中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题政治学理论历年真题2010-2015

中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题政治学理论历年真题2010-2015中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题（政治学理论）2010年考试科目：政治学基本理论一、简答题（2题，每题10分，共20分）1.政治文化2.政治参与二、论述题（2题，每题40分，共80分）1.论中国特色社会主义政治发展道路2.奥尔森“利益集团”理论述评考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮一、简答题（2题，每题10分，共20分）3.行为主义政治学4.精英主义民主理论二、论述题（2题，每题40分，共80分）1．评析社群主义民主2. 论孟德斯鸠的“三权分立”思想2011年考试科目：政治学基本理论论述题（2题，每题50分，共100分）3.论述历史制度主义政治学的基本特征4.论述二战后发展中国家政治发展的不同模式考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮论述题（2题，每题50分，共100分）1．评述亚里士多德《政治学》的基本要义2. 评述二战后政治学规范理论的最新发展2012年考试科目：政治学基本理论论述题（2题，每题50分，共100分）1.试论我国社会主义民主政治发展中的政治文化建设2.试述政治稳定的基本理论。

考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮论述题（2题，每题50分，共100分）1．霍布斯自然权利思想述评2. 亨廷顿“第三波”民主化浪潮理论评析2013年考试科目：政治学基本理论论述题1.试述国内外学界关于协商民主理论的主要争论点2.论我国权利运行制约与监督的理论依据和体系建设。

考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮论述题1．洛克《政府论》主要思想评析2. 评述罗尔斯《正义论》的主要思想观点2014年考试科目：政治学基本理论论述题1.论我国公民的有序政治参与2.“新权威主义”政治思潮评析考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮论述题1．试述格劳秀斯政治思想的主要内容2. 试述托克维尔对法国大革命论析的主要内容2015年考试科目：政治学基本理论论述题1.试述公共治理理论的主要内容（50分）2.试论推动人民代表大会制度与时俱进的理论依据和实施路径（50分）考试科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮论述题1．托马斯·街复兴分权制衡思想评析（50分）2. 试述阿尔蒙德《公民文化》中关于政治文化分类思想（50分）。

中央党校政治学理论专业考博复习备考-育明考博中央党校考博招生专业：801马克思主义理论教研部（030501马克思主义基本原理、030502马克思主义发展史、030503马克思主义中国化研究、030504国外马克思主义研究、030505思想政治教育、802哲学教研部（010101马克思主义哲学、010102中国哲学、010103外国哲学、010105伦理学、010108科学技术哲学、0101z1战略哲学、803经济学教研部、020101政治经济学、804科学社会主义教研部：030203科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动805政法教研部：030101法学理论、030201政治学理论806中共党史教研部：030204中共党史807党的建设教研部：030204中共党史808文史教研部:030506中国近现代史基本问题研究\0305Z1马克思主义文化学最新喜报：育明考博2017年辅导中央党校普博考生人数23人，成功录取17人。

中央党校考博、中央党校博士考试、考博英语、考博专业课复习经验、考博专业课备考指导，高分答题经验咨询育明教育。

育明考博辅导：点击咨询杜老师一、中共中央党校政治学理论专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容030201政治学理论2014年5人2015年6人2016年4人2017年5人①1101英语或102日语或103俄语②2211政治学基本理论③3311西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮复试包括外语听力、口语测试和专业综合复试育明考博辅导：点击咨询杜老师1、中共中央党校政治学理论专业考博的报录比平均在15:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、2017年中央党校政法教研部法学理论、政治学理论共招生12人，政治学理论专业有6个研究方向3位老师招生：01当代中国政治制度02政治文化03行政管理的理论与实践04公共政策分析05当代中国政府与政治06政治学研究方法3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

科目：政治学基本理论2005年一、简述题（20分）简述政治权利的涵义、特点及功能。

二、简论题（30分，两题任选其一）1、简论法治与构建社会主义和谐社会的关系。

2、简论权力制约的权力和功能。

三、论述题（50分）试用政治学理论分析当前中国政治参与的特点和制约因素。

2006年一、简答题（20分）简述政治参与的涵义、特点与功能。

二、简论题（30分，两题任选其一）简论法治与构建社会主义和谐社会的关系。

1、简论政治发展。

三、论述题（50分）论民主实现形式的共性与个性。

2007年试题：（2题，每题50分）1、论政治发展与政治稳定的关系。

2、谈社会主义政治文明建设与借鉴人类政治文明有益成果的关系。

2008年试题：（3题任选2题，每题50分）1、试论党内民主与人民民主的关系。

2、为什么必须把基层民主作为发展社会主义民主政治的基础性工程重点加以推进？3、试论权力制约理论的历史变革。

2009年一、简述题（2题，每题10分）1、公民社会2、政治家在历史上的作用二、论述题1、论述布坎南的立宪理论2、论政治发展与政治稳定的关系。

20131、权力制衡理论。

2、协商民主理论科目：西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮2005年一、简述题（20分）简述边沁的功利主义政治观。

二、简论题（两题任选其一，30分）1、简论当代西方“第三条道路”理论。

2、简论现代西方“精英主义民主”理论。

三、论述题（50分）试评卢梭与熊彼特的政治民主观。

2006年一、简答题（20分）简述洛克的社会契约思想。

二、简论题（两题任选其一，30分）1、评析马基雅维利关于权力的思想。

2、评析新保守主义理论。

三、论述题（两题任选其一，50分）1、论述柏拉图与亚里士多德法治思想的异同。

2、试评熊彼特的精英主义民主观。

2007年一、简论题（3题任选2题，每题25分）1、简论洛克的分权论与孟德斯鸠的分权论的异同。

2、简论西方行为主义政治学的主要观点。

3、简论现代西方“多元主义民主”理论。

2005年中央党校博士研究生入学英语考试试卷注意：请按要求把1-75题的答案填在机读卡（Answer Sheet A）上；把听力部分Section C、B1-B10题的答案、翻译和作文写在答题纸（Answer Sheet B）上。

听力部分：I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversation. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.1. A. The man has more work to do on his paper than Edward on his.B. The man himself will speak to Edward about his research paper.C. The man has been talking to Edward about his paper.D. The man has finished more than half of his research paper.2. A. 64 B. 70 C. 85 D.313. A. Getting extra credits.B. The credit hours required for an M.A. degree.C. The requirements of an M.A. thesis.D. Taking more selected courses.4. A. At the airport. B. In a travel agency.C. In a hotel.D. At the reception desk.5. A. He is still being treated in the hospital.B. He’ll rest at home for another two weeks.C. He returned to work last week.D. He has had an operation.6. A. They were both busy doing their own work.B. They went to the street corner at different places.C. They waited for each other at different places.D. The man went to the concert but the woman didn’t7. A. He didn’t clean the lab.B. His roommate is messy.C. He needs to clean the lab.D. He helped the man clean his apartment.8. A. Find out when the new job begins.B. Make more copies of the letter.C. Ask for an extension to apply for the job.D. Get a more recent reference letter.9. A. Her back hurt during the meeting.B. His support would have helped this afternoon.C. Her proposal should be sent back.D. She agreed that it was a good meeting.10. A. The man should buy the picture at once.B. The man should live only with 10 dollars a month.C. The man should ask mother for more money.D. The man should not buy the picture.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. One sixth of them are seriously polluted. 考博网 B. One third of them are seriously polluted.C. Half of them are seriously polluted.D. Most of them are seriously polluted.12. A. There was no garbage left to clean up.B. There was more garbage than before and they had to work harder.C. The river had become so clean that a lot of water-birds come back.D. The river was much cleaner and they had to search for garbage.13. A. Most of them would be indifferent and keep on throwing garbage into the river.B. They would join the students in changing the situation.C. They would become more aware of the pollution problem.D. They would think twice before they went swimming or fishing in the river.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. They are usually cleverer.B. They get tired easily.C. They are more likely to make minor mental errors.D. They are more skillful in handling equipment.15. A. It had its limitations.B. Its results were regarded as final.C. It was supported by the government.D. It was not sound theoretically.16. A. Their lack of concentration resulting from mental stress.B. The lack of consideration for them in equipment design.C. The problem of their getting excited easily.D. Their slowness in responding.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. Because people might have to migrated there someday.B. Because it is very much like the earth.C. Because it is easier to explore than other planets.D. Because its atmosphere is different from that of the earth.18. A. Its chemical elements must be studied.B. Its temperature must be lowered.C. Big spaceships must be built.D. Its atmosphere must be changed.19. A. It influences the surface temperature of Mars.B. It protects living beings from harmful rays.C. It keeps a planet from overheating.D. It is the main component of the air people breathe.20. A. Man will probably be able to live there in 200 years.B. Scientists are rather pessimistic about it.C. Man will probably be able to live there in 100,000 years’ time.D. Scientists are optimistic about overcoming the difficulties soon.Section C (注意：请将此题写在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you’ll hear a short passage. Some important words have been taken away from the written passage. Fill in the missing words. The passage will be read to you twice. There will be a pause after the first time. During the pause you should check what you have written down. And then you will listen to it again. Write your answers on Answer Sheet B. write one word in each blank.To be successful in a job interview, you should demonstrate certain and professional qualities.You need to create a good 1 in the limited time available, usually from 30 to 40 minutes. Furthermore, you must make a 2 impression which the interviewer will remember while he interviews other 3 . At all times, you should present your most attractive 4 during an interview. You should, for example, to take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dressed, avoiding the 5 of too elaborate or too casual. On the other hand, clothes which are too informal may 6 the impression that you are not serious about the job or that you may be casual about your work as well as your dress. The right clothes worn at the right time, however, gain the respect of the interviewer and his confidence in your 7 . It may not be true that “clothes make the man”, but the first and often the lasting impression of you is 8 by the clothes you wear. Besides care for personal appearance, you should pay close attention to your manner of speaking. You should reflect confidence in a clear voice, loud enough to be heard. Although there are culture differences with respect of 9 of the job interview, your speech must show you to be a friendly 10 person.Section D (注意：此题在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be spoken twice. The answer questions B1, B2, B3, and B4 in English on Answer Sheet B.B1. Which countries are the most popular package holiday destinations?B2. Why have long-haul holidays become more popular in Britain?B3. About how many travel agencies are there in Britain?B4. What does “package holiday” cover?笔试部分：（注意：请继续使用机读卡答题）II. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part, For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.21. The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A. abbreviateB. abrogateC. curtailD. discern22. If the check does not cover the full amount of your medical expense, mail the Medicare Explanation of Benefits (MEOB) to your carrier in order to receive for the balance of your expense.A. endowmentB. indorseC. reciprocationD. reimbursement23. For some of the more powerful states, these inter-governmental bureaucracies are also welcome to the authority of the sated, so that a very real symbiosis exists between the national bureaucracy and the international one.A. adjacencyB. adjustmentsC. adjournmentD. adjuncts24. As soon as she saw him enter the room she him and insisted that he join her for dinner.A. bore downB. bore down onC. bore outD. bore up25. There have been a few powerful political organizations that have operated not just One country but national borders.A. in …inB. in … atC. within …acrossD. out of…in26. Even though the Italian authorities may no longer any old bank that gets into trouble, the likelihood of government support for big banks has not changed enough to affect its ratings.A. bail outB. hang upC. knock overD. lash out27. Politics is to include all activities others are persuaded or coerced to collaborate in the achievement of aims designated and desired by another.A. by whichB. at whichC. in whichD. of which28. the structural imbalances in the budget, and also in the economy the Administration has given its support to a constitutional amendment.A. To relinquishB. To remedyC. Redressing forD. Compensating to29. Reasoning powers can deteriorate; people may begin to think irrationally; they may begin to feel that others are slyly poking fun at them, or being .A. condescending or patronizingB. condescended or patronizedC. condescend and patronizingD. condescended and patronized30. Men ambition is the leading passion are likely to love women who assist them in their career, and it would be very shallow psychology to suppose that thelove is not real because it has its instinctive root in self-interest.A. of whomB. in whoseC. in whomD. with whom31. This involves not only the introduction of new practices into a system, but their consolidation and continuation after the first enthusiastic impulse has .A. worn awayB. worn downC. worn offD. worn out32. Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor, the library persisted The documents.A. in its denial for access onB. in denying her access toC. to deny her access toD. with denying her access for33. Clearly, “getting prices right” and the “free” and “unhindered” flow of goods and services within and between countries are proving to be more difficult than .A. were once anticipatedB. are once anticipatedC. was once anticipatedD. is once anticipated34. Although there was not a deliberate effort to discriminate sex, it was clear that the opportunities for girls to take CDT or for boys to take home economics were severely limited by the way the curriculum was organized.A. toB. fromC. in favor ofD. on the grounds of35. The diffusion of power among so many governments, and from them to non-state authorities makes it more difficult for policy-makers to take .A. the long, more social and economical enlightened viewB. the long, more socially and economically enlightened viewC. the long, more social and economical enlightening viewD. the long, more socially and economically enlightening viewⅢ. Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each of the blanks, there are four choices given marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fits the blank and mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Impatience characterizes young intellectual worker. They want to make their mark fast. So it’s important to 36 them in a challenging manner the idea 37 big achievements rarely come easily and quickly. Point out that the little successes are 38 . Show that they 39 become the foundation on which reputations are built and 40 more important tasks can be accomplished.A variety of job assignments, including job or project rotation, also keep a job from becoming dull. 41 it’s natural for some individuals to want to move ahead immediately to more difficult assignments, 42 proper guidance they can continue to learn and to gain 43 by working on a number of jobs that are essentially 44 . This way they gain breadth, if 45 .Probably the greatest offense to 46 when dealing with younger specialists is to reject ideas 47 . You must listen---and listen objectively---to their suggestions. Avoid 48 overcritical. You want to nurture an inquiring mind with a fresh approach. You’ll 49 quickly if you revert 50 “We’ve tried that before and it won’t work here.”One sure way to 51 young college graduates is flagrantly misusing their talents. Expect them to do some routine work, of course. But don’t make their daily work just one long series of errands. This includes such break-inassignments 52 performing routine calculations, digging up reference material, and operating reproduction equipment. One large manufacturing company recently interviewed a number of promising engineers who 53 them. The company found that the overwhelming complaint was that the company 54 did not offer work that was challenging but also expected 55 little from them in the way of performance.36. A. get down to B. get across to C. get at D. get into37. A. to which B. what C. that D. how38. A. valueless B. unimportant C. rare D. essential39. A. in turn B. in future C. on time D. at present40. A. on which B. from which C. in which D. for that41. A. Whereas B. When C. Because D. But42. A. for B. on C. under D. in43. A. reputation B. importance C. versatility D. knowledge44. A. of the same quality B. of the same complexityC. the sameD. different45. A. the same width B. not length C. the same height D. not depth46. A. guard B. guard at C. guard against D. guard on47. A. out of hand B. at hand C. in hand D. on hand48. A. to B. being C. too D. \49. A. frustrate B. frustrate it C. be frustrate D. be frustrated50. A. that B. often that C. too often that D. too often to51. A. disenchant B. enchant C. fascinate D. detract52. A. such as B. as for C. e.g. D. as53. A. would have left B. have left C. had left D. will leave54. A. \ B. only C. either D. not only55. A. much B. far too C. a D. moreⅣ. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Your should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1A famous Native American proverb tells us “We should not judge another person until we have walked two moons in his moccasins.” Our next suggestion for improvement is about “wearing those moccasins.” That is, we need to develop empathy---be able to see things from the point of view of others. Many researchers in the area of interpersonal and intercultural competence believe that our success as communicators depends, to a large extent, on our “skill at establishing and maintaining desired identities for both self and others.” “Identities” are actually the pictures of ourselves and the other person that we hold in our heads. We use these pictures I two ways. First, our identities help us to define the messages we receive from others; and second, they assist us in selecting the most appropriate message to send to another person. We have already discussed knowing ourselves; our focus now is on our need to develop empathy (emotional identification) and role-taking (cognitive adaptation) competence so that we can better know and adjustto the other person.Before we begin our discussion of empathy and role taking, we need to restate two important ideas. First, as with so much of our counsel, we are again faced with a skill that is easier to talk about than to put into practice. The fact remains that however similar we may appear to be, there is something distinctive and unique about each of us. Our internal states are elusive and fleeting, and we know them only as distorted shadows. Knowing the other person, and predicting his or her reactions and needs, is a difficult and troublesome activity. And when we add the dimension of culture, we compound the problem.Second, although we have focused primarily on culture, we also are concerned with the “interpersonal aspects” of intercultural communication. Perhaps the interpersonal dimension of communication is most evident in the area of empathy. As Miller and Steinberg noted, “To communicate interpersonally, one must h eave the cultural and sociological levels of predications and psychically travel to the psychological level.” Simply put, empathy, while using knowledge about another’s culture to make predications, also demands that the point of analysis be the individual personality.A number of behaviors can keep us from understanding the feelings, thoughts, and motives of another person---regardless of his or her culture. Before we look at some of the ways to improve our role-taking skills, it might be helpful to examinea few characteristics that can impede empathy.56. What would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Develop EmpathyB. Importance of EmpathyC. Importance of IdentitiesD. Relationship between Interpersonal Competence and Intercultural Communication57. Why do we need to develop empathy according to the passage?A. In order to have a better self identificationB. In order to improve our role-taking skillsC. In order to make better predicationsD. In order to understand better and adapt ourselves to the other person58. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. In order to communicate successfully, we should learn to see things from the point of view of others.B. To establish identities for both self and others is easier said than done.C. It’s easier to understand another culture than to know the other person and predict his or her reactions and needs.D. The individual personality is an important factor in the area of empathy.59. In line 5 in the second paragrap h, the word “elusive” could be replaced by “________” .A. distracting and diverseB. hard to comprehend or identifyC. hard to controlD. tending to disappear60. A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss ________ .A. Establishing and Maintaining Desired IdentitiesB. How to Improve Role – Taking SkillsC. Hindrances to EmpathyD. Improving EmpathyPassage 2The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspects of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil –in any absolute moral or religious sense –is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or the Brothers Karamazoc had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had no conviction about them.You can’t have a vital literature if you ignore or sh un evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has been murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no good, admits no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is nondramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.61. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the ________.A. relativistic view of moralsB. greater concern with conscienceC. greater concern with evilD. greater concern with universals62. The author believes that great literature can bring a vivid picture of ________.A. evil triumphing over goodB. good triumphing over evilC. good and evil in constant conflictD. dramatically neutralized good and evil63. In the opinion of the author, Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because of Paton’s ________.A. insight into human behaviorB. behavioristic beliefsC. treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD. willingness to make moral judgments64. Why does the author use the expression “it is a long shrug” in referring to Bowles’s book?A. Because he thinks that the book is too lengthyB. Because he thinks that the book shows little concern with the conflict between good and evil.C. Because he thinks that the book is monotonous.D. Because he thinks that the book shows much concern with depravities.65. According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Conflict between good and evil is the vital essence of dramaB. Let It Come Down tells the reader how to differentiate good from evil.C. Crime and Punishment has a great effect because Dostoevsky shows his clear judgment of good and evil.D. Relativistic standards of ethics cannot produce great drama.Passage 3Sociolinguists, sociologists, and anthropologists focus on the social context of bilingualism. In their view, language performance is closely tied to the speaker’s personal identity and identification with the culture of the second language. Social factors such as ethnic pride, racism, communication situations, prejudice, and attitudes are important variables here. Learning a second language has both benefits and costs. A person will not be motivated to learn a second language if it has negative effects or associations for the learner. What is important is the communicative effectiveness and social appropriateness of the new language. Becoming bilingual in the sociocultural perspective is a means of being a more effective and competent person in another culture.A perennial question about bilingualism is whether bilinguals profit or lose because they have t maintain two language. The advantage of having two languages is referred to as additive bilingualism; subtractive bilingualism is the case when one language detracts from the other. Generally, developmental research has shown that bilingualism is not a reason for concern. Little evidence has been found to indicate that bilingual children suffer a disadvantage because of their knowledge of two languages. Wallace Lambert devoted his academic career to demonstrating the social and psychological advantages of bilingualism in Canada. Lambert found that French Canadian bilinguals were more likely than monolinguals to be advanced academically in French schools and that they develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence. English Canadian children also do better their elementary school courses are conducted in French. 考博网 The sociocultural perspective helps language professionals understand the cultural and social problems associated with second language acquisition (SLA) in contexts where the native language and foreign language are associated with conflicting cultural values. This happens when immigrant families move to the United States and the children want to quickly identify with American children by learning to speak English. The motivations here are not about becoming proficient but about avoiding being marked or stigmatized as a speaker of another tongue. When the new languageprovides cultural, personal, educational, or financial benefits for the learner, motivation and progress in SLA will be greater than when the second language confers no apparent advantage. In two – way Spanish- and English – language learning settings, children learning English progress faster than children learning Spanish because English has greater positive associations than Spanish does. One of the other consequences of these kinds of programs is that Spanish- speaking children tend to experience attrition in Spanish while learning English, whereas English –speaking children retain English when learning Spanish. This is a clear instance of subtractive and additive bilingualism.The sociolinguistic perspective also provides answers for why people switch from one language or dialect to another in different social situations.66. which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Motivation and Progress in Second Language AcquisitionB. Relationship between Language and CultureC. Socioculturalists’ Approach to Second Language AcquisitionD. The Importance of Second Language Acquisition67. What does the author want to prove by giving Lambert’s resear ch founding in the second paragraph?A. French Canadian bilinguals in Canada were more likely to be advanced academically in French schools than in English schools.B. French Canadian bilinguals do better than English Canadian bilinguals when their elementary school courses are conducted in French in Canada.C. French Canadian bilinguals develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence than English Canadian bilinguals in French schools in Canada.D. Bilingual children hold some social and psychological advantages in schools.68. What does the author mainly discuss in the third paragraph?A. Relationship between Language and Cultural ValuesB. Cultural and Social Influence in Second Language AcquisitionC. The Importance of Motivation in Second Language AcquisitionD. The Advantages of Additive Billingualism and Disadvantages of Subtractive Billingualism69. What does the word “attrition” in line 14 in the third paragraph mean?A. subtractionB. additionC. attributionD. restoration70. This passage would most likely be assigned for reading in a course in _________.A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. CommunicationsD. The Psychology of LanguagePassage 4In this book, then, democracy – or what Robert Dahl terms polyarchy – denotes a system of government that meets three essential conditions: meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and organized groups (especially political parties) for all effective positions of government power, at regular intervals andexcluding the use of force; a “highly inclusive” level of political participation in the selection of leaders and policies, at least through regular and fair elections, such that no major (adult) social group is excluded; and a level of civil and political liberties – freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom to form and join organizations – sufficient to ensure the integrity of political competition and participation.While this definition is, in itself, relatively straightforward, it presents a number of problems in application. For one, countries that broadly satisfy these criteria nevertheless do so to different degrees (and none do so perfectly, which is why Dahl prefers to call them polyarchies). The factors that explain this variation at the democratic end of the spectrum in degrees of popular control and freedom is an important intellectual problem, but it is different from the one that concerns us in this book, and so it is one we have had largely to bypass. We seek to determine why countries do or do not evolve, consolidate, maintain, lose and reestablish more or less democratic systems of government, and even this limited focus leaves us with conceptual problems.The boundary between democratic and undemocratic is sometimes blurred and imperfect, and beyond it lies a much broader range of variation in political systems. We readily concede the difficulties of classification this variation has repeatedly caused us. Even if we look only at the political, legal, and constitutional structures, several of our cases appear to lie somewhere on the boundary between democratic and something less than democratic. The ambiguity is further complicated by the constraints on free political activity, organization, and expression, and the substantial remaining political prerogatives of military authorities, that may in practice make the system much less democratic than it might appear. In all cases, we have tried to pay serious attention to actual practice in assessing and classifying regimes. But still, this leaves us to make difficult and in some ways arbitrary judgments. The decision as to whether Thailand and Zimbabwe, for example, may today be considered full democracies is replete with nuance and ambiguity. Even in the case of Brazil, which was generally presumed democratic after the election of a civilian president in 1985, Alfred Stepan cautions that the extent of military prerogatives to participate in government and wield autonomous power put the country “on the margin of not being a d emocracy.” With the direct presidential election of December 1989, the transition may now be considered closed, but serious problems of democratic consolidation remain.71. This passage probably appears in __________.A. in the introduction of a bookB. in the conclusion of a bookC. in the middle part a bookD. in the acknowledgement of a book72. According to the author, the reason for Dahl to term democracy as polyarchy is that __________.A. there are so many different democratic countriesB. not only the extent to which so-called democratic countries meet the three conditions is different, but also the democratic situations in all these countries need improvingC. Dahl wants to persuade people to accept his view。

中央党校在职研究生考试练习题及答案政治理论6(马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的政治理论革命的反映论。

V一、概念解释题 7、以人为本就是以人民群众为发展的根本动力。

1、哲学的基本问题:一方面是思维和存在、意V识和物质何者为本原的问题～另一方面是思维和存在8、计划与市场的多少不是资本主义与社会主人的同一性问题。

的本质区别。

V计划经济不等于社会主义～资本主义2、生产力:人类改造自然的能力叫做生产力。

也有计划,市场经济不等于资本主义～社会主义也有3、生产关系:人们在物质资料生产过程中所结市场。

计划和市场都是经济手段。

成的社会关系。

9、按劳分配与按生产要素分配是根本对立的分4:配原则。

X两种分配并非是根本对立的分配原则。

按、上层建筑:是指建立在一定经济基础上的社会意识形态以及与之相适应的政治法律制度和设施劳分配是公有制经济的分配原则～按生产要素分配是等的总和。

市场经济通行的分配规则～社会主义基本制度与市场5、商品:是用来等价交换的劳动产品～是使用价经济结合在一起～为两种分配原则的的结合提供了现值和价值两个因素的统一体。

实基础。

6、货币:就是固定的充当一般等价物的特殊商10(中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。

V 品。

117、剩余价值:是由雇佣工人创造的并由资本家、建设中国特色社会主义政治最根本的是要把无偿占有的超过劳动力价值的价值。

坚持党的领导、人民当家做主和依法治国有机统一起8、可变资本:资本家用于购买劳动力的那一部来。

V因为:坚持党的领导是社会主义政治发展的根分资本。

本保证,在建设中国特色社会主义政治过程中～党和9、实践:实践是感性的、客观的物质活动～是人民利益是完全一致的～而把党的领导和人们当家作人们社会生活的本质和认识活动的基础。

,实践是改主相结合的有效形式就是依法治国,党的领导、人民造客观世界的物质性活动～在阶级社会～基本形式是当家作主和依法治国三者是有机统一的关系。

中央党校政治学理论专业考博参考书真题笔记报考分析-育明考博一、中共中央党校政治学理论专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容030201政治学理论2013年6人2014年5人2015年6人①1101英语或102日语或103俄语②2211政治学基本理论③3311西方政治思想史与当代西方政治思潮复试包括外语听力、口语测试和专业综合复试（2016中央党校考博资料获取、辅导课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三二四一二二六）育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、中共中央党校政治学理论专业考博的报录比平均在5:1-6:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有7个研究方向：01权力制约理论研究02当代中国政治制度03政治文化04行政管理的理论与实践05公共政策分析06当代中国政府与政治07政治学研究方法3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、同等学力考生和跨一级学科考生加试：行政管理学、西方政治制度。

5、同等学力的考生，须在报考专业或相近研究领域出版专著或全国核心期刊上发表两篇以上学术论文。

6、考试时间安排:3月26日上午外语，下午专业课一；3月27日上午专业课二。

育明教育考博分校针对中共中央党校各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（2016中共中央党校考博资料获取、辅导课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三二四一二二六）二、中共中央党校政法教研部博士招生人数及报考统计（育明考博辅导中心)年份招生方式及人数公开招考报名人数报录比复试分数线2013年公开招考（12人）60人5:1外语>=50专业课>=602014年公开招考（12人）72人6:12015年公开招考（13人）65人5:1育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、中共中央党校政法教研部共有2个博士招生专业：法学理论和政治学理论，各专业之间报录比差别还是比较大的。

中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题（马克思主义哲学）20XX年考试科目：马克思主义哲学原理原著试题（每题50分，共100分）1、试论恩格斯关于认识发展的辩证法思想，并运用这一思想说明为什么要“用发展着的马克思主义指导新的实践”？2、论“三个代表”重要思想的唯物史观基础。

考试科目：现代西方哲学任选两题，每题50分，共100分1、费耶阿本德的“无政府主义认识论”评述。

2、评析当代西方哲学发展的主要趋势。

3、以某一哲学流派或思想家为例，谈谈现代西方哲学对于发展马克思主义哲学的借鉴意义。

20XX年考试科目：马克思主义哲学原理原著试题（每题50分，共100分）1、马克思、列宁、毛泽东关于认识论的实践观点及其理论贡献。

2、试论马克思主义关于人的发展的思想及其与“以人为本”的关系。

考试科目：现代西方哲学任选两题，每题50分，共100分1、萨特人“人学辩证法”述评。

2、概述伽达默尔论理解的历史性。

3、结合西方科学哲学的发展谈谈你对科学本质的理解。

20XX年考试科目：马克思主义哲学原理试题（每题50分，共100分）1、如何全面、辩证地理解检验真理的实践标准及其现实意义？2、试论关于社会意识的相对独立性和反作用的原理及其现实意义。

考试科目：马克思主义哲学原著和发展史试题（每题50分，共100分）1、试论马克思恩格斯《德意志意识形态》和《共产党宣言》中的世界历史思想与当代全球化趋势。

2、试论马克思主义辩证法的发展历程和当代课题。

20XX年考试科目：马克思主义哲学原理试题（每题50分，共100分）1、试论真理与价值的关系及其实践意义。

2、试论构建社会主义和谐社会的哲学基础。

考试科目：马克思主义哲学原著和发展史试题（每题50分，共100分）1、试论马克思恩格斯对以往的旧哲学观所实现的变革。

2、试论恩格斯晚年历史唯物主义书信中关于上层建筑反作用的论述及其现实意义。

20XX年考试科目：马克思主义哲学原理一、简释题（5题，每题2分，共10分）1、矛盾的同一性2、度3、否定4、生产力5、历史合力二、简答题（2题，每题5分，共10分）1、量变与质变的辩证统一2、实践是认为的基础三、论述题（5题，每题40分，共80分）1、阐述认识过程的第二次飞跃的原理及其现实意义。

中央党校马克思主义理论骨干人才培养计划思想政治教育专业考博报考分析一、中共中央党校思想政治教育专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容思想政治教育0305054人①1111英语（1112日语1113俄语）②2801马克思主义基本理论(含原著)③3801马克思主义理论综合考试面试：主要考查考生对马克思主义经典著作的掌握情况，综合运用所学知识的能力、科研创新能力、对本学科前沿领域及最新研究动态的掌握情况，以及外国语的听、说、读能力。

育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、中共中央党校思想政治教育专业考博的报录比平均在10:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有四位导师：戴焰军、刘建军、张晓燕、宋福范3、本专业共有一个研究方向：思想政治教育4、中共中央党校马克思主义理论骨干人才培养计划博士研究生招生对象主要是高等学校、各级党校在职在编人员，党政机关从事理论研究和思想宣传工作的在职在编人员，以及新闻出版部门从事理论研究和思想宣传工作的在职在编人员。

5、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

育明教育考博分校针对中共中央党校马克思主义中国化专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（中共中央党校考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三二四一二二六）二、中央党校2015年马克思主义理论骨干人才培养计划考博复试分数线年份复试分数线复试比20151、外国语科目50分，2、马克思主义理论基础（含原著）科目50分，3、业务课60分 1.5:1—2:1育明考博杜老师解析：1、中共中央党校复试分数线并不是非常高，但考生之间拉开的分差却是比较大的。

中共中央党校在职研究生2015级入学考试试题（政治理论、各专业）一、判断题（共10题，每题1分，共10分；正确的打，错误的打，不需要说明理由；全部打或按零分计；请按题号顺序将答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效）1．建设中国特色社会主义，总布局是四位一体。

2．要坚持把社会效益放在首位，社会效益和经济效益相统一，推动文化事业全面繁荣、文化产业快速发展。

3．加强社会建设，必须以保障和改善民生为重点，提高人民思想精神境界。

4．党的十八届三中全会指出，全面深化改革，必须立足于我国处于市场经济条件下这个最大实际。

5．“中国梦”就是要实现国家富强、民族复兴和生态文明。

6．在中国特色社会主义现代化建设总体布局中，政治建设为中国特色社会主义提供强大的精神动力。

7．党的十八大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标。

8．维护社会公平正义，核心是要建立以权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系。

9．以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以效率至上为核心的时代精神，是社会主义核心价值体系的主题。

10．党的十八大报告重申，我国现阶段人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变。

二、单选题（共5题，每题3分，共15分；答案为A、B、C、D四个选项中的一个，请按题号顺序将答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效）1．集中反映发展中国特色社会主义的出发点和落脚点的是（）A 中国特色社会主义的根本目的B 中国特色社会主义的思想路线C 中国特色社会主义的基本战略D 中国特色社会主义的本质属性2．党与群众关系中最基础、最根本、最重要的一条是（）A 一切依靠群众B 从群众中来C 到群众中去D 一切为了群众3．我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的首要任务是中国特色社会主义的（）A 政治建设B 经济建设C 文化建设D 社会建设4．毛泽东指出，无产阶级及其政党在统一战线中必须坚持的原则是（）A 妥协退让B 韬光养晦C 独立自主D 团结统一5．1957年2月27日，毛泽东在扩大的最高国务会议上发表重要讲话，该讲话题为（）A 《新民主主义论》B 《论人民民主专政》C 《战争和战略问题》D 《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》三、多选题（共5题，每题3分，共15分；答案为A、B、C、D、E等选项中的若干个，多选、少选、错选均不得分；请按题号顺序将答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效）1．唯物辩证法的规律是（）A 否定之否定规律B 量变质变规律C 普遍联系规律D 对立统一规律2．扩大人民民主必须要保障人民的（）A 参与权B 表决权C 表达权D 监督权E 知情权F 建议权3．列宁提出的“文化革命”的内容主要包括（）A 扫除文盲，提高全体人民的文化水平B 培养和造就各方面的专门人才C 进行共产主义的思想道德教育D 发展国民教育4．帝国主义的经济特征主要表现为（）A 生产和资本的集中造成了在经济生活中起决定作用的垄断组织B 金融资本的形成和金融寡头的统治C 资本输出失去了重要意义D 国际垄断资本同盟从经济上瓜分世界5．我们要健全和完善的社会管理格局是（）A 社会领导B 政府负责C 党委协同D 公众参与四、辨析题（2题，每题10分，共20分；先判断对错，再运用你掌握的基本概念、基本原理说明理由，每题应在250字以上，约10行）1．绿水青山决不是金山银山。

中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题（马克思主义基本原理、发展史、中国化）2015年考试科目：马克思主义基本理论（含原著）一、简述题（2题，每题25分）1．简述马克思在《哥达纲领批判》、《1848年至1850年法兰西阶级斗争》两文中对无产阶级专政内涵的论述。

2．简述马克思恩格斯对股权资本的性质、作用和发展趋势的论述。

二、论述题（50分）马克思恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中指出：“统治阶级的思想在每个时代都是占统治地位的思想。

这就是说，一个阶级是社会上占统治地位的物质力量，同时也是社会上占统治地位的精神力量。

”谈谈你对这一思想的理解和该思想的现实意义。

考试科目：中国特色社会主义理论一、简述题（2题，每题10分，共20分）1．简述新民主主义理论的创立及其启示。

2．简述党的十八大以来中国特色社会主义理论的新发展。

二、论述题（2题，每题40分，共80分）1．论述中国特色社会主义制度的发展和完善。

2．我国1978年以来社会主义与资本主义的关系研究述评。

2016年考试科目：马克思主义基本理论（含原著）一、简述题（2题，每题25分，共50分）1.简述马克思社会再生产“四个环节”的理论及其现实意义。

2.马克思在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中提出：“全部社会生活在本质上是实践的。

”谈谈你对这句话的理解。

二、论述题（50分）生产活动是一切历史的基本条件，这是马克思、恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中集中阐述的思想。

结合当代中国经济社会发展实际，谈谈你对这一思想的认识。

考试科目：中国特色社会主义理论一、论述题（2题，每题50分，共100分）1.为什么说中国特色理论体系是马克思主义中国化的最新成果？2.论述以人为本的理论依据、基本内涵及意义。

科目：马克思主义发展史（注：马克思主义发展史专业的专业课）一、简述题（2题，每题20分，共40分）1.马克思在《致路德维希.库格曼》（1868年7月）的信中指出：“任何一个民族，如果停止劳动，不用说一年，就是几个星期，也要灭亡，这是每一个小孩子都知道的。