浙江大学医学免疫学部分英文答案

免疫英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is not a function of the immune system?A. Defense against infectionsB. Maintaining homeostasisC. Tissue repairD. Regulating blood pressure2. The primary cells involved in the immune response are:A. Red blood cellsB. White blood cellsC. PlateletsD. Stem cells3. What is the main component of the innate immune system?A. Memory cellsB. T-cellsC. MacrophagesD. B-cells4. The process of an antigen binding to a specific antibody is known as:A. AgglutinationB. PrecipitationC. Immune complex formationD. Specificity5. Which of the following is a type of adaptive immune response?A. InflammationB. PhagocytosisC. Complement activationD. Immunological memory6. The vaccine against COVID-19 is designed to:A. Kill the virus directlyB. Boost the production of antibodiesC. Induce an immune responseD. Replace damaged cells7. What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?A. To act as hormonesB. To provide structural supportC. To regulate immune responsesD. To transport nutrients8. The term "autoimmune disease" refers to a condition where the immune system:A. Fights against foreign pathogensB. Suppresses its own functionC. Attacks the body's own tissuesD. Ignores harmful substances9. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?A. Rapid responseB. Non-specificityC. Lacks memoryD. Uses physical barriers10. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in:A. Cell adhesionB. Tissue repairC. Presentation of antigensD. Blood clotting二、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. The immune system is divided into two main types: the_______ and the _______.2. An example of a non-specific immune response is _______.3. The process where the immune system recognizes and remembers pathogens is known as _______.4. Allergies are a type of _______ immune response.5. The _______ is responsible for the presentation ofantigens to T-cells.三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1. Explain the difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.2. Describe the role of the spleen in the immune system.四、论述题（每题15分，共15分）1. Discuss the importance of the immune system in maintaining health and preventing diseases.五、答案一、选择题1. D2. B3. C4. D5. D6. C7. C8. C9. D10. C二、填空题1. innate, adaptive2. skin as a barrier3. immunological memory4. hypersensitive5. antigen-presenting cells (APCs)三、简答题1. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B-cells to neutralize pathogens in body fluids, while cell-mediated immunity involves T-cells directly attackinginfected cells or producing cytokines to regulate immune responses.2. The spleen filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and is a site for the activation of immune cells, particularly in response to blood-borne infections.四、论述题1. The immune system is crucial for defending the body against infections and diseases. It recognizes and eliminates harmful pathogens, maintains internal balance, and prevents the development of tumors. A healthy immune system can alsoadapt to new threats, as seen with the development of immunological memory after vaccination or infection.。

浙江大学医学免疫学免疫习题23年。

识别t细胞的重要表面标记是ABCA。

CD3抗原b .有丝分裂原受体C. CD2 D. C3bR E. SmIg 4。

B1细胞可表达a . igmb . CD44c . cd5d . cd11e . CD 23.5。

下列哪种细胞对靶细胞AB A具有特异性杀伤作用。

能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDa；能够特异性识别抗原的免疫细胞是ABDA；能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDA；能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDA；能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDA；能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDA；能够杀死靶细胞的细胞是ABDA。

自然杀伤细胞是A。

骨髓源性结核杆菌在无MHC限制的情况下杀死肿瘤细胞，抗原致敏，ADCC作用，无CD3分子9表达。

b细胞的表面标记是A。

促进自然杀伤细胞活性的免疫分子是a.il-2b .补体c.ifn-γ d.il-4e.il-5111 .人t细胞的有丝分裂原是A . lpsb . phac . bsad . ConA . e . spa 12 . t细胞表达A.IL-2RB.CDXXXX通常有必要结合应用_ _ _ _ _ _ _措施来加速诱导过程。

2.选择题[A型题]1。

免疫耐受现象的首次发现是A。

布尔内特·梅达尔·杰恩·欧文·理查德2。

最敏感的抗原刺激途径是256±199 A。

口服给药B，皮下注射C，静脉注射A，肌肉注射E，腹腔注射3。

最敏感的耐受诱导期是A。

胚胎期、新生儿期、儿童期、青年期、老年期4。

免疫耐受形成具有以下细胞学特征:A。

t细胞和B细胞都必须耐受B。

T细胞形成耐受性困难，而C.B细胞形成耐受性更容易，耐受性维持时间更长，耐受性维持时间更短。

尤其是填空题。

首先antigen，antibody必须知道，Ag和Ab嗯记住外源性对于MHC-II类途径，也称溶酶体途径，CD8+ 就是foreign Ag→MHC2→lysosome →CD8内源性是MHC-I类途径，也称胞质溶胶途径，CD4+ 就是endogenous Ag→MHC1→cytosol→CD4淋巴细胞是lymphocyte；单核细胞是monocyte ；巨噬细胞是macrophage，树突状细胞就是DC，什么T-cell啊B-cell不说了对了，体液免疫应答/细胞免疫应答，分别是humoral和cellular的immune response中枢和外周分别是central和peripheral，能用到的地方就是什么中枢和外周的immune organ和torelance了抗独特型抗体不知道考不考，就是Anti-Id激活和抑制分别是activated和inhibitory之类抗原性和免疫原性，antigenicity和immunogenicity 就是什么什么genicity（原性……）血液循环和淋巴循环，circulation，嗯，blood和lymph的circulation免疫应答分固有（innate）和适应（adaptive）性免疫应答免疫系统三功能：immune defense/surveillance/homeostasis 就是防御、监视、自稳定似乎还有个胸腺依赖性的问题，thymus 的（in）dependent，所以是TI-Ag和TD-Ag途径一律翻译成pathway吧，什么经典途径classic pathway啊，旁路途径alternative pathway……差不多了，对了复合体是complex啊，MHC里的C就是这个意思先这些吧，打完字我也基本上记住了，拼写多练练，好歹10分英文填空，写中文不如不写……嗯，05级恒源祥学长的记忆中是有这样几道题目的：问答题:1:CD4阳性T细胞有哪些亚群,各自的功能是什么?2:简述Ⅲ超敏反应发生的机制,并列举两种疾病.3:人工主动免疫和人工被动免疫各有哪些特点?名词解释:cam胸腺细胞的阴性选择(概念和意义)APC(概念和种类)交叉提呈可溶性细胞因子受体(概念和作用)TI-AG最后他来了一句：建议大家选夏老师的课，给分相对高。

SUMC Examination of Infection and Immunity (Part I) For all-English class of Grade 2011 (A)Class Number Name SUMC Examination of Infection and Immunity (Part I)For all-English class of Grade 2011 (A)Class Number NameEach question below contains four or five suggested answers or statements. Choose the best answer for each question. (1 point for each question, totally 100 points). Please answer the questions on Answer Sheet.1. What initiates the classical pathway of complement activation most efficiently?A. IgGB. Mannose-containing bacterial glycolipidsC. Microbial surfaceD. IgM-antigen immune complexE. Endotoxin2. Positive and negative selection processes in the thymus generate a T cell repertoire that is both self-restricted and self-tolerant. This means that the naive T cells which develop have a repertoire of receptors that are specific forA. Nonself antigenic peptides bound to nonself MHC moleculesB. Self antigenic peptides bound to self MHC moleculesC. Self antigenic peptides bound to nonself MHC moleculesD. Nonself antigenic peptides bound to self MHC moleculesE. Any peptide antigen bound to any MHC molecules3. Which “receptor-ligand” pair supplies the crucial second signal for activation of the naive T cell by APC in a secondary lymphoid organ?A. CD80/CD28B. MHC Class II/CD4C. MHC Class I/CD8D. MHC Class II/TCRE. ICAM-1/LFA-24. NK cell expresses a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor that recognizes:A. CD40 moleculesB. MHC Class I moleculesC. MHC Class II moleculesD. Cell adhesion moleculesE. Glycophospholipid molecules5. Antigen-antibody complexes are phagocytosed more effectively in the presence of which complement component?A. C3a and C5aB. C3bC. C5b6789 complexD. MBLE. Properdin6. A 2-year boy presented with a high fever and pain in the ears. A diagnosis of otitis media was established. The fever subsided after treatment with a non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drug. Which of the following cytokines is the most likely involved in the development of the boy’s fever?A. Interleukin-1B. Interleukin-2C. Interleukin-4D. Interleukin-10E. Interleukin-127．A 56-year-old female presents with severe jaundice to the local walk-in clinic. History and physical examination reveal blood transfusion history in her twenties. Blood tests reveal elevated AST and ALT levels and the presence of Hepatitis B, and as a result, reduced complement levels. Complement is a series of important host proteins that provide protection from invasion by foreign microorganisms. Which of the following statements best describes complement?A. Complement inhibits opsonizationB. Complement can be triggered by infectious agents in the absence of antibodyC. Complement plays a minor role in the inflammatory responseD. Complement protects the host from viral infection only through C1, C2 and C4E. Pathogens agglutinate in the presence of complement but do not lyse8. A 54-year old male patient visits a physician with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and “swollen glands”. The physician observes that he has an oral yeast infection. An HIV ELISA test for him is positive, and flow cytometry of blood yielded a CD4:CD8 ratio <1. This ratio best represents a major decline in which of the following cell types and its associated cell surface protein?A. B lymphocytes; MHC I, IgM, B7, CD19, CD20B. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; MHC I, TCR, CD3C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; MHC II, TCR, CD3, CD28D. Helper T lymphocytes; MHC I, MHC II, CD8, CD79aE. Helper T lymphocytes; MHC I, TCR, CD3, CD289.Cytotoxic T cells of an individual infected with influenza virus destroy target cellsA. from another host infected with poliovirusB. infected with the influenza virus and identical at MHC class I loci of the cytotoxic cellsC. infected with the influenza virus and identical at MHC class II loci of the cytotoxic cellsD. infected with poliovirus and identical at MHC class I loci of the cytotoxic cellsE. infected with poliovirus and identical at MHC class II loci of the cytotoxic cells10.All of the following statements about B-cell antigen-specific receptors are trueexcept:A.surface immunoglobulin synthesized by a given B-cell clone serve as the antigenreceptor for that cloneB.it is likely that different receptor isotypes have different functions on the same cellC.surface immunoglobulin is dimeric and contains only two heavy chainsD.differentiation of immunoglobulin secretion requires further interaction with Tcells of T-cell-derived lymphokinesE.the surface form of the heavy chain of Ig is larger than the secreted form of heavychains of IgG, IgD, or IgA11. The innate immune defense mechanisms constitute the following EXCEPTA.Neutralization of pathogens by natural antibodiesB.I nflammation occurring in early induced innate response within first 4h ofinfectionC.Acute phase response followed by complement activation and phagocytosisD.Inflammation, complement activation, and phagocytosisE.Extracellular and intracellular killing by neutrophils12. Which is NOT a feature of the innate immune system?A.Cytoplasmic PRRs recognize stressed cells or intracellular pathogensB.Membrane-bound PRRs recognize extracellular, not intracellular, pathogensC.Cell surface or soluble PRRs recognize extracellular pathogensD.Soluble PRRs recognize extracellular pathogens onlyE.PRRs provide perfect discrimination of self from nonself13. Cells that are phagocytic at the site of infection but are non-phagocytic APCs in the secondary lymphoid organs areA.MacrophagesB.MonocytesC.Dendritic cellsD.B cellsE.MZ B cells14. The linkage between the innate and adaptive immune responses is enabled by the following immune cells/molecules EXCEPTA.NK cellsB.iNKT cellsC.DCsD.T cellsE.natural antibodies produced by B1 cells15. Co-stimulation of T cells is enabled by the interaction betweenA.LFA-1 and its CD 28 ligand expressed on APCB.LFA-1 and its ICAM-1 ligand expressed on APCC.LFA-3 and its CD28 ligand expressed on APCD.B7 molecules and its CD28 ligand expressed on APCE.ICAM-1 and its LFA-1 ligand expressed on APC16. With regards to antigen recognition, which of the following is correct?A.The innate immune system recognizes conserved PAMPs by using variant AgreceptorsB.The innate-like immune system recognizes conserved PAMPs by using invariantAg receptorC.Both the innate and innate-like immune systems recognize conserved PAMPs byusing invariant Ag receptorsD.The adaptive immune system recognize unique molecular structures by usingvariant Ag receptorsE.The adaptive immune system recognize conserved PAMPs by using variant Agreceptors17. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A.Naïve B cells can capture antigens and present them to their cognate T cells in thesite of infection.B.Naïve B cells usually capture antigens in the site of infection and present them totheir cognate T cells in the lymph nodes.C.Naïve B cells encounter their specific antigens trapped on subcapsular DCs in theprimary lymphoid follicles.D.Naïve B cells always capture antigens specifically and present them to theircognate T cells specifically.E.Naïve B cells can capture antigens specifically or non-specifically but alwayspresent them specifically to their cognate T cells.18. Immunological memory is generated in response toA.Infections with intracellular pathogensB.Infections with pathogens carrying TI antigensC.Infections with pathogens carrying TD antigensD.Repeat exposure to pathogens carrying TD antigensE.Any infection that can induce inflammation19.Contraction is the immunoregulatory process to reset the activated immune response to the resting state after clearance of the antigen. Which is achievable by thefollowings EXCEPT?petitive Ag-binding by secreted Abs and BCRB.Antibody feedback regulation via cross-linking of IgFcR and BCRC.Regulation by Treg and BregD.Down regulation of MHC-I expression in infected host cellsE.Neuroendocrine regulation via down-regulation of Ab production and cytokinesynthesis20. Immune tolerance is the mechanism to protect self from being attacked by own immune system. Among the tolerance mechanisms, which is INCORRECT?A.Positive selection in central tolerance is to eliminate self-peptide-reacting T cells.B.Receptor editing is to rescue self-MHC-reacting B and T cells.C.Peripheral anergy is induced by Ag recognition without co-stimulatory signal(e.g., CTLA-4).D.Apoptosis via Fas-FasL pathway is due to chronic Ag stimulation.E.Follicular exclusion of naïve B cells leads to apoptosis from lack of survivalsignal.21. The following molecules are encoded by MHC genes, exceptA. -2 microglobulinB. chain of HLA-IC. chain of HLA-IID. chain of HLA-IIplement C22. The key molecule for presenting exogenous antigen isA.CD1B.MHC-IC.MHC-IID.CD4E.CD823. The most important function of MHC molecules is toA.induce the graft rejectionB.induce the immune toleranceC.present protein antigens to T cellsD.restrict the interaction between immune cellsE.induce the maturation of T cells24. Which molecule(s) are expressed on the resting T cell surface?A.MHC-I moleculeB.MHC-II moleculeC.MHC-I & MHC-II moleculesD.MHC-I , MHC-II & MHC-III moleculesE.None of them25. Which structures are the antigen binding cleft for HLA-II?A.B.C. mD.E.26.Passive immunizationA. Provides long-lasting protectionB. Provides protection without hypersensitivityC. is the only way to treat humans exposed to rabiesD. provides immediate protectionE. employs sensitized T cells27. A 9-year-old male child is brought to an emergency room with a 2-day history of fever, blood in the urine, and a puffy face. He complained of a sore throat some 13 days earlier but received no medical attention. On examination, he is febrile, has periorbital and ankle edema, and slightly elevated blood pressure. Laboratory tests showed erythrocytes and granular casts in the urine, reduced glomerular filtration rate, reduced C3 level, and elevated anti-streptolysin O titer. Throat culture yielded Streptococcus pyogenes. The most likely diagnosis of this patient isA. kidney cancerB. urinary tract infectionC. scarlet feverD. infectious mononucleosisE. acute glomerulonephritis28.Which of the following contributes to the killing of phagocytosed facultative intracellular pathogens?A. rapid phagosome-lysosome fusionB. the inability of the pathogens to escape from the phagosomes into the cytoplasmic space where microbicidal systems are absentC. rapid acidification of intracellular pHD. the absence of protective layers resistant to lysosomal enzymesE. all of the above29. AnaphylotoxinsA. cause enhanced capil1ary permeabilityB. produce edemaC. induce smooth muscle contractionD. cause hypotensionE. all of the above30. Which of the following statements concerning rheumatic fever is true?A. it usually affects elderly adults aged 50 to 70 yearsB. it is a complication of β-hemolytic streptococcal infectionC. it is caused by immediate hypersensitivity to streptococciD. it occurs as a complication of viral pharyngitisE. all of the above31. A man with blood group phenotype ABA. is classified as a universal donorB. may be given blood type AB, A, or B, but not type OC. has anti-A and anti-B in his serumD. has A and B antigen in his red blood cellsE. may donate his blood to individuals with blood group phenotype O32. The development of immune complex disease depends on the ability ofA. an immune complex to form or deposit at a fixed tissue site, and then activatethe complement systemB. neutrophils to release abundant interleukin-lC. phagocytes to rapidly clear circulating immune complexD. macrophages to produce excessive hydrolytic enzymesE. T cells to release a large quantity of tissue necrosis factor33. Phagocytes of children suffering from chronic granulomatous disease are deficient inA. nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidaseB. myeloperoxidaseC. phagosome-lysosome fusionD. lysosomal enzymesE. chloride ion uptake34. The major mechanism of host resistance to tuberculosis isA. humoral antibodiesB. delayed hypersensitivityC. high level of calcium in serumD. increased microbicidal activity of activated macrophagesE. massive proliferation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes35. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxisA. measures antigen-specific IgE by intradermal injectionB. is used to determine type IV hypersensitivityC. is mediated by the C5 component of complementD. cannot be performed in atopic individualsE. can be performed with IgE that has been heated at 56°C for 30 minutes36. Arthus hypersensitivityA. occurs 2 to 4 days after antigen challengeB. is not mediated by complement-fixing IgGC. produces cell death and extensive local destructionD. cannot be manifested in the absence of high levels of IgEE. does not require the intervention of natural killer cells37. The maximal reaction time for tuberculintype hypersensitivity isA. 2 to 5 hoursB. 6 to 10 hoursC. 12 to 20 hoursD. 48 to 72 hoursE. at least 4 days38. Type II hypersensitivityA. is antibody-independentB. is complement-independentC. does not involve killer cellsD. requires immune-complex formationE. is antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity39. Grossly elevated serum levels of IgE can be found inA. tuberculosisB. leprosyC. brucellosisD. parasitic infestationsE. Arthus hypersensitivity40. Type IV hypersensitivityA. cannot be transferred from one individual to another by serumB. runs parallel with protective immunityC. involves only TH cell types at the reaction siteD. can be divided into two types of delayed hypersensitivity reactionsE. cannot be elicited without histamine41. A macrophage ingests a virion and degrades it so that viral capsid peptides can be linked to class I HLA heavy chains and β2-microglobulin. This trimer is transported to the macrophage cell surface and displayed. Which of the following cell types has receptors that can interact with the displayed MHC-peptide complex?A. NK cellB. CD8+ lymphocyteC. Langerhans cellD. Mast cellE. Neutrophil42. In a study that examines granuloma formation in the lung in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,it is observed that cells within the granuloma express MHC class II antigens.These cells elaborate cytokines that promote fibroblastic production of collagen within the granuloma. These class II antigen-bearing cells are most likely derived from which of the following peripheral blood leukocytes?A. NeutrophilB. MonocyteC. B cellD. Natural killer cellE. Basophil43. Over the past week, a 35-year-old man has experienced nausea and vomiting and has become mildly icteric.On physical examination,his temperature is37.4°C. Laboratory studies show serum AST of 208 U/L and ALT of 274 U/L. Serologic findings for HBsAg (surface antigen of Hepatitis type B virus) and HBcAb (core antibody of Hepatitis type B virus) are positive. A liver biopsy specimen examined microscopically shows focal death of hepatocytes with a portal infiltrate composed mainly of lymphocytes. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the liver cell injury occurs under these conditions?A. Recognition of HBsAg by the CD8 molecule of T cellsB. Recognition of an antigenic peptide presented by MHC class I molecules to natural killer cellsC. Recognition of an antigenic peptide presented by MHC class I molecule to CD8+ cellsD. Destruction of HBsAg-expressing cells by anti-HBs IgG antibodyE. Apoptosis of the liver cells by cytokines released by activated macrophages44. The figure below represents an Ouchterlony radial immunodiffusion test.The antigen in Well 1 has two different epitopes (anti-genic determinant groups), A and B; the antigen in Well 2 also has two epitopes, A and C. Well 3 contains which of the following?A. Antibody to A onlyB. Antibodies to A and BC. Antibodies to A and CD. Antibodies to B and CE. Antibodies to A, B, and C45. A 22-year-old man has had a urethral discharge for the past week. A culture of the exudate from the urethra grows Neisseria gonorrhoeae. He is treated with penicillin G, but within minutes after injection, he develops itching and erythema of the skin. This is quickly followed by severe respiratory difficulty with wheezing and stridor. Which of the following immunoglobulins has most likely become attached to the penicillin G and mast cells to produce these symptoms?A. IgAB. IgGC. IgMD. IgDE. IgE46. Agammaglobulinemias result from the absence of antibodies due to mutations ofB lymphocytes. People who lack antibodies have an increased risk forA. recurrent viral infectionsB. recurrent infections by extracellular bacteriaC. recurrent viral infections and infections caused by extracellular bacteriaD. recurrent infections by fungi and virusesE. nothing, because the immune system has redundant mechanisms that make up for the lack of antibodies47. A child who has had one previous immunization against tetanus is given the second immunization in the recommended series, three months later. In what way would you expect the immune response to the second immunization to differ most significantly from the response to the first?A. The second response will be slower, but more prolonged.B. The second response will be larger, but shorter.C. The second response will produce more antibody, but after a longer lag.D. The second response will be primarily cell-mediated, the first primarily antibody-mediated.E. The second response will produce a higher ratio of IgG to IgM.48. A formula-fed, 1-month-old boy is exposed to his sister, who has chickenpox. He does not develop signs of varicella. His mother had the infection 5 years ago. Which class of immunoglobulins did he acquire from his mother in utero that protected him from this virus?A. IgAB. IgDC. lgED. lgGE. IgM49. A 19-year-old college student develops a rash. She works part-time in a pediatric AIDS clinic. Her blood is drawn and tested for specific antibody to the chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster). Which of the following antibody classes would you expect to find if she is immune to chickenpox?A. IgAB. IgDC. IgED. IgGE. IgM50. To assess the risk of erythroblastosis fetalis occurring during the future pregnancy of an Rh-negative woman, a clinician sends a sample of serum for detection of anti Rh-blood group antibodies. The laboratory performs an indirect Coombs’ test by mixing the patient’s serum with Rh-positive RBCs and then adding an anti-IgG antibody. In doing so, the laboratory technician observes agglutination of the RBCs. After receiving this test result, the clinician would be correct to conclude which of the following?A. The Coombs’ test yielded a negative result, and therefore the mother does not have anti-Rh antibodiesB. The laboratory performed the test incorrectly; they should have mixed the patient’s serum with Rh-negative rather than Rh positive RBCsC. The patient has had previous pregnancies and all of her children are Rh-negativeD. The presence of anti-Rh antibodies in the patient’s serum suggests that she has been pregnant with an Rh-positive fetusE. The patient is currently pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus51. Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitides both possess a polysaccharide outer capsule. Effective vaccination against these species results in the generation ofantibodies that recognize this polysaccharide capsule. Which of the following best explains why the childhood vaccines for H. influenzae type B and N. meningitides serogroup C are composed of a polysaccharide coat conjugated to a protein carrier?A. The protein carrier increases the half-life of the vaccineB. The protein carrier increases the production of IgE immunoglobulins, which confer protectionC. The protein carrier is added to recruit T lymphocyte help and increase antibody productionD. The protein carrier makes the vaccine less virulent and thus decreases the risk of a child developing disease from the immunizationE. The protein carrier plays no role and is included only for ease of preparation52. A superantigen is a bacterial product thatA. binds to B7 and CD28 costimulatory moleculesB. binds to the beta chain of TCR and MHC class II molecules of APC stimulating T cell activationC. binds to the CD4+ molecule causing T cell activationD. is presented by macrophages to a larger-than-normal number of T helper CD4+ lymphocytesE. stimulates massive amounts of IgG synthesis because of its large size53. In parasitology, the term paratenic describes a host that is not necessary for the development of a particular species of parasite, but nonetheless may happen to serve to maintain the life cycle of that parasite such asA. Mammals harbor the sparganum of Spirometra masoniB. Sandflies harbor the promastigoteC. Humans infected with bladder wormD. Fish infected with metacercaria of liver flukeE. Mosquito infected with malarial gametocytes54．Transmission caused by ingestion of metacercariae in uncooked fish (Drying, smoking, salting, and pickling can not kill metacercariae), most prevalence in Asia, especially in some rural areas,fish ponds are fertilized with human feces.This description is aboutA. Schistosome epidemiologyB．Clonorchis sinensis epidemiologyC．Paragonimus westermani epidemiologyD．Fasiolopsis buski epidemiologyE．Spiromitra masoni epidemiology55. Which of the following statements about Nematode is INCORRECT?A. They are elongate, cylindrical worms, frequently attenuated at both endsB. They are dioeciousC. The male frequently smaller than the femaleD. The digestive tract is incomplete without anal openingE. Parasites of humans include intestinal and tissue-inhabiting species56. A 48-year-old Cantonese found a segment purged out from his anus and then bought it to see doctor, it is a gravid segment and stained with Indian ink and then Lab identification found there are 17 lateral branches of uterus at one side and 23 branches on the other lateral side of the uterus. Which of the following may be the cause of infection?A. Eaten pork with cysticercus cellulosaeB. Eaten measly beefC. Eaten undercooked fishD. Eaten viscera of goats with hydatid cystE. Eaten copepods with Cysticercoid57. Mutualism is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship inwhichA. Neither member benefitsB. One member benefits and the other is harmedC. Both members are harmedD. One member benefits but the other is not harmedE. Both members benefit58. The malegametes in malarial parasites are calledA. IsogametesB. MacrogametesC. MegagametesD. MicrogametesE. Polar gamete59. In the life cycle of malaria parasites which stage follows the oocystA. MicrogameteB. SporozoiteC. TrophozoiteD. MerozoiteE. Schizont60. The life cycle of malaria has four phases includingA. One asexual and three sexualB. Two asexual and two sexualC. One sexual and three asexualD. All sexualE. All asexual61. Fatty diarrhea associated with malabsorption syndrome is more likely caused by which of the following protozoa ?A. Entamoeba coliB. Entamoeba histolyticaC. Giardia lambliaD. Leishmania braziliensisE. Trichomonas vaginalis62.In the life cycle of pseudophyllidean tapeworms which is the stage immediately preceding the adult?A. ProcercoidB. CysticercoidC. CercariaD. Plerocercoid （sparganum）E. Cysticercus63The egg of pseudophyllidean tapeworms hatch to give aA. MiracidiumB. OnchomiracidiumC. CoracidiumD. AcanthorE. Planula64. In man, the plerocercoids of the tapeworm Spirometra mansoni cause a disease calledA. SparganosisB. CysticercosisC. HydatidosisD. AcanthosisE. Osseous disease65. The cystic stage of the tapeworm Echinoccocus granulosus is called a A. PolycercusB. CysticercoidC. ProcercoidD. HydatidE. Plerocercoid66. In the life cycle of paragonimus westermani, what stage emerges from the egg?A. SporocystB. RediaC. Daughter sporocystD. MiracidiumE. Cercaria67. During their life cycle nematodes nearly always haveA. 3 moults and 3 larval stagesB. 4 moults and 3 larval stagesC. 4 moults and 4 larval stagesD. 2 moults and 3 larval stagesE. 3 moults and 2 larval stages68. M. F., a 40-year-old, returns home to New York following a 2-week travel to Kenya.She started chloroquine anti-malarial prophylaxis2weeks prior to her departure for Kenya and continued throughout her foreign travel. She stopped taking the pills on her arrival home. Two weeks after her return she develops paroxysmal fever and diaphoresis and is quickly hospitalized with febrile convulsions, jaundice, and anemia. Blood smears reveal red blood cells multiply infected with delicate ring-like trophozoites and rare sausage-shaped gametocytes. The stage of the parasite life cycle that is responsible for the appearance of the parasites 2 weeks after departure from the malarious area is theA. HypnozoiteB. SporozoiteC. Erythrocytic schizontD. Exoerythrocytic schizontE. Merozoite69. At a school nurse's request, a clinic in rural South Carolina sees a 9-year-old girl who appears listless and inattentive, although hearing and visual testing has been within normal limits. The physician finds the child thin,with the"potbelly"of malnutrition, and orders a fecal exam and CBC (complete blood count). The CBC reveals a microcytic,hypochromic anemia,and the fecal exam detects brownish nearly colorless, oval nematode eggs approximately 65 microns in size, and several egg cells inside the transparent shell, too numerous to count. What was the most likely means by which this child was infected?A. Ingestion of eggsB. Ingestion of larvaeC. Ingestion of cysts in muscleD. Skin penetration by larvaeE. Mosquito transmission of sporozoites70. A 35-year-old Captain in the Army Reserves has been plagued by a painful, erosive lesion near his ear lobe since his return from Operation Desert Storm severalyears ago. He denies exposure to the toxic by-products of burning oil fields. Punch biopsy of the leading edge of the erosion reveals macrophages distended with oval amastigotes. How was this infection acquiredA. Bite of sandflyB. Bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoC .Bite of infected reduviid bugD. Fecal contamination of foodE. Contact with contaminated drinking water71. A group of seven college students undertake to climb Mt. Rainier outside Seattle on their spring break. They pack food and camping provisions except for water, which they obtain from the many fresh mountain streams that arise from the summit. The adventure takes a little over a week to accomplish, and all return safely and in good spirits to their classes the following week. Within the first week after their return, 6 of the 7students report to the infirmary with profuse diarrhea and tenesmus. Each affected student experiences weakness and weight loss and stool samples submitted to the lab are yellow, greasy, and foul smelling. What attribute of this parasite imparts its pathogenicity?A. Ventral sucking discsB. Lytic enzymesC. FlagellaD. EncystmentE. Toxic metabolites72. Reduviid bugs are also known asA. Laughing bugsB. Hissing bugsC. Kissing bugsD. Tickling bugsE. Hairy bugs73. Trypanosoma brucei is the pathogen of African trypanosomiasis transmitted byA. Warble flyB. MosquitoC. Sand flyD. Bed bugE. Tsetse fly74. Which of the following diseases is not transmitted via the mouthparts of an infected insect?A. American trypanosomiasisB. African trypanosomiasisC. FilariasisD. River blindness。

浙⼤远程教育--医学免疫学和微⽣物学答案医学免疫学必做作业参考答案1.第⼀章免疫学概论⼀、填空题1．免疫防御免疫稳定免疫监视2．抗感染超敏反应免疫缺陷3．⾃⾝耐受⾃⾝免疫（病）4．解剖⽣理吞噬细胞炎症5．反应迅速⾮特异性6．细胞体液⼆、单选题1．D2．B3．C4．A5．D6．A7．C三、更正题1．传统免疫认为，机体的免疫功能是指对外来病原微⽣物的防御。

或现代免疫认为，免疫是指机体免疫系统对“⾃⼰”或“⾮⼰”的识别，并排除“⾮⼰”，以保持机体内环境稳定的⼀种⽣理反应。

2．现代免疫认为，免疫应答的结果可以对机体有利，如抗感染；也可对机体造成损伤，如超敏反应。

或传统免疫认为，免疫应答的结果总是有利于机体。

3．固有性免疫是通过遗传获得的。

或适应性免疫是机体从环境中接受抗原刺激后建⽴的。

4．机体接受多种抗原刺激后诱导产⽣的免疫称为特异性免疫。

或通过遗传获得的免疫⼜称⾮特异性免疫。

四、名词解释1．免疫的现代概念是指机体对“⾃⼰”或“⾮⼰”的识别，并排除“⾮⼰”，以保持机体内环境稳定的⼀种⽣理反应。

2．免疫监视是指机体免疫系统能识别并清除体内的突变细胞和异常细胞的功能。

五、问答题1．简述免疫三⼤功能的正常和异常表现。

免疫功能正常表现（有利）异常表现（有害）免疫防御抗病原微⽣物的侵袭超敏反应、易受感染或免疫缺陷病免疫稳定对⾃⾝组织成分耐受⾃⾝免疫性疾病免疫监视防⽌细胞癌变或持续感染肿瘤或持续性病毒感染______________________________________________________________ __________1.第⼆章抗原⼀、填空题1．免疫原性反应原性（或免疫反应性）2．反应原性免疫原性3．载体蛋⽩4．TD-Ag TI-Ag5．溶⾎性链球菌共同抗原⼆、单选题1．C2．A3．B4．D5．D6．D7．C三、更正题1．胚胎期未与免疫活性细胞接触过的⾃⾝成份（如精⼦、眼晶体蛋⽩等）、经理化⽣物因素修饰过的⾃⾝成分均具有抗原性。

医学免疫英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?A. Complement systemB. Phagocytic cellsC. Physical barriersD. Antibodies2. The primary function of the spleen in the immune system is:A. To produce antibodiesB. To filter bloodC. To store white blood cellsD. To synthesize cytokines3. What is the process by which the adaptive immune system recognizes and remembers pathogens?A. InflammationB. Immunological memoryC. HypersensitivityD. Autoimmunity4. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in:A. Cell adhesionB. Antigen presentationC. Immune cell signalingD. All of the above5. Which type of T cell is responsible for cytotoxic activity?A. Helper T cellsB. Cytotoxic T cellsC. Regulatory T cellsD. Memory T cells二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. The first line of defense in the immune system includes physical barriers such as the _______ and the _______.7. The process of an antigen binding to a specific B cell receptor triggers the B cell to _______ and differentiateinto _______ or _______.8. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical _______ and twoidentical _______.9. The _______ is a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the adaptive immune response.10. Vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases by stimulating the production of _______ without causing the disease.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. Describe the role of cytokines in the immune response.12. Explain the concept of antigen presentation and its importance in the adaptive immune system.13. What are the differences between active and passive immunity?14. Discuss the potential risks and benefits of using immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）15. Discuss the mechanisms of the innate and adaptive immune responses and how they complement each other.16. Analyze the role of the immune system in autoimmune diseases and the strategies for their treatment.答案：一、选择题1. D. Antibodies2. B. To filter blood3. B. Immunological memory4. B. Antigen presentation5. B. Cytotoxic T cells二、填空题6. skin, mucous membranes7. proliferation, plasma cells, memory B cells8. heavy chains, light chains9. T lymphocyte10. antibodies三、简答题11. Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and communication during the immune response. They can regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and stimulate the production of other cytokines.12. Antigen presentation is the process by which antigens are displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by T cells. This is essential for initiatinga specific immune response against a pathogen.13. Active immunity is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or vaccination and leads to the development ofimmunological memory. Passive immunity is temporary and involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, often through injection.14. Immunosuppressive drugs can prevent organ rejection in transplant patients but also increase the risk of infections and malignancies due to their suppressive effect on the immune system.四、论述题15. The innate immune response is the first line of defense and acts quickly to limit the spread of pathogens. It includes physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular responses. The adaptive immune response is slower but more specific and can develop immunological memory. Both systems work together to provide a comprehensive defense against pathogens.16. The immune system in autoimmune diseases mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Treatment strategies include immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the immune response, targeted therapies to address specific immune cells or molecules, and symptom management to alleviate the effects of the disease.。

第一章免疫学绪论第一部分：学习习题一、填空题1．免疫系统是由________、____________、__________组成。

2．在体内有两种免疫应答类型，一种是__________、另一种是________。

3．免疫系统三大功能包括：_______、_______、___________。

4. 特异性免疫应答有_______、_______和___________三大特点.二、选择题[A型题]1．免疫的概念是：A．机体排除病原微生物的的功能B．机体清除自身衰老、死亡细胞的功能C．机体抗感染的防御功能D．机体免疫系统识别和排除抗原性异物的功能E．机体清除自身突变细胞的功能2．首先使用人痘预防天花的是：A．法国人 B．中国人 C．英国人D．希腊人 E．印度人3．免疫对机体是：A．有害的 B．有利的 C．有利也有害D．有利无害 E．正常条件下有利，异常条件下有害4．免疫监视功能低下的机体易发生：A．肿瘤 B．超敏反应 C．移植排斥反应D．免疫耐受 E．自身免疫病5．免疫防御功能低下的机体易发生：A．肿瘤 B．超敏反应 C．移植排斥反应D．反复感染 E．免疫增生病6．机体抵抗病原微生物感染的功能称为：A．免疫监视 B．免疫自稳 C．免疫耐受D．免疫防御 E．免疫识别7．机体免疫系统识别和清除突变的细胞的功能称为：A．免疫监视 B．免疫自稳 C．免疫耐受D．免疫防御 E．免疫识别[B型题]A．生理性免疫防御 B．生理性免疫自稳C．免疫监视功能失调 D．免疫自稳功能失调E．免疫防御作用紊乱，产生不适合生理需要的应答1．超敏反应2．清除病原微生物3．病毒持续感染4．自身免疫病5．清除自身损伤衰老细胞[C型题]A．特异性免疫应答 B．非特异性免疫应答C．两者都是 D．两者都不是1．先天遗传而获得的免疫功能属于：2．后天获得针对某种病原微生物或抗原的免疫功能属于3．皮肤粘膜的屏障作用属于4．补体的溶菌作用属于5．溶菌酶的溶菌作用属于[X型题]1．免疫细胞包括：A．单核吞噬细胞系统 B．抗原递呈细胞 C．淋巴细胞D．粒细胞 E．造血干细胞2．免疫系统的三大功能：A．免疫监视 B．免疫自稳 C．免疫监视D．免疫调节 E．免疫耐受3．免疫防御功能是指：A. 阻止病原微生物侵入机体B．抑制病原微生物在体内繁殖、扩散C. 清除体内变性、损伤及衰老的细胞D．从体内清除病原微生物及其产物E．识别、杀伤与清除体内突变细胞，防止肿瘤的发生4．免疫监视功能是指：A. 识别、杀伤与清除体内突变细胞，防止肿瘤的发生B. 防止病毒的持续感染C．清除体内变性、损伤及衰老的细胞，防止自身免疫病的发生D. 从体内清除病原微生物及其产物E. 阻止病原微生物侵入机体5．免疫防御功能异常可发生：A.自身免疫病B．超敏反应C. 肿瘤D. 免疫缺陷E. 免疫增生病6．膜型免疫分子包括A.特异型抗原受体B．CD分子C. 黏附分子D. MHC分子E. 各种细胞因子受体三、名词解释1．免疫（immunity）2．免疫防御（immune defence）3．免疫监视（immune surveillance）4．免疫自稳（immune homeostasis）四、问答题1．简述固有性免疫（非特异性免疫）和获得性免疫（特异性免疫）的概念和作用。

医学免疫学英语试题问题一：什么是免疫学?免疫学是研究生物体对抗疾病和损伤的自然防御系统的科学。

它研究免疫系统的结构、功能、调节和异常状态，以及与疾病的关系。

免疫学的研究范围包括病原体感染、自身免疫疾病、免疫缺陷病、炎症、肿瘤免疫和疫苗学等。

问题二：什么是免疫系统?免疫系统是一组组织、细胞和分子，它们共同协作以防御病原体、抵抗感染和维持身体内部的稳定状态。

免疫系统由两个主要部分组成：先天免疫系统和获得性免疫系统。

先天免疫系统即是与生俱来的非特异性免疫反应，如皮肤、黏膜和巨噬细胞等。

获得性免疫系统是逐渐在个体生命周期中发展起来的具有特异性的免疫反应，如淋巴细胞和抗体等。

问题三：什么是免疫记忆?免疫记忆是指免疫系统对先前暴露过的病原体产生的特异性免疫反应。

免疫记忆是免疫系统的重要特性，它使得免疫系统对于再次遭遇同一病原体时能够更快、更有效地作出免疫应答。

免疫记忆通过形成记忆细胞来实现，这些细胞能够长期存活并在需要时重新激活。

问题四：什么是免疫系统的调节?免疫系统的调节是指免疫反应的平衡和调节，以保持免疫系统的稳定状态。

免疫系统需要在免疫应答和免疫耐受之间保持平衡。

免疫应答是免疫系统对于感染和疾病的防御反应，而免疫耐受是免疫系统对于自身组织以及无害抗原（如食物、花粉等）的容忍。

免疫系统的调节是通过多种调节机制实现的，包括免疫细胞之间的相互作用、细胞因子的调节和免疫抑制细胞的作用等。

问题五：什么是免疫缺陷病?免疫缺陷病是指免疫系统缺陷引起的疾病。

免疫缺陷病分为先天性免疫缺陷病和获得性免疫缺陷病两类。

先天性免疫缺陷病是由于先天遗传缺陷导致免疫系统功能异常，如先天性免疫缺陷综合征、严重联合免疫缺陷病等。

获得性免疫缺陷病是由于其他因素引起免疫系统功能受损，如艾滋病、白血病、放疗和化疗等。

免疫缺陷病患者对感染的易感性增加，且易出现反复、严重的感染，需要长期接受免疫支持治疗。

问题六：什么是疫苗?疫苗是一种预防性医疗措施，通过引入微生物的抗原成分，以激活免疫系统产生特异性免疫应答。

免疫英语试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is a type of immune cell?A. Red blood cellB. White blood cellC. PlateletD. Lymphocyte答案：D2. What is the primary function of antibodies?A. To transport oxygenB. To neutralize pathogensC. To clot bloodD. To store energy答案：B3. The process of an immune response is triggered by:A. HormonesB. AllergensC. AntigenD. Antigens答案：C4. Which of the following is not a component of the innate immune system?A. SkinB. Complement systemC. PhagocytesD. T-cells答案：D5. Vaccines work by:A. Killing pathogensB. Stimulating the immune systemC. Suppressing the immune systemD. Providing nutrients答案：B二、填空题6. The _______ is the first line of defense in the immune system.答案：Skin7. An _______ is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response.答案：Antigen8. The _______ is a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the adaptive immune response.答案：Lymphocyte9. The process of the body recognizing and remembering specific antigens is known as _______.答案：Immunological memory10. The _______ is a group of proteins that enhance the immune response.答案：Complement system三、简答题11. Explain the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.答案：Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and is present from birth. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as immune cells like phagocytes and the complement system. Adaptive immunity is a more specific and targeted response that develops after exposure to a pathogen. It involves the activation of lymphocytes, which can produce antibodies and provide long-term immunity.12. Describe the role of T-cells in the immune response.答案：T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that play acentral role in the adaptive immune response. They can be divided into several types, including helper T-cells, which assist in activating other immune cells, cytotoxic T-cells, which can directly kill infected cells, and regulatory T-cells, which help to control the immune response to prevent damage to the body's own tissues.四、论述题13. Discuss the importance of vaccines in public health.答案：Vaccines are crucial for public health as they provide a means to prevent infectious diseases. Bystimulating the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease, vaccines can confer immunity toindividuals and, through herd immunity, protect those who cannot be vaccinated. Vaccines have been instrumental in controlling and eradicating diseases such as smallpox and are essential for maintaining global health.五、案例分析题14. A patient has been diagnosed with a deficiency in their complement system. Discuss the potential implications fortheir immune response and overall health.答案：A deficiency in the complement system can lead toan impaired innate immune response, making the individualmore susceptible to infections. The complement system plays a key role in identifying and eliminating pathogens byenhancing phagocytosis, promoting inflammation, and directly killing certain pathogens. A deficiency may result inrecurrent infections, chronic inflammation, and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases, as the body may not effectively regulate the immune response. Regular monitoring and medical interventions may be necessary to manage the patient's health.。

《医学免疫学与微生物学》试题及答案（Examination questions and answers of medical immunology and Microbiology）Examination questions and answers of medical immunology and MicrobiologyFirst, fill in the blanks (1 points per minute, 15 points)1. normal immune function showed _______________, such as the low level can lead to __________________.The 2. is ____________ and lack of ____________ substance called semi antigen.Two features of class I and class II gene gene 3. classic is __________________ and ___________________.4.CK usually in ___________ way to produce CK cells themselves, or to ___________ effects on neighboring cells.5.TCR-CD3 complex, the function of TCR is ________________, CD3 molecules through the ______________ structure in the cytoplasm, the antigen signal transduction into cells.6. bacterial structure lacks _____________, known as the L type of bacteria.The 7. main ______________ caused by typhoid fever.8. of avian influenza virus subtype is ________________.The 9. is _________________ pathogenic hantavirus.10. chemical composition of bacterial endotoxin is______________.Two, interpretation of the term (every day 3 points, a total of 15 points)1. antigen2. monoclonal antibody3. cytokines4. sepsis5. micro ecological imbalanceThree, RadioButtonList: from the following A, B, C, D 4 answers, choose 1 correct answers and the English letters in parentheses (match each 1 points, a total of 30 points)1. adaptive immunity is characterized by ()A. comes with birthB. reacts quicklyC. specificityD. without memory2. in the following description of the toxin, the error is ()A. toxoid is made from immune serum of immunized animalsB. should be done skin test before injectionC. can neutralize the toxin, may cause hypersensitivityD. is used for artificial immunity3. which of the following elevated Ig may indicate a recent infection of the body?A.IgGB.IgMC.IgED.IgA4. the elevated complement component in the serum of patients with hereditary vascular edema is ()A.C1qB.C2aC.C4aD.C95. the component of complement cleavage, which has both the action of accommodation and the action of immune adherence, is ()A.C2aB.C2bC.C5bD.C3b6. the following description of MHC is correct except ()A. a tightly linked genetic groupThe MHC of the B. is called the HLA complexThe C.HLA complex is located on chromosome seventeenthD. and cell recognition and the presentation of antigen peptide to T cells7., according to the genetic rule of the unit type, the probability of the same 2 parts of a sibling is equalA.0%B.25%C.50%D.100%8.HLA class II molecules are mainly expressed in ()A. dendritic cellsB. neutrophilsC.T cellD.NK cellThe function of 9. cytokines is ()A. specificityB. is limited by MHCC. plays a role through cytokine receptorsD. mainly functions as endocrine form10. for the description of the T cell activation second signal, the error is ()A. is also called cooperative stimulation signalB.Antigen specificC., if there is no second signal, T cells become incompetentThe combination of D. and CD28 molecules with B7 molecules is the most important second signal11., the erroneous description of NK cells is ()A. cell containing azurophilic granules. It is also called the large granular lymphocytesB. can kill some tumor cells directlyC. can also kill target cells through ADCCD. target cell is limited by MHC12., the so-called TCR antigen recognition refers to () Identification of A. TCR against primary peptides Identification of MHC molecules by B. and TCRDouble recognition of MHC: antigen peptide by C. and TCR Identification of complete antigen molecules by D. TCRThe characteristics of 13.CD8+CTL target cell are ()A. antigen free specificityB. is restricted by MHC class II moleculesC. target cells undergo lysis and apoptosisD. CTL itself is also damaged14. in type IV hypersensitivity, CD4+T cells mediate inflammatory responses, and the major inflammatory cells are ()A. macrophagesB.NK cellC. neutrophilsD.CTL15. again, the significance of antibody response in medical practice is ()A. vaccination more than two timesWhen B. serology tests for infectious diseases, they should be done at the beginning of the disease and the recovery stage, and the results are comparedC. serological diagnosis should identify nonspecific recall reactionsMore than D., all rightType 16. hypersensitivity is characterized by ()A. is mediated by antibody IgGB. damages target cells by complement and NK cellsC. does not cause tissue damageD. has obvious individual difference and genetic predisposition17. in the description of heterologous immune serum desensitization therapy, the mistake is ()A. is suitable for individuals who have been identified with allergen and are difficult to avoid contact with this allergenB. uses small doses, short intervals, and multiple injectionsC. target cells in batches desensitization, and finally sensitized state all liftedD. desensitization is temporary18. tuberculin test positive indicated ()A. has never been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosisB. is suffering from severe TBC. has been infected with TB and has acquired the cellular immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosisD. has antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo19., the patient's repeated local injection of insulin caused local redness, bleeding, and necrosis, and the hypersensitivity associated with this was ()Type A. hypersensitivityType B. hypersensitivityType C. hypersensitivityType D. hypersensitivity20. newborns can acquire naturally passive immunity from the mother's IgA.IgG and IgMB.IgG and SIgAC.IgA and IgMD.IgD and IgE21. the virus that produces only transient immunity afterinfection is ()A. measles virusB. Japanese encephalitis virusC. hepatitis C virusD. influenza virus22. the major bacteria associated with acute glomerulonephritis are ()Group A.A StreptococcusB. Escherichia coliCoagulase positive staphylococci C.D. coagulase negative staphylococci23. the causative substance of Clostridium difficile is mainly ()A. endotoxinExotoxin B.C. capsuleD. fimbriae24. microorganisms that are ineffective in the treatment of antibiotics are ()Mycoplasma A.Chlamydia B.C. virusD. fungi25. among the following descriptions of hepatitis A virus, the error is ()A. only causes acute infectionB. has strong resistance to the outside worldC. has a capsuleD. vaccine has a good preventive effect26. in the following description of the HIV feature, the error is ()The A. virus contains reverse transcriptaseB. has strong resistance to the outside worldC. has a capsuleD. is mainly infected with Th cells and macrophages27. microorganisms causing thrush are ()Yersinia pestis A.B. Candida albicansC. Helicobacter pyloriLeptospira D.28. in the following viruses, the nucleic acid is DNA and is ()A. hepatitis A virusB. hepatitis B virusC. rabies virusD.SARS coronavirus29. the following substances, which can be made into toxoid after formaldehyde treatment, are ()A. antibioticB. endotoxinC. antitoxinExotoxin D.30. irregular use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, the pathogen is ()A. Candida albicansClostridium perfringens B.Clostridium difficile, C.Bacillus anthracis D.Four, to: (2 points per day, a total of 16 points)Answer the following questions: 1) note that the narrative is wrong, please carefully read each question and find out the error; 2) will be described below in the correct question blank in must not change in question; 3) according to the answer, the answer is not simple or not, or not. Is not the "noun", should express the correct meaning, nor "terminology".1. modern immunization believes that the result of an immune response is always beneficial to the organism.Corrections：A polysaccharide or protein antigen between 2. hemolyticstreptococci and a common antigen between the human colon mucosa.Corrections：3. the three activation pathways of complement have different end pathways.Corrections：4. the immune cells in quiescent state and activated state can secrete CK.Corrections：5. thymic cells obtained by positive selection have the ability to tolerate themselves.Corrections：6. in activated CD4+T cells released by CK, IL-2 is a powerful activator of monocytes / macrophages.Corrections：7. all anaerobic bacteria have spores, all of which are gram positive bacteria, all of which are bacilli.Corrections：8. Mycobacterium tuberculosis on ultraviolet light, alcohol,boiling resistance is strong, not easy to kill.Corrections：Five questions (8 points per day, a total of 24 points)What are the biological effects of 1. cell immunity?2. why can HLA genotype and / or phenotype be used in individual identification and paternity testing?3. what are the mechanisms of immune pathology mediated by cellular and humoral immunity in hepatitis B?。