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综合学术英语教程3 答案Unit 1 DefinitionKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with DefinitionReading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology2. Technology, on the other hand, is more of an applied science. It is where tools and knowledgeare used for the study of a particular science. For example, the science of energy can havetechnology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in science, solar panels can beused for a variety of technologies, an example of which are solar-powered lights.From the following website:#ixzz37toZQcugTask 2 Understanding Lectures through DefinitionListening 11. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F3.Task 3 Reading Definition Articles1. 1) Indigenous knowledge means knowledge belonging to the country, rather than beingbrought there from another country.2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather broad and general.3) For open discussion2. 1) International knowledge system.2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.3) It contains the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied tomaintain or improve their4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.5) It is considered the social capital, meaning an essential resource forsurvival and means ofsustenance and livelihood.6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b)The introduction offoreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term gains or solutions toproblems that they cannot sustain.7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primaryhealth care,preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.8) A higher variance of traits, less susceptible to the frequent droughts, reduce risks.9) a) Indigenous knowledge is vital for its bearers; b) Become fully awareof its value andcontributions to the intended objectives; c) It is an integral part of global knowledge in itsown right.10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign knowledge.Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4) a. unanimous 5) g.intrusion6) u. dissemination 7) c. insights 8) l. susceptible 9) n. incorporating10) f. vanish11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement15) k. alleviation16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20) t. rational4. For reference:The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the terms and examples tovalidate each facet. Both use classifications, descriptions, comparison and contrast for furtheranalysis. One big difference lies in the perspective to view the title, with the first a ratherholistic discussion ranging from the status quo to the settlement of the existing problems andthe second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.Reading 3 Ultrasonics5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize 20) inspect6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. KPara. K—e Para. B—a Para. C—c Para. D—f Para. E—hPara. F—d Para. G—j Para. H—i Para. I—b Para. J—g7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E8. For open discussionTask 4 Writing an Essay of DefinitionReading 4 Disruptive Technologies1.5. For reference only1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during surgery.2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.3) All instruments need to be sterilized.4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken into consideration.5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment will be improved.6) Some specific demands of the scientific establishment have to be made.7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the wholeworld.8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most precisely defined.Integrated Exercises2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate7) encompass8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario 3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were unaffected.4) The scenery is beautiful but inaccessible to most ordinary travelers.5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the massive loss ofsociability.8) Many inventions such as gunpowder and the compass originated in China.9) The frequency of mining accidents has decreased over the past 10 years.10) The maximum number of places offered by the medical school for theapplicants is 15.5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict their children’soutdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.2) The local government has implemented a development program for the mountain climbersto leave the surrounding region unaffected.3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they are running.4) To combat your anxiety, you should compel yourself to visualize apromising future in which a problem has already been settled.5) He holds that developed countries should be held accountable foreconomic growth on a global scale.6) Trash is not yet fully utilized, leading to overlooking the potential in it.7) A large number of females choose the option of personal finance toachieve control of their own lives.8)The university has decided to invest in the project because it has manytechnical advantages over other similar ones.9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to overlook.10) We are trying to achieve a sound understanding of liberal arts courses,which encompasses a wide range of subjects.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) TB. (1) Clouding computing is about the provision of computer resources likeSaaS, PaaS, and infrastructure provision while private computingisn’t.(2) 67.(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not a thing, and it cannot bedefined by some specific products. It is a transformation or atransition involving concepts, ideas, ways of production, changingattitudes, etc.(4) Because it is more than just technology, as the speaker furthercompares it to electricity, which has transformed from an innovationto much more of a utility service.(5) Ubiquitous.Listening 3A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) DB. compressed, whisper, external, pockets, panic, assembly, psychological,reflection, simultaneous, architecture, figure out, legitimate, instantaneous, clicking, addictedC. (1) B, C (2) CUnit 2 ClassificationKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), theproduction of CO2 ( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.).3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.4) Classification helps us to determine and understand the relationshipof the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to followa principle of classification and go on with a system consistently.For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource. It provides aboutone-quarter of the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline.Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare. Natural gas is comprised mostly of methane, although it also contains ethane, propane and butane.It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. It is also used to generate electricity. Unlike other fossil fuels, naturalgas is cleaner and causes less pollution. Like other fossil fuels, this resource is depleting rapidly.Task 2 Understanding Lectures through ClassificationListening 11. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivationIdea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict4. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existenceof unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict.Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle”, while egoworks on “the Reality Principle” and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.Task 3 Reading Classification ArticlesReading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources suchas sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).2)□√ The purpose of using renewable energy sources.□√ The classification of renewable energy sources.□√ The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.□√ The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.□√ The history of the use of different energy sources.□ How energy is obtained from various sources.3) I would write:(1) The definition of the renewable energy.(2) The classification of the renewable energy.(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.3) The main demerit is that it is limited.4) Sailors, farmers and architects.5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products thatcan be harmful to the environment.6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the heat.7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powersa generator thus generating electricity.8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.10) The Environmental Protection Agency.3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve6) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute 10) q. radiant11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k. generator 14) d. capture 15)g. definitely16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c. bladeReading 3 Types of Pollution5. 1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion16) disrupt 17) particulate 18) underground 19) concentration 20) combat6.7.8. My summary is: Even if solar energy is limited, it enjoys a long historyand has been advancing constantly, thus enabling us to convert heat into electricity, which can be stored, ready for use.Task 4 Writing an Essay of ClassificationReading 4 Types of Sustainability1.5. 1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed in academic writing, despitethe occasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.3) Much importance should be attached to the comprehension of thedifference between education and training.4) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time issusceptible to malignant melanoma.5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in theprocess of US territorial expansion.8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually. Integrated Exercises2. 1) motivation 2) demolish 3) symptom 4) combat 5) capture 6) distribute7) assert 8) yield9) internal 10) emergence 11) adherence 12) disrupt3. 1) Internet access is available in the students’ dormitory.2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea navigation.4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal plan aroused fierce protestsfrom the local residents.5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken.6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments.7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition.10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancys.5. 1) The effective disposal of the recognized sources of pollutiondemonstrates to be of great aid in the elevation of people’s quality of life.2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, the lifestyles of thegenerations ahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource-poorregions to combat the poor conditions.4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing the soil by burning strawsis the fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious problem for the health of the respiratory system.5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals,has a measurable effect on the general improvement of all the people’s environmental protection awareness.6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago,which has deteriorated constantly in the modern times, leading to a huge loss of wildlife habitat.7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists wereamazed at how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us.8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects.9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerably decreases thequantity of drinkable water; what’s worse, the adverse effects are not confined to areas near the source.10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by this accident will be effectivelyremoved through natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the environment.Listening 2A. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) FB. (1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization.(2) The lower one.(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchase essentials.(4) The love and belonging needs.(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concernedwith the opinions of other people, and interested in fulfilling their potential.C. This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, namelyphysiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic and instinctive ones, which must be satisfied first. Safety needs refer tothe needs for safety and security, also important for survival. Social needs include the needs for belonging, love and affection, the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness. Esteem needs reflect on personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment; if unmet, it may lead to inferiority complex. Self-actualization needs are at the highest level, meaning to realize a person’s full potential, capacities and talents.Listening 3A. (1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) BB. classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued, initially, clinically,alludes to, building up, immune, alongside, shuffling, rip through, hospitalizationsC. (1) B C E(2) ① A B C ② A B ③ A B ④ A B ⑤ A B C ⑥ C ⑦ A ⑧ A ⑨ A ⑩ A CUnit 3 Comparison and ContrastKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison and Contrast1. 1) Electric vehicles and gas vehicles.2) The energy they used, the distance, the cost and convenience.3) The electric vehicles and gas vehicles share some similarities: theappearance of muscle cars, all the standard features and they even perform similarly. The differences are listed below:4) The writer compares and contrasts both vehicles item after item. Insuch a pattern, the writer structures his paragraph around points of comparison, moving back and forth between the subjects.5) The former one—list all similarities of the two subjects, then their differences.Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicle2. What’s more, there is a health factor that affects both of them. Cannedfood loses some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also has to be tinned with many preservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could becometoxic if consumed too often. Fresh food, on the other hand, often comes straight from a farm and has all the nutrients Mother Nature intended for it. As we can see, fresh food offers many benefits that canned food lacks. Therefore, an informed diner should always choose to eat fresh.After all, we could all use to improve our health.Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Comparison and ContrastListening 12. 1) T. What I’m just beginning to realize right now, is that we pay ahuge price for the speed that we claim is a big advantage of these computers.2) F. And they consume one and a half megawatts of power. So that wouldbe really great, if you could add that to the production capacity in Tanzania. It would really boost the economy.3) F. Now, how much computation does the brain do? I estimate 10 to the16 bits per second, which is actually about very similar to what BlueGene does. So that’s the question.4) T. So what we are doing right now with computers with the energyconsumed by 1,200 houses, the brain is doing with the energy consumed by your laptop.5) F. How does that compare with the way computers work? In the computer,you have all the data going through the central processing unit, and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck, whereas in the brain, what you have is these neurons.6) T. This is something that we’ve been working on for the last couple of years.3. 120,000 processors10 to the 16 bits per second1.5 megawatts10 quadrillion bits per second10 watts4. Although computers have strong power to process data, they still cannotcompare to the brain of human beings in which an unbelievable number of neurons connect and react with each other so that a real net could be accomplished perfectly. The research on how the computer could be as powerful as a brain will continue going on.Task 3 Reading Comparison and Contrast Articles2. 1) Consumer perceptions of organic processes and products and thoseinvolving biotechnology.2) Health, environment, risk and ethics.3) No study has directly elicited comparable attitudes about organicand GM products and processes.4) The average participant slightly, but not strongly, agreed with thepositively worded health attributes (e.g., organic food ishealthier), and disagreed with the negatively worded healthattributes (e.g., organic food is less healthy). The averageresponse about the healthfulness of GM foods was generally neutral.5) Both were thought to have higher levels of nutrients than traditional food.6) Generally, consumers perceive organic food production as environmentally friendly.7) Respondents perceived GM foods as possessing a higher level of riskthan other classes of food.8) Social acceptability is one motive driving the purchase of organic food.9) Respondents did not have major ethical objections to GM food.10) Forty-five percent.Reading 2 Perceptions of Genetically Modified and Organic Foods and Processes3. 1) p. prevalent 2) a. perception 3) i. moderate 4) f. construct 5) q.advantageous 6) k. attribute 7) c. organic 8) h. volume 9) l. nutrient10) d. elicit 11) g. explicitly 12) b. warrant13) m. inherent 14) t. respondent 15) e. empirical 16) j. contradict 17)o. obesity18) n. cure 19) s. neutral 20) r. motiveReading 3 A Comparative Report of Organic Food vs. Genetically Modified Food5. 1) synthetic 2) manure 3) botanical 4) alter 5) regulation 6) compost7) recommendation8) mineral 9) federal 10) potent 11) organism 12) network 13)transformation 14) normal\15) chemical 16) trace 17) negative 18) poll 19) facilities 20) modification6.7. 1) Para. A 2) E 3) F 4) E 5) Para. F 6) Para. I 7) Para. J 8)F8. My summary is: Fueled by health concerns, people have focused more onthe origin of food over the past decade; so to answer their questions, this report shows that organic foods are the best choice compared with genetically modified food.Task 4 Writing an Essay of Comparison and ContrastReading 4 Fast Food Restaurant: McDonald’s vs. Wendy’s1. B. Wendy’s1) the Ultimate Chicken Grill2) small order of chiliMcDonald’s1) fruit yogurt parfait2) green apple slices (kid’s menu)3) healthier sandwich choices (such as McVeggie Burger, ChickenFajitas, and Whole Wheat Chicken McGrill)C. Presentation of food: At Wendy’s, not only are the meal optionsexcellent, the presentation of healthy menu choices is superior.Wendy’s salads a re large and fresh with only one hindrance: excess water at the bottom of the bowl.McDonald’s salads lack in appearance and freshness. These salads appear thrown together and often look wilted.D. Wendy’s:the first major fast food chain to offer fast food salad as a meal’s main course.McDonald’s: n ow also offers salads as a main course menu choice, in reaction to the popularity of Wendy’s salads.E. Meal variety, good presentation and several salad choices are allconsidered when evaluating a fast food restaurant. With fast food restaurants such as Wendy’s and McDonald’s available, it is considerably easier for people to make healthier food choices.5. 1) None of his speech is imperfect in organization and wording.2) The manager will not miss the opportunity to accept the students’ proposals.3) Kevin did not deny he took risky bets and lied to cover them up butclaimed his superiors were not ignorant of his doing.4) It was told that their work needed to be improved as it wasn’t done well.5) I t is not avoidable that the public won’t miss such scandals in the business world.6) Never will my parents be unready to help me out.7) Hardly did the idea of returning to his hometown stop recurring in his dreams.8) The islands failed to find that they were ready to fight against the outside intruders.9) It was not until failing to catch the last bus to the city late onenight did Mike not know what to do next.10) Never does he lose the optimistic confidence for life even thoughthings don’t always go smoothly.Integrated Exercise2. 1) accommodate 2) exhibition 3) consistent 4) negative 5) considerably6) response7) version 8) regulation 9) capacity 10) alter 11) trace 12) involve3. 1) Older people are less likely to perceive situations negativelybecause they’re typically more tolerant.2) In most cases, the major reason for conducting an analysis, althoughnot often explicitly stated, appears to be to justify taxpayer spending.3) The organization of the novel allowed readers to reconstruct the storyby adding missing elements and arranging the sequence of the events.4) These skills are easy to learn and can add considerably to the overallenjoyment of spending time out-of-doors.5) He was asked to refine his draft headline to make it clearer and more exact.6) It is inevitable that success in most work is evaluated by income.7) The rejection of the parents’ political and religious beliefs puttheir children in a difficult position.8) It is well-known that the government will be consistent in itspositions on civil rights legislation.9) The public figures who are seeking to further their careers cannotmake selections about the publicity they desire.10) Considerable modification of the existing system is needed to increase efficiency.5. 1) An appropriate use of limited natural resources is advantageous forthe Earth environment where human beings live.2) The uncertainty over this region continues to grow; what is moreunfortunate, people may need some time to adapt.3) Conventional notions holds that organic food is much healthier thangenetically modified food.4) The brand gown designed by Marina comes to accommodate the need fora number of occasions, including churches, dinners, business and otherspecial occasions.5) There is a more prevalent concern that the shortage of this researchis due to the overall lack of knowledge of AIDS groups and the difficulty of access to those groups.6) After being exposed to and weighing the information about those risks,US researchers suggested that childhood obesity prevention should occur/happen as early as possible, as much as possible before birth.7) If this change is made, you are likely to run the risk of losing theaudience and your reputation.8) In the modern society, in rejection of the traditional stereotype thatwomen need more care and tendance, many women assume/undertake theresponsibility of raising a family.9) Since the 21st century, the short-term certificates are rapidlygaining popularity, especially for non-white students.10) The research found that 75 percent of American teenagers always boasta healthy self-image.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) TB. (1) When the speaker was 15 years old, he first discovered the good waste problem.(2) He grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate his breakfast with pigs.(3) It gave him faith that the people do have the power to stop this tragicwaste of food resources and bring about that change.。
《学术英语(综合)》书本答案以下答案对书本习题中类似于“Do you(think/agree)”“give a presentation”等的部分问题进行了省略。
Unit1EconomicsText A:Lead-in:omittedCritical reading and thinking:Task1:Body:Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of“the invisible hand”End:Echo the beginning,emphasizing we should be grateful to the miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every dayTask2:1.It is not difficult at all to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving.There seemsto be no miracle in it.2.The use of so many“and’s”helps to emphasize that a series of actions and all kinds of work are involved inthe sale of Thanksgiving turkey.3.Here“from above”means“from God”.The phrase is used to show that there is something wondrous andalmost inexplicable in the social order of freedom.Task3:Market has its own way of punishing business malpractice.For example,if a fast food chain sells contaminated food,nation-wide demand for their food will go down,along with their profit.When a company sells defective products,they have to deal with liability costs.Language building-up:Task1:1．1．饲料经销商；饲料批发商2．为他自己的收益而工作3．技能与劳动力4．制造塑料5．私人交易6．包装并定价7．无形之手2．1.pricedbor3.transactions4.gainbor;manufactured6.the invisible hand7.distributorTask2:1.Today,in millions of homes across the nation,God will be thanked for many gifts,for the feast on thetable and the company of loved ones,for health and good fortune in the year gone by,for peace privilege of having been born—or having become—American.(Line2,Para.1)2.And yet,isn't there something wondrous—something almost inexplicable—in the way your Thanksgivingweekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers?(Line1,Para.4)3.…Thanksgiving Turkey,there would be one—or more likely,a few dozen—waiting.(Line3,Para.6) Task3:1.very many2.buying or selling3.a large group of4.more huge5.understand6.troubledText B:Critical reading and thinking:Task1:1.Considering that her boyfriend doesn’t even bother to choose a gift for her,the girl concludes that hedoesn’t love her.Therefore,she breaks off the relationship.In the case where the strength of affection is most in question,people care a lot about what is given as a gift.2.The following is one more example where the signaling theory can be applied:In the job market,anemployer may not know whether a candidate is qualified for a post or not.Very often,the candidate will show the employer education credentials,which can be used as a signal to the employer.Thus the information gap is narrowed.Task2:(以下所有表格题若未说明，顺序皆为从上到下，从左到右)Internet browser;Windows operating system;deter;entering the market and offering new products;cars today include many built-in products;monopoly;80;reliable;easier to use;severely limited;changing;competitors;low;Researching:The U.S.economy is a free market economy with some government regulation ad there has been a lasting debate about how much government regulation is necessary.Those who argue for less regulation claim that the free market itself will require business to protect consumers and provide good products or services and the interference from the government can do nothing but increase the cost of doing corporations are not concerned about the public’s interest,so regulation is indispensable.Interestingly, Adam Smith himself believed that government had an important role to play in economic life.For example, he believed that the government should enforce contracts and grant patents and copyrights.Text C:Task:每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家里生产。
Focusing on ReadingTask 11.G2. E3. C4. F5. A6. D7.J8. B9.L10.H 11. N 12. M 13. Q 14.K 15. I 16.R 17.O 18.PTask 21)The reasons are as follows”Firstly, students sometimes view academic dishonesty as a normal incidence and something ordinary. There are many reasons that they use to justify their cheating.Secondly, new techniques of cheating have been developed, including the use of high-tech tools, although the old ones are still dominant on campus, which makes it even more difficult for the faculty to identify.Thirdly, it is a common view to equate grades with the value of the student. Furthermore, grades are used to predict one’s future success. So some students tend to practice academic dishonesty with the aim of getting higher grades.Fourthly, little is known about the degree of academic dishonesty and no methods are devised to combat the problem. Besides, there are no strategies for deterring academic dishonesty for the faculty.Fifthly, honor codes are essential to reducing the level of cheating in colleges and should be established. However, their importance has been neglected.Last but not least, academic dishonesty is no longer a task of classroom management that can well be remedied by a single faulty with teaching responsibility. Administrators and professional organizations are expected to work together to maintain a healthy learning environment with a high level of trust between the faculty and the administration.2)Old techniques include bringing notes to class and having information written on water bottles,pens and gum wrappers. New techniques of cheating include using cell phones to get the information, communicate with others outside the exam room to obtain answers and searching answers on the web during an exam.Other forms include copying test responses from a classmate, taking exams for other people, failure to cite other people’s work, and purchasing research papers and presenting them as his/her work. Also actions such as breaking into the office or teachers files to access the test or answer key, sabotaging peers ongoing work or gaining illegal access to school computers to change official grades are all forms of academic dishonesty. (B)3)There are many reasons that students use to justify cheating: lack of time, poverty, uncaringinstructors, laziness, peer pressure, poor rile models, fear of failure and technology that has allowed cheating to be done easily. (C)Besides, research shows that a common view equates grades with the value of the student.Secondly, grades are used to predict one’s future success. This may cause the students to practice academic dishonesty.4)Studies show that honor codes were essential to reducing the level of cheating in colleges.Honor codes would be more successful when they were combined with a climate that emphasized the importance of academic integrity and an honor system that allowed for strong student involvement in the enforcement of academic integrity initiatives. Therefore, the administration should strive in the creation of the campus environment, seek the full support of all the college constituents, and ensure the implementation of the honor codes at theinstitution. (N)5)Academic fraternity means “all the people who work in academia.”It can stress integrity as a core institutional value that will shape the students’academic success.Task 31. a2. j3. W4. m5. k6. o7. v8. x9.n 10.b 11. u 12.y 13.d14. i 15. f 16. z 17. t 18.p 19. S 20. q 21. e 22. g 23. c 24. h 25. l 26. rTask 51)Another kind of academic dishonesty happens sometimes among researchers when they yieldto the temptation of making a series of great discoveries. So they invent false information to deceive others, and then publish them.2)Bouville(2010) held that the major reason for the students to avoid academic dishonesty wasto obey the rules and escape punishment. Cheaters may get high grades which they do not deserve, and this unfair advantage will tempt them to continue with this fraudulent behaviour.3)Third, in each department there should be experienced faculty members, acting as academicintegrity chairmen, who are responsible for contacting and offering help to their fellow colleagues. Lastly, for faculty members who have tackled the cases of academic dishonesty well, public thanks and admiration should be given to them for what they have done.Task 6Main idea: Students developed new techniques of cheating, while the old ones are still dominant on campus.Task 7In the area of education, academic dishonesty is a chronic problem. Students have developed new techniques of cheating, while the old ones are still dominant on campus. Cheaters follow dishonest practices because of many reasons. Prevention of academic dishonesty demands joint efforts from students, teachers and administrators, of which the students’ contribution is vital for they are the ones to be subjected to the penalties. For the teachers, they can adopt four strategies to maintain academic integrity and meanwhile make efforts to motivate the students. For the administrators, they should strive in the creation of a healthy academic climate and ensure the implementation of the honor codes.Task 8(omitted)Task 9(omitted)Task 10Academic DishonestyAcademic dishonesty occurs when a student uses or attempts to use unauthorized information in the taking of an exam; or submits as his or her own work themes, reports, drawings, laboratory notes, or other products prepared by another person; or knowingly assists another student in such acts or plagiarism. Such behavior is abhorrent to the university, and students found responsible for academic dishonesty face expulsion, suspension, conduct probation, or reprimand. Instances of academic dishonesty ultimately affect all students and the entire university community by degrading the value of diplomas when some are obtained dishonestly, and by lowering the grades of students working honestly.Examples of specific acts of academic dishonesty include but are not limited to:a) Obtaining unauthorized information. Information is obtained dishonestly, for example, bycopying graded homework assignments from another student, by working with another student on a take-home test or homework when not specifically permitted to do so by the instructor, or by looking at your notes or other written work during an examination when not specifically permitted to do so.b) Tendering of information. Students may not give or sell their work to another person who plans to submit it as his or her own. This includes giving their work to another student to be copied, giving someone answers to exam questions during the exam, taking an exam and discussing its contents with students who will be taking the same exam, or giving or selling a term paper to another student.c) Misrepresentation. Students misrepresent their work by handing in the work of someone else. The following are examples: purchasing a paper from a term paper service; reproducing another person’s paper (even with modifications) and submitting it as their own; having another studentdo their computer program or having someone else take their exam.d) Bribery. Offering money or any item or service to a faculty member or any other person to gain academic advantage for yourself or another is dishonest.e) Plagiarism. Unacknowledged use of the information, ideas, or phrasing of other writers is an offense comparable with theft and fraud, and it is so recognized by the copyright and patent laws. Literary offenses of this kind are known as plagiarism.One is responsible for plagiarism when: the exact words of another writer are used without using quotation marks and indicating the source of the words; the words of another are summarized or paraphrased without giving the credit that is due; the ideas from another writer are borrowed without properly documenting their source.Acknowledging the sources of borrowed material is a simple, straightforward procedure that will strengthen the paper and assure the integrity of the wri ter. The Student’s Guide to English 104 —105, provides guidelines to aid students in documenting material borrowed from other sources, as does almost every handbook on writing style.Academic dishonesty is considered to be a violation of the behavior expected of a student in an academic setting as well as a student conduct violation. A student found responsible for academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is therefore subject to the appropriate academic penalty; to be determined by the instructor of the course, as well as sanctions under the university Student Disciplinary Regulations.If an instructor believes that a student has behaved dishonestly in a course, the following steps are to be followed:1. The instructor should confront the student with the charge of dishonesty and arrange a meetingwith the student to discuss the charge and to hear the student’s explanation.2. If the student admits responsibility for academic misconduct, the instructor shall inform the student (a) of the grade on the work in which the dishonesty occurred, and (b) how this incident will affect subsequent evaluation and the final grade. Because academic dishonesty is also a student conduct violation under Section 4.2.1 of the Student Disciplinary Regulations, the instructor must report the incident in writing to the Dean of Students.After investigating the incident and discussing it with the instructor, the Dean of Students, or his/her designee, will meet with the student and depending on the severity of the offense as well as on the student’s past conduct record, may handle the matter through an administrative hearing or schedule a hearing before the All University Judiciary (AUJ).This hearing, conducted according to the procedures outlined in the Student Disciplinary Regulations, is to determine the disciplinary action to be taken. In any case, the student’s academic adviser will be informed of the incident but may not insert any record of it in the student’s academic file.3. If the student claims to be not responsible for the alleged violation of academic misconduct, the instructor may not assign the student a grade for the work in question until the question of responsibility is resolved, unless circumstances require that an interim grade be assigned. The instructor shall consult with his or her department chair and report the incident in writing to the Dean of Students.The Dean of Students will refer the case to the Office of Judicial Affairs for investigation. After reviewing the report and completing an investigation, the Office of Judicial Affairs will file aformal complaint against the student if it is determined that there is cause to believe academic misconduct occurred. The case may be adjudicated through an administrative hearing or referred to a hearing before the All University Judiciary (AUJ) depending on the nature and severity of the violation as set forth in the Student Disciplinary Regulations.If the case is referred to the AUJ both the student and instructor will be invited to attend an AUJ hearing and present pertinent information. If the Administrative Hearing Off icer (in a minor case) or the AUJ (in a major case) finds the student responsible for the charge of academic misconduct, the instructor will inform the student (a) of the grade on the work in which the dishonesty occurred, and (b) how this incident will affect subsequent evaluation and the final grade. The Administrative Hearing Officer or AUJ will determine the appropriate disciplinary action with respect to the nature of the violation.If the Administrative Hearing Officer or AUJ finds the student “not responsible” for academic misconduct, the instructor will grade the student accordingly on the work in question and the student’s grade in the course will not be adversely affected. If th e student is found responsible the student’s adviser will be informed of the decision but shall not insert any record of the action in the student’s academic file.4. If a student either admits dishonest behavior or is found responsible for academic misconduct by the AUJ, the Off ice of Judicial Affairs (OJA) or AUJ may impose any of the following sanctions:a) Disciplinary Reprimand: An official written notice to the student that his/her conduct is in violation of university rules and regulations.b) Conduct Probation: A more severe sanction than a disciplinary reprimand, to include a period of review and observation during which the student must demonstrate the ability to comply with university rules, regulations, and other requirements stipulated for the probation period.c) Suspension/Deferred Suspension: The suspension is deferred subject to a definite or indefinite period of observation and review. If a student is found responsible for a further violation of the university Student Disciplinary Regulations or an order of a judiciary body, suspension will take place immediately.Def i niteThe student is dropped from the university for a specific length of time. This suspension cannot be for less than one semester or more than two years.Indef i nite:The Student is dropped from the university indefinitely. Reinstatement may be contingent upon meeting the written requirements of the AUJ specified at the time the sanction was imposed. Normally, a student who is suspended indefinitely may not be reinstated for a minimum of two years.d) Expulsion: The student is permanently deprived of the opportunity to continue at the university in any status.5. A student accused of academic misconduct has the option to stay in the class or to drop the class if the drop is made within the approved time periods and according to the regulations established by the university. If the student chooses to drop the class, the student will be required to sign a statement of understanding that if the student is later found responsible for academic misconduct, then the student will receive an F for the course.6. Procedures for appeal of either the All University Judi ciary’s conduct decision or theinstructor’s grade are outlined in the Student Information Handbook.7. In instances in which the student admits responsibility or is judged to be responsible by OJA or the AUJ, a staff member of the Dean of Students Off ice will counsel the student in an effort to deter any further such incidents.8. Student records concerning academic dishonesty are maintained in the Dean of Students Office for a period of seven years, after which the file records are purged. These student records are confidential; nothing from them appears on a student’s academic transcript.9. In the event that an instructor is uncertain how to handle an incident of suspected academic dishonesty, the Dean of Students is available at any time to provide advice and assistance to the instructor in deciding a proper course of action to be taken.10. Students enrolled in the College of Veterinary Medicine are bound by an honor code. A chargeof academic dishonesty may be made by a student or instructor to the Interclass Honor Board chairperson according to the procedures outlined in the Honor Code, or the instructor may follow procedures outlined above. The Interclass Honor Board functions as the judiciary of the College of Veterinary Medicine for the allegations presented to it.Other violations related to academic misconduct may include subsection 4.1.11 Misuse of Computers and subsection 4.2.20 Unauthorized Sale of Others’Intellectual Works.These subsections are located in the Iowa State University Student Disciplinary Regulations under section 4 of the Conduct Code.</~catalog/2005-07/geninfo/dishonesty.html>Short reportAcademic dishonesty occurs when a student uses or attempts to use unauthorized information in the taking of an exam; or submits as his or her own work themes, reports, drawings, laboratory notes, or other products prepared by another person; or knowingly assists another student in such acts or plagiarism. Such behavior is abhorrent to the university, and students found responsible for academic dishonesty face expulsion, suspension, conduct probation, or reprimand. Instances of academic dishonesty ultimately affect all students and the entire university community by degrading the value of diplomas when some are obtained dishonestly, and by lowering the grades of students working honestly.Examples of specific acts of academic dishonesty include obtaining unauthorized information, tendering of information, misrepresentation, bribery, plagiarism, etc. Academic dishonesty is considered to be a violation of the behavior expected of a student in an academic setting as well as a student conduct violation.In Iowa State University, a student found responsible for academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is therefore subject to appropriate academic penalty or to be determined by the instructor of the course, as well as sanctions under the university Student Disciplinary Regulations. If an instructor believes that a student has behaved dishonestly in a course, ten steps are to be followed to handle the problem. The case of Iowa State UniversityResearch Paper WritingTask 1Background part:The introductionObjective:To give an overview of various forms of academic dishonesty, student responses to academic dishonesty when it occurs and the measures taken by the faculty and institutional administrator to prevent its occurrence in their institutions.Synthesis of different views on a particular field: For example, in the section “Forms of Academic Dishonesty,” in Para. B, there are opinions of both Jonson and Martin (2005) and Petress (2003), which are organized by transitional words, such as “Petress noted of other forms of academic dishonesty ...”Similarities or differences of outside sources:For example, in the section “Faculty and Academic Dishonesty”, when it comes to what the faculty should do to reduce academic dishonesty, there are various opinions from Para J to L. Perress (2003) holds that they should set role models for the students and implement the measures that will help prevent academic dishonesty. Whitley and Keith-Spiegel believe that they should be encouraged to form a statement concerning academic integrity in their syllabi and to discuss integrity concerns in their classrooms. Kibler notes four strategies to help the faculty to implement academic integrity. Cole and Kiss suggest that more efforts should be made to motivate the students by the teachers.Task 2a. The forms of cheating.Text 3 deals with students’ new and old techniques of cheating, together with researchers’ practices of academic dishonesty.Reading 1 focuses on academic dishonesty in online courses.Reading 1 gives more updated and reliable information.b. The reasons that students offer for their cheating.In Text 3 the reasons the students use to justify their cheating include: lack of time, poverty, uncaring instructors, laziness, peer pressure, poor role models, fear of failure and technology that has allowed cheating to be done easily. (Para. C)In Reading 1, the reasons are multifold because opinions vary. Some of the reasons are based on a student’s individual characteristics (Gerdeman 2001), some are relevant to peer inf luence or peers’acceptability of cheating (Stephens, 2007), while others have something to do with the existence of an honor code (McCabe, 2002). Meanwhile, there are other common reasons by Chiesl and Bunn, of which seeing other students cheat and the perception of the percentage of students who cheat are the most significant. (Para. I,J,K)Reading 1 gives more updated and reliable information.c. The definition of academic dishonesty.In Text 3, there is no specific definition of academic dishonesty.In Reading 1, the author believes that definitions of academic dishonesty across studies tend to be about the same. Using the scale of Don McCabe (2002), the author defines academic dishonesty from eight aspects. Other studies differentiate planned and panic cheating, e.g., Bunn, Caudill and Gropper (1992). In a comparative study of online versus on-ground academic dishonesty, Stuber- McEwen, Wisely, and Hoggat (2009) believe that there are seven forms. Stephens, Young, and Calabrese (2007) examined various forms of conventional and digital cheating. With regard toe-learning, Underwood (2003) and Rogers (2000) def ine the term respectively, while Howell et al (2009) reviews various forms of technological cheating. (Para.B, C, D, E, F, G)Reading 1Task 31) Serious and formal2) Angry and bitter3) Angry and ironical4) Angry and ironical5) Ironical6) Ironical7) Angry and ironical8) Angry9) Ironical10) Tranquil and formal11) Tranquil12) Tranquil and formal13) Formal and serious14) Formal and serious15) Expressing the speaker’s surprise and attitude against this16) Tranquil17) Expressing surprise, Ironical18) Appealing to the readers’ emotions by the use of questions, Ironical19) Appealing to the readers’ emotions by the use of questions, Angry and ironical20) “You” is used in the sentence to indicate people in general to appeal to their emotions, whichshortens the distance between the speaker and the readers21) Appealing to the readers’ emotions by the use of questions22) Appealing to the readers’ emotions by the use of facts and questions. Expressing the speaker’sdisagreementTask 41) Which one is a stand-alone literature review and which one is a literature review as a partof the paper?Text 3 and Reading 1: stand-alone literature reviewReading 2: literature review as a part of the paper2) What similarities and differences characterize the three papers in terms of writing style?Similarities: All of them follow almost the same pattern, i.e., introduction, body, and conclusion.Differences: Text 3 and reading 1 synthesize other people’s research and f indings to draw the conclusion, while Reading 2 uses the author’s own research and f indings. Therefore, in Reading 2 there is the part of “Methods”, which explains in detail the participants, materials, and design and procedure. The first-person narration is used to describe the process, which makes it less formal than the other two papers.3) What are the objectives of the three papers respectively?Text 3: To give an overview of various forms of academic dishonesty, student responses to academic dishonesty when it occurs and the measures taken by the faculty and institutional administrator to prevent its occurrence in their institutions.Reading 1: Examine perceptions of academic dishonesty in online and face-to-face courses, and discuss methods to reduce academic dishonesty in online courses.Reading 2: To investigate participants’ attitudes toward cheating and the effects of academic motivation, self-eff icacy, and academic integrity on cheating behaviors.4) How many aspects or sections do the two stand-alone literature review contain respectively?What are they?ThreeIntroduction, body, and conclusion5) Is the order of those aspects in each literature review logic al? And what’s the relationship?Yes.The literature review consists of three aspects: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction part may tell the reason one is writing a review; the signif icance of the topic; the scope of the review; the organizational pattern of the review. The body will have a clear classif ication and synthesis of one’s reviewed readings in terms of chronological order or importance order. The conclusion should have a summary of the main agreements and disagreements in the literature and then any gaps or areas for further research. At last one’s overall perspective on the topic should be dealt with.6) How do the two authors illustrate their arguments in each section? Do they use their own research and f i ndings or synthesize other people’s research and f i ndings?By synthesizing other people’s research and f indings.No.Reading 2Task 51) indicate, is, identified, tend, will be2) predicted, was, have suggested, are, showed, appeared, were, wereTask 6A chimera is an individual composed of cells with different embryonic origins. The successful isolation of f ive human embryonic stem cell (HESC) lines in 1998 increased scientists’ ability to create human/non-human chimeras and prompted extensive bioethics discussion, resulting in what has been dubbed “the other stem cell debate” (Shreeve 2005). The debate about chimeras has focused on five main arguments. The Unnaturalness Argument explores the ethics of violatingnatural species boundaries. The Moral Confusion Argument alleges that the existence of entities that cannot be definitively classified as either human or non-human will cause moral confusion that will undermine valuable social and cultural practices. The Borderline-Personhood Argument focuses on great apes and concludes that their borderline-personhood confers a high enough degree of moral status to make most, if not all, chimeric research on them impermissible. The Human Dignity Argument claims that it is an affront to human dignity to give an individual “trapped” in the body of a non-human animal the capacities associated with human dignity. Finally, the Moral Status Framework maintains that research in which a non-human animal’s moral status is enhanced to that of a normal adult human is impermissible unless reasonable assurances are in place that its new moral status will be respected, which is unlikely given the motivations for chimeric research and the oversight likely to be provided.These arguments provide different rationales for restricting chimeric research and have different implications for the range of chimeric research that will be deemed unethical.</entries/chimeras/#Int>Task 71) Which sentences provide the background of the paper?Academic dishonesty is a problem that has been plaguing colleges and universities for generations. An investigation of any institution today will certainly reveal some forms of academic dishonesty.2) Which sentences form the literature review?Researchers of academic dishonesty vary in their reports of how many students cheat in college.3) What is the main limitation of the previous studies that the author mentioned?However, most research on academic dishonesty has relied primarily on self-reports of cheating behaviors.4) What’s the objective of the paper?The purpose of the study is to investigate participants’ attitudes toward cheating and the effects of academic motivation, self-efficacy, and academic integrity on cheating behaviors.5) What are the methods that the author will use?The present study includes an empirical portion in which participants are put in a situation in which cheating may be to their advantage.6) What is the author’s hypothesis?The hypothesis is that participants would be most likely to cheat when they are offered a monetary reward for success.Task 8Introduction 11) an introduction of the topic and its background2) a review about the previous studies3) the limitation of the previous studies4) a gap for the signif icance of the study5) the hypothesis of the author6) the objective of the paper7) the methodologyIntroduction 21) an introduction of the topic and its background2) a review about the previous studies and the limitation of the previous studies3) the limitation of the previous studiesTask 91) A2) B3) E4) C5) D6) FTask 10This paper details the strategies used for curbing academic dishonesty in online courses.Task 11Biologists have long known of patterns of inheritance, and eventually of inheritance mechanisms, that go beyond genetic inheritance (Jablonka & Lamb 2005; Sapp 1987). Two fundamental types of arguments led to this conclusion: arguments based on observations regarding patterns of inheritance, and arguments concerned with the localization of hereditary factors inside cells. Arguments of the first kind were based on hereditary relations and inheritance patterns that fail to conform to the rules ofMendelian inheritance (e.g., maternal inheritance). If Mendelian inheritance patterns are the result of the way the chromosomes in the eukaryotic cell nucleus behave, non-Mendelian heredity must depend on separate inheritance processes, mechanisms, or systems (Beale 1966; Sager 1966). Second, there were observations of hereditary phenomena that seemed to depend on factors residing in the cytoplasm of cells, rather than their nucleus, where the genetic material is localized. The interpretation of these observations was highly contested (Darlington 1944; Sapp 1987). Today, we know that some of these observations are related to the (maternal) inheritance of organelles residing in the cytoplasm, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, organelles which carry their own DNA. This however does not encompass all the mechanisms which underlie cytoplasmatic inheritance. Paradigmatic work on cytoplasmatic inheritance done by Sonneborn, Beale, Nanney, and their colleagues in the 1950s and 1960s, was concerned with patterns of inheritance in unicellular organisms, and in particular the protist genus Paramecium. It was suggested that the self-sustaining regulatory loops that maintain gene activity or inactivity in a cell would persist through cell division, provided the non-DNA components of the system (many of which reside in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic microogranisms) were shared among daughter cells. In this way, alternative regulatory phenotypic states would be inherited. Among the properties whose inheritance was studied were mating-type variations, serotype variations, and the structural or “surface inheritance” of ciliary structures. Remarkably, microsurgical changes to the ciliary structures on the surface of Paramecium cells are inherited by offspring. The stability of induced characters once the stimulus was removed (called “cellular memory”) and the number of generations characters were maintained varied widely.However, the results indicated that long-term stability and heritability need not be the result of changes to the DNA sequence (Nanney 1958).During the 1950s to 1970s a growing set of observations indicated that determined and differentiated states of cells are transmitted in cell lineages. These observations concerned studies of Drosophila imaginal discs by Ernst Hadorn; Briggs and King’s cloning experiments with amphibians; Mary Lyon’s work on X-chromosome inactivation; and work establishing the in vitro clonal stability of cultured cell lines. Eventually, the term epigenetic inheritance came to refer to hereditary variation that does not involve changes to the DNA sequence.The brief account of some of the early work on unicellular organisms given above illustrates some。
【学术英语】（4）【College English】(Band 4)一、基本信息课程代码：【2020009】课程学分：【4】面向专业：【信息技术学院14级部分专业学生】课程性质：【学术英语必修课】课程类型：【理论教学课】开课院系：【外国语学院】使用教材：主教材：【新核心《综合学术英语教程(4)》，蔡基刚总主编，上海交通大学出版社，2014《全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程(4)》，虞苏美主编，上海外语教育出版社，2014参考教材：【《大学英语语法手册》，张成袆主编，上海外语教育出版社，2004】【《12句作文法与3步翻译法》，王长喜主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2013】先修课程：【大学英语2】后续课程：【学术英语4】二、课程简介大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分，大学英语课程是大学生一门必修的基础课程。
大学英语教学是以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。
本课程目的是：培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和实用有效的听、说、写、译能力，帮助学生从通用英语顺利过渡到用英语进行专业学习，使他们能用英语交流信息。
大学英语教学应帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础，掌握良好的语言学习方法，具有较强的英语应用能力和相应的综合文化素养，以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。
大学英语(4)是大学英语第四学期（共4学期）的课程，经过大学英语前三个学期的训练，学生在词汇、结构、翻译与写作方面都有了长足的进步。
此阶段以微技能为主线组织各个单元，以学术阅读和写作技能为每单元的主题组织阅读、听力、口语、和写作的课文和练习并采用任务或项目驱动的方法编写练习。
六个单元分别为“定义”、“分类”、“比较”、“因果”、“举例”、和“引证”，每单元分为4个任务，共计3000字左右。
其中第一个任务300字左右，旨在让学生阅读和了解本单元的阅读和写作技能；第二个任务500字左右，旨在通过听讲座、做练习，让学生进一步了解本单元的技能；第三个任务涉及两篇长度约1000字左右的文章。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元第一节：学术写作中的逻辑思维学术写作在研究生阶段是非常重要的一环。
在新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元中，我们将深入探讨学术写作中的逻辑思维。
逻辑思维在学术写作中扮演着至关重要的角色，它需要我们清晰、准确地表达自己的观点，并通过合理的论证来支持自己的观点。
逻辑思维的重要性不言而喻，它是整篇文章的基石，也是评价一篇文章质量的重要标准。
在学术写作中，逻辑思维不仅要求我们提出清晰的论点，还要求我们能够提供充分的论据来支持自己的观点。
在新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元中，我们学习了如何运用逻辑思维来构建文章结构，如何进行有效地论证，以及如何避免逻辑错误。
这些都是提升学术写作水平所必备的技能。
我个人认为，逻辑思维是学术写作中的灵魂所在，它是我们表达思想的有效工具，也是展现个人思维深度和广度的重要方式。
在我的学习过程中，我深刻体会到逻辑思维在提高学术写作水平方面的重要性。
第二节：段落结构和逻辑连接论了段落结构和逻辑连接。
良好的段落结构能够使文章条理清晰，思路连贯，进而提升文章整体的可读性和说服力。
逻辑连接则是指段落与段落之间、句子与句子之间的合理过渡和通联，它直接关系到文章的连贯性和逻辑性。
在学术写作中，段落结构和逻辑连接是相辅相成的。
合理的段落结构能够使作者清晰地表达自己的观点，而良好的逻辑连接则能够使文章条理清晰、思路连贯。
在新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元中，我们学习了如何通过合理的段落结构和逻辑连接来提升文章的可读性和说服力。
我个人认为，良好的段落结构和逻辑连接是学术写作中的“点睛之笔”，它们是一篇文章的灵魂所在，也是一篇文章的重要组成部分。
在我的学习过程中，我深刻体会到合理的段落结构和逻辑连接对于提升学术写作水平的重要性。
总结回顾学术写作在研究生阶段扮演着非常重要的角色。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元着重强调了逻辑思维、段落结构和逻辑连接在学术写作中的重要性，这些都是提高学术写作水平所必备的技能。
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程4英语课后题答案（含原句）及整句翻译短语填空（1）Unit.1Shortly after the government’s new policy was put into effect , the economy of our co untry began to show signs of recovery. 后不久，政府的新政策付诸实施，我国经济开始出现复苏迹象。
2. The citizens have called upon the local authorities to minimize environmental destr uction by banning the use of all poisonous chemicals immediately. 市民呼吁地方当局立即禁止所有有毒化学物质的使用，以尽量减少对环境的破坏3. It’s known to all that military bas es are off limits to outsiders. 它是已知的限制外人的所有军事基地。
4. She never participated in any violent sports games in fear of getting injured. 她从来不参加任何剧烈运动游戏中得到受伤的恐惧。
5. It seems that all of us are rushing around trying to get things done in a hurry—we all need to slow down and take it easy. 看来，我们所有人都在四处奔波，试图把事情做在赶时间，我们都需要慢下来，很容易。
6. Many trees in this area have been cut down to make room for buildings ,which has worsened our living environment. 在这一领域的许多树木被砍伐，使建筑物的房间，我们的生活环境恶化。
Unit 2•评估母乳喂养的锐减程度•assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding•不良改变的诱发因素•the major factors responsible for the negative change•就住房和一般生活成本而言•in terms of housing and general cost of living•被奶瓶文化所取代•give way to the “bottle culture”•补充其他食物be supplemented with other foods•对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响•Militate against prolonged breast-feeding•宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织•complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors•把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响•attribute the negative change to attitudes and influences imported from the developed world•不符合母亲的营养意识•fall short of the mother’s nutritional awareness•等同于极端的个人及社会贫困•be synonymous with extreme individual and community povertyTask 1 (Page 32)1. D2. C3. E4. A5. B6. L7. K8. O9. J10. N11. F12. M13. M14. HTask 2 (Page 33)1) The report attempts to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feeding amongdifferent ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. The research questions include: What is the current situation of the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria?What are the major factors responsible for the negative change? How to institute corrective educational measures? (B)2) The metropolitan Lagos is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition. (B)3) Most of the earlier reports attributed the negative change to attitudes and influencesimported from the developed world and the preference for bottle-feeding by the urbanized African. (L)4) For most Nigerians, urban existence means extreme individual and community poverty.Implicit in this is a great pressure on mothers to spend more time trying to augment the family income at the expense of caring adequately for their children. (M)5) Childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives thanignorance on the mother’s part. (N)Task 3 (Page 42)1. h2. j3. m4. n5. q6. v7. u8. a9. t10. b 11. s12. l 13. c14. d15. r16. p17. e18. o19. k20. i21. g22. f23. wTask 41) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel.授予，给予present with, grant, confer, give, render2) She did not understand the dimension of her plight.方面scope, extent3) Today his company continues to thrive.兴旺，繁荣flourish, bloom, prosper, grow rich4) The discrepancy between press and radio reports is obvious.差异difference, disparity, divergence, disagreement, dissimilarity, incongruity, contradiction, inconsistency, incongruousness, discordance5) None of these buildings are noteworthy for their architecture.值得关注的，重要的，显著的great, magnitudinous, important, notable, signif icant, exceptional, towering, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable6) We will institute some legal proceedings against the company.开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）initiate, introduce, originate, launch, start, begin7) She keeps extolling his managerial skills.赞美acclaim, praise, pay tribute to, glorify, applaud, compliment8) They attribute their success to external causes such as luck.归因于ascribe, assign, credit9) The heterogeneous society of today should be taken into account.各种各样的varied, mixed, diversified, assorted, diverse10) The great virtue of camping is its cheapness.优点plus, strength, advantage, asset, benefit, merit11) Going grey is not necessarily synonymous with growing old.等同于equivalent to, identical to, equal to, the same as, identified with, tantamount to, similar to12) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.难以抑制的，强烈的overpowering, strong, compelling, uncontrollable, compulsive, irresistible, forceful, powerfulThe most formal ones are: disparity, ascribe, augment, incongruity, acclaim, initiate, burgeon, compelling, confer, pay tribute to, incongruous, tantamount to, discordance, compulsive, identi- fied with, assorted, meritTask 5 (Page 44)1) At least 29% of the families had incomes below N 2oo every month, which was much lowerthan the minimum required living in a city ranked among the most expensive in the world when it comes to housing and general cost of living.2) As could be clearly seen from the present study, th ere was a wide gap between women’sactual infant-feeding practice and their opinions on what the practice should be like. In most of the cases the mothers’ nutritional awareness is better than their actual practice, and this is contradictory to the widely held beliefs that those illiterate and urbanized women suffer from inappropriate counseling.3) M ost of the earlier reports believe that people’s attitudes chang e negatively because of theinfluences from the developed world and the preference of bottle-feeding to breast-feeding by the urbanized African. Clearly such explanations are too simple and only suit a small number of people for they neglect the harsh realities of urban existence, which makes it diff icult for the mothers to prolong breast-feeding.Task 6 (Page 44)Main idea: Research shows that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part.Task 7 (Page 45)The major objective of the research paper is to assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the factors responsible for the negative change, and measures to tackle the problem. The study sample comprised 558 randomly selected women residents in Surulere, Nigeria. An interview was conducted by a standard questionnaire to obtain information. Research shows that the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria is mainly due to the harsh realities of urban existence, which means extreme individual and community poverty. The current trend will not be reversed if the major structural defect of urban life in the developing world is not eliminated or controlled. Much can be done to educate the mothers on the use of hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Task 10 (Page 45)Breastfeeding Faces Challenges in ChinaUrbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specif ic condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.Upon hearing her baby wail, Zhang Shuyi finds herself at her wit’s end. Although she waspreviously confident that she would be able to breastfeed her child properly, she worries that she might not be able to give her baby enough milk.After giving birth to her son two years ago, 35-year-old Zhang, a doctor at the Capital Institute of Pediatrics in Beijing has continued to practice exclusive breastfeeding in strict accordance with international standards.Task 12 (Page 54)1) Para K Its topic sentence: Complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors inf luence infant-feeding practices in the developing countries.2) Para O Its topic sentence: Perhaps more lasting benefits will be achieved by emphasizing the education of mothers on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Academic Survival SkillsTask 1 (Page 58)Question 2S trong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that “for most Nigerians, urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” for the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children. W eak author version: For most Nigerians, the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children, thus “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”(Anyanwu, 1985).Question 3 Strong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that it would be better if emphasis could be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally availab le staple foods.” Weak author version: It will be better if emphasis can be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods” (A nyanwu, 1985).Task 2 (Page 59)1) Direct quotation. 2) The original source is quoted with a brief explanation in the beginning of the sentence. 3) The original source is quoted with the author’s comment inserted in the middle of the sentence.Task 3 (Page 59)A summary is much shorter than the original source for it only contains the main idea, omitting the details, while a paraphrase is usually the same length as the original source, making changes in vocabulary and structures about some diff icult words and expressions.Task 4 (Page 60)2) Chinese big cities suffer from congestion due to the steadily increasing number of vehicles.3) Some complex sentences may be meaningless.4) Learners are active for they attempt to learn from their experiences.5) Some educators believe that the choice of major makes the biggest difference for students entering college, while others think differently.6) Social networking services (SNS) has changed the way people socialize.7) Hirshi and Gottfreds on advance the theory of “self-control”to explain people’s propensity to commit or refrain from crimes.Task 6 (Page 64)Paragraph 2 Summary:Gordon and Taylor argue that the difficulties experienced by people with writing will become easier if they learn to deal with their reactions to it appropriately. Paragraph 3 Summary:Frick argues that education has been signif icantly changed by technology at some major turning points in history. The f irst example was the primitive modes of communication in prehistoric times.Paragraph 4 Summary: Hewitt believes that acts of academic dishonesty undermine the validity of the measure of learning.Paragraph 5 Summary: Edelso argues that besides natural resources, there are more important factors determining the wealth of people—the fundamental political and legal institutions of a nation.。
V. Keys to the ExercisesFocusing on ReadingTask 1Task 21) First, to understand the effect of GM crops on us and animals; second, to provide investigation intothe influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reproductive function.2) Because it is known that raw soybean contains a number of anti-nutrients and female hormone-likesubstances, a positive control group was created to guarantee the validity of the study.3) The major findings are: first, the mortality rate of the pups from the GM soya group was muchhigher and this high rate continued; second, the weights of the surviving rat pups were lower.4) Table 4 shows the weight distribution of the pups which reveals a much lower weight of the pupsfrom the GM soya group.5) Firstly, the transformation and the insertion of the foreign genes into the sexual/stem cells, or/andinto cells of the fetus. Secondly, the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues couldproduce negative effects of GM.Task 31) j 2) i 3) g 4) b 5) e 6) f7) c 8) s 9) d 10) q 11) w 12) x13) u 14) o 15) t 16) v 17) a 18) r19) h 20) n 21) m 22) p 23) k 24) l Task 4The most formal ones are: novel, stunt, impede, curb, hamper, allocate, dispense, persist, accumulate,presume, postulate, surmise, detrimental, pernicious, jeopardy, menace, perilTask 51) Therefore, we decided to carry out a study to see how the most commonly used GM crop affectedthe birth rate, death rate and weight gain of rat pups whose mothers were fed diets added withRoundup-Ready soya, a kind of GM food.2) This fact showed that the pups from the GM group were the same age as others, but changesappeared with the development of internal organs. A slight bad effect was found in the group withthe traditional soya, but this effect was not very important.3) The more surprising thing was that the pups were smaller, about half the size, so more milk shouldhave been given to the individual pups. They should have a better chance to grow best, unless theamount, and/or the quality of the milk, were not affected by eating the GM soya flour.Task 6Summary: GMO, with foreign genes from other species, displays certain novel characteristics andundergoes criticisms from scientists worldwide.Task 7Four major sources of the hazards of GMO have been discussed by scientists worldwide and thesehazards have been proved in many investigations. This study intends to f ind the effect of the mostcommonly used GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups. Two weeks before their mating, three groups of rats which were sexually mature received respectively standard laboratory feed, feed supplemented with traditional soya and feed supplementedwith GM soya.It has been found that the GM soya group has a much higher rate of pup mortality than the other twogroups, and the pups continue to die over the period of lactation. This group also has lower weights.Task 8(omitted)Task 9(omitted)Task 10(omitted)Research Paper WritingTask 11) The methods section of Text 4 contains two parts: participants and procedure. The participant parttells the reader the participants (Wistar rats) and the number of rats used. The procedure part givesthe reader a summary of each step in the execution of the research.2) The writer divided the rats into three groups: the experimental group, the control group and thepositive control group. The division was intended to see how the GM crops inf luence the birth rate,mortality and weight gain of rat pups.3) Each step was made clear to prove the validity and reliability of the results and conclusion. Task 21) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) YTask 31) Y 2) Y 3) N1) Y 2) Y 3) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y1) Y 2) N 3) N1) Y 2) Y 3) YTask 41) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y1) Y 2) N 3) Y 4) YTask 5Similarities: both the two sections give the total number of participants and how the participants werechosen; both stated the equipments or tools used in the experiment; both described the design of theexperiment.Differences: the first section described some demographic characteristics (age and sex) while thesecond did not; the first clarified how the participants were randomly assigned to different groupswhile the second section did not; the second section described how the questionnaire was designed andadministered while the first did not.Task 6—Data for the study were collected ...—The present study is based on research conducted by...—The level of ... was analyzed by the one-way ANOV A, ...—... was checked by the Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square in StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Multilingua(Russia)—This design was used to control ...—The questionnaire was designed cooperatively by ...—Prior to the actual survey the questionnaire was pilot-tested on ...—The questionnaire designed for anonymous response was ...—Participants were randomly assigned to ...—The test was designed to evaluate the difference between ... and ...—..., the responders were asked to mark ...—This procedure was followed in order to prevent the ...Task 7(omitted)Task 81) Similarities: both the two results sections are concise and well-organized, and they both include theimportant findings and use the past tense to present them.Differences: the results section of Text 4 uses tables and figures to present the data, which is clearerto the reader.2) The results section of Text 4 presented its data and results more clearly and readably.3) It uses tables to present the results in a logical way, and to make the data clearer and more readable.4) The titles help the reader to understand the statistics more easily, and without them, it will bedifficult to understand.5) M stands for mean, and it shows the reader which group scored higher and which scored lower inthe experiment.SD stands for standard deviation, which is presented to fortify comparison of means, showing thedifferent results from overall performance of the group.F was coined by George W. Snedecor, in honor of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, an English statistician knownfor his important contributions to statistics, including the analysis of variance. P stands for probability.They should be reported to show whether the difference in the means was statisticallysignificant.Task 9Past tense is used in the results section because the results were collected from the data in theexperiment.Task 10Similarity 1: Both sections use tables to report the data clearly and insert titles on the top of the tables.Similarity 2: Both sections use the past tense to present the data.Similarity 3: Both sections are concise and well-organized.Similarity 4: Paragraphs in both sections begin with an opening sentence telling the reader the aim ofthe experiments.Task 11Title: The number of different types of words recalled in different background music conditionsTask 12Table 1 The effects of time limit and television exposure on reading comprehensionTask 13—From the data it is evident that 36% of ...—The study of ... showed that ...—This fact indicated that ...—A slight negative effect was found in the group which ...—A very high rate of ... was observed in the group of ...—The subjectively estimated prevalence ... was somewhat greater for ... than for ... —Three manipulation-check questions indicated that ...—This survey of ... found that ...—A possible explanation for this finding may be ...—A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant effect of ...—Another one-way ANOVA indicated a significant effect of ...—... with no significant difference between the latter two groups.—No significant effect was found for ...—Unexpectedly, ... had no significant effect on ...—Unexpectedly, ... did not significantly affect ...Task 14shows; were; was; was; stopped; was; suggests; isTask 15(omitted)Academic Survival SkillsTask 1An academic essay is considered formal professional communication, with its primary goals asaccuracy, clarity and completeness. To achieve this style, formal language and clear organization shouldbe adopted. The language used in the article bears the following characteristics:1) Use formal words rather than verb phrases;2) Use long and complex sentences with clauses, nominal phrases;3) Avoid using f irst person or second person pronouns to achieve objectivity;4) Avoid using contractions.Task 21) Failure to protect the environment will cause children to suffer the most.2) These problems need to be addressed.3) However, endangered animals are available in many restaurants.4) Participating in social activities as volunteers can be of great significance to children.Task 3By comparing the above pairs of sentences, we can f ind the functions of nominalization. First, nominalization avoids the use of modal verbs (can, may, etc.), giving more logic to the statement;second, nominalization depersonalizes the statement by avoiding using first and second-personpronouns (I, you, we, etc.), making the writing impersonal and objective and increasing thecredibility; third, nominalization makes the sentence concise and succinct, thus easier for the readerto understand.Task 41) The model provides an explanation for the figure fluctuation in this period.2) But those skills can f ind their application in the exploration of the universe.3) The accidental release of radiation caused damage to a wide area for a long time.4) To obtain most readers’ acceptability and more profitability, the novel follows the most commonlyaccepted notions of morality and justice.5) The richness of the soil in this area contributes to the quick growth of the crops.6) The information explosion and the increasing obsolescence of knowledge are forcing upon highereducation a new set of demands.7) The times give signs on the necessity of modification in the legal system.8) The careful supervision of the crops is necessary for their survival at harvest time.9) Yet all of history has taught us that the denial of these ultimates and the placement of man at thecore of the universe will lead to mass selfishness.10) The knowledge of its sources and symptoms provides rational analysis of many things. Task 51) How we view the world is a reflection of how we view ourselves, and this gives us insight into ourinner thought patterns.2) That does not eliminate the need for us to continue to develop other clean energy sources like solar,wind, biomass, etc.3) Some analysts worried that the tax on the wealthy would discourage jobs creation and hampereconomic growth.4) This meeting highlights the importance of setting targets for progress.5) Too much criticism undermines the children’s co nfidence.Task 61) The opportunities offered by urbanization must be taken full advantage of.2) However, little control is exercised over online articles and speeches.3) The main effects of poverty can be illustrated by looking at those on the lowest incomes in richcities.4) Obviously, people were given jobs according to whether they were male or female.5) Although there are potential benefits of such techniques, the potential environmental and medicalconsequences of GMOs are seriously concerned about.6) A fairly consistent picture of its short-term effects on users in many publications are presented.7) Not much has been learned about the acute physiological effects of cannabis.8) People’s concerns can be understood if we look at the current anti-discrimination laws.9) The distinction between government policy and economic reality is made clear in the essay.10) Social conditions as well as the economic situation should be taken into account. Task 7I would prefer to use the ones in the left column.Task 81) Systems analysts can assist managers in many different ways.2) This program was established to improve access to medical care.3) Medical research expenditure has increased to nearly $350 million.4) Researchers have discovered that this drug has serious side effects.5) Exercise also will not eliminate medical problems related to blood pressure.6) Researchers have been investigating this problem for 15 years now.7) This issue was raised during the coroner’s inquest.8) He observed that the increase in life expectancy has led to some economic problems.9) Children under the age of 15 constitute nearly half of the country’s population.10) The study will conduct a series of experiments to test our hypothesis.Task 91) The study lacks solid evidence and therefore its conclusions are doubtful.2) The scientists are pretty fatigued after their lengthy experiment.3) The book attempts to explain the fundamental character of social life.4) The study confirms the fact that there is no research in this field.5) We noted a potential problem with the experimental design.6) The issue always generates a great deal of debate among academics.7) The group’s principal concern is to protect human rights.8) The research underlines the importance of an international trade agreement.9) There was an apparent discrepancy between the two sets of results.10) The primary cause of the failure was a sudden temperature change.VI. Translations转基因大豆对幼鼠的出生体重和存活的影响Irina V. Ermakova引言A转基因生物一词指的是携带有从其他物种转移的基因，并由DNA 重组技术来产生的动植物和微生物，以获得某种新型特征（如抗害虫性或抗农药性）。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第四单元主要讲述学术写作中的论文结构和论证方法。
该单元包括以下几个部分：
1. 论文结构：介绍了学术论文的一般结构，包括引言、背景、相关研究、方法、结果、讨论和结论等部分。
还介绍了各部分的功能和常用的语言表达方式。
2. 论文引言：详细讲述了如何写好论文的引言部分，包括引入研究问题、阐述研究目的、回顾相关研究和概述本文结构等内容。
3. 相关研究：介绍了如何在论文中回顾和讨论相关研究的方法，包括归纳整理以往研究成果、分析研究现状、指出研究不足和提出本文的创新点等。
4. 方法和结果：讲解了如何清晰地描述研究方法和结果，包括实验设计、数据收集和处理、统计分析等内容。
还介绍了如何使用图表和表格来展示研究结果。
5. 讨论和结论：详细讲述了如何撰写论文的讨论和结论部分，包括分析结果、解释现象、提出建议和展望未来研究等。
此外，该单元还包括一些实用的写作技巧和范例，帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学知识。
整体而言，该单元旨在培养学生的学术写作能力，使他们能够撰写出高质量的学术论文。
>alliance n.联盟>campaign n.战役，运动>conquest n.战胜，征服>crucial adj.重要的>decisive adj.决定性的>declaration n.公告>efficient adj.有效率的>engage v.吸引>heroic adj.英勇的>instruct v.指导，命令>invasion n.入侵>launch v.发动>limp v.一瘸一拐地走>minus v.减>occupation n.职业，占有>offensive adj.冒犯的>raw adj.阴冷的>reckon v.计算，认为>region n.地区>render v.使成为>resistance n.抵抗>siege v.围攻>stroke n.打击>toll v.征收>underestimate v.低估>weaken v.使虚弱>aboard adv.在船/飞机上>ambitious adj.雄心勃勃的>boast v.吹嘘>cancel v.取消>concern v.关心>contest v.争辩>objective adj.客观的>obstacle n.障碍,干扰>responsible adj.负责的>secure adj.安全的>stiff adj.呆板;坚硬的>withstand v.抵抗>at the cost of 以…为代价>be faced of 面对>be/get bogged down 陷入困境>bide one‘s time 等待时机>bring to a halt 使停止>catch sb. off guard 趁某人不备>drag on 拖延>be engaged in (doing) sth. 参加>in the case of 在…的情况下>press on/ahead 继续进行>reckon with 处理>stand/get/be in the way 妨碍>take a gamble 冒险,从事>take its/a toll 造成损失>thanks to 幸亏>turn the tide 局势扭转>call off 取消>due to 由于>hold out 提供>in case 万一>on the eve of 在…前夕>pay off 取得好结果>pin down 把…困住>prior to 在…之前Unit 1 New College English Integrated Course 4Words>alert v.使警觉>apart adj.分离的>application n.应用,申请>approximately adv.大约,近似地>automate v.使自动化>bunch n.群,串>calculate v.计算>computerize v.使电脑化>correlate v.使相互有关联>decrease v.减少>detect v.观察,发现>eliminate v.消除,排除>expansion n.扩张>frequency n.频率>hazard v.赌运气>incorporate v.包含,吸收,合并>lane n.小巷,航线,车道>lucrative adj.有利可图的>magnetic adj.有磁性/吸引力>monotonous adj.单调,无变化的>mount v.增加,爬上>orbit n.轨道,眼眶>prototype n.原型,标准,模范>remote adj.遥远的,偏僻的>satellite n.人造卫星>signal n.信号;v.标志>steer v.控制,引导,驾驶>vapor n.蒸汽,烟雾>vibrate v.震动,颤动>accommodate v.适应,调节>address v.着手解决>affordable adj.支付得起的>component n.元件,组件>costly adj.昂贵的>equivalent n.等价物>exposure v.暴露>feasible adj.可行的,可能的>implement v.贯彻,执行>mature v.成熟>realistic adj.真实的>resume v.继续>select v.选择>shift v.转移>stress n.压力 v.使紧张>thereby adv.因此,从而>be poised to (do) 做好准备随时>get/be struck in (sth.) 停留,被阻塞>in the air 悬而未决;在空气中>send out 发送信号>start up 发动,启动;开始>take control of 控制>turn (sth.)into a reality 成为现实>at the start of 在…的开始>by means of 用，依靠>en route 在途中的>in cooperation with 合作Unit 2 New College English Integrated Course 4Words>applicant n.申请人,求职者>barely adv.仅够,几乎没有>beforehand adv.事先>blurt v.不加思考地说出>chuckle v.咯咯的笑>endeavor n.&v.努力,尽力>generously adv.慷慨地>grill v.盘问,烧烤>inadequate adj.不适当的>incidentally adv.顺便提起地>measurable adj.可测量的>partner n.搭档,同伙>physically adj.身体上的>preparation n.准备,预备>prospective adj.预期的>respond v.回答>rude adj.粗鲁的>sparkle v.显露>structure n.构造,结构>taxi v.在水面滑行>veteran n.老兵>administration n.管理,行政部门>benign adj.仁慈的>brand n.商标>carve v.雕刻>clatter v.卡塔卡塔的响>coil v.盘绕>fright n.惊骇,吃惊>intricate adj.复杂的,错综的>lengthen v.使变长>messenger n.信使>mortal adj.终有一死的>pregnant adj.怀孕的,妊娠的>quiver v.颤抖>scrap n.小块,少许>tear v.撕碎>unable adj.不能的>as i see it 在我看来>(as) the saying goes 俗话说>beyond one’s wildest dreams无论如何也想不到地>follow up 采取进一步行动>from one’s/the standpoint (of)从…的观点来看>go after 努力争取>in sb.’s hands为某人所有>in the neighborhood of 大约>make a difference 产生影响>take/have a crack at 尝试>come at 向…走来;袭击>get in 被接纳或录用>put in a word (for sb.)为(某人)说情>take on 雇用Unit 3 New College English Integrated Course 4Words>academic n.学者;adj.学术的>accelerate v.使…加速>advantageous adj.有利的>aspire v.渴望得到>asset n.财产;优势>center v.置于中央>considerable adj.相当大的>contradiction adj.矛盾>displace v.取代…的位置>divorce v.使分离，离婚>domestic adj.本国的>earnest adj.诚挚的>economy n.经济;经济制度>elsewhere adv.在别处>endorse v.赞同,认可>entitle v.给…题名>erase v.擦掉,抹掉>establishment n.当权派>facilitate v.使容易>forefront n.最前面>growth n.生长>increasingly adv.在别处>investment n.投资>landmark adj.有重大意义的>network v.交际>outlook n.观点，看法>overtake v.赶上;超过>patriotic adj.爱国的>pendulum n.摆;钟摆>strengthen v.加强>unlike adj.不像>vanish v.不见;不复存在>witness n.目击者 v.目击>advantage n.好处>currency n.货币>fatigue n.疲劳>globalize v.使全球化>herald v.预报；预示>inherent adj.内在,固有的>namely adv.就是，即>originate v.发源，开始>participation n.参与>software n.软件>stable adj.稳定的>subsidy n.补贴> a handful of 少数的> a variety of 多种多样的>at odds with 与…相冲突/争吵/ >be committed to 承诺,忠于>let alone 更不用说>make no/little difference 无影响>strike a balance 求得平衡>sweep aside 不理会> a majority of 多数，大半>add to 增加>blow up 炸毁>phase out 逐步取消>in evidence 显而易见的>so be it 就这样吧>take advantage of 利用>you bet 的确；当然Unit 4 New College English Integrated Course 4Words>affectionate adj.充满爱的>broke adj.一文不值的>candid adj.直言不讳的>capable adj.能干的>constitution n.宪法>current n.水流>deceptive adj.靠不住的>definite adj.明确的>hitherto adv.迄今为止>insane adj.蠢极的>instinct n.本能，直觉>mild adj.温和的>oddly adv.奇特地>pawn v.抵押>rub v.摩擦>sip v.小口抿>spicy adj.下流的;辛辣的>stroke v.轻抚>transparent adj.透明的>trim v.击败>vacancy n.空缺>vanity n.虚荣>wrinkle v.使起皱纹>assumption n.假定>dump v.倾倒>fate n.命运>guilt n.内疚>layer n.层>literally adv.简直>shaky adj.颤抖的>sheer adj全然的,纯粹的. >be/go (all) to pieces 崩溃，垮掉>down and out 穷困潦倒>drive at 意指，要说>for sb.’s (own) part/the part of对……来说>go broke 一文不值，破产>in a way 在某种程度上>in accordance with 与……一致>in bad/good condition 情况好/坏>oddly enough 说来奇怪>something of 某种程度上>stick to 坚持>be taken aback 吃一惊>turn up 出现，来到>with (a) bad/good grace勉强地/欣然的>at one time or another在不同场合>be overwhelmed with被(某种感情)深深控制>by far 大大地>come to grips with 着手处理难题>conjure up 弄出，变出>get to one’s feet站起来>get/keep under control 控制住>pass judgment on 说三道四>reach for 伸出手拿>teach sb. a lesson 给某人一个教训>think up 想出；设计出>well up 涌出，流出Unit 5 New College English Integrated Course 4Words。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第四单元text one 全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi everyone! Today I want to talk about a really cool text I read called "Text One" from this big book for university students. It's all about how people use language in different ways depending on the situation. So cool, right?The text starts by explaining that we all use language differently when we're talking to our friends compared to when we're giving a speech or writing an essay for school. With our buddies, we use casual language with slang words and contractions. But for more formal situations, we have to use proper grammar and vocabulary.It gave this funny example about how you might say "Whassup?" to your friend, but you wouldn't say that to your teacher! You'd say "Good morning" instead. The text says this is called "code-switching" when we change how we speak based on who we're talking to. Pretty neat, huh?Then it goes into how there are different "registers" of language for different situations. Like there's the "frozenregister" which is super formal writing you'd find in legal documents and academic journals. Those have really fancy words and complex sentence structures. Definitely not how I'd write!On the other end, there's the "casual register" which is how we talk to our friends and family in relaxed, everyday conversations. We use simple vocabulary, slang, and informal grammar. Like if I was telling a funny story to my best friend, I'd say "So then Sam was like 'No way!' and I was like 'Yeah, really!'"The text says most of the time we use the "consultative register" though. That's semi-formal language, not too casual but not too fancy either. It's what teachers use for lessons, or whatreports and articles are usually written in. Gotta strike that balance, you know?But here's where it gets really interesting! The text explains that what register we use isn't just based on the situation, but also on our relationship with the person we're speaking to. We naturally use more formal language with people we don't know well or people in authority over us. But we're way more casual and informal with our close friends and family members.So like, if I was explaining this essay to my teacher, I'd speak more properly and say things like "The author states..." or "For example, the text mentions..." But if I'm just chatting with mybuddy Sam about it, I'd be way more relaxed and say "Dude, this thing says..." or "Like, it gave this funny example where...."Wild, right? Our languages changes so much based on the context and who we're talking to. I never really thought about it that way before!The text also points out that women and men sometimes use slightly different language registers too. Not in a good or bad way, just differently. Women tend to use more polite speech with more supportive phrases like "Don't you think?" or "It seems to me..." Guys are a bit more direct and use stronger words sometimes.But it's not just about gender - social class and background impact how we communicate too. People from higher social classes tend to use fancier vocabulary and grammar, while working class people are more casual and use more slang. Interesting how stuff like that makes a difference!Towards the end, it talks about "scripts" which are kind of like pre-planned ways of speaking for certain familiar situations. Like ordering at a restaurant, there's an expected script of the customer greeting the server, stating their order, and the server confirming it back. Or like at the doctor's office, the nurse usuallyhas a script of standard questions to ask about your symptoms. We all kind of expect those interaction patterns, you know?The last section was about "pragmatics" which is how we understand implied meanings behind what people say based on context clues and our background knowledge. Like if my mom says "Don't you think it's time for bed?" around 9pm, she doesn't actually mean that as a question - it's really a polite way of telling me to go to bed! Understanding pragmatics helps us read between the lines.Whew, that was a lot to cover! But I thought it was all so fascinating to learn about how complex human communication is. We take it for granted, but there are so many subtle social rules we all follow when we talk and write to others. Pretty mindblowing stuff!Anyway, that's my extremely casual and informal summary of "Text One" from the fancier textbook. I tried to explain it in a more conversational, kid-friendly way while still hitting the main points. Let me know if any of it needs more clarification or examples. Thanks for reading!篇2Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about this really cool book I've been reading for school. It's called the New Era Comprehensive Academic English Course for Postgraduates 1. That's a really long name, I know! My big brother is a postgraduate student, which means he's studying even harder than I am after finishing university.Anyway, this book has all these different units, and the one I've been looking at is Unit 4. The first text in that unit is just called "Text One" - not a very exciting name, but the story itself is actually pretty interesting!It's all about these tiny little creatures called "insects." Have you ever seen an ant crawling across the ground? Or a butterfly fluttering around your garden? Those are insects! The text teaches us loads of awesome facts about how insects live, grow, and behave.For example, did you know that insects have six legs? And their bodies are divided into three main parts - a head, a thorax (that's the middle bit), and an abdomen (the back end)? Some insects also have wings to fly, while others don't. Apparently there are over a million different species of insects in the world! That's so many, I can't even count that high.The text explains that insects develop through different life stages called metamorphosis. This is where they completely change their body structure as they grow up. It's like if you were a tiny baby, then turned into a monster, then finally became an adult! Well, insects do that but in a less scary way.Some insects go through a type of metamorphosis called complete metamorphosis. This means they start off as a tiny egg, then hatch into a larva (like a caterpillar), then become a pupa (which doesn't move at all), before finally emerging as an adult insect. Other insects have incomplete metamorphosis, where they skip the pupa stage and just gradually get bigger as they shed their outer skeleton multiple times. Isn't that wild?But here's maybe the most amazing fact of all: insects have been living on Earth for over 400 million years! That's wayyyy before even the dinosaurs existed. The text says the earliest insect fossils have been found in rocks from the Devonian period.I had to ask my teacher what the Devonian period was - it turns out it was a really, really, really long time ago!Insects are totally crucial for the environment too. The text explains how they pollinate flowers, get eaten by other animals, decompose dead stuff, and lots more. Without them, whole ecosystems would collapse! Insects also produce useful thingsfor humans like honey, silk and certain medicines. Plus some people actually eat certain insect species as food. I'm not sure I'd want to try that though!There's so much other cool insect info packed into this text. Like how they detect smells through antennae on their heads. And how some mother insects lay hundreds or even thousands of eggs at a time! The text also describes different ways insects communicate through things like pheromones and dances. I wish I could learn to dance as well as a bee!Overall, I've learned that insects are these superpowered little creatures that seem kinda gross up close, but play a hugely important role in nature. The writer of this text clearly knew tons about them and explained everything in a really interesting, easy-to-understand way.I just wish the title of the text wasn't so boring - "Text One" is pretty lame if you ask me. Maybe they could have called it "The Awesome Lives of Insects" or "Bugworld" or something catchier like that. But I guess the name doesn't really matter when the actual content is so much fun to learn about!Anyway, that's my full report on Text One from Unit 4. Let me know if you want me to tell you about any of the other textsor units in this book. For now, I'm just buzzing with excitement over all the insect facts I've discovered!篇3My Big Bro Goes to Grad SchoolMy big brother just started grad school and he has to read a bunch of really hard books and stuff. One of them is called the "New Era Postgraduate Comprehensive Academic English Course 1". It's super thick and has a boring cover, but he says the readings inside are really interesting if you're into that kinda thing.Anyway, he was reading Unit 4, Text 1 the other day and I asked him what it was about. He got all excited and started explaining it to me in simple words that even a kid like me could understand. That's my bro, always making time for his little sis!So get this - Text 1 is all about these things called "human universals". My brother said that means stuff that ALL humans do, no matter where they're from or what language they speak. Isn't that weird to think about? We're all so different, but there are some basic things that make us, well, human.The first big universal they talk about is that every culture in the world has some kind of language. My brother pointed out how crazy that is - I use English to communicate, but some kid in rural China or a jungle tribe in the Amazon has their own completely separate language that sounds nothing like English. But we still both have a way to express ourselves. Mind blown, right?Another universal is that all cultures have families and some system for raisingkids. My brother said in some places, kids get raised by their parents, while other cultures have their kids raised by their whole village. But either way, the little ankle-biters have people looking after them until they can take care of themselves.Here's a really cool one - every culture in the world plays games and tells stories! The text says things like sports, board games, jokes, fables, and epic myth stories happen literally everywhere humans live. My brother let me read a part about how games with rules and competition seem to be hardwired into our brains from birth. That's why even babies like to play peek-a-boo!But then the text gets a little sadder when it talks about other universals like violence, conflict, and warfare. Apparently, as awful as wars and fights are, every society in history has hadsome form of violence happening. It made me really bummed to think that somewhere out there, other kids are suffering because of adult disagreements and battles.However, the saddest universal by far is that ALL cultures have to deal with death. My brother got teary-eyed explaining how every single person who has ever lived has lost someone they care about. Death is just a tragic part of the human experience that nobody can avoid forever. I started feeling really down just thinking about it.But then my brother gave me a big hug and reminded me about some happier universals, like art, music, dance, and celebration. He said that for every form of violence and sadness, humans have created incredible forms of beauty, rhythm, and joy to balance it out. Every culture marks important events and milestones with song, dance, feasting, and revelry as a way to appreciate the joyful side of life.You know, after hearing my brother explain it all, I have a totally new appreciation for how endlessly diverse yet deeply interconnected the human species is. We're all unique individuals and societies, but we're also part of this amazing global family tied together by our common thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.I'll never look at the world the same way again after learning about human universals. It's just really mind-blowing to realize that no matter where you go, who you meet, or what they look like, there's going to be common threads that make you brothers and sisters at the core. Humans are pretty awesome when you think about it that way.Okay, I've gone on long enough - my brother says I have the attention span of a squirrel. But I hope I did a good job explaining the basics of what Unit 4, Text 1 was all about. Just don't ask me to read the whole boring textbook...I'll leave that to the big kids in grad school! Now if you'll excuse me, I have some universally human games of pretend to go play.篇4My Exciting Adventure at the ZooHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about my awesome trip to the zoo. It was the best day ever! I saw so many amazing animals and learned a lot of interesting things. Let me share my adventure with you!First, let me tell you about the lions. They were so big and powerful! I stood there with my mouth wide open, watching them roam around their enclosure. The zookeeper told us thatlions are called the kings of the jungle. They have a loud roar that can be heard from miles away. I was a little scared but also fascinated by their majestic appearance.Next, I visited the monkey exhibit. Oh boy, those monkeys were so funny! They swung from branches and played tricks on each other. I couldn't stop giggling as I watched them. Did you know that monkeys are really smart? The zookeeper showed us how they can solve puzzles and use tools to get food. It was like watching a real-life cartoon!After the monkeys, I went to see the elephants. They were enormous! I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw how big their ears were. The zookeeper explained that elephants use their ears to cool themselves down on hot days. They also have a long trunk that they can use to spray water on themselves. It was so cool!One of the highlights of my trip was the giraffe feeding. I got to stand on a platform and feed a giraffe right from my hand. Their tongues are so long! It felt ticklish when the giraffe gently took the food from my palm. Did you know that giraffes are the tallest animals in the world? They have really long necks that help them reach leaves on tall trees. I felt like a giant standing next to them!Lastly, I visited the penguins. They were adorable! They waddled around and swam in the water with their little wings. The zookeeper told us that penguins can't fly, but they are excellent swimmers. They have a special layer of fat called blubber that keeps them warm in cold water. I wished I could jump in and swim with them!I had such a fantastic day at the zoo. I learned so much about different animals and how important it is to protect them. It was a fun and educational adventure that I will never forget. If you ever get a chance, I highly recommend visiting a zoo too. You'll have a blast just like I did!That's all for now. I hope you enjoyed hearing about my trip to the zoo. Remember, animals are amazing, and we should always treat them with kindness and respect. Bye for now!篇5Title: The Coolest Stuff I Learned About Ants!Hey, guys! You're not gonna believe the amazing things I learned about ants from this book my teacher gave me. It's like, the most interesting thing ever!First of all, did you know that ants are super-duper tiny? Like, they're so small that you can barely see them sometimes. But even though they're itty-bitty, they're actually really strong! Can you imagine an ant lifting something that's like, a hundred times heavier than it is? That's just crazy!But wait, it gets even better! Ants live in these cool underground houses called colonies. And you know what's really neat? They have their own little rooms and tunnels and everything! It's like a whole city, but for ants!And you know what else? Ants have different jobs, just like people do. Some of them are workers, and they're the ones who go out and find food and take care of the baby ants. Then there are the soldier ants, and their job is to protect the colony from any bad guys that might want to mess with them.Oh, and did I mention that ants can talk to each other? Well, not like we do, but they have their own special way of communicating. They use these cool chemicals called pheromones, which are kind of like secret codes that only ants can understand. Isn't that awesome?But wait, there's more! Ants are super smart, too. They can find their way back home even if they've never been somewhere before. It's like they have a built-in GPS or something! And getthis – some ants can even count! Seriously, they're like little math geniuses!Now, I know what you're thinking – ants are just boring little bugs, right? Wrong! They're actually really interesting and do all sorts of cool things. Like, some ants can farm their own food! They have these special gardens where they grow fungus, and that's what they eat. Can you imagine having a fungus garden in your backyard? Gross, but also kind of cool, right?And you know what else is really neat? Ants can lift up to fifty times their own body weight! That's like if you were as strong as an ant, you could pick up a whole car! Isn't that just crazy?But here's the coolest thing about ants – they're really good at working together. They're like one big, happy family, and they all help each other out. If one ant is having trouble carrying something heavy, the other ants will come and help. And if there's an enemy trying to attack their colony, they all team up and fight it off together.I think that's really cool because it shows that even though ants are tiny, they're still super strong and brave when they work as a team. It's like my mom always says, "Teamwork makes the dream work!" And ants are living proof of that!So, there you have it – all the coolest stuff I learned about ants. Aren't they just the most amazing little creatures ever? I think they're way cooler than dinosaurs or superheroes or anything like that.Who knew that something so tiny could be so awesome? I sure didn't, but now I can't wait to learn even more about these amazing little guys. Maybe one day, I'll even become an ant scientist and study them for real!Well, that's all for now, folks. But trust me, this is just the beginning of my ant adventures. Stay tuned for more cool ant facts coming your way soon!篇6Text One is all about the environment and how we need to take care of it. It talks about some big problems the world is having, like pollution, climate change, and animals going extinct. Those things are really scary! But the reading also talks about things we can do to help. I'll tell you all about it.The first part says that humans have changed the planet a whole lot, especially in the last few hundred years. We've built huge cities, cut down forests, dug up oil and coal from underground, and made lots of factories that pollute the air andwater. All of that has made the earth warmer, which is called global warming or climate change. That's really bad for animals and plants!Some animals are going extinct, which means there aren't any of them left in the whole world. That makes me really sad. The text mentions polar bears are in trouble because the ice in the Arctic is melting from the warmer temperatures. Polar bears live on that ice and hunt seals there. With less ice, it's harder for them to survive. Other animals like frogs, butterflies, and birds are disappearing too from pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. We have to try to save them!The text also talks about some places that have really bad pollution problems. In Mexico City, the air is so dirty and smoggy that it's hard for people to breathe. Kids can't even play outside very much because the pollution is so bad. In the rivers and seas near Southeast Asia, there's so much plastic trash from factories and people littering that it's choking fish, turtles, and other sea life. That plastic junk is really hurting them. We definitely need to clean that up.But it's not all bad news! The reading gives some examples of people trying to help the environment. In Costa Rica, they've saved a lot of the rainforests by making national parks wheretrees can't be cut down. That protects all the cool animals like monkeys, toucans, and jaguars that live there. In Rwanda, they brought back the mountain gorilla population by cracking down on poachers and creating a gorilla sanctuary. Now tourists can go see the gorillas, which earns money for protecting them.Individuals can help too, not just governments. We can reduce, reuse, and recycle to cut down on waste. Turning off lights, taking shorter showers, and walking or biking instead of driving helps save energy and natural resources. Even kids can get involved by picking up litter, planting trees, and using both sides of paper to avoid wasting it. Every little bit helps make the world a cleaner, greener place!The text points out that humans caused a lot of these environmental problems through our activities like deforestation, mining, and manufacturing. But we're also the only ones who can fix it by changing our habits and taking action. The author seems hopeful that if we all work together, we can solve issues like pollution, climate change, habitat loss, and extinction of species. We just have to care about the planet and do our part.I really liked learning about the different environmental challenges from this reading, even if some of it was scary. It's sad that so many animals are struggling because of things likedeforestation, plastic waste, and air pollution. The polar bear situation especially broke my heart. I sure hope we can save them and other endangered creatures before it's too late.But I'm glad the text also gave examples of how we can turn things around, like protecting rainforests, creating national parks and animal sanctuaries, and reducing waste. Hearing about kids getting involved by doing simple things like recycling, saving energy, and cleaning up litter made me feel empowered. Even little eco-warriors like us can make a difference!I think the main message is that the environment is in trouble from human activity, but we can still save it if we change our ways. We all need to go green and take care of the earth. It's the only planet we've got, so we better not wreck it! Who's with me?。
新核心综合学术英语教程4-Unit1. IntroductionIn this documentation, we will discuss the fourth unit of the New Core Integrated Academic English Course. This unit focuses on enhancing students’ academic English skills through various activities and exercises.2. Unit Overview2.1 Learning ObjectivesThe learning objectives of this unit are: - To improve students’ reading skills by analyzing and summarizing academic articles - To enhance students’ writing skills by practicing academic writing techniques - To develop st udents’ listening skills by listening to academic lectures and discussions - To strengthen students’ speaking skills through class discussions and presentations2.2 Unit StructureThe unit is divided into several sections, each focusing on a different aspect of academic English. The sections include:1.Reading: Students will read academic articles andpractice summarizing the main points, identifying theauthor’s argument, and analyzing the supporting evidence.2.Writing: Students will practice writing academic essays, focusing on proper structure, coherence, and supporting evidence. They will also learn about different citation styles.3.Listening: Students will listen to academic lectures and discussions and take notes. They will practice understanding academic vocabulary and identifying main ideas.4.Speaking: Students will participate in class discussions and debates on various academic topics. They will also deliver presentations on research topics of their choice.3. Activities and Exercises3.1 Reading Activities•Reading and summarizing academic articles•Analyzing the author’s arguments and identifying supporting evidence•Discussing the main ideas and implications of the articles3.2 Writing Activities•Writing academic essays on given topics•Incorporating proper citation and referencing techniques•Peer reviewing and providing feedback on classmates’ essays3.3 Listening Activities•Listening to academic lectures and taking notes•Identifying key terms and phrases•Discussing the main ideas and implications of the lectures3.4 Speaking Activities•Participating in class discussions and debates on academic topics•Delivering presentations on research topics•Providing constructive feedback to peers’ presentations4. Additional ResourcesIn addition to the main textbook, there are several supplementary resources that students can utilize to further enhance their academic English skills. These include:•Online academic journals and articles for further reading and analysis•Academic writing guides and handbooks for reference•Online resources for practicing listening comprehension skills, such as TED Talks and academicpodcasts5. ConclusionThe fourth unit of the New Core Integrated Academic English Course provides students with a comprehensive learning experience in academic English. Through various activities and exercises, students will improve their reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. With access to additional resources, students can further enhance their understanding and proficiency in academic English.。
Unit TwoTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication1. Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below .1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO 2 ( the increase ofpopulation, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) CO 2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth ’s atmosphere.4) Classif i cation helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.Reading 1Causes for Global WarmingTask 2Understanding Lectures through Classif icationListening 11. Listening to the lectur e and write down wha tever y ou believ e is impor tant, especially the classif ica tions of key terms .Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.2. Use y our notes . D ecide if the sta tements below ar e true (T) or false (F). Then justify y our answ ers , in the space pr ovided, b y giving evidence fr om the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Listen again, paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below .Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivationIdea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict4. Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y . Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner .There are two interesting ideas in Freud ’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person ’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle ”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle ”and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.Task 3 Reading Classif ication ArticlesReading 2 Renewable Energy Sources —A Brief Summary1. W ork with a par tner or a gr oup of 3—4 students . Study the title and phr ases in bold of Reading 2 and discuss the f ollowing questions .1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). 2) √ T he purpose of using renewable energy sources.√ T he classification of renewable energy sources. √ T he examples of different types of renewable energy sources.√T he advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.√T he history of the use of different energy sources.□How energy is obtained from various sources.3) I will write:(1) The definition of the renewable energy.(2) The classification of the renewable energy.(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.2.Read the f ollowing questions and scan Reading2f or their answ ers.1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.3) The main demerit is that it is limited.4) Sailors, farmers and architects.5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products that can be harmful tothe environment.6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays replenishing the heat.7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turnpowers a generator thus generating electricity.8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.10) The Environmental Protection Agency.3.Match the tar get wor ds with the de f initions below.Y ou may infer their meaningfr om context.1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute10) q. radiant11) i. domestic12) t. validation13) k. generator14) d. capture15) g. definitely16) n. install17) e. consumption18) m. harness19) o. internal20) c. blade4.F or open discussionReading3Types of Pollution5.Read the de f initions below and choose the wor ds tha t f it these de f initions.1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage11) hazardous12) residential13) vapor14) decay15) erosion16) disrupt17) particulate18) underground19) concentration20) combat6.Match each paragr aph with its main idea.7.D ecide which of the sta tements can be inferr ed fr om Reading3,and then write down the numberof the paragr aph(s)fr om which y our answ er most pr obably comes,leaving the explicit or false sta tements unnumbered,but using E or F r espectiv ely to indica te tha t they ar e explicit or false. Discuss y our answ ers with a par tner.Task4Writing an Essay of Classif icationReading4Types of Sustainability1.F ill in the blanks to complete the main ideas and the suppor ting details.5.Study the f ollowing models,and then par aphr ase the sentences below b y changing the orderof a structur e.The new sentences should be as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but as diff er ent as possible in structur e and as f ormal as possible in style.1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed in academic writing, despite theoccasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.3) Much importance should be attached to the comprehension of the difference between educationand training.) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time is susceptible tomalignantmelanoma.5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in the process of USterritorial expansion.8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually.Integrated Exercises2.Match each wor d in the box with the gr oup of wor ds tha t r egularly occur with it in all cases.1) motivation 2) demolish 3) symptom 4) combat 5)capture6) distribute 7) assert 8) yield 9) internal 10)emergence11) adherence 12) disrupt3.Fo r each of the sentences below,write a new sentences as similar as possible inmeaning to the original sentence,but as diff er ent as possible in v ocabular y and structur eand as f ormal as possible in style.Yo u ar e r e quired to use the wor d s giv en in capitalletters.And then compar e them with y our partner’s.1) Internet access is available in students’ dormitory.2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea navigation.4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal plan arouses fierce protests of the localresidents.5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken.6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments.7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition.10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy.5.T r ansla te the f ollowing sentences into English b y using the phr ase above.Make sur e tha ty our English sentences ar e as f ormal as possible.Then compar e them with y ourpartner’s to see whose v ersion is mor e f ormal.1) The effective disposal of the recognized sources of pollution demonstrates to be of great aid in the elevation of people’s quality of life.2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, the lifestyles of the generations ahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource-poor regions to combat the poorconditions.4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing the soil by burning straws is the fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious problem for the health of the respiratory system.5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals, has a measurable effect on the general improvement of all the people’s environmental protection awareness.6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago, which has deteriorated constantly in the modern time, leading to a huge loss of wildlife habitat.7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists were amazed at how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us.8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects.9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerably decreases the quantity of drinkable water;what’s worse, the adverse effects are not confined to areas near the source.10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by this accident will be effectively removed through natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the environment.Listening2A.Listen,note down the impor tant ideas and details,and then decide whether the f ollowingsta tements ar e true or e T f or true and F f or false.(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) FB.Listen car e f ully,and then answ er the f ollowing questions brie f ly with the informa tion fr om thelectur e.(1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization.(2) The lower one.(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchase essentials.(4) The love and belonging needs.(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of otherpeople, and interested in fulfilling their potential.C.Listen again and write a shor t summar y of the lectur e.This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, namely physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.Physiological needs are the most basic and instinctive ones, which must be satisf ied f irst. Safety needs refer to the needs for safety and security, also important for survival. Social needs include the needs for belonging, love and affection, the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness.Esteem needs ref lect on personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment; if unmet, it may lead to inferiority complex. Self- actualization needs are at the highest level, meaning to realize a person’s full potential, capacitiesand talents.Listening3A.Listen,note down the impor tant ideas and details,and then choose the best answ er tothef ollowing questions fr om the f our choices giv en.(1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) BB.Listen again f ocusing on the specif ic informa tion,and then f ill in the blanks with themissing wor ds.classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued, initially, clinically, alludes to, building up,immune system, creeping up, shuffling, infect, rip through, hospitalizations.C.Listen again and answ er the f ollowing questions.(1) B C E(2) ①ABC ②AB ③AB ④AB ⑤ABC ⑥C ⑦A ⑧A ⑨A ⑩AC。
Unit 2•评估母乳喂养的锐减程度•assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding•不良改变的诱发因素•the major factors responsible for the negative change•就住房和一般生活成本而言•in terms of housing and general cost of living•被奶瓶文化所取代•give way to the “bottle culture”•补充其他食物be supplemented with other foods•对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响•Militate against prolonged breast-feeding•宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织•complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors•把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响•attribute the negative change to attitudes and influences imported from the developed world•不符合母亲的营养意识•fall short of the mother’s nutritional awareness•等同于极端的个人及社会贫困•be synonymous with extreme individual and community povertyTask 1 (Page 32)1. D2. C3. E4. A5. B6. L7. K8. O 9. J 10. N 11. F 12. M 13. M 14. HTask 2 (Page 33)1) The report attempts to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feedingamong different ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. The research questions include: What is the current situation of the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria? What are the major factors responsible for the negative change? How to institute corrective educational measures? (B) 2) The metropolitan Lagos is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition. (B)3) Most of the earlier reports attributed the negative change to attitudes andinfluences imported from the developed world and the preference for bottle-feeding by the urbanized African. (L)4) For most Nigerians, urban existence means extreme individual and communitypoverty. Implicit in this is a great pressure on mothers to spend more time trying to augment the family income at the expense of caring adequately for their children. (M)5) Childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s livesthan ignorance on the mother’s part. (N)Task 3 (Page 42)1. h2. j3. m4. n5. q6. v7. u8. a9. t 10. b 11. s 12. l 13. c 14. d 15. r 16. p 17. e 18. o 19. k 20. i 21. g 22. f 23. wTask 41) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel.授予，给予 present with, grant, confer, give, render2) She did not understand the dimension of her plight.方面 scope, extent3) Today his company continues to thrive.兴旺，繁荣 flourish, bloom, prosper, grow rich4) The discrepancy between press and radio reports is obvious.差异difference, disparity, divergence, disagreement, dissimilarity, incongruity, contradiction, inconsistency, incongruousness, discordance5) None of these buildings are noteworthy for their architecture.值得关注的，重要的，显著的great, magnitudinous, important, notable, signif icant, exceptional, towering, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable6) We will institute some legal proceedings against the company.开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）initiate, introduce, originate, launch, start, begin7) She keeps extolling his managerial skills.赞美 acclaim, praise, pay tribute to, glorify, applaud, compliment8) They attribute their success to external causes such as luck.归因于 ascribe, assign, credit9) The heterogeneous society of today should be taken into account.各种各样的 varied, mixed, diversified, assorted, diverse10) The great virtue of camping is its cheapness.优点 plus, strength, advantage, asset, benefit, merit11) Going grey is not necessarily synonymous with growing old.等同于 equivalent to, identical to, equal to, the same as, identified with, tantamount to, similar to12) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.难以抑制的，强烈的 overpowering, strong, compelling, uncontrollable, compulsive, irresistible, forceful, powerfulThe most formal ones are: disparity, ascribe, augment, incongruity, acclaim, initiate, burgeon, compelling, confer, pay tribute to, incongruous, tantamount to, discordance, compulsive, identi- fied with, assorted, meritTask 5 (Page 44)1) At least 29% of the families had incomes below N 2oo every month, which was muchlower than the minimum required living in a city ranked among the most expensive in the world when it comes to housing and general cost of living.2) As could be clearly seen from the present study, there was a wide gap betweenwomen’s actual infant-feeding practice and their opinions on what the practice should be like. In most of the cases the mothers’ nutritional awareness is better than their actual practice, and this is contradictory to the widely held beliefs that those illiterate and urbanized women suffer from inappropriate counseling.3) Most of the earlier reports believe that people’s attitudes change negativelybecause of the influences from the developed world and the preference of bottle-feeding to breast-feeding by the urbanized African. Clearly such explanations are too simple and only suit a small number of people for they neglect the harsh realities of urban existence, which makes it diff icult for the mothers to prolong breast-feeding.Task 6 (Page 44)Main idea: Research shows that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part.Task 7 (Page 45)The major objective of the research paper is to assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the factors responsible for the negative change, and measures to tackle the problem. The study sample comprised 558 randomly selected women residents in Surulere, Nigeria. An interview was conducted by a standard questionnaire to obtain information. Research shows that the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria is mainly due to the harsh realities of urban existence, which means extreme individual and community poverty. The current trend will not be reversed if the major structural defect of urban life in the developing world is not eliminated or controlled. Much can be done to educate the mothers on the use of hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Task 10 (Page 45)Breastfeeding Faces Challenges in ChinaUrbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specif ic condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.Upon hearing her baby wail, Zhang Shuyi finds herself at her wit’s end. Although she was previously confident that she would be able to breastfeed her child properly, she worries that she might not be able to give her baby enough milk.After giving birth to her son two years ago, 35-year-old Zhang, a doctor at the Capital Institute of Pediatrics in Beijing has continued to practice exclusive breastfeeding in strict accordance with international standards.Task 12 (Page 54)1) Para K Its topic sentence: Complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors inf luence infant-feeding practices in the developing countries.2) Para O Its topic sentence: Perhaps more lasting benefits will be achieved by emphasizing the education of mothers on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Academic Survival SkillsTask 1 (Page 58)Question 2S trong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that “for most Nigerians, urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” for the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children. W eak author version: For most Nigerians, the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children, thus “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”(Anyanwu, 1985).Question 3 Strong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that it would be better if emphasis could be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally availab le staple foods.” Weak author version: It will be better if emphasis can be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods” (A nyanwu, 1985).Task 2 (Page 59)1) Direct quotation. 2) The original source is quoted with a brief explanation in the beginning of the sentence. 3) The original source is quoted with the author’s comment inserted in the middle of the sentence.Task 3 (Page 59)A summary is much shorter than the original source for it only contains the main idea, omitting the details, while a paraphrase is usually the same length as the original source, making changes in vocabulary and structures about some diff icult words and expressions.Task 4 (Page 60)2) Chinese big cities suffer from congestion due to the steadily increasing number of vehicles.3) Some complex sentences may be meaningless.4) Learners are active for they attempt to learn from their experiences.5) Some educators believe that the choice of major makes the biggest difference for students entering college, while others think differently.6) Social networking services (SNS) has changed the way people socialize.7) H irshi and Gottfredson advance the theory of “self-control” to explain people’s propensity to commit or refrain from crimes.Task 6 (Page 64)Paragraph 2 Summary: Gordon and Taylor argue that the difficulties experienced by people with writing will become easier if they learn to deal with their reactions to it appropriately.Paragraph 3 Summary: Frick argues that education has been signif icantly changed by technology at some major turning points in history. The f irst example was the primitive modes of communication in prehistoric times.Paragraph 4 Summary: Hewitt believes that acts of academic dishonesty undermine the validity of the measure of learning.Paragraph 5 Summary: Edelso argues that besides natural resources, there are more important factors determining the wealth of people—the fundamental political andlegal institutions of a nation. 典型的焊接缺陷：未焊透。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第四单元text one课文总结Text one 《Culture 》摘要
本文主要讲述了文化的定义及其对个人和社会的重要性。
文章指出，文化是人类共有的特征，包括语言、宗教、价值观、习俗和艺术等方面。
文化对于个人的影响表现在身份认同、行为习惯和社会互动方式等方面。
对于社会而言，文化是社会发展和文明进步的基础。
文化有助于塑造个人的身份认同。
个人通过参与和接受特定文化的价值观和信仰来界定自己的身份，这种身份认同与特定的社会群体有关。
此外，文化还决定了个人的行为习惯和社会互动方式。
不同文化背景下的人们在社交、礼仪、交往方式等方面有所差异，这些差异形成了不同的文化习俗。
文化对社会的影响也非常重要。
文化是社会发展和文明进步的基础。
文化通过传统、价值观和道德规范来引导社会成员的行为，促进社会和谐稳定。
此外，文化还是社会发展的动力和创新的源泉。
文化的传承和创新使社会得以不断进步和发展。
总而言之，《Culture》一文强调了文化对个人和社会的重要性。
文化不仅塑造了个人的身份认同和行为习惯，也是社会发展和进步的基础。
因此，了解和尊重不同文化是建立和谐社会的重要前提。
Unit 1
Task5(page8)
1.A student and professional may spend plenty of time reporting the resuits of their research projects when they present them to teachers,managers and clients.Actually,one would be faced with many difficulties in study and on the job without the necessary research skills as well as the ability to show the results with clarity and completeness.
2.In this part the basic rule one has to follow is to offer the entire set of data relevant to the research question raised at the beginning.If one tends to hide findings which,to some extent, cannot support his hypothesis,such dishonest behavior is not welcome in research reporting in any field.
3.Little importance is attached to a lively style;however,it is acceptable to write interestingly.Th
e essential qualities for professional communication should include accuracy,clarity,and complet eness
Task4 (p26~27)
2.Tourism has been affected negatively by the rise of expense in air travel to scenic spots like Ha waii.
3.Studies show that people with particular blood types are more likely to be infected by some dis eases.However,there is no sure correlation between blood types and people's characters.
4.The practice of identifying the sex of the unborn baby in the womb,and then terminating the baby girl if it is not wanted,is made possible in some traditional societies by ultrasound equipme nt due to its portability and low price.
5.In2011,Africa ranked No.2in the cellular phone market,next to Asia.This year saw the swift development of Africa’s cellular network in size and quality to satisfy the600million user's needs.
6.The shortage of fresh water is caused by population explosion,pollution,climate change,inade quate sewage disposal and rising sea levels.in the long run,crises,even wars,may arise as peopl e fight over the availability of fresh water supplies which are essential to them.
Task 5 (P27)
Question 2
In explaining how faculty and administrators should deal with academic dishonesty,Eastman,Iyer and Reisenwitz(2008)suggest that three aspects of academic dishonesty be taken into considera tion,including factors influencing academic dishonesty,differentiation between plagiarism and cheating,and student’s view that certain types of academic dishonesty are more unethical than others.
Question 3
Van Merrienboer(1997)points out the transition in the field of instructional design from"instruc tivist"approaches to"constructivist"approaches in the last ten years,with the former expressing t he idea that the knowledge is to represent the real world,and thus determines the meaning whic h is external to the understanders.
Question 4
Reigeluth(1999)explains the instructional design theory as at least consisting of two parts:meth ods for promoting human learning and development,and in what situations the methods can or c annot be employed.
Question 5
Heimlich(1992)makes it clear that interest in the environment,the source of both materials and refuge for the human spirit,is not a new field for it is important to the growth and development of mankind.Recently,the concern for protecting the environment shows peoplés demand for improving their life and supplementing resources.Heimlich further points out that t he difference between the decades prior to the1960s and now is much greater attention has bee n attached to the environment.
Question 6
Gredler(2001) holds that four important ingredients in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl are associated with complex skills development in the classroom. They are bringing about response, encouraging delicate improvement, budgeting the time so that the reinforcements in responses can be increased and the reinforcers sticks to their behavior.。
