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生态学的一些概念英文版

生态学的一些概念英文版
• The carrying capacity of the environment is limited by the available abiotic and biotic resources, as well as the ability of ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organisms through the activities of bacteria and fungi.
2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
• In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with each other for resources, including food, space, water, air, and shelter.
M acintosh PICT im age form at
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the
is not supported
following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules.
Abiotic factors:
• those physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce

General Ecology 5——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】

General Ecology 5——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
•The high water content of most organisms, which ranges from 50% to 90% reflects life‘s aquatic origins.生物含水量高达50%- 90% 的事实表明生命
起源于水。
•Life on earth originated in salty aquatic(起源于 盐水) environments and is built around biochemistry within an aquatic medium.在水环
显得尤为突出。
Most organisms must expend energy to maintain their internal pool of water.
大多生物必须通过消耗能量以维持体内水分储备.
段舜山 2020/9/27
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1 水分的有效性
Water availability
Water Content of Air
境中构建其生化结构.
•To survive and reproduce, organisms must maintain appropriate internal concentrations of water and dissolved substances.生物的生存和
繁段殖舜山 ，2020必/9/27 须保持体内适当的水分4 和溶解性物质的浓度。
空气含水量
Water Movement in Aquatic Environmer Movement Between Soils and
Plants 段舜山 2020/9/27
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水分向低浓度梯度的运动制约其对生物的有效性

生态学的基本内容英文版

生态学的基本内容英文版
• Sp. B doesn’t need (as such) the unusual nutrient conditions in the serpentine soils
• Sp. B does well in ‘normal’ soils that have been autoclaved
• bacterial toxins from bacteria that live only in the ‘normal’ soils inhibit Sp. B
• PARAPHRASED: the weakest link determines the strength of the chain
WEAKNESSES IN LIEBIG’S LAW
• he was only interested in nutrients
• interested only in the effects from nutrient deficiency
LIEBIG’S LAW OF THE MINIMUM
• Justus Liebig (1830’s-1840’s, agronomist)
• From his work we get what some call Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
• The size of a crop is determined by the essential nutrient that is present in minimal amount.
• a particular organism may have narrow ranges of tolerance for some factors, medium for others and wide for yet others

水生生态学英文版

水生生态学英文版

• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries • Deposit silt that maintains deltas • Purify water • Renew and renourish wetlands
• Provide habitats for wildlife

Chapter Overview Questions
What do we know about aquatic biodiversity, and what is its economic and ecological importance? How are human activities affecting aquatic biodiversity? How can we manage and sustain the world’s marine fisheries?
Downstream Characteristics
Slower-moving
water, less oxygen, warmer temperatures, and lots of algae and cyanobacteria.
Energy Source
Gravity
Standing Water Ecosystems
Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and is stored in soil and rock (groundwater). Water that does not sink into the ground or evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) into bodies of water.

Environmental Ecology(生态学 第五版)

Environmental Ecology(生态学 第五版)

What Is Ecology?
Forest Nutrient Budgets
• For ecologists who study the budgets of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium, one of the first steps is to inventory their distribution within an ecosystem • Nalini Nadkarni---inventories by her changed our ideas of how tropical and temperate rain forests are structured and how they function
Useful Guide of Studying Ecology
Rule 3: Nothing happens for the good of the species
A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur for the good of the species. This is absolutely and completely wrong Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species‘ population size

生态学英语_Ecology English

生态学英语_Ecology English

生态学词汇生态学ecologyhigher education press 高等教育出版社textbook series for 21st century 面向21世纪课程教材biosphere 生物圈economics 经济学the economy of Nature 自然经济molecular ecology 分子生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学autecology 个体生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学population ecology 种群生态学community ecology 群落生态学ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学landscape ecology 景观生态学global ecology 全球生态学terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学marine ecology 海洋生态学freshwater ecology 淡水生态学island ecology 岛屿生态学urban ecology 城市生态学restoration ecology 恢复生态学engineering ecology 生态工程学human ecology 人类生态学ecological ethics 生态伦理学ecology of plants 植物生态学environment 环境space environment 宇宙环境global environment 地球环境geoenvironment 地理环境regional environment 区域环境microenvironment 微环境inner environment 内环境ecological factors 生态因子ecological environment 生态环境habitat 生境fitness 适合度homeostasis 内稳态homeostatic organisms 内稳态生物non-homeostatic organisms 非内稳态生物eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象mytilus 贻贝macrosiphum 蚜虫thertnoperiodism 温周期现象phenology 物候学torpor 冬眠dispause 滞育population 种群population genetics 群体遗传学density 密度number 数目unitary organism 单体生物modular organism 构件生物module 构件natality 出生率mortality 死亡率sex ratio 性比age distribution 年龄分布life table 生命表survivorship curve 存活曲线cohort 同生群innate rate of increase 内禀增长率density-independent growth 与密度无关的增长per capita growth rate 每员增长率instantaneous rate of increase 瞬时增长率Logistic equation 逻辑斯谛方程maximum sustained yield 最大持续产量ecological invasion 生态入侵spatial pattern 空间格局internal distribution pattern 内分布型uniform 均匀型random 随机型clumped 成群型two dimentional net function interpolation method 二维网函数插值法threeterm local variance analysis 三项轨迹方差法hierarchical analysis of variance 等级方差分析法enigration 迁出immigration 迁入migration 迁移architecture 建筑学结构life history 生活史life cycle 生活周期traits 遗传特性development 发育growth 生长vegetative propagation 营养繁殖spore reproduction 孢子生殖sexual reproduction 有性生殖asexual reproduction 无性生殖exogenous migration 外因性迁移endogenous migration 内因性迁移reproductive effort 繁殖成效present reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值parental investment 亲本投资principle of allocation 分配原理reproductive costs 繁殖成本reproductive patterns 繁殖格局semelparity 一次繁殖生物iteroparity 多次繁殖生物lifespan 生命年限lifetime 寿命r-strategistis r-策略者opportunist 机会主义者conservatism 保守主义ruderal 杂草competition 竞争stress 胁迫selective fertilization 选择受精sexual selection 性选择ornamentation 修饰coloration 色泽courtship behavior 求偶行为sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形the descent of man selection in relation to sex 人类的由来及性选择intraspecific relationship 种内关系interspecific relationship 种间关系positive interaction 正相互作用negative interaction 负相互作用density effect 密度效应the effect of neighbours 邻接效应density independent 非密度制约density dependent 密度制约self-thinning 自疏现象faculative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖polygyny threshold 多配偶阈值monogamy 单配偶制polygamy 多配偶制polygany 一雄多雌制polyandry 一雌多雄制territory 领域social group 社群territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性social hierachy 社会等级dominant-submissive 支配-从属ferulic acid 阿魏酸vanillic acid 香草酸niche 生态位spatial niche 空间生态位trophic niche 营养生态位fundamental niche 基础生态位realized niche 实际生态位hypervolume 超体积habitat 生境predation 捕食作用prey 被捕食者predator 捕食者community 群落biocoenosis 生物群落ecotone 群落交错区phytocoenology 植物群落学geobotany 地植物学phytosociology 植物社会学pioneer stage 先锋阶段climax stage 顶极阶段individualistic concept 个体论概念constructive species 建群种subdominant 亚优势种companion species 伴生种rare species 偶见种abundance 多度dominant 优势abundant 丰盛frequent 常见occasional 偶见rare 稀少very rare 很少relative density 相对密度density ratio 密度比coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比frequency 频度frequency diagram 频度图解law of frequency 频度定律height 高度weight 重量biomass 生物量standing crop 现存量volume 体积conspicuousness 显著度summed dominance ratio 综合优势比association coefficients 关联系数constellation diagrams 星系图obligate association 必然的关联biological spectrum 生活型谱phytoclimate 植物气候physiognomy 群落外貌leaf area index 叶面积指数synusia 层片guild 同资源种团layer 层mosaic 镶嵌性edge effect 边缘效应monoculture 单种养殖keystone species 关键种disturbance 干扰gaps 缺口competive lottery 抽彩竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说spacial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchiness 斑块性connectedness 连通性succession 演替fluctuation 波动climatic climax 气候顶极preclimax 前顶极subclimax 亚顶极disclimax 偏途顶极postclimax 超顶极progressive succession 进展演替regressive succession 逆行演替edaphic climax 土壤顶极topographic climax 地形顶极fire climax 火烧顶极zootic climax 动物顶极topo-edaphic climax 地形-土壤顶极population pattern climax theory 种群格局顶极理论continuouity climax types 连续的顶极类型prevailing climax 优势顶极net primary production 净第一性生产shifting-mosaic steady state 波动斑块稳态stability-resilience 稳定性-恢复力association unit theory 群丛单位理论ordination 排序vegetation type 植被型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation subtype 植被亚型formation 群系formation group 群系组association 群丛association group 群丛组floristic-structural classification 植物区系-结构分类系统agglomerative method 群落分类中的归并法differential species 区别种association table 群丛表releve 样方dynamic classification 动态分类系统panclimax 泛顶极subassociation 亚群丛federal geographic data committee 美国国家地理数据委员会entity 实体attribute 属性information gain 信息增量group-average 组平均similarity 相似度indirect ordination 间接排序indirect gradiant analysis 间接梯度分析compositional analysis 组成分析normal analysis 正分析inverse analysis 逆分析principal components analysis,PCA 主成分分析ecosystem 生态系统biogeocoenosis 生物地理群落autotrophs 自养生物heterotrophs 异养生物herbivores 食草动物primary consumers 一级消费者carnivores 食肉动物top carnivores 顶极食肉动物tertiary consumers 三级消费者biotic components 生物成分abiotic components 非生物成分primary production 初级生产primary productivity 初级生产力food chain 食物链food web 食物网biological magnification 生物扩大作用grazing food chain 捕食食物链trophic levels 营养级pyramid of energy 能量金字塔ecological pyramid 生态金字塔ecological efficencies 生态效率transfer efficiency 传递效率feedback mechanism 反馈机制gross primary production 总初级生产量potential evapotranspiration 潜在蒸发蒸腾normalized difference vegetation index 标准化植被差异指数decomposition 分解作用humus 腐殖质humin 胡敏素microfauna 小型土壤动物mesofauna 中型土壤动物macrofauna 大型土壤动物megafauna 巨型土壤动物cycle of material 物质循环biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环macronutrient 大量元素micronutrient 微量元素turnover rate 周转率turnover time 周转时间water cycle 水循环gaseous cycle 气体型循环sedimentary cycle 沉积型循环average continent 均衡大陆steppe 欧亚大陆草原prairie 北美大陆草原pampas 南美草原meadow steppe 欧亚大陆草甸草原tall savanna 非洲高稀树草原tall grass prairie 北美高草草原desert 荒漠scale 尺度wetland 湿地mangrove plants 红树植物flushing time 冲洗时间ecosystemology 生态系统学holism 整体论biocybemetics 生物控制论total human ecosystem science 整体人类生态系统科学organizational scale 组织尺度grain 粒度pixel 像元extent 幅度coarse scale 粗尺度fine scale 细尺度scaling 尺度推绎scaling up 尺度上推scaling down 尺度下推spatial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchness 缀块性gradient 梯度extinction 绝灭patch 缀块，斑块corridor 廊道matrix 基底network 网络edge effect 边缘效应interior species 内部种edge species 边缘种geographical region scale 地理区域尺度patch-occupancy model 缀块占有率模型landscape connectivity 景观连接度structural connectivity 结构连接度functional connectivity 功能连接度characteristic scale 特征尺度critical threshole characteristics 临界阈限特征percolation theory 渗透理论critical density 临界密度habitat fragmentation 生境破碎化neutral models 中性模型hierarchy theory 等级理论constraint 制约作用emergent property 整合特征decomposability 可分解性pattern-process hypothesis 格局与过程学说incorporation 兼容机制metastability 复合稳定性thermal imagery 热红外图像relative richness index 相对丰富度指数diversity index 多样性指数dominance index 优势度指数evenness index 均匀度指数contagion index 聚集度指数spatial autocorrelation index 空间自相关指数predictability 可预测性dispersion 分布boundary form 边界形态patch orientation 缀块的取向area ratio 面积比geostatistics 地统计学semivariance analysis 半方差分析spectral analysis 波谱分析scale variance 尺度方差wavelet analysis 小波分析trend surface analysis 趋势面分析blocked quadrat variance analysis 聚块样方方差分析self-similarity 自相似性sustainability 持续性global change 全球变化homeostasis 自调节稳态general circulation model 环流模型global warming 全球变暖inter-governmental panel on climate change 跨政府气候变化委员会land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用world resource institute 世界资源研究所biodiversity 生物多样性boreal forest 北方针叶林reorganization 重组international geosphere-biosphere program 国际地圈生物圈计划global change and terrestrial ecosystem 全球变化与陆地生态系统biome 生物群落vulnerability 脆弱性adaptability 适应性ecotone 生态过渡区desertification 荒漠化biogeochemistry 生物地球化学ecophysiology 生态生理学sink 汇aerosol 大气颗粒物variety 多样化variability 变异性genetic diversity 遗传多样性species diversity 物种多样性ecosystem diversity 生态系统多样性landscape diversity 景观多样性resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应abundant species 优势种affinity analysis 类似性分析rapid ecological assessment 快速生态学评估the natural conservancy 国际自然保护协会international conservation union 国际保护联盟red date book 红皮书single large or several small fragmentation 单独大整体或多数破碎化the world commission on environment and development 联合国环境与发展世界委员会our common future 我们共同的未来fairness 公平性原则substainable 持续性原则common 共同性原则ecological restoration 生态恢复the recovery process in damaged ecosystem 受损生态系统的恢复过程restoration ecology 恢复生态学displacement 位移rehabilitation 改建enhancement 重建restoration 恢复degradation 恶化self-maintenance 自我维持ecological engineering 生态工程self-optimum 自我优化self-regeneration 自我重生self-reproduction 自我繁殖self-resiliency 自生原理self-organization 自我组织exposure assessment 风险源评估effect assessment 效应评估mechanistic model 灾变模型model valiotation 模型的证实sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析response surface analysis 反应表面分析error uncertainty analysis 误差分析ecological planning 生态规划report on the lands of the arid region of the united states.。

General Ecology 10-3——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】

General Ecology 10-3——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
生态学专业必修课
普通生态学
GENERAL ECOLOGY
段舜山 2009-12-8
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第10章
生态系统 Ecosystems
段舜山 2009-12-8
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第3节 水循环(复习)
段舜山 2009-12-8
Concepts:
• Process of hydrologic cycle 水循环的过程 • Characters of hydrologic cycle 水循环特征 • Water is vital fge and runoff of water 渗流和径
段舜山 2009-12-8
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2. Characteristics of N-cycle 氮循环的特征
Only certain bacteria, lightning, and volcanic action can convert N2 into forms that enter food webs. 某些细菌、闪电和火山作用可转化氮气为进入食物网
•Gaseous nitrogen (N2) makes up about 80 percent of the atmosphere, the largest nitrogen reservoir.
•But triple covalent bonds (N≡N) hold the two atoms in gaseous nitrogen together, and few organisms can break them.
碳循环的定义 碳循环的过程
• Characteristics of carbon cycle 碳循环的特征
• Decomposition and accumulation 分解与积累

Chapter 5-生态系统-06-08 环境生态学英文版本课件

Chapter 5-生态系统-06-08 环境生态学英文版本课件

Phototrophic bacteria and other autotroph
Primary consumer : Herbivore
Macro-consumer Secondary consumer : Carnivore
Tertiary consumer : Large carnivore
Ecosystem
Producers are autotrophic organisms using solar energy to synthesize the simple inorganic compound into the organic complex matters
• They transform light energy into chemical energy
The food chain intertwined connection to a network, known as the Food web (食物网)
Types of Food Chain
--- Predacity food chain (捕食性食物链) plant → animal → carnivorous herbivorous animals
Three thesis about integrity ● The whole is greater than the sum of its parts ● Once it forms the system, the elements will be broken down into separate parts ● The feature and action of elements are useful for the integrity of the system and are expressed by the interaction

General Ecology 10-2——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】

General Ecology 10-2——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
Watershed studies have shown that this is not usually the case. See Figure 3.
段舜山 2008-11-18
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Figure 3. The studies in watershed
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5. An experiment of mineral loss 矿物流失实验
Most of the water that falls as precipitation over land seeps into soil or becomes surface runoff that moves into streams (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. The destinations of precipitation 降水归趋
Water evaporating into the atmosphere remains aloft as vapor, clouds, and ice crystals(汽 云 冰晶).
It falls to earth as precipitation – rain and snow, mostly.
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2. Characters of hydrological cycle水循环特征
Airborne water molecules stay aloft for no more than 10 days, on average. 水分子在空中漂浮平均不超过10天
Water reaching the land as rain or snow stays there for about 10 to 120 days, depending on the season and the location.降水在陆地上大约滞留10-120天

生物学英语中英对照

生物学英语中英对照

生物学英语中英对照1. 遗传学 Genetics基因 Gene染色体 Chromosome遗传变异 Genetic variation2. 细胞生物学 Cell Biology细胞 Cell细胞核 Nucleus细胞膜 Cell membrane3. 生态学 Ecology生态系统 Ecosystem生物多样性 Biodiversity生物群落 Biome4. 分子生物学 Molecular Biology蛋白质 Protein核酸 Nucleic acid酶 Enzyme5. 发育生物学 Developmental Biology胚胎发育 Embryonic development细胞分化 Cell differentiation形态发生 Morphogenesis6. 植物学 Botany叶绿体 Chloroplast光合作用 Photosynthesis根系 Root system7. 动物学 Zoology器官 Organ组织 Tissue神经系统 Nervous system8. 微生物学 Microbiology细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus真菌 Fungus9. 生物化学 Biochemistry代谢 MetabolismATP（三磷酸腺苷） ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)酶促反应 Enzymatic reaction10. 生理学 Physiology心脏 Heart肺 Lung肝脏 Liver生物学英语中英对照（续）11. 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology自然选择 Natural selection物种形成 Speciation进化树 Evolutionary tree12. 行为生物学 Behavioral Biology繁殖行为 Reproductive behavior领域行为 Territorial behavior社会行为 Social behavior13. 神经生物学 Neurobiology神经元 Neuron突触 Synapse神经递质 Neurotransmitter14. 免疫学 Immunology抗体 Antibody免疫系统 Immune system炎症 Inflammation15. 营养学 Nutrition蛋白质 Protein碳水化合物 Carbohydrate脂肪 Fat16. 遗传工程 Genetic Engineering基因克隆 Gene cloning基因编辑 Gene editing转基因技术 Genetic modification 17. 生态遗传学 Ecological Genetics种群 Population环境适应性 Environmental adaptation遗传漂变 Genetic drift18. 生物信息学 Bioinformatics基因组学 Genomics蛋白质组学 Proteomics生物数据挖掘 Bioinformatics data mining19. 生物统计学 Biostatistics实验设计 Experimental design数据分析 Data analysis显著性检验 Significance test20. 环境生物学 Environmental Biology环境污染 Environmental pollution生态修复 Ecological restoration生物降解 Biodegradation这份生物学英语中英对照文档旨在帮助您更全面地了解生物学领域的专业术语。

生态学基本概念中英文

生态学基本概念中英文

个体（英语：individual），一般指一个人或是一个群体中的特定主体，指人时也称个人。

在生物学中，每一只动物、一棵植物、甚至一个能以单细胞生存的生命形式都可称为单一个体。

——wikiAn individual is a person or a specific object.种群（英语：Population，或称种群）在生态学上，是在一定空间范围内同时生活着的同种生物的全部个体；或者说是有个体组成，能够而且确实进行交配的群体。

——wiki种群（population）指在一定时间内占据一定空间的同种生物的所有个体。

——baiduA population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.群落群落（英语：Biocoenosis）或称为“生物群落”。

生存在一起并与一定的生存条件相适应的动植物的总体群落生境是群落生物生活的空间，一个生态系统则是群落和群落生境的系统性相互作用。

——wiki群落community 亦称生物群落(biological community)。

生物群落是指具有直接或间接关系的多种生物种群的有规律的组合，具有复杂的种间关系。

我们把在一定生活环境中的所有生物种群的总和叫做生物群落，简称群落。

——baidu生态学定义：在相同时间聚集在同一地段上的各物种种群的集合[1]。

A biocenosis (biocenose, biocoenose, biotic community, biological community, ecological community), coined by Karl Möbius in 1877, describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope).生态系统生态系统(Ecosystem)是指在一个特定环境内，其间的所有生物和此一环境的统称。

微生物生态学英文

微生物生态学英文

微生物生态学英文Microbial Ecology: Exploring the Unseen WorldThe world we inhabit is teeming with life, both visible and invisible. Among the most fascinating and influential forms of life on our planet are the microscopic organisms known as microbes. These tiny, yet incredibly diverse, creatures play a crucial role in the intricate web of life, shaping the very foundations of our ecosystems. Microbial ecology, the study of the relationships between microbes and their environment, offers a fascinating glimpse into this hidden realm.At the heart of microbial ecology lies an understanding of the myriad ways in which microbes interact with their surroundings. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes are ubiquitous, adapting to a wide range of habitats and conditions. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, responsible for driving essential biogeochemical cycles, maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems, and even shaping the evolution of other living beings.One of the most remarkable aspects of microbial ecology is thesheer diversity of the microbial world. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses – each group represents a vast and intricate tapestry of life, with countless species and subspecies, each possessing unique characteristics and adaptations. This diversity is not only a testament to the resilience and adaptability of microbes, but also a reflection of the complex and dynamic nature of the environments they inhabit.As we delve deeper into the study of microbial ecology, we uncover a world of fascinating interactions and interdependencies. Microbes engage in a constant dance of cooperation and competition, forming intricate communities and networks that are essential to the functioning of ecosystems. From symbiotic relationships, where microbes and other organisms work in harmony, to the fierce battles for resources and survival, the microbial world is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape.One of the most captivating aspects of microbial ecology is the role microbes play in shaping the global environment. Through their involvement in biogeochemical cycles, microbes are responsible for the cycling of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which are crucial for the sustenance of all life on Earth. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, quietly maintaining the delicate balance that allows complex ecosystems to thrive.Beyond their ecological significance, microbes also have a profound impact on human health and well-being. The human microbiome, the diverse community of microbes that reside within our bodies, plays a crucial role in our overall health, influencing everything from digestion and immune function to mental health and susceptibility to disease. Understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their human hosts has become a rapidly growing field of research, with the potential to revolutionize our approach to healthcare and disease prevention.As we continue to explore the vast and complex world of microbial ecology, new discoveries and insights are constantly emerging. Advances in technology, such as high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, have opened up new avenues for studying the microbial world, allowing us to uncover the hidden diversity and interconnectedness of these microscopic organisms.The future of microbial ecology holds immense promise, with the potential to unlock the secrets of the unseen world and harness the power of microbes for the benefit of humanity and the planet. From developing sustainable agricultural practices to finding innovative solutions to environmental challenges, the field of microbial ecology is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of our world.In conclusion, the study of microbial ecology is a captivating andever-evolving field that offers a window into the hidden workings of our planet. By understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their environment, we can gain valuable insights into the complex systems that sustain life on Earth. As we continue to explore this fascinating realm, we can unlock the secrets of the microbial world and leverage its power to create a more sustainable and resilient future for all.。

专业英语-生态学教材

专业英语-生态学教材
价值评估实例
森林生态系统提供的碳汇服务，可通过计算其吸收二氧化碳的量，再根据碳汇交易市场价格来评估其价值。
价值评估意义
通过价值评估，可以更好地认识生态系统服务的价值，为生态补偿和生态保护提供依据。
采取生态保护红线、自然保护区、生态补偿等措施来保护生态系统服务。
保护措施
管理策略
国际合作
实施可持续土地利用、生态农业、生态旅游等管理策略，促进生态系统服务的可持续利用。
森林砍伐
城市化进程中，大量的土地被转化为城市建设，破坏了原有的生态系统，影响了动植物的生存和迁徙。
城市化进程
为了满足人类的食物需求，大量的土地被转化为农业用地，导致天然植被减少，生物多样性降低。
农业扩张
The impact of land use change
大气污染
工业废气、汽车尾气等排放到大气中，导致空气质量恶化，影响人类健康，并对全球气候变化产生影响。
气候变化导致生态系统中的物种数量和种群大小发生变化，影响生态系统的稳定性和功能。
生物多样性降低
气候变化导致一些物种灭绝或濒临灭绝，使生物多样性降低。
物种分布改变
由于气候变化，一些物种的生存环境受到威胁，导致它们的分布范围缩小或消失。
The impact of climate change on ecosystems
Research methods for biodiversity
总结词：Researchers use various methods to study biodiversity, including field surveys, ecological modeling, DNA barcoding, and metabarcoding.

生态学英文

生态学英文
Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings
Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
Ex: grass cricket frog raccoon
Hawks
Weasels
Mihich of the organisms above is the top consumer? Hawks
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
D. Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web
1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs) 2. Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores) 3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores) 4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore—usually top carnivore)
Light Energy
6O2 + C6H12O6)
E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
Consumers
A. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply B. Also called heterotrophs

General Ecology 8-1——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】

General Ecology 8-1——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】

种群特征 Population Characteristics
• 1 Population size • 2 Population density • 3 Population dispersion • 4 Age structure
1 种群大小 Population size
• The number of individuals that make up the gene pool of a population.
•
均匀分布
均匀分布
Nearly uniform distribution of creosote (Larrea) plants in a dry desert scrub of the American Southwest. 美国西南部的 沙漠灌丛
均匀分布在自然界中并不常见
Where uniform dispersion does exist, it seems to be an outcome of competition among its individuals.
个体在生境中的分布模式。
种群分布类型 Population dispersion patterns
A population can be distributed so that it is nearly uniform, or it may be random or clumped.
种群分布的类型：均匀型，随机型，聚集型
• 组成一个种群基因库的个体数量。 • 一定区域种群个体的数量、生物量或能量。
暨南大学南湖中罗非鱼的数量 （条）
2 种群密度 Population density
• The number of individuals of a population that are living in a specified area or volume.
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一、根据意思填单词（加粗的为要填的）10个*1分1. nutrient: elements that are required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms2．nutrient cycling is the use, transformation, movement, and reuse of nutrients in ecosystems.3. fitness: a measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations4. adaptation: any heritable trait possessed by an organism, be it physiological, morphological or behavioral, which aids survival or reproduction in a particular environment5. floodplain: A plain bordering a river and subject to flooding.6. population: a group of organisms of the same species occupying a given space at the same time.7. ramets：individuals that are separated but genetically identical and derived from a single zygote. 8．competition: an interaction among individuals utilizing a limited resource, resulting in reduced fitness in the competing individuals.9．fecundity: the number of eggs, seeds, or offspring in the first stage of the life cycle produced by a individual10. predation: the consumption of all or part of another individual (the prey).11. parasites: a subgroup of predators consuming the tissue of another living organism that live in close association with their host12. microparasites: parasites that multiply within or on the surface of the host13. macroparasites: parasites that grow in or on the host, but do not multiply14．mechanical weathering: physical disintegration of a rock into smaller fragments, each with the same properties as the original, which occurs mainly by temperature and pressure changes15．chemical weathering: the process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the addition or removal of elements.16. relative humidity: the air water vapor content expressed as a ratio to the saturated water content at that water temperature.17. field capacity: the upper limit of the water-holding capacity of a soil. This is the amount of water which can be held by soil pores against the force of gravity.18. permanent wilting point: the lower limit of water availability– the soil water content at which plants wilt and are unable to recover.19. metabolic water: the water released during cellular respiration20. intraspecific competition: the competition occurring between members of the same species二、填空（自己看那些是重点）10个*2分1. Pathways of nutrient loss in terrestrial ecosystems: released to the atmosphere; lost in water; lost in fire/harest/deforestation2. If fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’.3. Adaptation is the result of natural selection acting on heritable differences in fitness.4. Pathways of nutrient gain in aquatic ecosystems: streamflow; permanent sediments5. Ectotherms and endotherms differ in the extent to which they are able to maintain a constant body temperature.6. The thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures in which an endotherm has only to exert a minimum metabolic effort in order to maintain a constant body temperature.7. In many communities, there is an approximate balance between the carbon released to the atmosphere from respiration and carbon fixed by photosynthesis.8. The unique relationship between water and living organisms stems from the fact that water is a universal solvent: almost anything will dissolve in water to some degree.9. Terrestrial organisms face 2 major challenges: evaporative loss to environment and reduced access to replacement water.10. Predators vary in their diet breadth, with some species being extremely selective specialists, concentrating exclusively on one prey type, whilst others are more generalists, being able to feed on a number of prey species.11. In vertebrates, infection by microparasites results in a strong immunological response: (i) the cellular immune response, where specialized cells directly attack pathogen cells; (ii) the B-cell immune response, which gives rise to antibodies.12. The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise 1 cm3 by 1 ℃.13. A major problem faced by terrestrial organisms is the loss of a continuous supply of water necessary to keep tissue surfaces moist.三判断10个*1分1. Homeotherm: An organism, such as a mammal or bird, has a body temperature that is constant and largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings.2. Poikilotherm: An organism, such as a fish or reptile, has a body temperature that varies with the temperature of its surroundings.3. Ectotherms are organisms which are largely reliant on external sources of heat to raise their body temperature.4. Endotherms are organisms capable of generating heat internally in order to raise their body temperature.5. Occasionally, interactions between species occur where one species exhibits no effect, whilst the other either benefits(commensualism) or is adversely affected (amensualism).6. Generally, parasites tend to be more specialist than true predators.7. Herbivores tend to be more specialist than carnivores.8. Individuals within a host population are very rarely equally at risk of being successfully attacked by a given parasite.9.As the disabling effects of microparasitism often depend on the disruption of processes at the cellular level, smallgenetical changes to cellular proteins may alter the ability of the parasite to disable its host.10.If the stable age distribution is disrupted by any temporary event, such as a harsh winter, disease or starvation, the agecomposition will gradually restore itself when conditions and the birth and death rates return to normal.11.Exploitation competition: Individuals only interact indirectly, by depleting the resource in short supply. Reducedfitness occurs due to a shortfall in resource availability.12.Interference competition: Individuals interact directly, most obviously, in the case of some animal species, by fighting,but als o by producing toxins (e.g. plant allelopathy). Fitness reduction in the ‘loser’ in such interactions may be due to the interference (e.g. injuries or death) as well as the lack of resource access.13.Scramble competition: Resource distribution within a species may be fairly even, so that most individuals get asimilar amount of food. Under high densities, no individual gets enough to survive, and the population crashes.14.Contest competition: In some species, high densities result in a very uneven distribution of resources, so that someindividuals grow and reproduce whilst others die.15.The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual while the phenotype is the individual organism, a product ofthe interaction between its genotype and its environment.16.The ability of the phenotype to vary due to environmental influences on its genotype is known as phenotypicplasticity.17.Ammonia is released during the breakdown of vertebrate excreta and is an important loss of N.18.In some water-logged soils and floodplain forests, some bacteria are capable of reducing nitrate and nitrite to N2during the process of denitrification19.The loss of nutrients in water is mainly in solution with the exception of phosphorus and iron which are immobile insoils.20.Some chemical elements occur in rocks of the lithosphere as potassium in feldspar and calcium in calcium carbonate. 四名词解释5个*3分1. The amount of water that would be transpired from a site, assuming no soil water limitation and complete vegetation cover, is the potential evapotranspiration rate.2. Life expectancy is the average number of years to be lived in the future by population members of a given age.3. Life table is the table showing the number of individuals present at different life stages or ages together with age-specific survival rates and age-specific mortality rates calculated for each stage.4. Survivorship curve is a graph showing the proportion of survivors on a logarithmic scale through each phase of life.5. The process of releasing ammonia or ammonium by some bacteria and fungi working on wastes and remains is called ammonification.6. The death rate, or mortality rate, is the number of individuals dying during a given time interval divided by the average population size over that time interval.7. The probability of dying is the number dying per individual present at the start of the time period.8. The age-specific birthrate is the number of offspring produced per unit time by females in specific age classes.9. The realized natality is the actual successful reproduction per female over a period of time.10．countercurrent exchange: The interaction between the departing air and the respiratory surfaces results in an efficient return of moisture to the tissues.五简答3个*5分1. Nitrogen fixation答：1、atmospheric (lighting闪电)2、man-made （fertilizer化肥）3、bacteria(root moclules of some legume plants豆科植物的根瘤)2. Phosphorus cycle答：phosporus 磷←water remains↓↑phosphate rocks磷矿herbivore \carnivore食草动物| 食肉动物↓↑Phosphate salts磷酸盐→plants植物3. Three patterns of survivorship curves答：图见课本P79Typ eⅰshows good survival of young with high death rates only in old age.(stereotyping the kind of pattern found in large mammals).类型一为年轻个体存活率高，高死亡率仅发生于老年个体（在大型哺乳动物中可找到这一类型）Type ⅱ shows a steady mortality throughout life (reflecting the pattern found in some bird species) 类型二在整个生命过程有一个稳定的死亡率（可在鸟类中见到此类型）Type ⅲ represents very high mortality in the young (as occurs,for exanple,in spawning fish andfungi) 类型三年轻个体死亡率很高（例如，可产卵的鱼和真菌）4. Balancing heat gain against heat lossHs = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr – HeHs→Storage of the total heat 储藏的总热量Hm→metabolic heat 代谢热Hcd→heat conduction 热传导Hcv→convection heat 对流热Hr→heat radiation热辐射He→evaporation heat 蒸发热5. Water regulation on land by animalsWia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We – WsWia→internal animal water 动物体内水分Wd→drink water 喝的水Wf→food water 食物中的水Wa→air water 皮肤吸收空气中的水We→evaporation water 蒸发的水Ws→secretion water 分泌物中的水6. Competitive exclusion principleTwo species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. When two species compete, one will be a better competitor and thus have higher fitness and eventually exclude the other.生态位接近的两个种不能永久的共存。