独立主格篇
独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
一、独立主格结构：
1. 名词/代词+形容词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
2. 名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.
也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting.
但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
3. 名词/代词+过去分词
The job finished, we went home.
More time given, we should have done the job much better.
*当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 名词/代词+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
5. 名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
coat off名词+副词；head down名词+副词；pen in hand名词+介词短语。
This Contract shall be signed in duplicate, one for each Party.
本合同一式两份，双方各执一份。
*名词/代词+介词短语中介词为in时，其前后的两个名词一般不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
A girl came in, book in hand.
如若有修饰词，必须对称出现，例句：
A girl came in, a book in her hand.
故以下二句为错误用法：
A girl came in, book in her hand.
A girl came in, a book in hand.
而with短语则可随意加限定词。
A girl came in, with some books in both hands.
A girl came in, with a book in her hand.
6名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7 名词/代词+名词
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8 with+名词+分词（或形容词、副词、不定式等）He was asleep with his head on his arms.
With John away, we have got more room.
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
* with或without短语作定语，独立主格结构功能相当于一个定语从句，通常with前无逗号。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
二、独立主格的变化过程：
When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.
The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.
棺材入土后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。
三、独立主格注意事项：
1. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式：
The chief-editor's arriving, we began the meeting. （×）
