现代维吾尔语是维吾尔民族共同语，有中亚共同语之称。
新疆维吾尔自治区政府要求新录用公务员必须懂双语，即少数民族懂汉语，汉族懂维吾尔语或当地通行的少数民族语言。
汉族青年学习维吾尔语渐成风气。
1.语音1.1元音维吾尔语的元音８个。
每个词至少有一个音节，每个音节都有一个元音。
这8个音出现频率最高，掌握的程度它对维吾尔语音水平影响很大。
a这个音与汉语的基本一样。
i 与汉语的基本一样，汉语的舌位更靠前点。
o理论上与汉语的一样，事实上，汉语根本没有这个音，汉语拼音中的o总是被发成［uƏ］的，好在英语普及了，学习没有什么困难。
u与汉语的一样。
ü国际音标［y］，与汉语的接近，但唇更圆，舌更靠前。
e这个音不是汉语的“鹅”音，汉语的e是后元音，维吾尔语中的e是个前元音，它对应的是汉语拼音中的ê，“耶”、“约”中有这个音。
Ə就是上表第３行第１列这个音，拉丁方案一般用这个字母。
汉语没有这个音，一般用ai来拟合。
把舌尽量往前伸着发a就对了。
θ就是上表第２行第１栏中的红色字母，汉语没有这个音，从表中的位置就明白，把舌往前伸发o的音就对了。
维吾尔语中没有复元音。
有３个元音在网上表达非常麻烦，为方便起见，我们把它用双字母表达：ü我们用iu来表达，如果一定要让我说出理由，那就是i的舌位加u的唇形。
Ə我们用ai来表达，汉族人一直用这个音来拟合的，“买买提”中的“买”就是用ai来拟合Ə的。
θ我们用oi来表示，上面两个都加i了，这个也加i来表达。
再复习一下，维吾尔语８个元音，４个圆唇元音：u iu o oi . ４个非圆唇元音a i ai e.1.2辅音维吾尔辅音24个，大多与汉语辅音接近，或者说，大多不同，但是，成人学习语言肯定是用母语语音系统去对应所学习的语音系统。
好在，我们用汉语语音的辅音去对应维吾尔辅音是非常有效的。
双唇音 b、p、m唇齿音 w、v舌尖前音 z 、s舌尖中音 d、t、n、l、r舌叶音 j、ch、sh、zh ，为了与大多数拉丁方案保持一致，这里：ch对应汉语拼音的q；sh对应汉语拼音的x；zh是一个浊辅音，与sh对应。
第一课问候词语：第一bi-rin-ji课da-ris问候sa-lam-li-xix您（你）siz （san）他（她）u我man高兴hu-xal名字i-sim好yah-xi /ob-dan谢谢rah-mat孩子ba-la房子、家oy句式：您好！tix-lik-mu !您好！yah-xi-mu siz!课文：您叫什么名字？is-mi-gz ni-ma(u)?我叫···，is-mim···您呢？siz-neng-qu?我叫···。
is-mim···认识您很高兴。
to-nox-ki-nim-ga hoxal man.我也是，谢谢！man-mu xu，rah-mat！维语语音：练习：一、拼读下列音节：二、学习并记住下列数词：一bir二xi-ki三oq四tot五bax六alta三、朗读下列词语：馕nan 手鼓dap走、走掉kat蓝kok 多kop/jik靴子otǜk直接、对面u-dul公告elan 弟弟uka（i-ni）拓展练习：一、直接问候同学们（大家/孩子们）你们好！sa-wak-dax-lar(kop-qi-lik/ba-li-lar)yahximu-si lar!二、表示时间的问候好久（一年）不见了。
ko-rix-mi-gi-li o-zak (bir yil)bop-to.三、问他人情况家里人（长辈/孩子）还好吧？oy-di-ki-lar(qong-lar/ba-li-lar)yahximu(yahxi/t ur-gan-du)?四、对问候的回答很好（还可以）谢谢。
yahxi (yaman amas),rahmat.教学用语：现在我们开始上课。
ha-zir da-ris-ni bax-lay-miz.起立！（致敬）！tu-rong-lar(wur-mat)!请坐！oul-tu-rong-lar!请跟我读。
《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes.There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出⼝6边际利润16收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7市场占有率17超额能⼒8贸易歧视18贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9时机选择19全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame.The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.The meaning derived from a legend.According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. How ever oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind ofbusiness transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import n eeds. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/a74fbca93069a45177232f60ddccda38376be1c2.html mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawnbefore it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there isa market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第⼀封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
新编阿拉伯语第一册课文翻译第四课艾敏是一个学生—你好！—你好！—我是X，你叫什么名字？—我是X。
—你是学生吗？—是的，我是学生。
—她是谁？—她是 X。
—她也是学生吗？—不，她是医生。
—他叫什么名字？—他叫X。
—他是学生吗？—是的，他是学生，他是我的同学。
—谢谢！—不用谢，应该的。
—再见！—再见！新编阿拉伯语第一册课文翻译第五课第五课我很高兴见到你—你好！—你好！—你叫什么名字？—我叫X。
你叫什么名字？—我叫X。
—很高兴见到你。
—我也是。
—你是中国人吗？—是的，我是中国人。
你的国籍是什么？—我是埃及人，我是埃及学生。
你也是学生吗？—不，我是医生。
—他是谁？—他是X，他是我的同学。
—幸会！—幸会！—她是谁？—她是谁？—她是X。
—她是叙利亚医生。
—你好！—很高兴见到你。
—一路平安，再见！—一路平安，再见！新编阿拉伯语第一册课文翻译第六课这是我的书—你好！—你好！—你叫什么名字？—我是X。
—你是学生吗？—是的，我是学生。
—她是谁？—她是我的同学X。
—这是什么？—这是书。
—这是你的书吗？—是的，这是我的书。
—你的书有益吗？—是的，我的书是有益的。
—那些也是书吗？—不，那些是练习本。
—那些是你的练习本吗？—那些练习本是我同学的。
—你们的练习本很多吗？—是的，我们的练习本很多。
—这张图片很漂亮。
这是你的图片吗？—是的，她是我的图片，给你。
—谢谢！—不客气！—好吧，再见！—再见！新编阿拉伯语第一册课文翻译第七课欢迎你—早上好！老师。
—早上好！X。
—您怎么样？—感赞安拉，我很好。
你呢？—感赞安拉，我也很好。
—他是谁？—他是我的朋友，他叫X。
他是北京大学的新生。
—欢迎你!—我很高兴见到您！—我也是，你们的大学怎么样？—我们的大学大而美丽。
—你的学习怎么样？—我的学习很优秀。
—你的同学怎么样？—他们都很好，谢谢！—X，这是什么？—这是北京地图。
—这是你的地图吗？—不，这是X的地图。
—她是一副美丽的地图，好吧，再见！—再见！新编阿拉伯语第一册课文翻译第八课阿米尔在哪—晚上好！—晚上好！—劳驾！—这是男生宿舍吗？—不，这是女生宿舍。
