英美文学选读笔记完整笔记,全面归纳

英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄I.Literature文学i)English Literature英国文学I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。

其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。

中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。

I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。

i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。

"Down off the moorlands' misting fells cameGrendel stalking;God's brand was on him.大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。

"II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服Middle English中世纪英语III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。

新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

P3Middle English literature strongly reflects the principles (原则) of the medieval Christina doctrine (中世纪基督教学说) , which were primarily (主要) concerned with the issue of personal salvation (拯救)P4Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of this period.Chaucer characteristically( 表示特性地) regard life in term of aristocratic ideals (贵族理想) ,but he never lost the ability of regarding life as a purely(纯粹地) practical matter , the art of being at once involved in and detached from a given situation is peculiarly (特有地) Chaucer’sChaucer bore （带有）marks of humanism and anticipated ( 预期的)a new era (时代) to comeIn short, Chaucer develops his characterization (描述) to a higher artistic (艺术的,有美感的) level by presenting characters (引出人物) with both typical and individual dispositions (部署)Chaucer’s reputation (名誉) has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanityChapter 1Renaissances: The Renaissances which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated ( 刺激) by a series of historical events, In essence( 本质上) , is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers (人道主义思想家) and scholars (学者) made attempt( 努力/尝试) to get rid of ( 摆脱) those old feudalist ideas ( 封建主义) in medieval Europe , to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (新兴的资产阶级) and to recover the purity (纯度) of the earlychurch from the corruption( 腐败,堕落) of the Roman Catholic Church/P7 P8Humanism is the essence ( 本质) of the RenaissanceThomas More , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare and the best representatives of the English humanistWhen Henry VIII declared himself through the approval of the Parliament( 国会) as the supreme (极大的,最高的) Head of the Church of England in 1534 , the Reformation in England was in its full swing ( 高潮)P10The religious reformation was actually as reflection of the class strugglewaged ( 工资 )by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology ( 意识形态)The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation andassimilation ( 模仿与同化)In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben JonsonThe Elizabethan drama , in its totally, is the real mainstream( 主流) of the English RenaissanceThe most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben JonsonP12Edmund Spenserhe was born in London and received good education & left Cambridge in 1576.in 1580, he was made secretary of Lord Grey of wilton. Spenser’s masterpiece(代表作)is the “ Faerie Queene ” is great poem of its age。

英美文学选读第四章笔记Victorianperiod第四章I.Multiple Choice1.Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836~1901從時間上講，維多利亞文學時期恰好與維多利亞女王1836至1901年執政期相吻合，這一時間是英國歷史上最光輝燦爛的時期2.Although wrting from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people3.The author of the work“Dombey and Son” is Charles Dickens董貝父子是查爾斯。

逖更斯的作品---小保羅4.In the following figures, who is Dickens?s first child hem?Olive Twist 霧都孤兒中非人道的工廠廠房與黑暗的充滿犯罪的下層生活5.The death-bed scences of little Nell(the old curiosiry shop) and littlepaul(Dombey and Son) are the vivid description by Charles Dickens查爾斯是一位悲情大師，沒有人會忘懷老古玩店中，在病床上奉奉一息的小奈爾和董貝父子中的小保羅6.Which of the following comments on Charles Dickens is wrong?A.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the ModernperiodB.His serious intention is to expose and criticize all thepoverty ,injustice,hypocrisy(偽善) and corruptness he sees allaround him狄更斯是偉大的批判現實主義作家，他以揭露抨擊社會的不公，虛偽,腐敗與貧究為已任,一方面他憎恨國家機器，尤其是議會，可另一方面作為城市資產階級作家，他又找不到解決問題的鑰匙，他所能做的隻是保持一咱充滿希望的樂觀主義，正如他前期的小說，或表達一種無助的憤概與反抗，正如他後期的小說C.The later works show the development of Dickens towards a highlyconscious artist of the modern type狄更斯後期的作品都表現出他正在向一個有著高度自覺意識的現代作家發展,塑造的人物都反映了一咱普遍壓抑的社會心理D. A Tale of Two Cities is one of his later works 雙城記7.Do you think, because I am poor,obscure,plain ,and little, I am soul less and heartless?...and If God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you” the above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre難道你認為，因為我窮，默默無聞，不漂亮，個子瘦小，我尌沒有靈魂了嗎？你想錯了！要是上帝賜給我一點美貌和許多財富，我會讓你難以離開我，尌象現在我難以離開你一樣8.The Sentences “And now he stared at her so earnestly thatI thought the very intensity of his gaze would bring tears into his eyes,but they hurned with anguish, they dod not melt ” are found inWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte 艾米麗。

《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳9年elf担任造反发言人。

主要的有:《儒林外史》(1794)、《洛书》(1795)。

四祖(1796-1807)无论他想象什么，他也看到了。

作为一个富有想象力的诗人，他用视觉形象而不是抽象的术语来表达自己的观点。

布雷克在平原上写他的诗《怀伊河谷》本身，用一个细节描述了归来的流浪者思想的宁静中心，传达了一种自然秩序的感觉，立刻生动地表现了船停下来的情景；炎热的热带阳光照耀了一整天。

其他水手一个接一个地渴死了，只有水手还活着，一直被口渴折磨着(1595)，这首诗表达了诗人第二次婚姻所引起的深刻的个人感情；阿莫里蒂(1595)，一系列十四行诗。

理解他的影响spesser诗歌的主要品质(完美的旋律②罕见的美感③精彩的想象力④崇高的道德纯洁它也揭示了人类在敌对的道德秩序中实现崇高愿望的挫折。

最后一个场景，浮士德面临他的厄运，出色地呈现了一些移民到殖民地的恐惧；有些人堕落到农场工人的水平，他是一个无辜的叛逆者，时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持，这本书很快变成了一个开放的道路的伟大小说，一个\史诗般的散文\其主题是\真正荒谬的\人性，暴露在各种各样的约瑟夫悲剧:艾琳(1749)；几百篇论文出现在他编辑的两个期刊——《漫步者》，他必须取悦，但他也必须指导；他不能冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德；杜纳(1775)，喜剧歌剧；《批评家》(1779)，一部滑稽剧《水手的灵魂》中每一个相应的变化都被记录下来。

整个经历是一场极度疲劳的考验。

(2)\可汗\是柯勒律治吸食鸦片后在梦中创作的。

诗人在阅读忽必烈汗的作品时睡着了。

河流、宏伟宫殿的形象\人类想象力的产物是调和对立的装置(诗歌)；第12行到第30行是抑扬格五音步，其多样性是多节奏的；第31行到第34行是抑扬顿挫的四步抑扬顿挫，第35行是抑扬顿挫的五步抑扬顿挫。

他悲叹堕落的希腊，表达了他热切的希望被压迫的希腊人民应该赢得他们的自由；他赞美法国大革命，而在大陆上，他被誉为自由的捍卫者，人民的诗人。

英美文学复习时期划分-—Early ＆ Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period--Renaissance 文艺复兴—-Revolution ＆ Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动-—Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life， death， belief, time， youth, beauty， love, feelings of differen t kinds, reason（wisdom), moral lesson， morality。

修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵， sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵， form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步， iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格， anapest抑抑扬格, da ctyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧novel起源：Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Roma nce of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、 1、The Anglo—Saxon period(496—1066）这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）(Christ ian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》（national epic）（民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period（1066—1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon element s。

Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conceptionthat man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalthuman nature and came to see that human beings were gloriouscreatures capable of individual development in the direction ofperfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despisebut to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare arethe best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

《英美文学选读》笔记（简单版）Thomas More: Utopia 《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays 《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledge is power"----BaconEdmund Spencer: Faerie Queen 《仙后》"Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings."--- SpencerWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. 23rd, April 1564, Stratford-on-Avon2. His Father, a leather merchant 皮货商3. His school, a local Grammar school for 6 years4. His life, dramatist, actor, poet, proprietor5. His first son, Hamnet6. 4 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)7. Main works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets , 2 narrative plays戏剧 14行诗叙事诗Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维罗纳二绅士》Love's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》King John 《约翰王的生平和逝世》Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》Julius Caesar 《朱力叶斯·凯撒》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》8. Carl Marx: "Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two greatest dramatic genius the world has ever known."9. His friend: "He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times."William Shakespeare's writing feature1. A play in the play.2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.3. Several threads running through the play.4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare's writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invent words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare's humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare's sonnets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: PetrachSelected Reading of Shakespeare:1. [P37] Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameterc. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: "your" beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: "your" beauty will live in my poem. à Immortalize beauty2. [P39] An Excerpt from The Merchant of Venicea. How does Shylock justify himself according to the accusation of Duke and Bassanio?[P40-41] There are 3 reasons.b. Why does Shylock stick to his bond instead of taking twice his principle?He hates the Christians and is determined to revenge on them because his daughter elopes with a Christian.c. What do you think of Shylock in the early court scene? What about him later?In the early court scene, Shylock is cruel, eloquent, stubborn, tricky, isolated from law and friendship.In the later court scene, Shylock is greedy, sympathetic and oppressed by Christians.d. What is Shakespeare's attitude towards Shylock?He sympathizes those who are oppressed. Antonio is oppressed by Shylock. Shylock is oppressed by Christians.e. The whole play is a tragi-comedy. In the scene, Shylock is the tragic side. Antonio and his friends is the comic side.John Donne (1572-1631)1572 Born in a merchant family1591 Learn law at the Inns of Court in LondonPrivate Secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.1601 29y. Married Egerton's niece, Ann More. He worked hard to fight against poverty. However, it's a secret marriage. When the marriage was exposed, he was put into jail. The Egertons regarded the marriage as an offence.1617 His wife died. He devoted his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.1621 Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's and kept the post until his death.John Donne's major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others' wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, sexual life, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching. John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers. John Donne's conceit can be seen from his "Go catching the falling star" in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman's faith and heart.Metaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life.The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of "metaphysical school".Selected Reading of John Donne1. [P66]The Sun Rising2. [P68]Death, Be not Proud (1)John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. His father was both a scholar and a businessman.1620 Educated at St. Paul's School1625 Educated in Cambridge1643 Married a 17y. girl younger than him1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell's Council of State1652 Became totally blind. His wife died. He married again.3 periods in John Milton's life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the "Fall of Man", i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can't win God by power, so he wins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.In Paradise Lost, Satan is the rebel who never bows down to God even when he failed. He is a good military leader. He refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He is determined to continue the battle. He feels sorrow at the sufferings of those angels. He has led to so terrible a punishment, but he is very cruel. He has indomitable pride, unconquerable rebellion, and the will to evil and power. He said, "Only do evil, no good". He tries to be as equal as God.Selected Reading of John Milton1. [P73] An Excerpt from Paradise LostChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment. It's a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II's daughter Marry and her wife William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.1798 The publication of Lyrics by WordsworthIndustrial Revolution --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- "Act of Enclosure". The landless and homeless peasant began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment Movement:Voltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.Gothic Novel1. Content: magic, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters.2. Setting: old castle, graveyard, dark forest3. Atmosphere: horribleJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)1628 Born in a poor tinker's family. He received little education in a GrammarSchool1647 Married a Christian woman and became interested in Christianity.1660 Bunyan began to preach, but he didn't have a preaching license so he was put into jail for 6 years.1665 Great Plague in England, he was released from jail. Few months later, he was in jail again for another 6 years.1672 Declaration of Independence, he was released again.1675 His license of lay preacher was temporarily cancelled and he was in prison again.Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim's Process.Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Process1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsThe content of The Pilgrim's Process is about Christianity. The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim's Process: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever - concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level - your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.Selected Reading of John Bunyan: [P85]"The Vanity Fair" from The Pilgrim's ProcessWhy "The Vanity Fair" is a satire on the ruling class of Egnland?1. It's a symbolic picture of London at the time of Restoration2. In Vanity Fair, everything can be sold and bought, daily necessities, but also honor, kingdom, lust, pleasure and even lives.3. Evil things such as cheating, roguery, and adultery are normal in the Vanity Fair where there is no moral. It's a satire of the non-moral English ruling class.4. Faithful is put to death for his despising of the Vanities. It's a parallel of Bunyan's experience of imprisoned for preaching. John Bunyan's writing style --- moded after the BibleLanguage --- easy to read, colloquial, concrete and conciseForm --- allegorical form, realistic, true to life.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1688 Born in the year of Glorious Revolution in a merchant Roman Catholic family.Because of his ill health, he didn't go to university. He received his education from a learned preacher. Because he is a Catholic, he can't do thing for the government.Pope is a deformed person. He suffered severe illness in his childhood.Illness accompanied him throughout his life.Alexander Pope's major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It's expressed Pope's aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients likeHomer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet. Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her, esp. a young man name. A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina's hair. In Bellina's opinion, it's an offence. Baronjust cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satires the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad is consisted of 4 books. It's the best satire of Pope. It's a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlgitener.Selected Reading of Alexander Pope: [P93] An excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)He was born in a butcher's family (wealthy but low social status). Defoe never went to university, but received good educationin a Dissenting Academy. Defoe has two interests: interest in business and interest in politics.Interest in business. He started from small business to become rich. He is a gifted man in business.Interest in politics. His political stand swang between the Whigs and the Tories. He wrote political pamphlets to attack the Whigs, but both of the two parties thought the pamphlets insulted them. So Defoe was sent to jail and pillory. He negotiatedwith the Prime minister to become a spy to Scotland. He tried to make the union of Scotland and England.1704, he issued a periodical The Review, on which he voiced his concerns for woman's right, economy, children and parents relationships, politics and other hot issues of the time.1718, he began to write novel.1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It's based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero's life on the island. The first part is aboutthe career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson's Crusoea. man's struggles against natureb. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson's Crusoea. realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.1720, Captain Singleton is sent to Africa when he was 3 months old. In Africa, he experiences many adventures. With good luck, he wins much gold. Back to England, he goes bankrupt and becomes a pirate.1722, Moll Flanders is the daughter of a woman thief. She is born in the Newgate Prison. In her life, she married 5 times with over 12 children. However, she never nurses a single child. She becomes a thief herself. She is transferred to the American colony as a criminal. She accumulates a wealth and buys a fare plant there. At the age of 30, she comes back to England. 1722, Colonel Jack is deserted by his parents at a very young age. He becomes a pickpocket. He is kidnapped and sent to the American colony. He is very clever and finally becomes a rich plant owner.1724, Roxana is the daughter of a Protestant refugee. She is beautiful and clever. She marries an English merchant. Because the merchant deserts her, she becomes a famous international prostitute. In Holland, she married a Dutch merchant. After his death, she finds that he was in great debts. She can't pay off the debts and is put into jail and died in jail.Daniel Defoe's satirical poems.1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England's legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Selected Reading of Daniel Defoe: [P98] An excerpt from Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift (1667-1745)He was born in Dublin, Ireland, of an English family. His father died before he was born. A rich uncle sent Swift to the Trinity College. His most deed is against the ruling class of England.1689-1699, he worked as a private secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat. On the post, Swift made many famous politician friends and came to know many dirty and dishonest politicians of the day.1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books, which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - "bring honey"; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift's name as a satirist.1705, he became a clergyman.1707, he moved to London and became a politician. He tries to speak for the Irish people. He was the editor of The Examiner, a Tory's periodical.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.1716, Swift married a woman.1724, there were 2 great events in England.a. Wool industry --- English Congress passed the persuasion of developing wool industry in England. Irish people can't make money from wool because they have to return the land. Irish people had to live a miserable life. A famous slogan in Ireland at that time is "Burn everything that come from England except the coal" which voiced Irish people's determination of refusing England.b. Coin event --- A minister suggested and permitted to make new coins. The exchange rate between Irish coin and the new English coin was unfair. The minister and King got profit from the exchange.1724, Swift published the satireThe Drapier's Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.1726, his wife died. It's a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver's Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end - Roman Church. Small end - English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.Part IV. It's the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It's a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It's a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Selected Reading of Jonathan Swift: [P107] An excerpt from Gulliver's TravelHenry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount 子, Baron男) He received his education in the Eton Public School1728 21y. He published his first play in London, but failed.1729 Fielding quarreled with his father, so his father cut off financial support. He had to make a living by himself.1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were alsovery successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)1734 He got married.1737 30y. The promulgation of Licensing Act restricted the publication of plays. So Fielding took up law. He spent 3 years to finish a 7-year course.1740 Fielding became a bar, but the money he earn couldn't support his familyHenry Fielding wrote 4 novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as "Father of English Novel".1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B's uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B's mother is very found of here and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr.B as a noble man seduces her, doesn't allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous. Henry Fielding's aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsPart I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela's chastity ispretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted "comic epic in prose"--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great , Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child. He is adopted by a kind man who has his own child Blifil. The two children fell in love with the same girl Sophia. Tom is kind and he is truly in love with Sophia. Blifil loves Sophia for her beauty and money. Sophia's father knows that Tom is a deserted child so he wants Sophia to marry Blifil. Tom wants to see the outside world andmoves to London. Sophia wants to see the world too. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c's English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It's showed Fielding's view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- "comic epic in prose", displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London1750 Amelia marries a poor solider. Her husband goes to London to seek fortune. He fights with other people in the street so he is put into jail. She is very faithful to her husband. When her husband is in prison, other officials try to seduce her. In the end, Amelia reunites with her husband and live happily.Henry Fielding's aim of writing Ameliaa. To condemn the moral degeneracy of the officials. To praise Amelia.b. To reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich.Henry Fielding's writing style1. Comic epic in prose: the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is "comic epic in prose"?1. The description in a grand style of classic epic. "Classic epic" has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSelected Reading of Henry Fielding: [P122] An excerpt from Tom JonesSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1708 Johnson was born in a bookseller's family, in Richfield. His eyesight was very poor like John Milton1715 8y. He went to a Grammar School for 8 years which provided him a solid knowledge of Latin1728 He went to Oxford University1731 22y. His father died. He quit Oxford without a degree.1735 26y. He married an old rich widow who was 20years older than him. Hemarried her for money.1738 29y. His first poem1747 He compiled English dictionary1752 His wife died. He was in great debt and was arrested.1755 The first publication of English dictionary brought him fame and money.1762 The British government gave him an annual pension of £300, which freed him from the burden of "writing for a living". His life before 1762 was very difficult.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet诗人, dramatist 剧作家, prose romancer散文传奇小说作家, biographer 传记作者, essayist 随笔作家, critic 批评家, lexicographer 词典编纂者and publicist 政治评论家. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18c. His point of view:1. He concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.2. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showed his dislike and fondness.3. He insisted that a writer should adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.4. He was particularly found of moralizing 道德教化and didacticism 教训主义.Johnson's writing style.1. His language is characteristically general, of Latinate 从拉丁文衍生来的and frequently polysyllabic多音节的2. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven 交织with parallel words and phrases but clearly expressed.3. He tends to use "learned words", uses words accurately.Selected Reading from Samuel Johnson: [P132] "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"Richard Brinkley Sheridan (1751-1816)1751 Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was an actor and theater manager. He was educated at Harrow (Eton, 2 public schools). His works are mainly plays. In fact, Dublin is the cradle of many famous writers, like Jonathan Swift.1770 Sheridan moved to Bath, the most fashionable place in 18c's England.1772 He was in love with a beautiful lady who is a singer and actress. He fought two duels and finally married her.1774 The appearance of his first play The Rivals won him an immediate success and fame.1776 He became a part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theater, so it's easy for him to stage his plays.1777 The appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal.1780 His play-writing career ended. He was elected M.P. of the Parliament and became an orator.1809 The Drury Lane Theater was burn in a fire. His financial support was cut off.1812 His political career ended. He had no money to afford the election.1816 Sheridan died in poverty and neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.The first English writer buried in Westminster Abbey was Chaucer. Samuel Johnson was also rested there.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright. Two plays: The Rivals, The School of Scandal.The Rivals (1774)The heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia's aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute's father makes a proposal to Lydia's aunt. The father reveals the real identity of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.Theme of The Rivals.1. Sheridan ridicules the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of the young woman of the upper class.2. Sheridan presents a true picture of the aristocratic-bourgeois world where money talks. (like the arranged marriage)The School of Scandal (1777)The school of scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneerwell.Lady Sneerwell: She often laughs at people, esp. underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it's an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade man.Joseph Surface and Charles Surface: Surface means superficial. You can't judge the brothers by their appearance.Theme of Sheridan [P136]In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.Writing style of Sheridan [P136-137]1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage.2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。

【美国】Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the Americ an Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。

（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

英美文学选读自学笔记English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。

学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。

本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。

如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。

这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。

最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450―1066)two groups : religious �C-on biblical themes ---- Secular ---- heroic age ---- --- a protector ofpeople ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes―feud alism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously ) --- French, Latin, English (co-existedlanguage )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ?The epic reflects a heroicage ,the romance reflects a chivalric one‘ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from),2 verse : first use 'heroic couplet' , realisticpicture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replacealliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)first use rhymed 'heroic couplet' octosyllabic 八音节诗 3.novel: the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th―17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church . England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England?s Golden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney,Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissance flourishing-------first introduced printing into England and translatedbooks in English(by William Caxton)Traits of humanistic poetry : meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England)Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse ) Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon (the first important English essayist, the founder ofmodern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet‘s poet(他的诗节被称为�D斯宾塞诗节‖，他被称为�D诗人中之诗人‖)选读 (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur―the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ?Fierce Wares and f aithful loves‘.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealism II. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ?University Wits‘. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ?s characters are rather pale)Plays: (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. By depicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读 (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)affection for his love.)Poetry: (It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pureIII. William Shakespeare (1564―1616)Background: from merchant‘s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe” while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。

标题：英美文学精华笔记（第一章）一．文艺复兴时期：The Renaissance: marks a translation from t he medieval, means rebirth or revival ,is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient of Roman and Greek culture .本质上：in essence, is a historical period in whicha. the Europe thinker and scholars try to get rid of the old feud alist[封建主张] in medieval Europeb. to empress the interest of the bourgeoisiec. and to recover purity of the early church1．意大利兴起(14th----mid-17th)2.人文主义humanism:a. The essence of the Renaissanceb. From: It started with the effort of restoring a medieval revere nce for the antique authorc. T Frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissanced. The reason: Greek and Roman people believe that man is the measure of all thingse. Conception: emphasizing[强调] the dignity[高贵] of the huma n beings and importance of the present lifef. Beliefs: man didn’t have right to the beauty of this life but c ould perfect himself and perform wonders3.文艺复兴文学渊源4。

Chapter I The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期Definitions（定义）1.The Renaissance： The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally， it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy，with the flowering of painting，sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance， which means "rebirth" or "revival，" is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture，the new discoveries in geography & astrology， the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance， therefore， in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe， to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie， & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism：人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious， intellectual side， for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning， humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment， but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections， and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question， explore， and enjoy. Thus， by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life， they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life， but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More， Christo- pher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza：斯宾塞诗节Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines， with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter， rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry：玄学诗The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit，the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods， and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved， with God， or with himself.5. The Renaissance hero：A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition，facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays， who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will，he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power，knowledge，and glory，the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a sprit（二）该时期的重要作家Edmund Spenser--English poet，born in London， England，（ 1552-- Jan 13，1599）斯宾塞代表作 The Faerie Queene.A.创作意图: The principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentlemanB.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness.D.主题:The theme is not "Arms and the man,"but something more romantic-" Fierce wares and faithfull loves."E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melodythat make him known as "the poets' poet."His Major Works Spenser's mostimportant work & masterpiece is TheFaerie Queene， a great poem of its age.A complex moral， religious， & politicalallegory， it is also an epic that exaltsQueen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation.According to Spenser's own explanation，his principal intention is to presentthrough a "historical poem" the exampleof a perfect gentleman： "to fashion agentleman or noble person in virtuous &gentle discipline." Its principal herois the Arthur of medieval legend. The sixbooks of the poem illustrate the natureof particular virtues，such as，temperance & justice. Other major worksof Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender（1579）， a poem consisting of 12eclogues-corresponding to the 12 monthsof the year； Epithalamion （1595）， apoem expressing the deep personalfeelings occasioned by the poets secondmarriage； Amoretti （1595）， a seriesof sonnets.3. 领会His Influence1）Main qualities of Spenser'spoetry①a perfect melody②a rare sense of beauty③a splendid imagination④a lofty moral purity & seriousness⑤a dedicated idealism2） In his writing， Spenser drew onthe conventions & thought of Classical，medieval，& Renaissance literature.However， he added to his fusion of thesediverse elements much that was original，& his works inspired many later Englishpoets. He created a new stanza， calledthe Spenserian stanza， which is wellsuited to narrative verse. His skills inwriting melodious English verse & hiscombination of emotion， erudition， &spiritual vision have won him theadmiration of generations of Englishpoets. It is his idealism， his love ofbeauty， &his exquisite melody that makehim known as "the poets' poet."4. 应用The Faerie Queene：1） It is a long， allegorical poem.In the poem，Spenser dramatizedpolitical， religious， & moral themesby personifying them， or making themcharacters.2）Plot： The story， which is setagainst a background of Arthur &medieval legend，deals with theadventures of six knights of the courtof the fairy queen named Gloriana， whorepresents Queen Elizabeth ⅠofEnglish. The faerie Queen was leftunfinished at Spenser's death. It wasoriginally planned as a 12-book poem.But only 6 books were completed. The poemis particularly admired for the melodicbeauty of its language & for its richcontent of philosophical & mythologicalmaterial presented in the form of vividnarratives.II. Christopher Marlowe1. 一般识记Brief IntroductionEnglish dramatist & poet，born inCanterbury， England， Feb， 6，1567，died in Deptford， England， May 30， 1593.Marlowe was the first great EnglishDramatist. He brought to the Englishstage a new concept of tragedy， one inwhich the drama centers around thestruggles of a man overwhelmed by hispassions & ambitions.2. 识记His Major WorksHis most famous tragedies are DoctorFaustus， The Jew of Malta， Tamburlaine& Edward Ⅱ。

1 Part 1: English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 1、the early inhabitants：Celts. 2、三次外族的入侵及其影响：①the Romans 对英国没什么影响。

——远古时期②Anglo-Saxsons brought the Germanic language（现代英语的基础）and culture （特别的诗歌传统）。

——上古时期③The Normans brought the fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization （希腊文化、罗马法律和基督教）。

——中古时期Ⅰ. Old English Literature（Anglo Saxson 文明时期奴隶社会）1、英国文学史上的上古时期始于公元450 年，止于1066 年，即诺曼底征服英国的那一年。

2、这一时期是Anglo-Saxson 文明兴盛的时期。

3、The poetic tradition was both bold and strong（粗犷豪勇）, mournful and elegiac(悲情哀婉) in spirit. 有两大类：①The religious group：mainly on biblical(圣经的) themes.如：a)《创世纪甲本》（Genesis A）、《创世纪乙本》、《出埃及记》(Exodus)来自the Old Testament。

b) the Dream of the Rood （十字架）来自the New Testment。

②The secular（世俗的）group：Beowulf 和众多短篇抒情诗。

lyrical poems 唤起了撒克逊人对环境的严酷及人类的不幸命运的感知。

语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响，生活惨淡无望，带有大量宿命论的成分，尽管同时显得勇敢而坚定。

英美文学重要笔记，精华版，流泪推荐！Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer 乔叟- the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父<The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集> first time to use'heroic couplet' 英雄偶句诗The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity 尊严of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets' poet 诗人中的诗人<The Faerie Queene>仙后Christopher Marlowe - University Wits大学才子最有才华的, the pioneer of English drama 英国戏剧先驱Blank verse,无韵体诗hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情牧人致心爱的姑娘> pastoral life田园生活William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗, King Lear 李尔王& Macbeth麦克白<Sonnet 18第十八号十四行诗> eternal or immortal不朽的beauty<The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty忠诚, to expose the insatiable贪得无厌的，不知足的greed and brutality 无情<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated 复杂的to degrade 降低his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy独白or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the charactersFrancis Bacon - brevity,简洁compactness 紧密& powerfulness, 强有力his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose英国散文发展的重要里程碑Inductive method 归纳法in place of取代deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies论读书> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament,装饰and for ability.Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies 不同的人有不同的阅读方法-studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider.权衡和思考How studies exert施以影响influence over human character - reading maketh a full man读书使人完美, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John Donnemetaphysical poetry玄学诗歌- break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodssyllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising升引的太阳> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with 干涉other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>死神，休得狂妄whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost失乐园> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. 继贝奥武夫之后唯一的一部公认的英国文学中的史诗The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion againstGod with his unconquerable 压制不了的will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 古希腊诗剧体在英文中的完美体现Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracy准确Enlightenment - a progressive进步的intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel哥特式小说- mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair名利场> from <The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程>, a religious allegory宗教寓言, pursue the truth追求真理Alexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism论批评> a poem written in heroic couplets英雄偶句诗, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe鲁滨孙漂流记>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satirist 讽刺大师In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed有缺陷的Proper words in proper places在恰当的地方用恰当的词<A Modest Proposal>一个温和的建议<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput小人国, Brobdingnag,大人国Flying Island 飞岛国& Houyhnhnm 慧驷国Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, 英国小说之父Prose Homer荷马散文Comic epic in prose 散文体喜剧史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯传>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language英文大辞典><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>致切斯特菲尔勋爵的信Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century英国十八世纪唯一一位重要戏剧家<The Rivals>情敌and <The School for Scandal>造谣学校are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>写在教堂墓地的挽歌Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的小男孩> from <Songs of Innocence天真之歌> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience经验之歌> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression压制with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyesChildhood, paradoxes悖论, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>老虎William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature自然崇拜者'Lake Poets'湖畔诗人- William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical 神秘的thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge威敏斯特桥即景, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering闪闪发光的, smokeless & mildly柔和的. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways>独自幽居<The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割女> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural,超自然remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic魔力诗(supernatural) & the conversational对话诗The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌>, <Chrisabel克里斯特贝尔>, <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical暴君的rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>哈罗尔德游记.<Song for the Luddites路德党之歌> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece哀希腊> from <Don Juan唐璜> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem讽刺诗), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England>致英格兰人民<Ode to the West Wind西风颂> terza rima三行诗节押韵法, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,对春天的渴望，和对未来美好世界的憧憬'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂>, <Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂>, <Ode to Psyche普塞克颂><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion,'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>骄傲与偏见The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species物种起源> and <The Descent of Man人类的由来> shook the traditional faith&everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practicedCritical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记<Oliver Twist>雾都孤儿The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre>简爱<Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄Alfred Tennyson - invents发明dramatic monologue戏剧独白, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break浪花啪，啪，啪> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with 与，，形成对比the carefree, 无忧无虑innocent joys of the children and theunfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>渡沙洲we can feel his fearlessness毫不畏惧towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife后世.'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses>尤利西斯not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life,无法忍受平和平凡的日常生活old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book指环与书> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited,自负的cruel and tyrannical 残暴的man<Meeting at Night>夜晚幽会<Parting at Morning>清晨告别George Eliot:乔治艾略特As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny 命运of women<Middlemarch> 米德尔马契a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 持续American Romantic Period美国浪漫主义时期Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book见闻札记> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass草叶集>, alsocalled 'the American Renaissance'美国文艺复兴文学特点Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, 美国短篇小说之父the American Goldsmith美国的金匠Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced完善了美国文学古典主义风格First novel <A History of New York>纽约外史<The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van winkle>, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement新英格兰超验主义运动<The American Scholar>美国学者, <Self - Reliance>,论自助<The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic （美学的）problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> 论经验a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, 美国请教European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature>论自然is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior内部的of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse 唤醒it to activity<The Scarlet Letter>红字<Young Goodman Brown>小伙子布朗Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse自由体诗, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth有个孩子在长大> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry 骑兵Crossing a Ford浅滩> 渡河的骑兵a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself>自我之歌Whitman is a man （bubbling with）充满着energy and（laden with ）充满着ideas, spontaneous自发的expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory隐喻and symbolism象征主义, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick>白鲸the first American prose epic,散文史诗Ishmael both as a character and a narrator 叙述者, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac狂热者Realistic period 现实主义时期- the Gilded Age镀金时代, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism地方主义色彩, social Darwinism社会达尔文主义, bestiality兽性, beyond man's controlMark Twain 马克吐温- the true father of American literature真正的民族文学之父Local colorist, vernacular方言, simple sentence, 'the damned human race该死的人类' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James -按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家international theme, psychological realist 心理现实主义Stream of consciousness,意识流interior monologue,内心独白free association自由联想<Daisy Miller黛西米勒> the narrator is an American expatriate,移居国外的人named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing 动物质化it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death -因为我不能为死神停下> personify 拟人化death and immortality 不朽（so as to）以便make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛- America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism 决定论(heredity biological生物遗传& environment), survival of the fittest适者生存, the jungle law 丛林法则Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲- <The Financier>金融家, <The Titan巨头>, <The Stoic斯多葛><Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹> 'who shall cast the first stone?'An american tragedy :美国悲剧The social pressure that marks clyde's downfall inevitable.Style: lack of concision不简练，his writings appear more inclusive ,and less selective.Language: communication rather than an art form.Borke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.The modern period现代时期- the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement移民潮, the Lost Generation迷惘的一代, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present,现实享乐主义spiritual wasteland, 精神荒原collective unconscious,集体无意识psychoanalysisImagist movement意象运动, Jazz Age爵士时代Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'意象主义运动代表<The Cantos>诗章<In a Station of the Metro在地铁车站> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim 昏暗的light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.湿漉漉黑色粗枝上的花瓣<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter长干行><A Pact契约> agreement with Whitman's free verse惠特曼的自由体诗Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking>摘苹果之后<The Road Not Taken>未选择的路<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>雪夜林边停Eugene O'Neill尤金奥尼尔：唯一获过若贝尔文学奖的戏剧作家- founder of the American drama, 美国喜剧之父won thePulitzer Prize four times 普利策奖<The Hairy Ape>毛猿F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, 爵士时代代表Dollar Decade, 金钱堕落1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style冰山风格, Code hero,：the lost generation, 迷失的一代grace under pressure压力下的尊严<Indian Camp印第安人营地> from <In Our Time在我们的时代里> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth,南方imprisonment in the past对过去的沉湎Stream of consciousness, 意识流multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country 约克纳帕塔法县<A Rose for Emily给艾米丽的玫瑰> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.历史遗迹。

Chapter I The Renaissance Period一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Brief Introduction to the Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actuall y a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-d iscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geograp hy & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The R enaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the Europe an humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feu dalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early ch urch from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang fr om the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscio us, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on su ch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new le arning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, bu t the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists foun d in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was their s not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beau ty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonder s. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the be st representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iam bic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influ ence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried t o break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neo classic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. Th e imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance her A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Chr istopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and fu ll of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He e mbodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Differen t from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven thr ough salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and cont rives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Re naissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing su ch a spirit.（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。