an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time， is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel， Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na？ve & simple youth into a mature & hardened man， tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero： a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work， inexhaustible energy， courage， patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles， in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder，the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island， Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude， which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence， & get his reward. VI. Jonathan Swift 1. ⼀般识记His life English author， born in Dublin， Ireland， Nov. 30， 1667， and died in Dublin， Oct. 19， 1745. Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist in English literature. Through fables， allegories， & pamphlets he savagely exposed the vices &follies of mankind &championed common sense. 2. 识记Swift's humanist view Swift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience， he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion， human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life， enlightenment is needed， but to redress it is very hard. So， in his writings， although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation. 3. 领会His style Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple， direct，precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear， simple， concrete diction，uncomplicated sentence structure， economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays， poems & novels. 4. 应⽤Selected reading An Excerpt from Chapter III， Part I of Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels， Jonathan Swift's best fictional work， contains four parts， each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially， politically， religiously， philosophically，scientifically， & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound. Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure，the four parts make an organic whole， with each contrived upon an independent structure， & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & even immortality. The lost part，where comparison is made through both similarities &。

上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。

英国文学第二章新古典主义时期The Neoclassical PeriodI. John Bunyannovelist.His masterpiece is The pilgrim’s Progress. As a stout Puritan , he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believe in salvation through spiritual struggle.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and kinds of social evils.II. Alexander Popepoet.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order , political order, social order, aesthetic order , and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.III. Daniel Defoea novelist.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. He wrote four other novels:Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders,Colonel Jack and Roxana, those novels deal with the personal history of some hero or heroine, usually a whore, a pirate, a pickpocket, a rogueor some other criminal.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Defoe was a very good story-teller.The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, the pioneer colonist.IV. Jonathan Swifta prose writer and a master satirist.A Tale of a Tub and Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist.His A Modest Proposal is generally taken as a perfect model.His other works are: The Drapier’s Letters , Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels: Swift’s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve humannature and human institutions.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings----essays, poems and novels.V. Henry Fieldinga novelist.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel”, for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern novel.His masterpiece is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.During his career as a dramatist Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the year 1736.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home”. The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.Tome Jones, the novel consist of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.VI. Samuel Johnsona poet, lexicographer.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer, He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. He was the last great neoclassical enlightener in the later eighteenth century.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridana playwright.His masterpiece : The School for Scandal and The Rivals.In his plays, morality is the constant theme.In the Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter’s opinion.In The School for Scandal, the satire becomes even sharper as the characters are exposed scene by scene to their defenseless nakedness.His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and language also make acharacteristic of his plays.VII. Tomas Graya poet.His masterpiece: Elegy Written in a County Churchyard, this poem established his fame as the leader of sentimental poetry of the day. Especially “the Graveyard school.His style is sophisticated ad allusive. His poem marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.。

英国文学史及选读History & Anthology of English Literature18世纪最主要的是enlightenment and Neo-classicism ，新古典主义主要是prose and essay，文艺复兴时期主要是戏剧。

18世纪初期，新古典主义，中期sentimentilism 感伤主义，后期，浪漫主义。

感伤主义在形式上是新古典主义，但内容上是浪漫主义，所以是新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时期。

⏹The Eighteenth Century 。

1688-1798（1798年浪漫主义开始）⏹Age of Reason⏹Age of Enlightenment⏹Age of Neo-classicism⏹Age of Prose⏹ 1. Historical background:⏹ A comparatively peaceful period in which English capitalism gained rapid development;⏹Politically----The two parties;----newspapers and Journals⏹Economically----The Industrial Revolution, the completion of the EnclosureMovement;⏹Intellectually----The Enlightenment;(1) Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people’s thinking of the world.(2)Reason rather than superstition dominated.⏹English literature was influenced by French enlighteners and ancient Roman writers.⏹Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in early 18th century.⏹Enlightenment⏹ a progressive intellectual movement (mainly philosophical and artistic movement)⏹Originated in France:⏹It grows out of the Renaissance and continues until the 19th century. Its purpose wasto enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas (So literature during this period is heavily didactic and moralizing).⏹The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science. They called for a reference toorder, reason & rules and advocated universal education, believing that the best way to improve human society is to educate the people, to use critical reason to free them of false beliefs, prejudice, superstitions, misunderstandings (They optimistically believed that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reason to all things).①Nature: On the whole an expression of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.②They thought science was to answer the actual needs and requirements of the people and they intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle.③Representatives: Famous among the greatenlighteners in England were those great writers like Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists; Alexander Pope, the poet.⏹These writers in their works criticized different aspects of contemporary England,discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private conduct.⏹In religion: secular; Deism: the universe is set in motion by a God as a self-regulatingmechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind.⏹In art and literature: neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists. Harmony,proportion, balance and restraint⏹In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature; favoredlaissez-faire policies.⏹2．An Overview of the 18th Century English Literature:⏹(1) Neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander Pope, a new prose literature in theessays of Addison and Steele⏹(2) The rise and growth of modern English novel---- the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift;---- the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of social justice.⏹(3) The 18thC English Drama----R.B. Sheridan(1751-1816) and O. Goldsmith(1730-1774)⏹(4)The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new literarytendencies of sentimentalism (representatives wrote for the poor though still in a classical style) and pre-romanticism.⏹ 3. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century⏹In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival ofinterest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.⏹According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones.⏹They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion &accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.⏹⏹Features of Neoclassical Literature⏹①witty, intellectual and restrained: order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy⏹②polished form---- almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws &rules.⏹(Rhymed couplets instead of blank verse, the 3 unities of time, place, and action,regularity in construction, the presentation of types rather than individuals—these were some of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry should be lyrical, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth, and flexible. )⏹③didactic and satirical; writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people(middle class), satire being an effective means of correcting people’s folly andweaknesses.⏹④city life and man-made object preferred; city life gave a sense of order while ruralwild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.⏹Representativesof Neoclassical Literature⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists⏹The major representative of neoclassical poetry is Alexander Pope.⏹ 3.1 Alexander Pope (1688-1744):⏹having great influence on the18th century poetry, a man of extraordinary wit andextensive learning, one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet.⏹He used heroic couplet with exceptional brilliance and made it popular (five-footiambic rhymed in couplets).⏹Literary ideas-----Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.⏹His language style---- a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style. Hewrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day.⏹Major works①Essay on Criticism---- a long didactic poem;Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.“ A little learning is a dangerous thing”“To err is human, to forgive, divine.”②The Rape of the Lock---- A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, ridiculing the manners of the English nobility;③Dunciad----- a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature;④Essay on Man-----brilliantly expressing the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. Translations⏹ 3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists, the publishers of a moralisticpaper The Spectator. The latter also started his paper The Tatler in 1709.⏹Their essays and stories gave a great push to the development of the 18th centurynovel.•Literature in the 18th Century (II)(1688-1798)•Lecture Outline•I. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century1.1 Introduction1.2 Features of Neoclassical Literature1.3 Representatives•II. Modern English novel1.1 Definition1.2 Representatives• 1.1 Introduction to Neo-classicism•In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. (在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。